Education, health and nutrition disparities
social norms seem to matter most for explaining urban-rural inequalities. Indeed, they can have a major impact on inequality in all dimensions (education, health and nutrition) of material well-being. Improvements
Table 4.12. Drivers of inequality in education, health and nutrition outcomes between urban and rural households (log transformed) PCR
SER
TFR
U5M
PSC
MMM
Average per capita GDP Growth in 2000s
-0.0812*
-0.0176
-0.0424
-0.0364
-0.0139
-0.0253
(-2.07)
(-0.62)
(-1.68)
(-1.33)
(-0.47)
(-0.39)
Per capita GDP
-0.0101
-0.0402
0.119*
0.145
-0.000411
0.0129
(-0.08)
(-0.55)
(2.05)
(1.42)
(-0.00)
(0.07)
Gini in 2000s
-0.476
-0.102
-0.281
-0.610**
-0.0612
-0.473
(-1.06)
(-0.45)
(-1.63)
(-2.48)
(-0.17)
(-0.99)
-0.139
0.115
0.0138
-0.121
-0.0900
-0.0613
(-0.64)
(0.78)
(0.12)
(-0.83)
(-0.79)
(-0.29)
2.497***
1.781***
0.480
-1.032***
-0.667*
-0.565
(4.30)
(3.44)
(1.69)
(-3.28)
(-1.78)
(-0.51)
Dummy for income Gini
0.439**
0.0844
0.0856
0.0395
0.0988
0.0749
(2.52)
(0.91)
(1.27)
(0.28)
(0.83)
(0.36)
East Asia and Pacific
-0.0470
-0.0445
0.214**
-0.563***
0.0481
0.490**
(-0.32)
(-0.37)
(2.23)
(-5.63)
(0.40)
(2.24)
Europe and Central Asia
0.0537
0.00321
0.303
-0.345
0.0497
0.433
(0.13)
(0.02)
(1.45)
(-1.65)
(0.20)
(0.93)
Latin America and Caribbean
-0.358*
0.0941
-0.0604
-0.318*
-0.426***
0.822***
(-1.99)
(0.74)
(-0.64)
(-1.89)
(-3.65)
(3.34)
0.314
0.0278
0.0242
-0.425*
0.0738
-0.00439
(1.19)
(0.16)
(0.20)
(-1.92)
(0.26)
(-0.02)
0.523**
0.0777
0.321**
-0.289**
0.0848
-0.163
(2.54)
(0.49)
(2.48)
(-2.09)
(0.73)
(-0.50)
Average governance ratings in 2000s M/F ratio in SER
Middle East and North Africa South Asia Constant
1.471
0.841
-0.0626
1.308*
-0.112
1.168
(0.99)
(1.01)
(-0.10)
(1.75)
(-0.11)
(0.82)
33
33
33
32
28
29
0.616
0.424
0.354
0.327
0.223
0.437
Observations Adjusted R
2
t statistics in parentheses, * p< 0.10, ** p< 0.05, *** p< 0.01; Note: Dependent variables are the log of ratios of respective non-income indicators of urban and rural areas. For the total fertility rate, under-five mortality, stunting and womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s malnutrition, the higher the ratios, the lower the inequality in the country. For primary completion rates and secondary enrolment rates, the lower the ratios, the lower the inequality. Ratios used as dependent variables are generated from the latest Demographic and Health Surveys available for the sample countries in the 2000s. Per capita GDP growth and Gini are the annual average of the period 2000-2010. Per capita GDP is from the corresponding year of the Demographic and Health Surveys available for countries. Average governance ratings in the 2000s derive from the annual average of aggregate governance rating from Kaufmann et al. (2012). The dummy for the income Gini is a dummy variable to indicate whether the Gini coefficient is an income Gini or a consumption Gini. Source: ICF International (2012).
148 Humanity Divided: Confronting Inequality in Developing Countries