Research to Go Environmental Sustainability A summary of current research funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs-University of Guelph Partnership
Table of Contents Characterizing the Environmental Quality of Dairy Feed Crop Production: Integrating Greenhouse Gases and Water Quality ......................................................................................................................................... 0 Improving Nitrogen Management Tools for Reduced Environmental Losses from Corn Production .......... 3 Designing and Assessing On-farm Strategies for Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Ontario Milk Production..................................................................................................................................................... 5 Characterization of management impacts on P loss to tile drains ............................................................... 7 Long-term Cover Crop Research: Maintaining and Monitoring Soil Health ................................................. 9 An Early Season Nitrogen Test to Help Ontario Cereal Growers Decide Whether or Not to Side-Dress with Nitrogen Fertilizer ....................................................................................................................................... 12 Treatment of Vegetable Processor Wastewater ........................................................................................ 15 Development of Integrated Soil Quality Indicators for Ontario Agro-Ecosystems based on Advanced Physical and Biological Techniques ............................................................................................................. 18 Evaluation and Optimization of a Potato Wash Water Treatment System ................................................ 21
Research-to-Go
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Summary of current research funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs-University of Guelph Partnership
Project Title
Submission number Theme(s) Key words Lead Applicant Organization Start Date
Characterizing the Environmental Quality of Dairy Feed Crop Production: Integrating Greenhouse Gases and Water Quality UofG2013-1741
Funding Program
Environmental Sustainability N2O-NH3 emissions, N-leaching, pasture, crops Anna Crolla University of Guelph 01/05/2014 End Date
OMAFRA - U of G Research
30/04/2017
Abstract The proposed project will address quantifying N2O and NH3 emissions and, subsurface drainage water characteristics associated with typical feed production (corn, soybean, alfalfa, pasture) for Ontario dairy farms. N2O and NH3 emissions will be measured at the field scale and nitrogen mass balances calculated about the field (plant/soil/water/air), for two soil types (clay and sandy-loam). Gas emission factors and subsurface water quality impacts associated with cow grazing pasture practices will be quantified. For the first time in Ontario, the nitrogen data for dairy feed production associated with air emissions, plant and soil uptake and leaching to subsurface waters will be collected under the same climatic conditions. Use of perennials and legumes in dairy production is an important benefit to Ontario’s landscape for protecting water quality and reducing GHG emissions. Development of BMPs will include refining nitrogen retention factors for calculating land application rates, recommending upper limit application rates to minimize N2O and NH3 emissions and leaching of nitrogen to subsurface waters, while improving incorporation and tillage strategies to minimize nutrient losses. BMP recommendations will be specific to soil type and climatic conditions. Additionally, the data collected will support the development of mechanistic crop-environmental models for carbon- and water-footprints. Objectives 1. Quantify N2O (surface and dissolved) and NH3 emissions and the migration of nutrients (N, P) to subsurface waters for the production of dairy feed crops; in clay and sandy-loam soils. 2. Develop nitrogen mass balances considering plants, soil, water and air for the land application of liquid dairy manure for the production of typical feed crops. Data is limited where plant, soil, water and air emissions data is collected under the same climatic and agronomic conditions. 3. Quantify impact of cow pasture management on N2O (surface and dissolved) and NH3 emissions and subsurface water quality.
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4. Recommend improved BMPs that minimize N2O and NH3 emissions related to the production of dairy feed crops and cow grazing pastured areas. 5. Develop specific emission factors for all crops in dairy rations. 6. Recommend improved BMPs that minimize migration of nutrients related to production of dairy feed crops and pastured areas. Benefits This project will benefit producers, who will receive quantitative comparative information on the environmental impacts associated with the production of typical feed crops (corn, soybean, alfalfa, pasture) for dairy farms. In collaboration with OMAF-MRA engineers and policy analysts the data will be used to develop improved Best Management Practices (BMPs) for land application of manure and production of feed crop rotations. The BMPs developed as an outcome from this study will help producers and government regulators with their Nutrient Management planning in reducing nitrogen losses to air and subsurface waters from the land application of dairy manure. Refined N2O (surface and dissolved) and NH3 emission factors, along with nitrogen retention factors, could be integrated into the NMAN calculator for improved land application rate calculations specific to dairy manure for feed crop production. Upper limit application rates and, manure incorporation and tillage strategies identified from this project will also help Nutrient Management planners in determining rates that mitigate environmental impacts to soil, water and air. The quantitative comparison of cow grazing pasture management practices (paddock versus rotational) on environmental impacts will help producers implement strategies that can improve these impacts. The outcomes from this project will be used to compare the sustainability of typical dairy farm practices from a water perspective and identify management practices that can improve the impacts to water quality on dairy farms. The development of mechanistic crop-environmental models to determine water footprints associated with dairy feed crop production will help producers understand how the production of feed crops can impact groundwater quality, and how changes in typical crop rotations can improve these impacts. Producers will maintain market access as retailers demand sustainability data such as reduced environmental impacts and, reduced carbon and water footprints. This project is also intended to benefit rural residents by promoting the adoption of sustainable farm practices that reduce environmental impacts associated with land application of manure and feed crop production. This will demonstrate the dairy industry’s commitment to sustainability and stewardship of water resources, thereby improving environmental health in rural areas and maintaining a positive public image.
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Co-Funder List • • •
AGGP - AAFC DFC - Dairy Cluster 2 AAFC
Team Member 1.
Mr. Christopher Kinsley
University of Guelph
UofG CARG
2.
Dr. Claudia Wagner-Riddle
University of Guelph
UofG Faculty (On Campus)
3.
Dr. Andrew Vander Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Zaag
Non-UofG Faculty/Research Scientist UofG Faculty (On Campus)
4. Dr. Robert Gordon University of Guelph 5. Dr. Tom Wright
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
OMAFRA Staff
6. Mr. Terrence Sauvé
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food and Ministry of Rural Affairs (OMAF and MRA)
OMAFRA Staff
7. Dr. Ward Smith
AAFC
Non-UofG Faculty/Research Scientist
8. Mr. Alan Kruszel
Collaborators
Non-UofG Advisory
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food and Ministry of Rural Affairs (OMAF and MRA)
OMAF and MRA Staff
9.
Mrs. Christine Brown
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Research-to-Go
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Summary of current research funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs-University of Guelph Partnership
Project Title Submission number Theme(s) Key words Lead Applicant Organization Start Date
Improving Nitrogen Management Tools for Reduced Environmental Losses from Corn Production UofG2013-1792
Funding Program
Environmental Sustainability nitrous oxide emissions, nitrate leaching Claudia Wagner-Riddle University of Guelph 01/07/2014 End Date
OMAFRA - U of G Research
30/06/2017
Abstract The production and supply of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is the largest single energy input to Ontario corn production systems and results in substantial environmental losses. The 4R Nutrient Stewardship program has potential for reduction of N losses to water and air, but this impact is not well described in N management decision tools. The proposed research will directly contribute to the long-term sustainability of corn production through the improvement of a decision support system (Adapt-N) that can enhance the management of corn agro-ecosystems. The objectives of this research are to 1) Improve, validate and test an established model that predicts year-long environmental N losses in corn for Ontario conditions; 2) Update a county-level inventory of N2O emissions from corn production using this improved model; 3) Evaluate the effectiveness of 4R mitigation practices to reduce N2O emissions and the environmental footprint of corn production systems province-wide. This will be accomplished by making use of past yearround field measurements of environmental losses conducted in Ontario. This research will provide an improved modeling platform and information to policy analysts, corn producers and the fertilizer industry on estimates of reduction that can potentially be achieved with adoption of 4R management practices. Objectives 1) Improve, validate and test an established, multi-scale soil and crop nitrogen model (PNM) that describes key biophysical processes at the field level and predicts year-long environmental N losses in corn agroecosystems for Ontario conditions; 2) Perform a county-level inventory of N2O emissions from corn production systems in Ontario based on census data of N inputs and high-resolution soil and climate data; 3) Evaluate the effectiveness of 4R mitigation practices to reduce N2O emissions and the environmental footprint of corn production systems province-wide; 4) Provide information for policy analysts to be able to prioritize aspects of corn production that could be targeted with incentives so as to result in reduction of environmental impact; 5) Communicate research results to Ontario corn producers, the fertilizer industry and other interested parties demonstrating the wide-ranging effects of 4R nutrient stewardship on environmental N losses.
3 For more information, please visit www.uoguelph.ca/research/ES
Benefits The proposed research will directly contribute to the long-term sustainability of corn production in Ontario through the improvement of a decision support system (DSS) used to enhance the management of corn agro-ecosystems. The production of grain corn in Ontario is roughly a $1 billion/year industry. In 2010, Ontario produced 7.8 Mt of corn; about two-thirds of the national total production. Approximately 60% of Ontario’s corn is used for animal feed and the remainder goes to industrial uses such as ethanol production and feedstock for biofuel and bio-based materials. Nitrogen is an important input to corn production, and although input per kg of grain produced has declined over the last 20 years, total N fertilizer has increased in the last few years. Hence, additional improvements are needed to deal with air and water quality issues associated with N use in corn. An improved N management tool that accounts for year-round losses will benefit producers and the environment. In addition, the proposed simulation scenarios that we will generate will provide information for policy analysts to be able to prioritize aspects of corn production that could be targeted with incentives so as to result in reduction of environmental impact. The research findings of this project will be of interest to Ontario corn producers and the fertilizer industry, by providing scientific data on the wide-ranging effects of 4R nutrient stewardship on environmental N losses. Co-Funder List • •
Canadian Fertilizer Institute NSERC/Discovery grant
Team Member 1. Dr. Dave Snider
UofG Post Doc Fellow
Collaborators
UofG Research Associate
2. Ms. Susantha Jayasundara University of Guelph 3. Craig Drury
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Non-UofG Collaborator
4. Dr. Jeff Melkonian
University of Guelph
Non-UofG Advisory
5. Dr. Peter Woodbury
University of Guelph
Non-UofG Advisory
6. Tom Bruulsema
Reviewers
Non-UofG Advisory
7. Dr. Greg Stewart
OMAFRA
OMAFRA Staff
8. Crosby Devitt
Grain Farmers of Ontario
Non-UofG Advisory
9. Mr. Clyde Graham
Collaborators
Non-UofG Advisory
10. Dr. Shabtai Bittman
Collaborators
Non-UofG Advisory
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Research-to-Go
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Summary of current research funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs-University of Guelph Partnership
Project Title
Submission number Theme(s) Key words Lead Applicant Organization Start Date
Designing and Assessing On-farm Strategies for Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Ontario Milk Production UofG2013-1542
Funding Program
Environmental Sustainability dairy greenhouse gas emissions Claudia Wagner-Riddle University of Guelph 01/07/2014 End Date
OMAFRA - U of G Research
30/06/2017
Abstract The dairy industry is being challenged to reduce its environmental impact while continuing to improve productivity and profitability. Accurate on-farm measures that farmers can implement to reduce the carbon footprint of milk (CFM) production in a transparent and scientifically valid way are needed. A recent analysis showed a reduction of 22% in the CFM production in Ontario over the last 20 years. However, a difference of 53% between counties suggests that there are overall opportunities for reduction of the CFM. We are proposing a farm-level study that will 1) Identify specific reasons for variability in CFM production on dairy farms;2) Quantify reduction of CFM that can be achieved by dairy farms; 3) Identify least-cost management strategies for the dairy industry to meet reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) levels; 3) Establish targets for the Ontario dairy industry for GHG emission reductions, and show how they could be achieved; 4) Inform the dairy organizations about best management practices for GHG reduction; and 5) Provide Ontario based information for reduction in the CFM of the dairy supply chain. This will be achieved through collection of farm data based on surveys and farm case studies. Objectives 1) Identify specific reasons for variability in carbon footprint of milk production on Ontario dairy farms; 2) Quantify overall reduction of carbon footprint of milk production that can be achieved by Ontario dairy farms; 3) Identify least-cost management strategies for the Ontario dairy industry to meet targeted reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) levels; 3) Establish targets for the Ontario dairy industry for GHG emission reductions, and show how they could be achieved; 4) Inform the provincial and national dairy organizations and their producer members about best management practices for GHG reduction; and 5) Provide Ontario-based information that could be used to demonstrate improvements in the dairy supply carbon footprint at the farm level.
5 For more information, please visit www.uoguelph.ca/research/ES
Benefits The dairy sector plays a significant role in Ontario’s economy with $5.92 billion (2012) in farm cash receipts generated, and thousands of jobs supported in various sectors including transportation, processing, packaging and marketing. It is the largest agricultural sector in Ontario making up ~20% of the province’s agricultural production. Nationally, Ontario contributes about one third of the total annual milk production. The Dairy Farmers of Canada have recently launched the ‘proAction’ program, which aims at demonstrating responsible stewardship of livestock and the environment, sustainable production of high quality, safe and nutritious food products for consumers, and will be implemented by all Canadian dairy farmers over the next 10 years. Recommendations of practices that reduce the carbon footprint of milk production are required for these targets to be achieved. The proposed research will address this need by considering greenhouse gas emissions associated with the life-cycle of milk production, and conducting a comprehensive analysis that consider all interactions of the dairy production system and the natural environment. Best management practices will be prioritized based on technical aspects and cost-effectiveness. Potential targets for improved C footprint and how they could be achieved will be developed for the Ontario dairy industry. The dairy sector and related industries in transportation, processing, packaging and marketing will benefit as this information is needed to promote milk products. The public good derived from this project will be reduction of emissions that contribute to climate change and a more sustainable dairy industry. Co-Funder List • •
Dairy Farmers of Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Team Member 1. Dr. Alfons Weersink
University of Guelph
UofG Faculty (On Campus)
2. Dr. Tom Wright
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
OMAF and MRA Staff
3. Dr. Robert Gordon
University of Guelph
UofG Faculty (On Campus)
4.
Dr. Andrew Vander Zaag
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Non-UofG Faculty/Research Scientist
5.
Ms. Susantha Jayasundara
University of Guelph
UofG Research Associate
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Research-to-Go
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Summary of current research funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs-University of Guelph Partnership
Project Title Submission number Theme(s) Key words Lead Applicant Organization Start Date
Characterization of management impacts on P loss to tile drains UofG2013-1766
Funding Program
Environmental Sustainability P management and water quality Ivan O'Halloran University of Guelph 01/06/2015 End Date
OMAFRA - U of G Research
30/04/2017
Abstract The 4R Nutrient Stewardship approach strives to maximize farmer’s economic benefits while minimizing adverse environmental effects. As one of the four “Rs”, nutrient placement is particularly relevant to P availability and losses. Recent studies in the Lake Erie watershed in the US suggests that a significant contributor to elevated dissolved P losses from cropland and P loading to Lake Erie, may be surface broadcast P fertilizer. We are seeing an increase adoption of this practice in Ontario. Fall broadcast P fertilizers would be particularly prone to losses as they may not be incorporated into the soil until spring tillage operations. The simple message of “P binds tightly to the soil” has likely lead producers to not see a significant environmental risk for surface applied P. Agronomical losses are likely insignificant when soil erosion is not a problem, however, losses of 2-3 kg/ha of P can be quite significant environmentally. The proposed project consists of field and laboratory studies to assess the leaching to tile of fall broadcast (incorporated and not-incorporated) and spring banded P fertilizer in a corn-soybean-wheat rotation in southern Ontario. This study will compliment other on-going studies of BMP’s related to surface runoff of P. Objectives The main purpose of the project is to ascertain the relative risks/benefits associated with fertilizer placement from the perspective of P loss to drainage tiles and P availability to and uptake by crops. Specifically the impact of fall application with and without incorporation versus spring applied banded fertilizer under no-till and tilled soil management systems will be assessed. Research suggests that P reaction with soil is halted/reduced under freezing conditions and thus fall applied fertilizers would presumably be at greater risk of P loss. This study will provided much needed data on pathway of soil P loss under Ontario conditions and will allow more informed decisions pertaining to the development of a new Ontario P index.
7 For more information, please visit www.uoguelph.ca/research/ES
Benefits The proposed research provides information on the biophysical processes related to the through soil losses of P under different P fertilizer management strategies and soil tillage practices plus evaluates the crop response to and uptake of the applied fertilizer. The seasonal and annual losses of P will be compared to background levels to ascertain the relative impact of P losses via this pathway to surface waters, and the potential mitigation of P losses via BMPs. Such information would also be valuable for identifying suitable targets or objectives for tile water quality. The research will provide much needed information for the development of Ontario P index that may once again be an integral part of Ontario Nutrient management planning, if not a requirement of the legislation. The research will also lend support to the tenant that nutrient management in Ontario should not be restricted simply to the use of manures and biosolids. The proposed work has a benefit to the general public in the sense that it is identifying management strategies that may reduce soluble P losses to surface waters, and thus reduce the negative impacts of eutrophication. Producers, who for the most part are good stewards, may not fully appreciate the environmental consequences of certain P management practices such as fall P applications, and see primarily the convenience (e.g. fewer field operations to do in the spring) and potentially lower fertilizer costs for fall purchased fertilizers. Adoption of fall broadcasting of P fertilizer, with or without incorporation has little perceived merit from the aspect of crop growth and performance with respect to P fertilizer input, and it is unlikely that P losses from fall applied fertilizers would have an agronomic impact unless severe erosion was occurring. Producers, however, may be more receptive to not adopting fall broadcasting of P fertilizers if a definite detrimental environmental consequence can be demonstrated. Co-Funder List •
OMAF-MRA: Env. Man. Branch
Team Member 1. Dr. Merrin Macrae
University of Waterloo
Non-UofG Collaborator
2. Mr. Kevin McKague
OMAFRA
OMAFRA Staff
3. Mr. Adam Hayes
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs OMAFRA Staff
4. Dr. Bonnie Ball Coelho Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs OMAFRA Staff
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Research-to-Go
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Summary of current research funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs-University of Guelph Partnership
Project Title Submission number Theme(s) Key words Lead Applicant Organization Start Date
Long-term Cover Crop Research: Maintaining and Monitoring Soil Health UofG2013-1470
Funding Program
Environmental Sustainability soil health, long-term, cover crop Laura L. Van Eerd University of Guelph 20/05/2014 End Date
OMAFRA - U of G Research
30/04/2017
Abstract Maintaining healthy, productive soil is critical to enhancing the profitability of agriculture, for which cover crops may play an important role. However, permanent, long-term trials comparing various cover crops are almost non-existent with the exception of two trials at Ridgetown Campus established in 2007 and 2008 by Dr. Van Eerd. These trials are ideal for evaluating best management practices of cover cropping and potential influences on soil health. Funding is required to maintain the two cover crop research trials. The overall goal of the proposed research is to assess the impact of various cover crops to a no cover crop control in terms of 1) yearly and long-term (5+ year) delta yield and profit margins, 2) nitrogen dynamics, and 3) soil quality. Specific deliverables include providing best management practices for nitrogen management and stover removal and comparing various legume cover crops (e.g. alfalfa, crimson clover) to red clover. Not only will the proposed research provide a solid understanding of how overall soil health influences soil processes and resiliency, it will assess the impacts (benefits and risks) of long-term best management practices on soil health and environmental contamination while valuing influences on crop yields and profit margins. Objectives Within two long-term cover crop trials at Ridgetown Campus, specific objectives are to: 1) assess the ability of the soil fingerprinting framework and other soil health indices to detect differences in soil quality among long-term cover crop treatments 2) assess the effect of long-term cover crop use and planting date on crop productivity, N dynamics and soil quality 3) determine the ability of long-term cover crop use to affect the impact of wheat straw removal on crop productivity, N dynamics and profit margins Within other research trials, specific objectives are to: 4) compare various legume cover crops to industry standard (red clover) in terms of growth, N cycling and main crop yield
9 For more information, please visit www.uoguelph.ca/research/ES
5) evaluate the Cornell soil health assessment to detect relevant changes in soil quality within 5 Ontario long-term tillage and crop rotation trials. Benefits Understanding the role of cover crops and crop residue removal on soil quality and the potential of cover crops to mitigate adverse effects of extreme weather will benefit growers by maintaining crop productivity and improving resiliency. Thus, it is a benefit to growers and Ontario agri-food sector to adopt production practices that consistently show an increase in crop yields/profit margins which increases the competitiveness of the industry. By assessing N dynamics with and without cover crops as well as legume and non-legume cover crops, the proposed research can estimate N losses to the environment. Considering the susceptibility of the Great Lakes, particularly Lake Erie to nutrient loading, this research will benefit the environment, general public and the government by providing recommendations that optimize N use efficiency. The long-term nature of these cover crop trials is ideal for evaluating different soil health indices/tools in their ability to detect differences among treatments, while considering costs, time, and labour investments. Being able to recommend an ideal tool(s) to assess soil health will be a benefit to growers, crop consultants, and extension personnel, who are eager to quantify soil quality. Another benefit is that the Soil Fingerprinting Framework developed by AAFC researchers will be refined based on results from this study and others around the province. In general, maintaining these long-term cover crop trials provides other indirect opportunities. By affecting soil quality, particularly organic matter content, cover crops may play a role in mitigating the impact of extreme weather events by modulating soil moisture. In addition, this long-term research may also be a benefit to livestock producers because the data collected (biomass and N content) can be used to estimate forage value of tested cover crops over multiple years. Overall, the focus of the proposed research has the potential to benefit 1) the growers by maximizing economic returns and increasing resiliency, 2) the government by ensuring that current, accurate Ontario data are used in developing best management practices and regulations, and 3) the public by developing best management practices that reduce detrimental environmental impacts. Co-Funder List • •
Ontario Processing Vegetable Growers OPVG and OTRI Grain Farmers of Ontario GFO
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Team Member 1. Dr. Richard Vyn
University of Guelph
UofG Faculty (On Campus)
2. Mrs. Anne Verhallen
OMAFRA
OMAF and MRA Staff
3. Mr. Michael Zink
University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus
UofG Technician
4. Ms. Claire Coombs
University of Guelph
UofG Graduate Student
University of Guelph
UofG Graduate Student
6. Mr. Adam Hayes
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
OMAF and MRA Staff
7. Ms. TBA TBA
University of Guelph
UofG Other
5.
Ms. To Be Determined TBD
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Research-to-Go
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Summary of current research funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs-University of Guelph Partnership
Project Title
Submission number Theme(s) Key words Lead Applicant Organization Start Date
An Early Season Nitrogen Test to Help Ontario Cereal Growers Decide Whether or Not to Side-Dress with Nitrogen Fertilizer UofG2013-1595
Funding Program
Environmental Sustainability Soil test, nitrogen, side-dress, corn Manish N. Raizada University of Guelph 01/05/2014 End Date
OMAFRA - U of G Research
30/04/2016
Abstract There is a need for improved diagnostic tests for early-season soil nitrogen, to help growers decide whether or not to apply an extra dose (side-dress) of nitrogen fertilizer. Current tests are reported to be ineffective in terms of helping farmers to predict a side-dress dosage that maximizes yield and MERN (maximum economic rate of nitrogen). As a result, growers sometimes over-fertilize resulting in reduced profits and environmental pollution. To assist corn growers, we created a completely alternative approach to earlyseason nitrogen testing by measuring leaf glutamine, an amino acid and excellent indicator of plant nitrogen status. We created a patented $1-test for leaf glutamine based on a biosensor bacteria called GlnLux (Fig 1). Now we propose to undertake the most important studies for growers: to determine whether the GlnLux test correlates with soil nitrogen application rates in the field (Objective 1), and most importantly, whether GlnLux is actually useful for growers - for them to decide how much to side-dress, resulting in a decision that economically optimizes corn yield (Objective 2). Finally, we propose comparisons of GlnLux to existing technologies (SPAD meter, Greenseeker, soil N tests) so that growers make informed decisions as to which test to use (Objective 3). Objectives The overall objective is to validate, at the field level, a new diagnostic test for early-season soil nitrogen called GlnLux, to help corn growers decide whether or not to apply an extra dose (side-dress) of nitrogen fertilizer, to reduce unnecessary applications of fertilizer. The specific objectives are: Objective 1 - We propose to determine whether the newly optimized GlnLux test correlates with soil nitrogen application rates in the field (Elora Research Station). Objective 2 – We propose to test whether GlnLux can be used by growers to decide whether or not (or how much) to side-dress, resulting in a decision that optimizes corn yield yet maximizes the cost:benefit ratio (MERN, Maximum Economic Return on Nitrogen).
12 For more information, please visit www.uoguelph.ca/research/ES
Objective 3: We propose to systematically compare the GlnLux test to other available technologies (SPAD meter, Greenseeker, GreenIndex, soil-N tests) so that growers can make an informed decision as to which test to use. Benefits This research will provide Ontario growers with a new tool to promote split applications of nitrogen (to reduce leaching, N20 emissions) and to help growers decide whether an extra dose of nitrogen fertilizer after planting (side-dressing) is actually needed and if so how much, to prevent unnecessary overfertilization. Excess nitrogen contributes to groundwater contamination and emissions of very potent greenhouse gases, and thus, if validated, our test will benefit (1) ecosystems and (2) the general public. While the current cost of a single soil sample is $10-$15, our cost to conduct GlnLux testing is $1-$2 per sample, and thus this diagnostic test has the potential to be much more widely adopted and (3) save growers money. This technology will also benefit (4) commercial agricultural diagnostic companies who might be interested in licensing this technology. For the above reasons, we have received a ~$50,000 cash commitment from the Grain Farmers of Ontario and a further letter of support from the Ontario Soil and Crop Improvement Association (see GFO agreement and attached letters). We also have $10,000/year in cash from the International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI)(confirmed) and another $6500/year (pending, not confirmed) from the Ontario AgriBusiness Association (OABA). In terms of our project matching the priorities of OMAFRA Theme 1 (Environmental Sustainability), our project addresses Priority 2 (MANAGING EFFECTS OF THE AGRI-FOOD SYSTEM USING BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPS) THAT CONSIDER ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS). Our relevant KEY DELIVERABLES within OMAFRA PRIORITY 2 are: • New methods, farm level decision support tools, technologies to reduce environmental risks within economically sustainable agri-food production (e.g. soil, air, water) • Innovations in monitoring, evaluation and validation of systems/technologies/ BMPs to cost effectively reduce potential adverse effect of agri-food production on soil, air and water and biodiversity Co-Funder List • • • •
Grain Farmers of Ontario Ontario Trillium Scholarship, MTCU, Ontario International Plant Nutrition Institute Ontario Agri-Business Assocation
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Team Member 1. Dr. Bill Deen
University of Guelph UofG Faculty (On Campus)
2. Mr. Travis Goron
University of Guelph UofG Graduate Student
3. Ms. Elham Tavakouli University of Guelph UofG Graduate Student 4. Dr. Greg Stewart
OMAFRA
OMAF and MRA Staff
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Research-to-Go
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Summary of current research funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs-University of Guelph Partnership
Project Title Submission number Theme(s) Key words Lead Applicant Organization Start Date
Treatment of Vegetable Processor Wastewater UofG2011-1060
Funding Program
Environmental Sustainability treatment food wastewater, recycling, safety Richard G. Zytner University of Guelph 01/09/2012 End Date
OMAFRA - U of G Research
31/08/2015
Abstract Fruit and vegetable processors use large amounts of water to clean, convey and process the different food products. The result is a wastewater with high BOD, TSS and nutrient loading. Consequently, municipalities impose significant sewer discharge surcharges on processors which affect the competitiveness of the plants putting at risk the jobs in the food sector and ultimately impacting the market farmers need to sell their produce. Laboratory research is being proposed where two types of treatment technology will be evaluated, sequencing batch reactor and membrane reactor. Both approaches can reduce the BOD and TSS concentration in the discharged effluent, provide the possibility of reducing the nutrient loading and have the potential for water recycling. Bench scale studies will also be done on how best to disinfect the treated water so that it can be recycled in-house without negative impacts on food safety issues. Success will greatly improve a processors global competiveness and address OMAFRA concerns with water and sustainability in the agri-food sector and close the loop on food processing wastes. The training of the HQP will allow them to address similar issues in the entire sector. Objectives The completed research will address the OMAFRA priority on sustainability by improving water quality and competitiveness of the sector. Emphasis will be on developing a treatment scheme that reduces the BOD, TSS and nutrient loading of the processor’s wastewater. Doing so can save the processors significant money from the elevated sewer surcharges, improving the processors competitiveness. The continued economic viability of food processors is important to maintain vital jobs for their employees and provide a market for the produce grown by the Ontario farmer. Based on the proposed study, it is also possible for the processors to consider water recycling/reuse that maintains food safety and to divert the biomass to a bioenergy facility through a related project. Finally, a goal of the project is to train HQP for the agri-food sector. These HQP will use the knowledge to address similar issues in the entire sector.
15 For more information, please visit www.uoguelph.ca/research/ES
Benefits Processors of fruits and vegetables will benefit by having a treatment system that reduces the BOD, TSS and nutrient levels to values that the municipalities can accept. The research on disinfection will permit the treated water to be recycled in-house and yet maintain important food safety aspects. The improved treatment of the wastewater and implementation of safe water recycling means that the food pocessor has a smaller environmental foot print. Currently the high sewer surcharges affect the processor's competiveness, putting at risk the jobs in the food sector and ultimately impact the market farmers need to sell their produce. Municipalities will also benefit from the developed BMPs for onsite wastewater treatment, as the processor effluent will require no further treatment, saving the municipality money and giving them extra capacity for other wastewater sources. This in turn further protects the environment. The two processors (VegFresh and PridePak) will benefit directly by being able to review the results at regular advisory committee meeting and then implement the findings. Other processors in the agri-food sector will also benefit from the trained HQP who can address similar wastewater issues. Currently eight undergraduates are working on two projects directly related to this proposal. Their findings will be the starting point for the two M.A.Sc. students that will be hired for the project. All these students will address a HQP shortage of related to the improved treatment of food processing wastewater in Ontario. The consulting firms (Agviro and Bloom) will benefit by possibly hiring one of the HQP to work on related projects, while OMAFRA can use the HQP and the information to implement changes to BMP. Co-Funder List • • • •
Vegfresh Inc. Agviro Inc Pride Pak Canada Ltd. Bloom Sustainability
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Team Member 1. Dr. Sheng Chang
University of Guelph Collaborating Researcher
2. Mr. Adam Moore
Collaborators
3. Dr. Keith Warriner
University of Guelph Collaborating Researcher
UofG Graduate Student
4. Ms. Abigail Amponsah Mark Fang Wen Colin Couper University of Guelph UofG Other 5. Ms. Ka Lam
University of Guelph UofG Graduate Student
6. Ms. Jessica Turner, Natasha Rozanski, Ka Lam
University of Guelph UofG Other
7. Dr. Hongde Zhou
University of Guelph UofG Faculty (On Campus)
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Research-to-Go
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Summary of current research funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs-University of Guelph Partnership
Project Title
Submission number Theme(s) Key words Lead Applicant Organization Start Date
Development of Integrated Soil Quality Indicators for Ontario Agro-Ecosystems based on Advanced Physical and Biological Techniques UofG2011-1229
Funding Program
OMAFRA - U of G Research
Environmental Sustainability computed tomography, DNA barcoding, hydrophysical Richard Heck University of Guelph 01/06/2012 End Date 31/08/2015
Abstract Soil quality is influenced by the complex interactions between local landscape factors, management practices and evolving climatic conditions. Considerable research has been conducted on the influence of conventional tillage and rotations in Ontario, but much remains unknown regarding the temporal dynamics of soil structure, relative to its basic hydrophysical behavior and biodiversity. Less yet is known about the potential impacts of alternative management regimes such as enhanced biomass removal, incorporation of forage crops or the adoption of systems like tree-based intercropping on soil quality. On-going technological and methodological advances are, however, presenting powerful means to understand our soils from a more holistic perspective. The current research focuses on quantifying soil quality, from the perspective of soil structure, using high-resolution X-ray CT imaging of intact soil, soil biodiversity, as determined by advance DNA barcoding, as well as the key soil hydraulic properties, determined in both field and laboratory settings; this is integrated with infield techniques to evaluate soil tilth. Ultimately, the goal is to contribute to the development of soil quality indicators, reflective of both controls on its nature and its functionality. Such understand is critical to facilitate efficient refinement of best management practices in response to natural and anthropogenic pressures. Objectives 1)Refine techniques for the adaptation of rapidly-evolving technologies in material imaging (X-ray CT scanning) and biodiversity characterization (DNA ‘barcoding’), to quantify soil systems. 2)Characterize the impact of land management regimes, including popular rotation and tillage systems, and alternative cropping systems (enhanced biomass removal, rotational forages and tree-based intercropping), on the nature and dynamics (seasonal and annual) of soil structure, its hydrophysical behavior and associated biodiversity. 3)Refine our understanding of soil hydro-physical models, vis-a-vis soil structure (voids and density), as
18 For more information, please visit www.uoguelph.ca/research/ES
revealed by high-resolution X-ray CT imaging. 4)Evaluate the relationship between soil structure and biodiversity, within well-documented soil management systems. 5)Establish framework for evaluation of the impact of soil management regimes and climatic change on soil quality. 6)Prepare HQP capable of merging advanced analytical techniques with conventional measures of soil behavior, working within a multidisciplinary context to approach our understanding of soil systems from a more holistic perspective. Benefits Soil biota plays a fundamental role in the incorporation/transformation of organic residues, and alteration of soil structure. Proposed DNA barcoding will permit an intensive evaluation of the impact of changing management regime on soil biodiversity. Many soil processes exhibit temporal variability that can be related to various aspects of a given crop production cycle. The proposed research will contribute to a refinement of guidelines for comparing, and monitoring, the impact of conventional and emerging production systems on soil quality. Though numerous soil quality indicators are available, many have been developed, and are often applied, independently. This research will contribute to establishing soil quality indicators, and reference data, based on morphology, in relation to selected faunal and physical characteristics, and tilth, to permit more effective evaluation of incipient or subtle responses of our productions systems to changes. As our understand of soil systems increase, and technological advances present new options for enhanced measurement of soil properties and processes, there is need to consider new approaches. The proposed research will permit the evaluation of the suitability of CT imaging and DNA barcoding for monitoring soil quality, with the ultimate goal of establishing a more informative approach to evaluating the environmental impact of current production systems and timely refinement of BMPs. Currently-available data regarding the nature/dynamics of soil pore network, in relation to biota and physical behaviour are often minimal or inadequate for detailed predictive modeling. The proposed research will provide solid input data for the specific systems studied, and valuable information on the variability and dynamics of the properties consider, permitting sensitivity analysis of models. While soil biological activity is retarded during the winter months, physical changes related to freezing and thawing, continue to alter the pore network of soils. Insight into the evolution of soil pores during the winter will be unprecedented, and provide valuable information for modeling soil biological activity and chemodynamics. The multidisciplinary nature of this research will provide the opportunity for participating researcher to develop a framework for on-going ‘system-based’ investigations. HQP generated will, similarly, have gained experience and perspective necessary for next generation agri-environmental research.
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Co-Funder List • • • • •
Grain Farmers of Ontario NSERC NSERC AGGP (AAFC) NSERC
Team Member 1. Robert Hanner
University of Guelph
University Researcher
2. Dr. Gary Parkin
University of Guelph
University Researcher
3. Dr. Bill Deen
University of Guelph
University Researcher
4. Mr. David Kroetsch
Agriculture and Agrifood Canada
Collaborating Specialist
5. Dr. Lars Munkhom
University of Guelph
University Researcher
6. Mr. Adam Hayes
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
Collaborating Specialist
7. Mr. Peter von Bertoldi University of Guelph
Technician
8. Mr. Daniel Jefferies
University of Guelph
Graduate Student
9. Mr. Pooyan Rahimy
University of Guelph
Graduate Student
University of Guelph
University Researcher
10.
Dr. Naresh Thevathasan
11. Ms. Melissa Vekeman University of Guelph
UofG Graduate Student
12. Mr. Jeffery Strohm
UofG Graduate Student
University of Guelph
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Research-to-Go
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Summary of current research funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs-University of Guelph Partnership
Project Title Submission number Theme(s) Key words Lead Applicant Organization Start Date
Evaluation and Optimization of a Potato Wash Water Treatment System UofG2011-1082
Funding Program
Environmental Sustainability wash water, treatment, re-use, quality Robert Gordon University of Guelph 01/06/2012 End Date
OMAFRA - U of G Research
31/05/2015
Abstract This partnership project between the Ontario Fruit and Vegetables Growers Association (OFVGA), Sunrise Potato Produce (a potato production and storage operation in Alliston, Ontario), OMAFRA and the University of Guelph will attempt to identify and assess a viable option for the treatment of wash water generated from the on-farm cleaning and handling of potatoes. At present agricultural wash water requires a Certificate of Approval with a recognized treatment system if effluent is discharged. Unfortunately few, well tested and economically viable options are presently available to producers. Through this research project, we will monitor a promising treatment system (i.e. a mulit-celled constructed treatment wetland) that has recently been established at Sunrise Potato Produce Ltd. and assess mass removals and concentration reductions of various wash water parameters over 32 months. We will also determine first order rate constants to allow for effective future designs and monitor the hydrologic water balance to evaluate possible wash water re-use strategies and explore no wastewater discharge (i.e. a closed system) scenarios. A complimentary producer survey throughout Ontario will also be conducted with OFVGA to better extend these results to other operations. Objectives Through this project we will instrument and monitor an on-farm constructed wetland that is treating wash water generated from the cleaning and handling of potatoes and explore various re-use options. The specific objectives will include: (i) Quantifying treatment efficiencies (mass removals and concentration reductions) of various wash water parameters offered by the constructed wetland; (ii) Establishing first order rate constants for wash water parameters to allow for effective future design criteria of wetlands on other potato/vegetable cleaning, storage and handling operations; (iii) Determining wash water residence times of the wetland to support enhanced design features; (iv) Assessing the hydrologic water balance and wash water concentrations throughout the wetland over a 32 month period to evaluate water re-use strategies; and (v) Conducting a survey of wash water parameters from several on-farm fruit and vegetable washing systems throughout Ontario to provide context for extending this pilot system to other locations.
21 For more information, please visit www.uoguelph.ca/research/ES
Benefits This project will have a number of direct and indirect benefits in supporting the environmental sustainability of Ontario’s agriculture sector. From a producers perspective, all potato and vegetable operations in Ontario that currently generate wash water from their cleaning and handling activities require acceptable and economically viable treatment options to meet provincial COA requirements. Currently however, options that are both feasible and effective are extremely limited. Through this research, we hope to establish a science-based option that will provide producers with the ability to more effectively manage their on-farm wash water. In turn, it will also provide an opportunity for compliance with Ministry of the Environment COA requirements. It is also anticipated that significant on-farm adoption of treatment wetland systems for wash water management will be achieved as well as possible water re-use strategies identified to furthe limit possile environmental impacts. From a regulatory perspective, this research will allow for a more effective implementation of future COA’s within the province and also will help to establish a more efficient industry-wide level of compliance in relation to on-farm wash water management. Project results can also be used to support greater utilization of constructed treatment wetlands for on-farm wash water and wastewater management in Ontario as well as being incorporated into improving the effectiveness of initiatives including Ontario’s Environmental Farm Plan Program. Other specific benefits will include improved on-farm water use efficiencies and water quality management; reduced farm discharges and drainage; the potential for improved source water protection; and the development of improved methods to reduce environmental risk on farm operations. Co-Funder List • • •
Ontario Fruit and Vegetable Growers Association Sunrise Potato Produce Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Team Member 1. Dr. Andrew Vander Zaag Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Collaborating Researcher 2.
Collaborators
Industry Collaborator
3.
Collaborators
University Researcher
4. Dr. Anna Crolla
University of Guelph
University Researcher
5. Ms. Rebecca shortt
OMAFRA
Advisory
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For more information on these projects (including results) and many more please visit: www.uoguelph.ca/ktt/searchRP and www.uoguelph.ca/research/ES
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