ICRI Cities Annual Report 2012 - 2013 by UCL Corporate Partnerships

ICRI CITIES

YEAR ONE ANNUAL REPORT 2012 – 2013

About the Institute

The agreement for the Intel Collaborative Research Institute for Sustainable Connected Cities was signed at 10 Downing Street in May 2012, with the official launch in October of the same year. Part of a quadruple-‐helix relationship between industry, academia, government and civil society, the Institute brings together researchers from Imperial College London, Intel and UCL to explore how technology can support and sustain the social and economic development of cities worldwide. Using London as its primary test bed, the Institute researchers are developing, deploying and evaluating how new technology can make cities more aware by harnessing real-‐time user and city infrastructure data.

Signing of the new institute's contract, May 2012 (left to right): Stephen Caddick, UCL Vice-‐Provost (Enterprise); Martin Curley, Intel Vice President and Director of Intel Labs Europe; Justin Rattner, Intel Chief Technology Officer and Director of Intel Labs; George Osborne, Chancellor of Exchequer; Edward Astle, Pro Rector Enterprise at Imperial College London

CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 Partners and Collaboration Links 4 International Conferences and Workshops 4 Financial and Resource Summary 4 Major Achievements 5 PROJECTS 7 Infrastructure-‐Free City Sensing via Opportunistic Networking 8 Computational Gamut 9 Water Security: Embracing the Ambiguity in Cyber-‐Physical Systems 10 Mining Urban Telecoms Data 11 Mood Building 12 Visualising and Quantifying a Community 13 Distributed Cross-‐layer Wireless Signal Processing and Networking 14 Crowd-‐sourcing Water Quality 14 Crowd-‐sourcing Meaningful Data 15 The Quality and Trustworthiness of Information 15 London Living Labs Phase Zero 16 Hyde Park 17 Enfield 18 ‘Internet of School Things’ 19 EMERGING PROJECTS 20 An Ethnographic Study of Purley 2.0: An inspiration for sustainable connected communities 21 Connecting People within Public Spaces 21 Interactive Visualisation 21 Sensor Design and Incentivisation 22 The Listening Lab -‐ Brixton 22 London Data Jars 22 THE DETAILS 23 Principal Investigators 24 Team 25 Journal Papers and Chapters 26 Conferences and Proceedings 27 Workshops 28 Keynotes, Outreach and Esteem activities 31

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY st th (Reporting Period October 1 2012 – September 30 2013) The Intel Collaborative Research Institute for Sustainable Connected Cities (ICRI Cities) has a clear vision to enhance the social, economic and environmental well being of cities. The Institute’s research focuses on advancing compute, communication and social constructs to deliver breakthrough innovations in systems architecture and societal participation. It aims to rethink the relationship between individuals, communities, businesses, employees, and the city in which they live and work, in a way that makes city dwellers happier, more productive and more efficient in the light of limited resources. Our research agenda defined four core themes to provide framing for our work: City as a Platform: Working with the scaled adaptive systems necessary for the urban environments of the future, from sensor/edge to cloud Harnessing the Invisible City: Visualising and optimising the invisible and forgotten resources and data flows of the city for informed decision-‐making Enabling Connected Communities: Using technology in the areas of community, work, leisure, place and identity, while protecting citizens’ privacy Sustaining Sustainable Practices: Improving urban resource management through technological interventions and theories of behavioural change It has been a successful first year for the Institute, and this annual report aims to show the highlights, as well as outline some of the future projects that will begin over the next year. The core goal of the Institute is to work collaboratively, and this was quickly realised, with all those involved with the projects joining together from the multiple organisations and disciplines to work harmoniously across the key research themes. This work has already resulted in several top tier publications and high profile events, with more on the way.

Matched funding secured

$3.4m

Key achievement

Human resources recruited

Projects

Application of game theory to the management of cyber-‐physical systems Conferences, papers, outreach

The first distributed optimal approach to sustainable sensing Key achievement

114

Key achievement

8 Living Labs collaborators

Establishing consortia to deploy a city-‐scale smart sensing test bed in London Key achievement

Playful physical computing interventions to connect people in buildings Major workshops

Partners and Collaboration Links The Institute has established a number of working relationships with local councils and the London Mayor’s Office, the Connected Digital Economy Catapult, and the Smart London Forum. It also has advisory board input to the Future Cities Catapult and Smart London Board. Other prominent collaborators include the United Nations Global Pulse and a UK Technology Strategy Board-‐funded partnership with 7 SMEs and research groups across the UK to deliver an “Internet of School Things” based on Intel Galileo.

International Conferences and Workshops The ICRI Cities participated in a number of international conferences and held workshops throughout the year, raising its profile and highlighting the reputation and recognition the centre has attained in its first year. Conferences included 3rd JRC European Crisis Management Laboratory Workshop: Collaborative Human Computer Interaction with Big Wall Displays (BigWallHCI), Ispra, Italy; ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2013), Paris, France; NetMob 2013, held at MIT, USA; and 2013 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp 2013), Switzerland; and ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys 2013), Rome.

Financial and Resource Summary 6 Principal Investigators representing a broad spectrum of disciplines, 5 post-‐doctoral researchers, 2 affiliated researchers, 7 full-‐time PhD students, 2 full-‐time Intel staff and 2 part-‐time administrators. Matched funding to the order of $3.4 million has been obtained from the Engineering & Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), the Technology Strategy Board (TSB) and the EU. This has increased the activity of the Institute with other departments at UCL and Imperial College London, and has extended the number of industry partners collaborating on the Institute’s projects. In addition, the Future Cities Catapult is contributing in-‐kind funding and support to help augment and scale the London Living Labs deployments.

Matched

DISTANCE (TSB)

$1.3 million

EPSRC Enterprise

$0.5 million

European Institute of Technology ICT

$0.4 million

WISDOM (EU FP7)

$1.2 million

Future Cities Catapult

Total

$3.4 million

Major Achievements L ONDON L IVING L ABS London Living Labs, co-‐sponsored by Intel and the Future Cities Catapult and partnering with Imperial College, UCL and a consortium of UK-‐based companies, has created a dynamic series of test bed sites in a variety of urban environments, including schools, parks and inner-‐city neighbourhoods. London Living Labs straddles the Institute’s four core themes and collaborations with The Royal Parks and Enfield Council have provided a unique opportunity for the centre to test out its research accordingly. S ENSOR R ESEARCH IN C ITY AND S TRUCTURES The research on urban sensing has worked on the understanding that future smart cities will require sensing on a scale hitherto unseen. Hence the Infrastructure-‐Free City Sensing via Opportunistic Networking project has been exploring how mobility and social patterns of phone owners can be exploited to optimise data-‐forwarding efficiency. Combining network science principles and Lyapunov optimisation techniques, researchers have shown that global social profit across a hybrid sensor and mobile phone network can be maximised. The team have carried out simulations and experimentation in Hyde Park using Mica-‐Z motes and this work has produced two papers in top journals and conferences. The centre’s Computational Gamut research focuses on highly practical solutions to sharing computational resources available to a city. Energy is another vital resource for urban sensing deployment. In this project the focus has been on designing and implementing adaptive network algorithms to utilise dynamic renewable energy in order to achieve sustainable network operation that uniquely takes routing over a multi-‐hop network into account. The scheme is entirely online and has been designed to run on even the smallest Berkley Mote class nodes. This is the first fully-‐ distributed optimal approach to the sustainable sensing problem, and has been published in a top journal paper. The Water Security: Embracing the Ambiguity in Cyber-‐Physical Systems research asks how one can build an agile and robust solution to support water network control with minimal centralised components. A model of the network agents that monitor and control parts of the network is currently being produced. These agents use mixtures of control and information theory to enable the system to make decisions that change the network properties. Work on the model is already highlighting not only questions about water network optimisation, but also how to build tractable models of highly complex cyber-‐physical systems and how to quantify costs of sub-‐optimal solutions and predict convergence latencies.

E THNOGRAPHIC AND IN -‐ THE-‐ WILD S TUDIES In exploring the theme of Enabling Connected Communities, the Institute has conducted a number of user studies exploring different aspects of the city experience, including examining the effects of deprivation, transportation, social isolation and community engagement. Two example projects include: Visualising and Quantifying a Community took place on Mill Road in Cambridge and aimed to investigate how novel interventions could facilitate community engagement and reflections on connectedness. Through the use of electronic voting boxes placed strategically in a number of shops along the street, locals’ opinions about their community were recorded and then publically displayed on pavements in chalk for all to see. The data collected was most revealing about people’s thoughts of themselves and each other, and the project attracted much interest locally, appearing as a front page feature in the local newspaper and on the BBC news website. The Mood Building project used playful, ambiguous technological interventions to create opportunities for social encounters in the workplace. Specially designed input devices called "squeeze boxes" were positioned on each floor of a workplace building for four weeks. Building occupants were asked to "squeeze the colour” of their mood and could view the results on a webpage or on a physical floor display situated in the building. The results showed that the interventions acted as conversational catalysts and were successful in creating new social encounters between unfamiliar colleagues, as well as instilling a greater sense of workplace pride among participants.

“Working with companies like Intel and ICRI Cities gives us great confidence for how we can build around the core strengths and the R&D capabilities that are in the UK, but also pull through what is an emerging eco-‐system of future cities businesses.” Scott Cain, Director, Future Cities Catapult

PROJECTS

“The [Enfield] sensors are an entirely different kettle of fish. They go onto lamp columns, into schools, and they look after themselves. They provide a very, very easy way of doing a lot of really good and important public health research.”

Ned Johnson, Principal Officer, Health, Safety and Pollution, Enfield Council

Infrastructure-‐Free City Sensing via Opportunistic Networking The requirement to better understand and optimise an as data relays, aiming to mimic a free market in which ever-‐increasing amount of city data is driving a those who ‘mule’ data get rewarded for it. Combining proportionate growth in sensing on a higher scale than network science principles, Lyapunov optimisation before. Fixed infrastructures have limitations regarding techniques and implementing financial models, the sensor maintenance, placement and connectivity. researchers have shown that global social profit across Employing the ubiquity of mobile phones is one a hybrid sensor and mobile phone network can be approach to overcoming some of these problems maximised. The approach taken aligns with principles whereby the phone carries the data. to embrace distribution and agility in systems architecture. Therefore the algorithm is fully Thus far, this project has been exploring how mobility distributed and makes no probabilistic or stochastic and social patterns of phone owners can be exploited assumptions regarding mobility, topology, and channel to optimise data forwarding efficiency. Prior work in conditions, nor does it require prediction. Simulations Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) typically focused on and experimentation have been carried out in Hyde individual packet Park using Mica-‐Z motes, and this work has produced 2 routing rather than papers in top journals and conferences (IEEE Journal routing and control for on Selected Areas in Communications and Infocom). streams of packets. Furthermore, no prior The project examines the fundamental principles of work has exploited data muling, ignoring some of the non-‐trivial underlying social engineering issues that come with such a solution. To networks pertaining to this end, a demo was created using a combination of human relays, nor have sensor nodes (Mica-‐Z) and standard mobile tablet they made use of technologies. This study highlighted how issues with opportunistic multi-‐hop radio compatibility or protocols affect opportunistic human contacts. The networking. However, the resulting demonstration typical reaction of the showed that the schemes could work when such issues public to this work is, were fixed. This may not be an issue with future ‘Why would I let you do computing standards due to new P2P protocols such as that on my phone?’ Inspired by this, a scheme has Wi-‐Fi-‐direct and LTE. been developed that stimulates phone owners to serve Future work: The research will be extended into mobile and participatory sensing in citizen-‐centric urban sensing system through a multidisciplinary approach involving computer science (algorithm design and implementation), economics (auction, bargaining, pricing, and mechanism design), and network science (community and power laws). This will investigate how to seamlessly combine low-‐cost long-‐range wireless communications (e.g. Wi-‐Fi direct, LTE, and Bluetooth 4.0); how to incentivise privacy-‐aware and rationally-‐selfish citizens to report and share data; and how to promote co-‐operation among mobile users for distributed data fusion and aggregation. The project will develop both theoretical solutions (e.g. distributed algorithms with performance bounds) and practical implementations (e.g. smartphone apps).

Computational Gamut The main challenge in a highly connected environment consisting of thousands of devices is to design an architecture that can execute concurrent tasks efficiently. Large data bursts in the network have a massive impact on both networking and processing resources. This project’s focus is on highly practical solutions to sharing the computational and communications resources available to a city. Researchers initially examined software-‐defined networking to better understand how this can help overcome issues of load and balance over a heterogeneous mix of machines and communications devices. In parallel, they have been examining network-‐wide resource fairness schemes as current schemes focus on the scheduling of tasks to a single sensor node, or across the network for one application. However, scheduling solutions for multiple tasks across a heterogeneous sensing network is lacking. This has led to examination of Dominant Fair Resource scheduling, which takes aspects such as energy and resource costs into account as much as the traditional scheduling of CPU and communications. Energy harvesting techniques are beginning to demonstrate that renewable energy from solar panels, radio frequency harvesters and vibrations can provide a viable step towards autonomous and ubiquitous sensing. Low-‐cost sensor devices have a limited harvesting capacity, which means that a continuous energy supply to the sensors and nodes is not guaranteed. In this project the focus is on designing and implementing adaptive network algorithms to utilise dynamic renewable energy in order to achieve sustainable network operation (i.e. where no node runs out of energy). To do this, each node learns a model of its operation in terms of its energy source behaviours, its super capacitor’s storage ability (taking leakage into account), and its usage. The requirement to understand each node’s energy comes from the fact

that nodes placed in a space have heterogeneous abilities to produce power (e.g. some solar-‐powered nodes may be in the shade where others are in full sun and this may change over time). Therefore each node is given a budget that enables it to sense and send data and duty-‐cycle, but remain alive. However, what is unique is that this optimisation also takes routing over a multi-‐hop network into account. For example, there is no point in building a route through nodes that are awake but in the shade at that moment in time. This scheme is online (running entirely on edge nodes) and runs within the sensor network in a distributed way, therefore minimising central points of failure and maximising the ability to scale and adapt to changes. This scheme has also been designed to run on even the smallest Berkeley Mote class nodes.

In collaboration with Xi’an Jiaotong University, China, the team co-‐implemented and for a few weeks ran AutoSP-‐WSN, a solar powered wireless sensor network, as a proof-‐of-‐concept. This is the first wholly-‐ distributed optimal approach to the sustainable sensing problem. This work has produced two top journal papers (IEEE JSAC and ACM TOSN).

Future Work: The next stage is to combine the energy models with the fair resource sharing schemes to schedule multiple applications across a heterogeneous mix of sensing and relay devices. This will tie-‐in closely to the work on virtualisation of node systems planned for London Living Labs.

Water Security: Embracing the Ambiguity in Cyber-‐Physical Systems Water networks are moving away from sparsely instrumented telemetry systems. The vast majority of next generation approaches to manage such networks consist of denser sensor networking but these still require data to be sent back to some core management servers. Actuation technologies are becoming more on-‐line and in-‐line with sensor networking. This brings about opportunities to make water networks smarter, and in turn, more resilient and optimal. Such a network is an example of a Cyber-‐ Physical System (CPS). CPS consists of integrations of computation, networking, and physical processes, and as such, their behaviours are more non-‐deterministic. One approach taken by the CPS community is to try and rein in this non-‐determinism; this method is extremely complex and will require vast amounts of modelling and model integration to optimise even a small number of parameters. This project aims to explore an alternative approach.

Focusing specifically on the energy/water nexus, the researchers wish to maximise the usefulness of the water network in terms of demands, while at the same time minimising the costs (which include energy and time). They have been investigating how to build an agile and robust solution to support water network control, with minimal centralised components. To this end, a model of the network was built that allows an agent to monitor and control parts of the network using game theory to make decisions that change the network properties. Game theory approaches have the advantage that they can be optimised whilst still providing balance. This is essential in CPS, where rash decisions have large impacts on the lifetime of the water network assets or contribute to the quality of water being compromised (from a sudden pump action, for example). The team believes that they can operate this scheme in a completely distributed way, thus providing a highly agile solution that should be robust enough to remain operational even when components fail (both water network and computer network). Building on consultation meetings and brainstorming sessions involving water network experts from Imperial College London and Bristol Water, a first draft model of the network is currently being completed. It is already highlighting not only questions about water network optimisation, but also how to build tractable models of highly complex CPS and how to quantify the costs of sub-‐optimal solutions and predict convergence latencies.

Future work: This work is being extended by further funding from the ICT Labs (examining control driven from cloud-‐based services pertaining to city-‐wide control systems) and EU FP7 project WISDOM (self-‐adaptive water network management). These new projects are due to commence in early 2014. The Institute will also contribute to end-‐to-‐end system design with Intel and other partners, and will include demonstration of work in two pilot sites; water networks in Cardiff County, UK, and in Provincia di La Spezia, Italy.

Mining Urban Telecoms Data Governments and agencies worldwide rely on data collected by household surveys and censuses to identity areas in most need of regeneration and development projects. However, due to the high cost associated with the data collection process, assessment of relative prosperity or deprivation of a city neighbourhood may not take place regularly, and further deterioration can occur in the intervening years. The problem is particularly severe in developing countries, where such surveys are conducted infrequently and only include a small sample of the population. Establishing new methods to identify urban inequality swiftly and at low cost would offer social and economic benefits, to both developed and developing countries. As part of this project, a new methodology has been proposed that relies on alternative sources of data from which to derive up to date poverty indicators, at a very fine level of spatio-‐ temporal granularity.

To conduct this research, the team used public transit records data, aggregated at the station level, which are collected by Transport for London using RFID-‐based technology. Starting from this raw data, features were selected to act as proxy indicators of poverty levels; for example, the difference between expected and actual transit flow between stations, and the diversity of the journeys originating from a station. Results demonstrated the strong correlation between these

Future work: project complete.

features and poverty indicators shown by census data. This work was published in the 2013 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW). Data was additionally sourced from call detail records (CDRs), aggregated to the cell tower level. The team were able to extract features that included: the level of telecoms activity of a region; the difference between expected and actual communication flow between a region and others; the diversity of a region’s communication network; and, the volume of communication that happens within a region with respect to the volume outside. Taking two developing areas as examples, the strong correlation between these features and poverty indicators derived from costly census data was demonstrated quantitatively. The proposed methods benefit the intended users (e.g., policymakers and non-‐governmental organisations) by providing interpretable results to act upon, in contrast to the black-‐box machine learning approach of previous work. Furthermore, they enable disaggregation at multiple levels of granularity, thereby influencing policy implementation at different levels, from neighbourhood to region. Finally, they offer an increased level of protection to mobile phone users’ privacy by aggregating CDRs prior to any analysis, thus removing a barrier to wider adoption of this approach. This work was conducted with the support of the United Nations Global Pulse Lab and the United Nation Populations Fund, and has been accepted for publication in the 2014 ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI).

Mood Building Cities are full of large office buildings with workers interpersonal level, acting as an icebreaker between spending a significant amount of time in these colleagues with over one quarter of survey constrained spaces, often without talking to each respondents stating that they had spoken to someone other, not even for a polite greeting. Feelings of for the first time because of the intervention; in discontent at work often emerge and can have a addition, the intervention also strengthened detrimental effect on productivity. The team chose to connections by providing conversational content – intervene in this setting, starting with a building on the over three quarters of respondents had talked about UCL campus that was identified as problematic due to the intervention with others -‐ replacing typical several unwelcoming spaces within it and the weather chat; and lastly, the physical qualities of the associated negative impact these had on mood. experiment added to a sense of pride and positivity within the workplace, showing tangible research was The hypothesis was that by combining physical being carried out in the area and encouraging computing and interactive visualisations it is possible participation from all those wishing to contribute. to make the invisible (e.g. people's mood) visible, and that this will trigger people to start conversations with This work was conducted in collaboration with the Digital City Exchange (DCE) group at Imperial College each other. To this end, every floor of the Computer Business School and the results are being submitted to Science building was equipped with ‘squeeze boxes’, ACM Ubicomp 2014. custom-‐built physical boards consisting of balls of different colours. Users of the building were encouraged to squeeze the ball of the colour that best represented their mood at the time. There was no specific purpose for doing it -‐ people were free to appropriate the technology as they saw best. A floor visualisation then displayed the dominant mood on each floor as it changed throughout the duration of the experiment. After a one-‐month long deployment, it was found that the playful and lightweight intervention impacted on the workplace environment at several levels: firstly, it provided the opportunity for personal reflection and offered a distraction to those who felt discontent with their work environment; it also impacted at an Future work: Having completed this pilot study within a UCL building, the team is now working towards two

further deployments to tackle the decline in the sense of community and connectedness experienced in urban neighbourhoods. In collaboration with DCE, two London housing associations have been identified (namely Tower Hamlet Homes and Poplar HARCA), where institutional and environmental factors have depressed levels of interaction and connectedness between neighbours, and where similar interventions to those conducted in the Mood Building project will be trialled.

Visualising and Quantifying a Community Many communities have to deal with socio-‐economic differences that can cause tensions between people. During a study on Mill Road, Cambridge, a community's perceptions and the reality of one such divide, which is demarcated by a railway bridge in the middle of the street, were challenged. Informed by the findings of different focus groups and participatory design sessions with members of the local community, a set of topics was identified that were of relevance to the Mill Road community. Following this, electronic voting boxes were designed and deployed in shops on both ends of Mill Road. Using these devices, customers and shopkeepers were able to express their opinions on different topics posed to them (including safety, neighbourliness and localism) in the form of questions and statements. All votes were logged on an SD card placed within the voting device. Every two days, these SD cards were read, and the data was transformed into publicly displayed chalk drawings on pavements outside the participating shops. These simple visualisations allowed passers-‐by to analyse and compare the results. After a two-‐week period the votes for the two areas were aggregated, and publicly visualised on the railway bridge that divides them. This allowed passers-‐ by to judge how the two areas actually differ, or whether the divide on Mill Road is merely a perception. A mixed methods approach was used for the evaluation of the study. The following data was collected: logged votes from the devices; observations in situ (both inside, outside and near the shops, and

bridge visualisations); informal chats were held with shopkeepers whenever the shops were visited to replace the question and collect the data from the voting device. Informal chats were also held with customers and passers-‐by; semi-‐structured interviews were conducted with the shopkeepers at the end of the study. The findings showed that besides evoking curiosity, the project generated discussion amongst members of the community. Not only did people discuss the different topics with one another, they also reasoned about the differences in votes along the street. Shopkeepers were keen to encourage customers to vote, and it emerged some people started visiting shops only to cast their vote on the new topic. This study has shown that sharing community opinions publicly in an engaging and interactive way can help communities to connect. Based on the results, a set of design implications for future community engagement studies was developed as part of a submission to Designing Interactive Systems (DIS’14).

Future work: project complete. Both the Mood Building and Mill Road projects have led to new insights and prototypes that are now being developed further and used in different urban contexts in conjunction with other communities and the Young Foundation to investigate how low costs and accessible technology interventions can facilitate social connectedness.

Distributed Cross-‐layer Wireless Signal Processing and Networking

Addressing the challenge of increasing demand placed on wireless network capacity in cities, this project developed a distributed cross-‐layered framework to improve the performance of wireless network protocols and sensing applications using a wireless signal processing technique known as co-‐operative communications. Processing information overheard from neighbouring nodes and using this to decide on the retransmission of such data towards its destination creates spatial diversity, ultimately achieving higher throughput and network reliability.The proposed framework has been published in IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

Future work: project complete.

Crowd-‐sourcing Water Quality A small-‐scale exploratory project was conducted to engage the public in sourcing information about the perceived quality of their drinking water with the aims of raising awareness and changing citizens’ behaviour towards the consumption of tapped water. The exploration of colour coding for subjective judgement informed the design of the Mood Building project.

Future work: project complete.

Crowd-‐sourcing Meaningful Data Affordable sensor devices and Internet-‐ based data platforms have introduced a new ability to collect, analyse, and visualise geographically-‐referenced sensor data on a vast scale. However, data collection is only worthwhile if it is possible to learn from it, engage with it, and change practices based upon it. A study was made of the collaborative practices of the Volunteer Geographic Information community, which has a long tradition of creating and sharing accurate geo-‐referenced data. The outcome of this work has been accepted for publication in CSCW 2014 and will inform the design of future data collection protocols deployed by the Institute. Future work: project complete.

Image Data © OpenStreetMap contributors http://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright

The Quality and Trustworthiness of Information The goal of this project is to investigate how to design systems, and the given trade-‐offs involved, to provide an appropriate level of data assurance. This is considered essential if smart cities are to achieve their intended effects of optimal resource use and citizen satisfaction. An initial classification of errors and their impacts on processes and systems that subsequently use erroneous data has been carried out. From this, notions of uncertainty propagation have been explored and a metric representing the degree of uncertainty has been proposed.

Future work: Development on a measure of the quality of data that incorporates accuracy, trust and provenance will continue. The Institute will examine efficient representation and communication of uncertainties in sensor data, and then work on provenance and trust metrics, computation and propagation. Quantifying the quality of data is even more crucial in cyber-‐physical systems, where the control loop translates sensed data into action with no human involvement. In addition to providing quality of data information to applications, it is intended that information will also be used to improve the city sensor infrastructure. This could be done by isolating faulty or untrustworthy sensors, and by using the accuracy information to perform self-‐calibration or identify malicious data injection attacks. These approaches will be tested in situ in the London Living Labs and Water Security project.

London Living Labs Phase Zero The London Living Labs, co-‐sponsored by Intel and the Future Cities Catapult and partnering with Imperial College, UCL and a consortium of UK-‐based companies, is a large-‐scale test bed of heterogeneous wireless sensor networks incorporating gateways, aggregators and edge based computing technologies. It is a vehicle for rapidly prototyping and deploying technologies, incorporating world-‐class multi-‐disciplinary academic-‐ industry research whilst working with city stakeholders. An ethnographically informed research approach coupled with design science helps us understand a range of scenarios and use cases with communities, city officials and stakeholders.

When developing the London Living Labs several opportunities were explored before focusing on the three current labs in Hyde Park, Enfield and Brixton. The initial investigation focused on discussions with

city officials and stakeholders and covered the following research questions: Hyde Park Environmental Monitoring. Can we build scalable sensing systems that provide reliable coverage but which lower costs by minimalising fixed infrastructures required? Camden Community Monitoring Centre. Can we build interoperable sensing systems in the context of community housing and retail spaces that provide insights into building occupancy and space usage? Sustainable Last Mile Logistics. Can we create a trusted logistics platform to enable community-‐ driven solutions to last mile logistics, which meet the needs of last mile stakeholders? Can we build augmented mobile sensing systems to provide Quality of Service performance indicators on logistics vehicles? Community Gardens. What novel interfaces or models of interaction are required to develop data literacy within a community? Brixton Green. What is the role of ICT in supporting public community engagement? The goal of the London Living Labs is to provide an environment that provides a technical resource for the ICRI Cities researchers to test their hypotheses and a participatory platform to collaboratively explore research questions with our partners in industry, academia, public organisations and citizens. In the first year longitudinal research was initiated in Hyde Park and Enfield.

Hyde Park Hyde Park, one of the eight Royal Parks of London, covers an area of 142 hectares (350 acres) in the very heart of the city and provides a recreational, ceremonial and ecological space to millions of visitors every year. Working with The Royal Parks, the government agency that administers the space, an agreement was formed to create an experimental platform capable of supporting and managing data input from a range of fixed, mobile and participatory sensors, including citizen-‐generated contributions. The London Living Lab Platform will be installed in the park for a minimum period of two years. A requirement of the partnership with the Future Cities Catapult is that sensed data is made available via their “urban observatory” so that other organisations can access urban data. A consortium including The Royal Parks, Arup, City Insights, EE and Nuel (the TV white space company) was established with physical deployments planned to start in late 2013. A number of key issues were identified during a preliminary consultation between Intel, Royal Park Staff and academic partners and they have informed the platform being developed:

Ecology: Hyde Park is being impacted by drought and extreme wet conditions and more coverage of transpiration, canopy evaporation, local weather patterns, soil monitoring, general climates and ecosystems in the park is required. Air Quality: This is a known concern in many cities and empirical evidence on the variation of particulates in the air is of interest to understanding the role of urban green spaces in mitigating poor Air Quality. Water Quality: The Serpentine River is prone to algal blooms caused by warmer temperatures and high nutrient levels in the water. These blooms can kill fish and make it unpleasant for bathers and boaters. More data is needed on water quality (oxygen levels, turbidity, chlorophyll, PH, redox, nutrients) and the effects of seasonal change. Noise and Light Pollution: How noise and light pollution affect wildlife – bird / bat movement; and people -‐ peace and quiet, cultural perceptions of sound. Visualisation and Engagement: How do we visualise and represent the different data streams gathered to ensure maximum utility for park managers, employees and other users of the park, such as the school children attending the Isis Education Centre? Can sensors bring insight to less visible areas of the park, such as selected environmental and wildlife data, or the impact of events?

Future work: There are few examples of leading-‐edge sensor deployments to the scale, heterogeneity and technical diversity as the London Living Labs deployment envisaged for Hyde Park. Numerous communications technologies and a data management solution will underpin a sensor / actuator system design that will be documented and published, alongside an API to provide open access to data being generated in Hyde Park. In the coming year, ICRI Cities will explore the use of sensed data with agreed stakeholder groups connected through Hyde Park, including the Royal Parks authority and the Isis Education Centre.

Enfield Enfield is an outer London borough in the north east of 2 the city covering 81km and a population of 320,000. It is home to 3 of the 100 ‘London array’ network of air quality monitoring stations. As part of its Air Quality Management Action (AQMA) plan, the council are keen to work with the Institute to explore how a lower cost, highly distributed sensor network can be used to raise public awareness of air quality issues, improve the flow of vehicular traffic, and, ultimately, bring about environmental improvements for citizens. Project Enfield was initiated through discussions with Enfield Councilors and Enfield Council’s Head of Environment. It is focused on Air Monitoring and is intended to run for at least 2 years so that the project team can capture longitudinal data. For the purpose of planning and project management the work is split into 2 phases – September 2013 to April 2014 focuses on setting up the initial test bed to validate the

technical architecture, January 2014 to September 2015 focuses on community and stakeholder engagement to explore the use of the data being generated. Phase one milestones include: Installation of 100 air quality monitoring stations. In addition to supporting sensor systems where possible (primarily weather). Stakeholder engagement to define application of data feeds. Deployment of applications by the council and other stakeholder groups to utilize the data. Analysis of communication protocols. Creation of a public facing, open data store.

Future work: This work will include research into nudging behaviour through provision of real-‐time pollution information, use of mobile phones (as proxies for movement) to analyse real-‐time vehicle flows, automated

observations at key gateways (using visual and acoustic techniques), and deployment of air quality monitors (particularly nearby schools) to investigate the viability of low-‐cost densely distributed air monitors.

‘Internet of School Things’

The DISTANCE project is working with schools across the UK to define how the ‘Internet of School Things’ can enhance learning in science and other subjects, such as technology and geography. The project aims to get students and teachers measuring and sharing data – using new technology on the emerging ‘Internet of Things’ – in ways that help make learning fun, link directly to the curriculum, and ultimately inform the design of the next generation of schools. Key questions include investigating what objects are connecting to the Internet, how information is being relayed, and how can people make the best use of this data. The DISTANCE project is about exploring the concepts and technologies of the ‘Internet of Things’ in an engaging way. The Institute is encouraging schools to work with ‘smart’ objects, asking students to collect, use and display different types of information, and examining the massive potential and possible implications of this type of technological advance. Using the Intel Galileo-‐based sensing kit, interactive

online platforms and cross-‐curricular teaching materials, we are studying how schools use this novel technology. DISTANCE stands for “Demonstrating the ‘Internet of School Things’ – a National Collaborative Experience” and is part of a TSB programme to create interoperability of ‘Internet of Things’ between traditionally siloed industries. It is a collaborative consortium and includes the following partners: Birmingham Urban Climate Laboratory, Explorer HQ, Intel, Open University, Science Scope Ltd, Stakeholder Design, UCL Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis and Xively. In the first phase of the project a participatory design approach was used with staff and students to co-‐ develop 14 lesson plans and outline initial sensor platform requirements. This work was conducted in 8 schools across the UK.

Future Work: In the second phase of the project DISTANCE kit will be rolled out to over 30 schools to investigate the scalability of both the technical platform and the pedagogical approach. From a commercial perspective the Institute is investigating novel business models for scaling this within the education sector.

EMERGING PROJECTS

Hand-‐punched card, as used in the London Data Jars project

“Bringing together researchers from completely different ends of the spectrum of computer science -‐ from technical networks to community networks -‐ has been challenging but very rewarding -‐ resulting in new understandings of what it means to connect our cities…” Yvonne Rogers, Principal Investigator, UCL

An Ethnographic Study of Purley 2.0: an inspiration for sustainable connected communities Purley, an affluent suburb of Croydon, South London, is the focus of one individual’s initiative to improve his town by encouraging residents and business owners to use social media to bring the community together. An online community was established first, and then moved offline with the formation of the Purley Breakfast Club, a monthly breakfast meeting open to anyone in the community. Establishing a presence on Twitter led to a number of events and even new businesses being created. The community spread to the wider Croydon area, and three years on, is still thriving. Ethnographic study and interviews with members of the Purley community will provide inspiration and insights into how technology can be used to increase connectedness and a sense of community. From this, technological interventions will be designed and deployed in other localities to test the concepts identified.

Connecting People within Public Spaces The city is full of public spaces where people stay in close physical proximity without ever talking to each other. In this project, coffee shops and bus stops have been chosen as settings to test the hypothesis that humour can act as a powerful icebreaker to engage people in conversations. Physical prototypes of new objects (interactive coffee caps in shops, joke-‐telling pillars at bus stops) will be built and deployed in these settings to observe and understand how technological interventions succeed in connecting strangers.

Interactive Visualisation

This project will investigate the design, prototype, and evaluation of tools for the interactive visualisation of open and crowd-‐sensed data. These tools will enable novices and users without knowledge of data analysis to identify patterns, trends, and outliers in urban data. The goal is to provide simple and easy-‐to-‐manipulate visual representations of data to enable citizens to understand the impact the city has on them and that they have on the city.

Sensor Design and Incentivisation This project will investigate how future crowd-‐sensing technologies should be designed from a human perspective, for example, using highly visible sensors with anthropomorphic or zoomorphic designs to reduce perceived threats to privacy. The Institute will systematically explore different design variants of sensing devices that act not only as sensors, but also serve their immediate surrounding by giving visual feedback or triggering physical actions depending on sensor readings.

The Listening Lab – Brixton Informatics-‐enabled behavioural change interventions are a potential solution to making cities more sustainable. With connected infrastructure it is possible to use data mapping and visualisation to understand citizen behaviours better than ever before. Context-‐aware messaging can be delivered to people where, when and how it would have the biggest behavioural impact. The software to enable multi-‐platform contextual interventions does not currently exist. The software development framework to be explored by this consortium will be designed with urban anthropologists and behavioural psychologists to give the resulting software the best chance of being effective. An innovative co-‐ creation framework will provide multiple nodes for user input to ensure the software is “user-‐shaped”.

London Data Jars Knowledge builds resilience. Data literacy is an increasingly important skill for all citizens. This collaboration between ICRI Cities, SODA and Londonscape takes the premise that people are conscious generators of their own data, and that they can gain the ability to interpret data and make informed judgements. Simple training techniques can help alleviate or reduce social disadvantage, disempowerment and lost value. Data-‐literate people are usually aware of how and when they are generating data. They have an understanding of the use and applicability of their data and can make more informed choices in everything from shopping habits to online safety. They have an ability to interpret their data and understand how to make their data useful for other people too. This project will build a system to enable the collection of Personal Data in an innovative, fun and transparent manner. Hand-‐punched cards make very physical the process of data collection thus really drawing attention to the data participants are volunteering. Cards with a range of questions will be used in a number of environments such as schools, public events and conferences.

THE DETAILS

Q4 2013

Intel

UCL

Imperial

Principal investigators

Post-‐doctoral researchers

Affiliated researchers

PhD students

Administrators

Other staff

Total

“The great thing about bringing together a collection of world class interdisciplinary researchers is that it creates a gravity that attracts people from even broader disciplines and then the potential becomes limitless.” Julie McCann, Principal Investigator, Imperial College London

Principal Investigators Julie McCann, Imperial College London Julie is a Reader in Computer Systems, Department of Computing at Imperial College and leads both the Adaptive Embedded Systems Engineering Group and the Imperial part of the Intel Collaborative Research Institute for Sustainable Cities. Her research centres on highly decentralised algorithms and self-‐organising scalable solutions, applied to operating and database systems and wireless sensing networks. Emil Lupu, Imperial College London Emil Lupu is a Reader in Adaptive Computing Systems in the Department of Computing and an Associate Director with the Institute for Security Science and Technology, where he leads the Academic Centre of Excellence in Cyber Security Research. Dr. Lupu also leads the Policy-‐Based Autonomous Systems Research group and several research projects in pervasive computing, trust and security, and policy-‐based network and systems management. David Prendergast, Intel David Prendergast is a social anthropologist and his research over the last fourteen years has focused on later life-‐course transitions and he has authored a number of books and articles on ageing, health, technology and social relationships. During his career David has been involved in several major research projects including: a multi-‐year ethnography of intergenerational relationships and family change in South Korea; the provision of paid home care services in Ireland; and a three year ESRC study into death, dying and bereavement in England and Scotland. Duncan Wilson, Intel Duncan has a background in foresight and innovation in cities (Arup), co-‐created the foresight programme “Drivers of Change” and has a personal research focus on Internet of Things in the built environment. His EU and nationally funded research merges interests in sensing and monitoring and creating interactive, ambient displays that solicit and feedback information with the intent of influencing behaviour. Yvonne Rogers, UCL Yvonne Rogers is the director of the Interaction Centre at UCL and a professor of Interaction Design. She is known for her visionary research agenda of user engagement in ubiquitous computing and has pioneered an approach to innovation and ubiquitous learning. Her current research focuses on behavioural change, through augmenting everyday, learning and collaborative work activities with interactive technologies. Licia Capra, UCL Licia Capra is a Reader in Pervasive Computing, in the Department of Computer Science at UCL. Licia conducts research in the area of pervasive computing, from a software engineering perspective: (i) developing efficient algorithms to `sense’ the environment (ii) offering tools and techniques to explore large spatio-‐temporal datasets and (iii) building services grounded on the findings spurred from these explorations.

Team

CENTRE ADMINISTRATORS

INTEL STAFF

Sharon Betts

Theresa Ng

RESEARCH ASSOCIATES

Eskindir Asmare

Hans-‐Christian Jetter

Greg Jackson

Igor Talzi

Gerald Stanje (not pictured)

Gokul Balakrishnan

Lisa Koeman

Mara Balestrini

Chris Smith-‐ Clarke

Martin Dittus

Martin Traumüller

SENIOR RESEARCH ASSOCIATES

Sarah Gallacher

PHD CANDIDATES

Han Pham

Vaiva Kalnikaite

Journal Papers and Chapters 1.

Shusen Yang, U. Adeel, and Julie McCann. Selfish Mules: Social Profit Maximization in Sparse Sensornets using Rationally-‐Selfish Human Relays, IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications (JSAC), vol.31, no.6, pp.1124-‐1134, 2013 Shusen Yang, Z. Sheng, Julie McCann, et al. Distributed Cross-‐layer Optimisation in Stochastic Multi-‐hop Wireless Networks with Cooperative Communications, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing (TMC), 2013 Zheng Liu, Xinyu Yang, Shusen Yang, and Julie A. McCann. Efficiency-‐Aware: Maximizing Energy Utilization for Sensor Nodes Using Photovoltaic-‐Supercapacitor Energy Systems. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 2014

Rogers, Y., Yuill, N. and Marshall, P. (2013) Contrasting lab-‐based and in-‐the-‐wild studies for evaluating multi-‐ user technologies. In Price, S., Jewitt, C. and Brown, B. (eds.) SAGE Handbook of Technology Research. 359-‐ 173

Crabtree, A. Chamberlain, A. Grinter, R.E., Jones, M., Rodden, T. and Rogers, Y. (2013) Introduction to the special issue of “The Turn to The Wild” ACM Transactions on Computer-‐Human Interaction (TOCHI), 20 (3), 13 Marshall, P., Antle, A., van den Hoven, E. and Rogers, Y. (2013) Introduction to the special issue on the theory and practice of embodied interaction in HCI and interaction design. ACM Transactions on Computer Human Interaction, 20 (1)

Conferences and Proceedings

5. 6.

C. Smith, D. Quercia and L. Capra. Finger on the Pulse: Identifying Deprivation Using Transit Flow Analysis. In 16th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW). San Antonio, Texas. February 2013 Johannes Schöning, Yvonne Rogers, Jon Bird, Julie A. McCann, David Prendergast & Charles Sheridan Intel Collaborative Research Institute -‐ Sustainable Connected Cities. In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Ambient Intelligence (AmI) 2012 Patricia Santos, Mara Balestrini, Valeria Righi, Josep Blat, Davinia Hernández-‐Leo. Not Interested in ICT? A Case Study to Explore How a Meaningful m-‐Learning Activity Fosters Engagement among Older Users. In Scaling up Learning for Sustained Impact (pp. 328-‐342). Springer Berlin Heidelberg (EC-‐TEL), 2013 Martin Traumüller, Stefanos Gkougkoustmos, Tang Yimeng. Modeling mediated Urban Space through geo located social Microblogging. In Mediacities 2013 Martin Traumüller, Ava Fatah gen. Schieck. Introducing the Space Recommender System: How crowd-‐sourced voting data can enrich Urban Exploration in the digital Era. In C&T 2013 Martin Traumüller, Ava Fatah gen. Schieck. Following the voice of the crowd: Exploring opportunities for using global voting data to enrich local urban context. In CAAD Futures 2013 David Prendergast. Organiser and Chair, Connected Cities Track. Intel European Research and Innovation Conference. Nice, October 2013.

David Prendergast. Organiser and Chair, Ageing and the Digital Life Course Panel, World Congress of the International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences. Manchester, August 2013

David Prendergast, Plenary Panel, ‘Researchers Careers and Mobility’ Conference. 2013 Irish EU Presidency. May 2013

10. Nemanja Memarovic, Ava Fatah gen Schieck, Efstathia Kostopoulou, Moritz Behrens, Martin Traumüller. Moment Machine: Opportunities and Challenges of Posting Situated Snapshots onto Networked Public Displays. In Interact 2013 11. Michael Breza, Shusen Yang, and Julie A. McCann. Multi-‐protocol Scheduling for Service Provision in WSN. Proc. SENSORNETS, pp.14-‐22, 2013 12. Afra Mashhadi, Giovanni Quattrone and Licia Capra. "Putting Ubiquitous Crowd-‐sourcing into Context". In 16th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW). San Antonio, Texas. February 2013 13. Kreitmayer, S., Rogers, Y., Laney, R., and Peake, S. UniPad: orchestrating collaborative activities through shared tablets and an integrated wall display. Proceedings of the 2013 ACM international joint conference on Pervasive and ubiquitous computing. 801-‐810 14. van der Linden, J., Rogers, Y., Coughlan, T., Adams, A., Wilson, C., Haya, P., Martin, E. and Collins, T. (2013) Evocative computing–creating meaningful lasting experiences in connecting with the past. Proc. Interact 2013

Workshops 1. 2. 3.

Duncan Wilson. Urban Prototyping Perceptual Computing Workshop London, April 2013 Julie A. McCann. Imperial College Cyber-‐physical Systems Workshop. Keynote: Prof John Stankovic, 13th March 2013 Brent Hecht, Johannes Schöning, Muki Haklay, Licia Capra, Afra J. Mashhadi, Loren Terveen & Mei-‐Po Kwan. “Geographic Human-‐Computer Interaction”. Workshop Summary at CHI 2013 Sarah Gallacher, Vaiva Kalnikaite, Julie McCann, David Prendergast, Jon Bird, and Hans-‐Christian Jetter. SenCity: uncovering the hidden pulse of a city (workshop). In Proceedings of the 2013 ACM conference on Pervasive and ubiquitous computing adjunct publication (UbiComp ’13 Adjunct). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1311-‐1316 Mara Balestrini. In favour of a multiplied self. Can empathy lead to personal behaviour change? In CHI'13 Workshop on Personal Informatics, 2013

10. 11.

12. 13.

Mara Balestrini co-‐organised the “Synergy: Interdisciplinary Theory and Practice” workshop. It is an initiative by Grid Spinoza developed within the framework of the European project Soft Control. (28th, 29th and 30th June at Hangar, Barcelona), 2013 Lisa Koeman, Yvonne Rogers, and Jon Bird, Enabling Foresight and Reflection: Interactive Simulations to Support Behaviour Change in CHI 2013 Workshop: Personal Informatics in the Wild: Hacking Habits for Health Happiness, 31st ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2013 Lisa Koeman, The Use of Public Visualisations to Encourage Social Connectedness in Urban Communities. UbiComp Doctoral School: Proceedings of the ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, 2013 C. Smith-‐Clarke, A. Mashadi, L. Capra. Ubiquitous Sensing for Mapping Poverty in Developing Countries. In Data for Development (D4D) Challenge @ Netmob, Boston, USA, May 2013 C. Smith-‐Clarke, L. Capra. Monitoring Neighbourhood Health. In International Workshop on Geographic Human-‐Computer Interactions (GeoHCI), collocated with ACM CHI, Paris, France, April 2013 Martin Traumüller, Ava Fatah gen. Schieck, Johannes Schöning, Duncan P. Brumby. The Path is the Reward: How can Social Networking be used in Pedestrian Navigation Systems to contribute to the pleasure of Urban Strolling? In GeoHCI Workshop @ CHI 2013 Martin Traumüller, Ava Fatah gen. Schieck, Johannes Schöning, Duncan P. Brumby The Path is the Reward: Considering Social Networks to Contribute to the Pleasure of Urban Strolling? In CHI 2013 – Work in Progress Obrist, M., Wright, P.C., Kuutti, K., Rogers, Y., Höök, K., Pyla, P.S. and Frechin, J.L. Theory and practice in UX research: uneasy bedfellows? Panel, CHI Extended Abstracts. 2433-‐2438, 2013

W ORKSHOP E XAMPLES : A T A G LANCE “Geography & Human-‐Computer Interaction” – 2 day Workshop at CHI 2013 This workshop, organised by UCL and sponsored by Intel was fully subscribed with more than 30 attendees from these two disciplines. The first day was devoted to presentations and round-‐table discussions for cross-‐fertilisation. Distinguished researchers from both industry (e.g., Dr Riegelsberger, Senior Researcher @ Google Geo User Experience, and Dr Cramer from Yahoo! Labs) and academia (e.g., Prof Haklay from UCL, Prof Tarveen from Northwestern University, Prof Dix from University of Birmingham) gave presentations, covering topics that are key themes within the ICRI Cities, in particular: urban crowd-‐sourcing, citizen science, and mental geography. The second day was devoted to field activities, which offered the opportunity to assess some of the new tools and applications that are being built out of the labs. These included: noise mapping, augmented reality browsers for city explorations, and urban walking-‐route planning, the latter being led by ICRI-‐Cities PhD student Martin Traumüller. http://geohci2013.grouplens.org/ “Sencity” – Ubicomp 2013 This popular ICRI Cities organised workshop, was held on 9th September at Ubicomp 2013 in Zurich. 15 accepted submissions were published through the ACM adjunct proceedings and around 20 people attended on the day. The participants were split into 5 groups and asked to brainstorm ideas for how they could use workshop provided sensor kits in the city of Zurich. The team also asked participants to think about what the sensors should look like in the city environment and provided many materials so they could create their own casings. Some groups were extremely creative, building casings in the shape of ducks and aliens. Groups then spent several hours out around the city collecting data with their sensor kits. After returning to the workshop venue each group was able to visualise their data using the provided tools. Finally the groups presented a story of their day including their ideas, their choice of casing design, their experiences when sensing around the city and finally what their collected data showed. http://gallachersm.wordpress.com/2013/09/19/ducks-‐aliens-‐and-‐sensors/ “Blended Interaction -‐ Envisioning Future Collaborative Interactive Spaces” -‐ CHI 2013 This workshop, organised in collaboration with colleagues from Konstanz, Dresden, Edinburgh, St. Andrews and Hagenberg, established “Blended Interaction” as a novel concept for understanding what makes interactive technologies “natural” or “intuitive”. In brief, “Blended Interaction” combines the virtues of physical and digital artefacts, so that desired properties of each are preserved while integrating computing power in a considered manner. In a world of Blended Interaction, computing is woven into the fabric of our natural physical and social environment (e.g. our cities) without being too obtrusive or disruptive. Renowned keynote speakers from HCI such as Robert Jacob (Tufts University), Michel Beaudouin-‐Lafon (Université de Paris-‐Sud) and Andy Wilson (Microsoft Research) gave exciting and inspiring talks about the theory, technology and vision of Blended Interaction. http://hci.uni-‐konstanz.de/blendedinteraction2013/ “ExS 2.0: Exploring Urban Spaces in the Web 2.0 Era” -‐ C&T 2013. With the proliferation of Web 2.0 and increasing numbers of mobile devices, the way we explore urban spaces is changing: we meet friends in places recommended through likes and comments on Facebook; we navigate through them with Google Maps; or we augment our experience with additional information through Layar. The aim of the workshop was to bring experts from a variety of scientific domains, i.e., User Experience, HCI, public displays, and architecture and to exchange ideas and discuss the impact of technology and any-‐time-‐anywhere information access th on the experience of exploring urban spaces. The ExS 2.0 workshop at the 6 International Conference on Communities and Technologies explored a common base on which to extend our knowledge on urban spaces and its users and how we perceive them with digital information from an academic as well as practitioner perspective. http://exs2013.wordpress.com/

Keynotes, Outreach and Esteem activities K EYNOTES & INVITED T ALKS Yvonne Rogers. "Mindful or Mindless Technology?” Keynote at Interact'13 Conference, Cape Town, 5th September, 2013 Yvonne Rogers. “Science Question Time” Panel member, Cheltenham Science Festival, June 4th 2013 Yvonne Rogers. “Society Minds – Technology Doesn’t” Invited TEDx talk, Barcelona, May 17th 2013 Yvonne Rogers. “Being human in a smart world.” HC2 Confluence Workshop, Barcelona, May 16th 2013 Yvonne Rogers. “Can a diet of data be healthy?” Pervasive Health Conference, Venice, May 7th 2013 Yvonne Rogers. “Mindless or Mindful Entertainment? ACE’13, Twente, The Netherlands, November 17th 2013 Yvonne Rogers. “Mindless or Mindful interaction.” UX Brighton, 1st November 2013 Yvonne Rogers. “Natural, Smart or Simple Interfaces: What Is Best?” Invited lecture at Xerox Prizes Conference, 18th November 2013 Yvonne Rogers. “The student experience: Inside and outside thinking.” Internet of Education Conference, November 11th 2013 Yvonne Rogers. “Rethinking Ageing, Computing and Creativity.” Distinguished Visitor Lecture, Institute of Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 10th July 2013. Julie A. McCann. Decentralised & Volatile: Self-‐Adaptive, Self-‐Organising Wireless Sensor Networks 2011 London Hopper Colloquium, 24th. May British Computer Society Headquarters, London Julie A. McCann. Panel member for “Data Society” and “Intelligent Everything” debates at Research@Intel Conference, June 2012 Julie A. McCann. Invited Talk at NERC Annual “Networks of Sensors” Technology Showcase Event, 2013 Julie A. McCann. Presented an overview of the ICRI Cities to delegates from Singapore who are scoping future cities initiative. Delegate list: Chee Kiang LIM (IDA -‐ GCloud Architect), Wilson ANG (IDA -‐Deputy Director, Technology & Planning Group); from the Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore, Smart Cities Programme Office (SCPO), October 2013 Julie A. McCann. Presented an overview of the ICRI Cities to Singapore National Research Foundation, December 2013 Julie A. McCann. Presented an overview of the ICRI Cities to Chilean delegates and Politicians to consult on how one approaches a joint industrial and university initiative for Smart Cities. Delegate list: Mr Rafael Ariztia, Director of the State Modernization Agenda, Secretaria General de Gobierno (the equivalent to Cabinet Office,)Cecilia Godoy, Finance Director, Ministry of Transport and Telecommunications.Pelayo Covarrubias : President Pais Digital, Juan Luis Nunez, CEO, Pais Digital Foundation, Claudio Munoz Zuniga: President Telefonica Chilie, and Ramón Rodríguez, Director of TIC's Ministry of Education, April 2013 David Prendergast. Invited talk. “Sustainable Cities and Anthropology”. Ethnography Winter School, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, January 2013 David Prendergast. Invited talk on ICRI Cities and Industry Academic Collaborations to the Association of Applied Anthropology at the World Congress of the International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences. Manchester, August 2013 David Prendergast. Hosted and presented an overview of ICRI Cities to a delegation of thirty council members and businesses from San Jose, USA and Dublin. August 2013 David Prendergast. “Overview of ICRI Cities”. Delegation of Chinese leaders including the Vice Premier of Beijing. March 2013

Duncan Wilson. “ICRI Cities”, Intel European Research and Innovation Conference, Barcelona, 2012 Duncan Wilson, “Sustainable Connected Cities” Smart City Seminar, Manchester University November 2012 Duncan Wilson, “IoT and Long Data” Future Everything Conference, Manchester, Mar 2013 Duncan Wilson, “IoT and Cities”, EU iCity Seminar GLA London June 2013 Duncan Wilson, “ICRI Cities Research Agenda”, ISTC CCC retreat keynote Santa Clara, June 2013 Duncan Wilson, “Data as material + Aging of data”, Research@Intel seminar San Francisco June 2013 Duncan Wilson “Urban Mobility” -‐ Workshop RCA London, September 2013 Licia Capra. "Mind the Map: Modelling Sustainability of Urban Crowd-‐Sourcing". Invited talk at Computer Laboratory, Cambridge University (May 2013), and School of Computer Science, Nottingham University (Sep 2013) Mara Balestrini. Edge Cities Conference -‐ How Scary is Smart (Buro Happold, April 2013, London). http://www.edgedebate.com/?page_id=1895 Mara Balestrini. Nerve, Disruptive Technology -‐ the inside track (Cambridge, June 2013). http://www.itsnerve.com/ Mara Balestrini. Apps & Culture (Held by the Institute of Culture and Innovation of Barcelona, August 2013). http://www.euroxpress.es/index.php/noticias/2013/7/26/appscultura-‐impulsa-‐la-‐creacion-‐de-‐mas-‐de-‐20-‐aplicaciones-‐ culturales-‐para-‐barcelona/ Mara Balestrini co-‐delivered the tutorial "Technology, Big Data and Citizens", at PIMRC’13 London, September 2013 Mara Balestrini. Encuentro en la llanura (Santa Fe, Argentina / via Skype, 2013) http://www.lacapital.com.ar/ed_senales/2013/7/edicion_228/contenidos/noticia_5001.htm l Martin Traumüller. `Towards Localization: How can Technology support becoming Local in a new City?’, at the Bartlett Innovative Research on Cities Symposium 2013. http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/graduate/events/citiessymposium2013 Gokul Bala participated in the Smart Water Network Forum (SWAN 2013) held at London, May’13. Gokul Bala presented and participated at the “Action Line Cyber-‐Physical Systems 2013 Workshop” conducted by the EIT-‐ICT Labs at Berlin, Germany, Feb’13 Gokul Bala was invited and participated in the MIT-‐Imperial Global Fellows Program held at MIT, Boston, Jun’13. Gokul Bala and Julie McCann Cyber Physical Systems Support for Water Network Optimisation. Google PhD Poster Competition, London, Mar’13. Gokul Bala Invited talk "Improving the Quality of Life Through Location-‐Based, Sustainable and Energy-‐Efficient Building" at the TUM-‐DAAD Alumni Expert Seminar, Lima, Peru, held in Sept’13. This seminar was organized by DAAD (German Government Body) and TU Munich.

A DVISORY B OARDS Martin Curley, Board Member, Smart London Board Yvonne Rogers, Executive Group Member, Grand Challenge of Sustainable Cites, UCL David Prendergast, Advisory Board Member. Consensus 2.0: Sustainability Consumption Practices, Trinity College Dublin, the National University of Ireland Galway and the Environment Protection Agency Ireland David Prendergast, Member, Lord Mayor of Dublin’s Digital Dublin Forum and advisor on the Digital Master Plan for the city. Duncan Wilson, Member, EU Expert Group on Internet of Things Duncan Wilson, Advisory Board Member. Commonplace.ie Julie A. McCann, Member, Imperial College Committee on Cities Research Mara Balestrini, London Open Institute (member. London) http://www.oi-‐london.org.uk/how Martin Dittus, Director and Trustee, The London Hackspace Martin Dittus, Advisory Board Member, The Trampery. East London’s fast growing spared workspace. http://www.thetrampery.com L IST O F A WARDS EPSRC/UCL Enterprise grants PI: Yvonne Rogers. EPSRC Strategic priorities. Cyber‐physical systems for Sustainable Urban Infrastructure. PI: Julie A. McCann. Mar 2012-‐ Dec 2012 Amount: £15,000 EIT-‐ICT Labs project “Water & Control” PI: Julie A. McCann. Jan 2014 -‐ Dec 2014. Amount: €111,000 EU FP7 project “WISDOM” PI: Julie A. McCann, Feb 2014-‐Jan 2017. Amount to IC: €350,000 EIT-‐ICT Labs project “3cixty: A Platform for Apps and Services Offering Comprehensive Views for City Visitors”. PI: Licia Capra. Jan 2014 -‐ Dec 2014. Amount: 90,000 EUR EIT-‐ICT Labs project “Travel Dashboard a Framework for the Delivery of Personalised Mobility Services to Urban Travellers”. PI: Licia Capra. Jan 2013 -‐ Dec 2013. Amount: 90,000 EUR Google European Doctoral Fellowship Award. Chris Smith-‐Clarke was awarded a three-‐year Fellowship (worth 180,000 USD unrestricted gift) in Data Mining, to continue his research on data mining for developing countries. (http://googleresearch.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/2013-‐google-‐phd-‐fellowships-‐5-‐years-‐of.html)

Urban Prototyping Festival 2013. Martin Traumüller, Sarah Gallacher. Awarding of funding (5,000 GBP) to further develop the Space Recommender System (Mobile Navigation App using voting data from Facebook Places in order to generate pleasant routes). The Space Recommender System was one of the invited projects to be exhibited at the Victoria & Albert Museum, London Urban Prototyping Festival 2013 B LOG P OSTS A ND A RTICLES Mara Balestrini. If it’s Transparent, It’s Better (http://blogs.cccb.org/lab/en/article_si-‐es-‐transparent-‐millor/). Centre of Contemporary Culture of Barcelona blog Mara Balestrini. Smart citizens in the data metropolis (http://blogs.cccb.org/lab/en/article_intel%C2%B7ligencia-‐ ciutadana-‐a-‐la-‐metropoli-‐de-‐les-‐dades/). Centre of Contemporary Culture of Barcelona blog Mara Balestrini. Mettere i cittadini al centro del tavolo per risolvere il puzzle della smart city (Put the citizens in the centre of the board to solve the smart city puzzle) (http://smartinnovation.forumpa.it/story/69839/mettere-‐i-‐cittadini-‐ al-‐centro-‐del-‐tavolo-‐risolvere-‐il-‐puzzle-‐della-‐smart-‐city). Smart Innovation Magazine Mara Balestrini. Transparency is smart. (http://www.burohappold.com/blog/post/transparency-‐is-‐smart-‐2261/). Buro Happold “The living city” blog and newsletter Mara Balestrini. Review of the book "Beyond smart cities" for the International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics. (http://www.intellectbooks.co.uk/journals/view-‐Journal,id=122/) Martin Dittus on the UCL Engineering blog (about an event co-‐organised in August) http://www.engineering.ucl.ac.uk/blog/news/hacking-‐an-‐experimental-‐playground-‐in-‐the-‐barbican/ Martin Dittus on a blog post about Community Diversity in OpenStreetMap http://2013.stateofthemap.org/blog/changing-‐ratio-‐openstreetmap-‐community-‐diversity-‐sotm-‐2013/ TV, R ADIO , D OCUMENTARY Julie A. McCann Newton on the Guardian, Editors choice, Ecobug: the app that helps you lead a greener life – video. The Guardian.co.uk, 21 Dec 2012 Mara Balestrini. TV interview for “Planet of the apps” http://ginx.tv/shows/planet-‐apps Mara Balestrini. Interview for “Super Sisters” documentary of inspiring women working on tech http://supersisters.net/ Lisa Koeman and Vaiva Kalnikaite on Cambridge News: 'High-‐tech study asks whether divide between two halves of Mill Road in Cambridge real or imagined', 31 August 2013 (http://www.cambridge-‐news.co.uk/News/SLIDESHOW-‐ High-‐tech-‐study-‐asks-‐whether-‐divide-‐between-‐two-‐halves-‐of-‐Mill-‐Road-‐real-‐or-‐imagined-‐20130831060500.htm) Lisa Koeman and Vaiva Kalnikaite on BBC News: 'Cambridge Mill Road chalk graffiti charts scientists' community data', 30 August 2013 (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-‐england-‐cambridgeshire-‐23896544) Lisa Koeman and Vaiva Kalnikaite on Radio interview on BBC Radio Cambridge's 'The Paul Stainton Bigger Breakfast Show', 30 August 2013 (http://visualisingmillroad.com/BBC_Breakfast_show_interview.wav) Lisa Koeman and Vaiva Kalnikaite on Radio interview on Cambridge 105's '105 Drive with Julian Clover', 28 August 2013 (http://cambridge105.fm/podcasts/105-‐drive-‐28-‐08-‐2013/) Rogers, Y and Marsden, G. Does he take sugar? Beyond the rhetoric of compassion. Interactions, 20 (4), 48-‐57, 2013 Y. Rogers, L. Capra and J. Schoening. "Beyond Smart Cities: Rethinking Urban Technology from a City Experience Perspective. In Urban Pamphleteer #1, Special Issue on Future & Smart Cities, 2013