Human Development:Layout 1
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FIGURE 14. Income per capita is rising to varying degrees across the region 35000
Europe & Central Asia (all income levels)
30000
GNI pc
25000
OECD members
20000
Turkmenistan
15000 Malta
10000 5000
Azerbaijan 2012
2011
2010
2005
2000
0
of 24 ranks). On the other hand, for Turkey and Turkmenistan this difference is negative–meaning that these countries have to find a way of converting income gains into gains in human development.
FIGURE 15. Breadth and intensity of multidimensional poverty in the region
New Member States 44.0
Turkey
West Balkans West CIS
Intensity of deprivation,%
42.0
Caucasus
40.0 38.0
Tajikistan
36.0
Estonia
34.0
Hungary Czech Republic
32.0 30.0 0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
Population in multidimensional poverty, %
20 |
25.0
Poverty One of the world’s main priorities is to eradicate poverty and hunger. This is the first of the eight Millennium Development Goals, for which the target for 2015 was to halve the proportion of people living on less than $1.25 a day relative to 1990. This goal was achieved three years before that target date, primarily because of the success of some populous countries: Brazil, China and India. Poverty, however, is not just lack of income–this is why monetary poverty estimates do not reveal the full picture. Poverty has multiple dimensions, pertaining to health and education, for example. This is why multidimensional poverty monitoring accounting for other dimensions can better reflect the human development paradigm. The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), which looks at overlapping deprivations in health, education and standard of living, is the product of the multidimensional poverty headcount (the share of people who are multidimensionally poor) and the average number of deprivations that each multidimensionally poor household experiences (the intensity of their poverty). Focusing on the intensity of poverty enables the MPI to provide a more complete picture of poverty within a country or a community than is available from headcount measures alone (see Figure 5). The MPI has been calculated for 24 out of the 31 countries in the region. It shows that multi-dimensional poverty is relatively low in this region. The MPI values for the countries of the region are small but its components reveal an interesting picture. Deprivation in education contributes 42.3% to Turkey’s MPI and even 84.2% to Russian Federation’s MPI; while deprivation in health accounts for 45% MPI in Tajikistan and 91.1 % in Ukraine. Social exclusion is an important issue in the region; the recently published Regional
THE RISE OF THE SOUTH: REGIONAL COMPENDIUM TO THE GLOBAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2013