ENDNOTES
28
Toyama, Children’s Education in a Digital Age.
29
Beland, Louis-Philippe, and Richard Murphy, ‘Ill communication: Technology, distraction & student performance’, Labour Economics, vol. 41, no. C, 2016, pp. 61–76. <www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S0927537116300136>
30
Duflo, Esther, Rema Hanna and Stephen P. Ryan, ‘Incentives Work: Getting teachers to come to school’, American Economic Review, vol. 102, no. 4, 2012, pp. 1241–1278.
31
Bannerjee et al., ‘Remedying Education’; and Muralidharan et al., Disrupting Education?
32
Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab, ‘Remedial Education: Reorienting classroom instruction has improved learning opportunities for 47.7 million students in India, J-PAL.
33
Penuel, William R., ‘Implementation and Effects of One-to-One Computing Initiatives: A research synthesis’, Journal of Research on Technology in Education, vol. 38, no. 3, 2006, pp. 329–348 <www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080 /15391523.2006.10782463>
34
Hagen, Erica, ‘Mapping Change: Community information empowerment in Kibera (Innovations Case Narrative: Map Kibera)’, Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization, vol. 6, no. 1, Winter 2011, MIT pp. 69–94.
35
Lazzeri, Thais, ‘O menino tímido que abalou Brasilia’ (The shy boy who shook Brasilia), Epóca, 17 July 2013; and Lima, Luciana, ‘Em Brasília, jovem de 17 anos mobilizou mais de 10 mil pessoas’ (In Brasilia, a 17-year-old young man mobilized 10,000 people), Último Segundo’, 20 June 2013.
36
37
Kelly, Sanja, et al., ‘Freedom on the Net 2016: Silencing the messenger – Communication apps under pressure’, Freedom House, Washington, D.C., 2016, p. 19. International Telecommunications Union, Digital Opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment, ITU, Geneva, 2014; and World Bank, World Development
133
Report 2016: Digital dividends, World Bank, Washington, D.C., 2016. 38
Raftree, Linda, ‘Landscape Review: Mobiles for youth workforce development’, JBS International, Rockland, Maryland, 2013, p. 25.
39
Ibid., p. 3.
40
<www.facebook.com/groups/ oportunidadesp arainternacionalistas>
41
Raftree, ‘Landscape Review’, p. 2.
42
International Telecommunications Union, Digital Opportunities, ITU, Geneva, 2014, pp. 18–21.
43
Raftree, ‘Landscape Review’, p. 2.
44
World Bank, World Development Report 2016, p. xiii.
45
World Economic Forum, ‘The Future of Jobs: Employment, skills and workforce strategy for the fourth industrial revolution’, Global Challenge Insight Report, World Economic Forum, Geneva, January 2016, p. v.
46
Schwab, Klaus, ‘The Fourth Industrial Revolution: What it means and how to respond’, Foreign Affairs, December 2015.
47
Jütting, Johannes, and Christopher Garroway, ‘The Rise of the Robots: Friend or foe for developing countries?’, OECD Insights: Debate the issues, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2 March 2016.
48
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, The Global Learning Crisis: Why every child deserves a quality education, UNESCO, Paris, 2013, p. 2.
49
World Economic Forum, ‘New Vision for Education: Unlocking the potential of technology’, World Economic Forum, Geneva, 2015, p. 3.
50
Kautz, Tim, et al., ‘Fostering and Measuring Skills: Improving cognitive and non-cognitive skills to promote lifetime success’, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, p. 54.
51
Morgenstern, Michael, ‘Automation and Anxiety: Will smarter machines cause mass unemployment?’, The Economist, 25 June 2016.
52
Ian Stewart, Debapratim De and Alex Cole, ‘Technology and People: The great job-creating machine’, Deloitte LLP, August 2015.
53
United Nations Children’s Fund, Uprooted: The growing crisis for refugee and migrant children, UNICEF, New York, 2016, p. 1.
54
Maitland, Carleen, et al., ‘Youth Mobile Phone and Internet Use: January 2015 – Za’atari Camp, Mafraq, Jordan’, Penn State College of Information Sciences and Technology, October 2015, p. 3.
55
Raftree, Linda, Katie Appel and Anika Ganness, ‘Modern Mobility: The role of ICTs in child and youth migration’, Plan International, Washington, D.C., 2013, p. 17, 20–25.
56
Ibid., p. 3.
57
Vernon, Alan, Kamel Deriche and Samantha Eisenhauer, Connecting Refugees: How internet and mobile connectivity can improve refugee wellbeing and transform humanitarian action, UNHCR, Geneva, September 2016, pp. 12–13.
58
Ibid., p. 25.
59
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, ‘Debates on the implementation of the 2005 Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions’, UNESCO, Paris, 2015. p. 2.
60
Rice, Emma S., et al., ‘Social Media and Digital Technology Use among Indigenous Young People in Australia: A literature review’, International Journal for Equity in Health, vol. 15, no. 81, 2016.
61
Jenzen, Olu, and Irmi Karl, ‘Make, Share, Care: Social media and LGBTQ youth engagement’, Ada: A Journal of Gender, New Media & Technology, no. 5, 2014, p. 4.
62
The Gay, Lesbian & Straight Education Network, Center for Innovative Public Health Research and Crimes Against Children Research Center, ‘Out Online: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth on the internet’, GLSEN, New York, 2013.