Notes Chapter 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
44 45 46 47 48 49
Vodopivec and Arunatilake 2008. Nobel Media 2015. Kabanda 2015. Kretkowski 1998. Tate 2013. Miller 2015a. OECD 2015c. Kivimäki and others 2015. UK Cabinet Office 2013. Helliwell and Huang 2011a. Clark and others 2008. Beverly 2003; Gay 1994. ILO 2014g. ILO 2014g. UN Volunteers 2011. United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 2014. Schifferes 2002. ENAR 2013. ILO 2011b. Atal, Ñopo and Winder 2009. WHO and World Bank 2011. ILO 2013a. Seckan 2013. Chappell and Di Martino 2006. ILO 2009. World Bank 2011. This section draws on Stewart (2015) and Cramer (2015). Kuehnast 2015. UN 2000a. Kuehnast 2015. Kuehnast 2015. UN Women 2012b. ILO 2013c. ILO 2013c. ILO 2014e. ILO 2014e. ILO 2014e. ILO 2014e. Kaye 2006. UNODC 2012. Euronews 2015. Human Rights Watch 2014a, 2014b. Human Rights Watch 2014a, 2014b. This section draws on a contribution by the HIV/AIDS Group of the United Nations Development Programme, which is gratefully acknowledged. UNAIDS 2012. ILO 2010a, 2010b. Shannon and others 2015. Jana and others 2014. ILO 2015f. Shi 2008. ILO 2013e.
Chapter 2 FAO 2014. UNESCO 2014; WHO 2014; World Bank 2015f. 3 ILO 2015e. 4 Pollin 2015. 1 2
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
ILO 2013b. Human Development Report Office calculation based on GERA (2015). Kabanda 2015. UNESCO and UNDP 2013. Crow 2015. Salamon, Sokolowski and Haddock 2011. UNFPA and HelpAge International 2012. UNDESA 2013a; World Bank 2015c. World Bank 2015c. World Bank 2015c, 2015e. UN 2015b. UN 2015b. UN 2015b; UNAIDS 2015. UN 2015b. UN 2015b. UNDP 2012b. UNDP 2014d. Hall 2015. UNDP 2014e. UN 2015b. ILO 2015e. UN 2015b. The International Labour Organization defines the labour force participation rate as the proportion of a country’s working-age population that engages actively in the labour market, either by working or looking for work. Depending on the structure of surveys, participation among certain groups of workers may be underestimated—particularly the number of employed people who work only a few hours in the reference period, are in unpaid employment or work near or in their home. The number of women tends to be underestimated to a larger extent than the number of men. See ILO (2015e) for more extensive definition and discussion. UN 2015b. IPU 2015; ILO 2015j. Grant Thornton 2015. BLS 2015b. ILO 2015h. ILO 2015i. ILO 2015h. UN 2015b. WIEGO and ILO 2013. UNDESA 2015. UN 2015b. ILO 2014b. Eurostat 2015; OECD 2015b. McKinsey Global Institute 2012b. McKinsey Global Institute 2012b. Ortiz and Cummins 2012. OECD 2015b. ILO 2012b. ILO 2014e. ILO 2013c. UNDP 2013b. Hellebrandt and Mauro 2015. The study estimates that global inequality
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95
has fallen—from a Gini coefficient of 0.69 in 2003 to 0.65 in 2013. For the global distribution of household incomes, the dominant forces are not changes in the distribution of income within countries, but changes in the relative average incomes of countries, weighted by population. Thus the extraordinary growth of China and, to less extent, India—which together account for almost 40 percent of the world’s population—largely explain the decline in global household inequality. Alvaredo and others 2011, 2013. UNDP 2013b. Oxfam 2015. Oxfam 2015. UNDP 2013b. UNDP 2013b. UNDESA 2013b. Kharas and Gertz 2010. Kharas and Gertz 2010. UNDESA 2015. Cortez 2012. WEF 2015. Anderlini 2015. WMO 2014; Barbieri and others 2010. World Bank 2015d. WEF 2015. Hawkins, Blackett and Heymans 2013. Hawkins, Blackett and Heymans 2013. UN 2015b. UN 2015b. IEP 2014. UNDP 2014b. Krug and others 2002. UNESCO 2013b. UNDP 2012c. WHO 2013. UN Women 2012a. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights 2014. UN Women 2012, 2014. Grosh, Bussolo and Freije 2014. ILO 2015i. WHO 2015b. WHO 2015b. WHO 2015a. World Bank 2015a. UN 2015b. UN and others 2015. UN 2015b. UN 2015b. World Bank 2002. UN 2015b. UNDP 2012a. WHO 2003. Guha-Sapir, Hoyois and Below 2014. Norwegian Refugee Council and IDMC 2015. “Big data” is a comprehensive concept that describes large and complex amounts of information. In contrast to traditional data, big data is characterized by the 5 V’s (volume,
velocity, variety, veracity and value). It is enormous in volume—on the order of zettabytes and brontobytes in a single dataset. Big data is also generated with high velocity (that is, the speed with which data must be stored and analyzed) and with large variety. Additionally, big data is unstructured and often takes qualitative information into account as well. The fifth V, value, accounts for the potential of big data to be used for development. 96 UN Global Pulse 2013. 97 A gigabyte equals 1 billion bytes, the basic unit of information. 98 Hsu and others 2014.
Chapter 3 1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
World Bank 2015f; ILO 2014c. World Bank 2015f. Human Development Report Office calculation based on ILO 2014c. FAO 2015. The Food and Agriculture Organization figures for the economically active population in agriculture are higher than the International Labour Organization figures on those employed in agriculture because the Food and Agriculture Organization defines the economically active population in agriculture (agricultural labour force) as the part of the economically active population engaged in or seeking work in agriculture, hunting, fishing or forestry, while the International Labour Organization definition for “employment by sector, agriculture” includes only employees (wage and salary earners) and excludes the self-employed and contributing family members. The employment share of the agricultural sector estimated by the International Labour Organization is lower than that estimated by the Food and Agriculture Organization. FAO 2014. FAO 2014. FAO 2014. ILO 2013d. ILO 2014c. Timmer and others 2014a. McKinsey Global Institute 2012a. International Federation of Robotics 2014. WEF 2012a. McKinsey Global Institute 2012a. Rodrik 2015a. ILO 2014c. Warhurst and others 2012. Timmer and others 2014a. McKinsey Global Institute 2013. Social Tech Guide 2015. Cowen 2013. Dobbs, Manyika and Woetzel 2015. Notes | 187