resurgence of illegal deforestation, while a change in government reversed some of the government’s philosophy about land use and deforestation.53 Brazil has some of the world’s most abundant renewable and non-renewable energy resources. With its extensive river systems and plentiful rainfall, Brazil has one of the largest hydroelectric potentials in the world, although it is somewhat at risk from drought. Brazil’s overall energy generation from renewable sources was at 43 percent in 2017, much higher than the 2015 world and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) averages of about 14 percent and 10 percent, respectively.54 However, notwithstanding the high participation of hydroelectric plants in the generation of electricity, the energy tariff applied in Brazil is one of the highest in the world.55
International cooperation and south-south cooperation Brazil is recognized as an important player in international development,56 and is a founding member of the BRICS group of countries. Its bilateral cooperation includes social development, humanitarian assistance, scientific and technological cooperation, scholarships and refugee support. 57 The Brazilian Cooperation Agency (ABC), active since 1987, is responsible for coordinating Brazilian technical cooperation. ABC’s activities include technical cooperation programmes and projects through
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south-south cooperation (SSC). As of 2016, Brazilian SSC had provided technical cooperation to 98 countries, most of them in Africa and Latin America, particularly Portuguese-speaking countries. The concept of ‘partnerships for development’, adopted by Brazil, consolidates the idea that development cooperation entails sharing efforts and benefits on both sides. Proposed initiatives are evaluated in light of outreach and impact on recipient communities.58 Brazil has actively collaborated with the OECD since the early 1990s. In 2017, Brazil presented its application to become a member of OECD, which is currently under consideration. 59 Brazil partners with Development Assistance Committee countries and international organizations in triangular cooperation.60
1.5 UNDP programme The UNDP programme 2017-202161 reflects the priorities of the national development plan, the Plano Plurianual (PPA) 2016-2019.62 It also aligns with the broad human and economic development agenda on national priorities in the Estratégia Federal de Desenvolvimento para o Brasil 2020-2031, the long-term National Development Strategy of the Federal Government. The programme aims to connect to the 2030 Agenda, with the portfolio and results framework organized and corresponding to four of the five ‘Ps’ of the 2030 Sustainable
Science. 2020. Deloitte, https://www2.deloitte.com/br/en/pages/energy-and-resources/upstream-guide/articles/brazilian-energy-matrix.html https:// www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/08/illegal-deforestation-brazil-soars-amid-climate-impunity IPEA: ODS 7 Report (2019), http://www.ipea.gov.br/ See for example, Overseas Development Institute (2010) Brazil: An emerging aid player, briefing no 64. At the same time, Brazil is still listed as an Official Development Assistance recipient country, but income has been decreasing sharply, from $1,003 million in 2015 to $265 million in 2017. The main donors in 2017 were Germany and EU institutions; for official development assistance data see: https://public.tableau.com/views/OECDDACAidataglancebyrecipient_new/Recipients?:embed=y&:display_ count=yes&:showTabs=y&:toolbar=no?&:showVizHome=no OECD, Brazil Development Cooperation. Agencia Brasileira de Cooperação, http://www.abc.gov.br/CooperacaoTecnica/OBrasileaCooperacao OECD (2020) Active with Brazil. OECD, Brazil Development Cooperation. Country Programme Document for Brazil (2017-2021), http://www.br.undp.org/content/dam/brazil/docs/CPD/undp-br-cpd-2017-2021english-version.pdf This had four strategic axes (quality education; social inclusion; productivity and competitiveness of the economy; and strengthening of public institutions). In comparison, the new PPA 2020-2023 has three strategic axes (macroeconomic stability; efficient allocation of production resources; and improving the business environment and promoting competition and innovation). The UNDP programme also contributed to federal policies and programmes in the four thematic areas supported. These include: National Social Assistance Policy/System; National Education System; National Plan of Human Rights; National Guidelines on Restorative Justice; National Guidelines for Judiciary Oversight in Prison and Socio-educational Systems; National Regional Development Policy; Happy Child programme; Investment Partnerships programme; and the National Logistics Plan, among others.
CHAPTER 1. BACKGROUND AND INTRODUC TION
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