Figure 1.4
Education index (of HDI) Education Index
1 0.95 0.9
Value
one of the three main indices on which the overall HDI score is based (see Table 1.2). In 2007, Kosovo’s GDP index showed the greatest increase of the three main indices since 2006: up to 0.625 from 0.600. Even with that surge, which was attributed largely to movements in exchange rates, the score still lags significantly behind most countries in the region.
0.85 0.8 0.75
Life expectancy index
Figure 1.3
Life expectancy index (of HDI)
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 Kosovo
Turkey
Romania
Bulgaria
B&H
Macedonia
Croatia
Albania
Slovenia
Greece
0
Source: UNDP Global Human Development Report 2007/8 and (for Kosovo) data computed and provided by UNDP Kosovo, December 2007. Note: “B&H” refers to Bosnia and Herzegovina; “Macedonia” refers to the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.
Education index The approximate value of the education index for Kosovo is based on data from 2006 regarding attendance in primary, secondary and university education. The calculated value is 0.883 (Figure 1.4); based on this value, Kosovo ranks higher than the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), Bosnia and Herzegovina and Turkey in the Balkans region.
Turkey
B& H
Macedonia
Kosovo
Albania
Croatia
Bulgaria
Romania
Greece
Slovenia
0.7
Due to the lack of reliable data, it was impossible to obtain a reasonably accurate value for Kosovo’s life expectancy index in 2007 (see Figure 1.3). Therefore, the 2004/2006 value was used for measuring the 2007 HDI. That decision was based on the assumption that no changes occurred during the ensuing year that would have a significant impact in the value of this indicator. Kosovo continued to rank as the last in the Balkans in 2007.
Value
Energy and Human Development in Kosovo
4
Source: UNDP Global Human Development Report 2007/8 and (for Kosovo) data computed and provided by UNDP Kosovo, December 2007. Note: “B&H” refers to Bosnia and Herzegovina; “Macedonia” refers to the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.
1.2
Energy and human development
Numerous studies have shown that access to energy services is positively linked to human development, and that access to electricity is particularly important in this respect9. A study undertaken by Pasternak in 2000, based on 60 countries, demonstrated a close correlation between per capita electricity consumption and overall HDI score. An analysis of data from UNDP’s 2007/8 Human Development Report illustrates this trend (see Figure 1.5). Pasternak’s study, using data for 1997, found that there appeared to be a threshold level of around 4,000 kWh of electricity consumption per capita to achieve an overall HDI score of 0.900 or higher10. Data in the 2007/8 Global Human Development Report suggest that this threshold remains valid: none of the countries with an overall HDI score of 0.900 or more had a per capita consumption of electricity less than 4,000 kWh11. Data for countries in South-East Europe in 2004, and recent data for Kosovo, show similar findings to Pasternak’s study (see Figure 1.6). Albania has the lowest per capita electricity consumption in the region (1,847 kWh), with Kosovo’s only slightly higher at 1,855 kWh; both are less than half the threshold level of countries with high human development scores.
KHDR 2007 | Energy for Development