FIGURE 2. SOCIO-‐ECOLOGICAL MODEL OF HIV PREVENTION
Cultural Norms Social Norms Neighborhood effects -‐ Social environment -‐ Socioeconomic factors -‐ Residential segregation -‐ Physical environment
Demographic Change -‐ Migration & mobility -‐ Urbanization -‐ Male/Female ratio Structural Violence & Discrimination -‐ Race/Ethnicity & racism -‐ Gender & sexism -‐ Stigma & Discrimination -‐ Homophobia Legal Structures -‐ Laws -‐ Law enforcement -‐ Incarceration patterns Policy Environment -‐ Economic Policy -‐ Health policy & access to care -‐ Public health policy & access to prevention -‐ Social policy -‐ Illicit drug control policy
Structural Factors
Social /Community Factors Organizational Factors -‐ Condom availability -‐ Inclusivity policies -‐ Access -‐ Linkages
Individual Characteristics -‐ Gender -‐ Race/Ethnicity -‐ Circumcision status -‐ STD co-‐infection -‐ Age -‐ Income -‐ Education -‐ Occupation Behaviors -‐ Partner selection -‐ Condom use -‐ Sexual practices -‐ Illicit drug use Cognitive Factors -‐ Knowledge -‐ Beliefs -‐ Attitudes -‐ Values
Organiza5onal Factors
Group (Interpersonal)
Individual Factors
Social Networks -‐ Network d ynamics -‐ Sexual networks -‐ Illicit drug use networks -‐ Family networks
Adapted from Poundstone, K., Strathdee, S., & Celentano, D. (2004). The social epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Epidemiologic Reviews, 26(1), 22-35.
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