Green Industrial Policy - Concept, Policies, Country Experiences
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depending on the country, and all of these natural-resource exploiting sectors are generally categorized as carbon-intensive. It should be noted that this classification only provides a rough approximation, given enormous differences of
carbon-intensity within highly aggregated natural-resource sectors: whether and to what extent agriculture or forestry actually emits carbon, or even sequestrates it, depends on the way the sector is operated.
Figure 4.4: Employment shares in GHG emitting industrial sectors by region Europe and Central Asia
Countries covered:
4% 10% High-carbon sectors Low-carbon sectors Other sectors
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom.
86%
The Americas
Countries covered: Brazil, Canada, Mexico and United States.
7% 14%
High-carbon sectors Low-carbon sectors
79%
Other sectors
Asia and the Pacific
9%
Countries covered: Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea and Taiwan.
2% High-carbon sectors Low-carbon sectors Other sectors
89%
Source: ILO Research Department based on the World Input-Output database (WIOD 2013). Note: All charts refer to the year 2011 (last available data point). Africa and Arab States are not included because of lacking data availability. High-carbon sectors include the top ten listed in the Appendix. At the same time, low-carbon sectors include the top ten listed in the Appendix. All the remaining sectors are classified as other sectors.
Still, these estimates highlight the challenges faced by developing and emerging economies in terms of employment. In industrialised countries, mainly heavy industries and the energy sector are going through the green transformation, with relative small employment shares; in developing
and emerging economies, a much larger proportion of the work force will be affected. Policies therefore need to help workers to transition from the agriculture sector to productive, non-resource-intensive 'decent work' in other sectors of the economy.