Transparency of Autonomous Systems and Data Privacy Process was started and, as part of the IEEE’s peer driven and consensus-based approach, she invited participants to join the working groups. Concluding, Ms. Firth-Butterfield reflected on earlier comments by Prof. Sharkey, stating that we have to question AI when it begins to spill over into our lives. While innovations such as the use of AI in predictive policing may save lives and prevent harm, they can have a significant impact on our civil liberties and our freedoms. The question remains: where do we draw the line with innovation? She further speculated whether, if innovation continues to curb our civil liberties, will we reach a point whereby it becomes necessary to challenge the very purpose of innovation. Or, as Salesforce’s CEO, Marc Benioff said at Davos 2017, to even slow down the rate of innovation through regulation. This may be an option in the future, but it is not something being considered by Governments at present. Currently, national policies are focused on maximising technology for economical purposes.
5. The cyber-security overlap In the next session, the cyber security overlap was introduced by the team from the Cambridge Centre for Risk Studies, which consisted of Professor Daniel Ralph, Academic Director and Professor of Operations Research at University of Cambridge Judge Business School; Mr. Simon Ruffle, Director of Technology Research & Innovation; and Ms. Jennifer Copic, Research Assistant. Kicking off the discussion, Professor Ralph took the floor to explain the work of the Cambridge Centre for Risk Studies to address systematic risks in business, the economy and society. Prof. Ralph observed that we have moved beyond the information technology revolution into the data revolution, and in this new era there are novel risks for us to deal with, like cyber risk. He defined cyber risk as any risk of financial loss, disruption or damage to the reputation of an organisation from some sort of failure of its information technology (or operational technology) systems. Our environments have also changed, he explained, noting that critical infrastructure has become an increasingly complicated mix of public and private sector actors, so much so that we are not fully clear who owns the risk and who is ultimately responsible for it. Governments and regulators? Private sector critical infrastructure companies? Or society more broadly, as represented by corporations and private consumers? The result is what Prof. Ralph refers to as ‘the triangle of pain’. The effects of the triangle are further amplified by growing interdependency between sectors. The energy sector, for instance, plays a central role for all Page 9 of 18