to purify liquids and to separate liquids from solutions
the process of boiling a liquid and then condensing the vapour back again
light to electrical
kinetic to electrical
virus
protoctists 182
positive
181
a process or chemical reaction which takes in heat from the surroundings
energy temperature all the organisms of a particular species found in an ecosystem at any one time
pathogen 184
a process or chemical reaction in which heat is produced and released to the surroundings
183
a process occurring at the surface of a liquid, involving the change of state of a liquid into vapour at a temperature below the boiling point
mass Absolute temperature places where specific organisms live 186
the populations of all species in an ecosystem at any one time 185
the separation of a solid from a liquid, using a fine filter paper which does not allow the solid to pass through
negative
density distance a distinct, self-supporting system of organisms interacting with each other and with a physical environment
food chain 188
187
to separate liquids with different boiling points
a method of distillation using a fractionating column
volume
area
trophic levels
the organism which is eating 190
189
litmus, phenolphthalein, methyl orange, universal indicator
a substance which changes colour when added to acidic or alkaline solutions speed
density = mass/volume producers primary consumer
191 192
the temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid
a theory which accounts for the bulk properties of matter in terms of movement of particles
presure = force/area Ď = m/V the total amount of living material in an organism 194
secondary consumers 193
it is a single value (not over a range of temperatures)
yes
density is a measure of how much mass something has for its size
p = F/A
the total mass of the organisms in each trophic level, irrespective of numbers
the numbers of organisms in each trophic level in a food chain, irrespective of their mass 195
196
a measure of how fast a reaction takes place
a system of two or more substances that can be separated by physical means
Measure the height, width and length of the object, multiply to find the volume. Measure mass and divide by volume. they decay dead material and help to recycle nutrients
density = mass/volume
0.1 197 198
a chemical reaction which can go both forwards and backwards depending on the conditions
surface area, concentrations of reactants, temperature, use of a catalyst
i) P ii) Pascal
using the displacement method. Put the object in a measuring cylinder of water to measure how much the level of the water changes.
iii) Pa
sulfur dioxide 200
the carbon cycle 199
red
in a reversible reaction, the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction
The size of the force and the area of contact
One Pascal
long wavelength radiation from the earth is radiated back by the gases
carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and CFCs 201
202
blue
purple
All matter consists of many, very small particles which are constantly moving or in a continual state of motion
minus 273 ยบC
burning fossil fuels increase in levels of nitrtrates (and other ions) in lakes and rivers
203
204
colourless
colourless
P1V1 = P2V2
It describes the erratic and irregular motion of particles, such as pollen grains in water
any two from: increased leaching, soil erosion, distrubance of water table and the balance in oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
leached minerals from fertiliser 205
206
red
pink
density = mass/volume or p = m/v
fixed mass of gas at a constant temperature
pests are organisms that reduce the yield of crop plants or stock animals
any two from: increased temperature; carbon dioxide levels can be controlled; pest levels can be reduced 208
207
yellow
orange
density is how much matter something has for its size.
pressure = force/area or P = F/A
pesticides biological control uses another organism, rather than a chemical, to control pests 210
209
green
red
P
Pressure is the force per unit area.
aseptic precautions
produce alcohol 212
211
7
purple
Pa
Pascal
to cut DNA at specific sites
the breeding of only those individuals with the desired characteristics
214
213
7
lower
the size of the force and the area of contact.
one pascal is a force of one Newton per square metre.
DNA from two different organisms that have been recombined
to join pieces of DNA together 216
215
higher
7
Describes the erratic and irregular motion of particles.
-273
the means of transferring genes plasmids and viruses
217 218
zinc chloride + water
salt + water
continuous path a compass makes in a magnetic field
a nucleus 220
The volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature if the pressure is constant. The pressure of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. insulin 219
calcium nitrate + carbon dioxide + water
salt + carbon dioxide + wate
a circular magnetic field
towards the south pole
micropropagation
it only has half the number of chromosomes 222
221
zinc chloride + hydrogen
salt + hydrogen
a force
from positive to negative
plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, protoctists and viruses
movement, growth, reproduction and controlling internal conditions 224
223
no
burette
left hand rule
motors and loudspeakers
animals
plants 226
225
the reaction moves in the direction that produces less of that substance
the reaction moves in the direction that takes heat in (the endothermic reaction)
a current in the wire
size of the current and strength of the magnetic field
bacteria
fungi 228
reduction
227
the reaction moves in the direction that produces fewer gas particles
number of coils; speed of rotation; strength of magnetic field
the wire or the magnet need to be moved
virus
protoctists 230
229
aluminium oxide
oxidation
6 protons and 8 neutrons
becquerel (Bq)
all the organisms of a particular species found in an ecosystem at any one time
pathogen 231 232
the positive electrodes
it lowers the melting point of aluminium oxide
92 protons and 146 neutrons
7 protons and 7 neutrons
places where specific organisms live
the populations of all species in an ecosystem at any one time
234
233
3+
Al + 3e- → Al
the cost of electricity
11 electrons
6 electrons
food chain
a distinct, self-supporting system of organisms interacting with each other and with a physical environment
236
235
2-
The metal oxides will be reduced
2O → O2 + 4e-
the number of protons + neutrons in a nucleus
the number of protons in a nucleus
trophic levels
the organism which is eating 238
237
iron oxide, coke, limestone and air
iron
alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays
same number of protons, different number of neutrons
primary consumer 240
producers 239
copper (II) sulphate
the negative electrode
alpha particle
most penetrating is gamma ray, then beta particle, and least penetrating is an alpha particle
the total amount of living material in an organism 242
secondary consumers 241
fractional distillation
hydrocarbons
the atomic number increases by 1; the mass number stays the same
the atomic number decreases by 2; the mass number decreases by 4
the total mass of the organisms in each trophic level, irrespective of numbers
the numbers of organisms in each trophic level in a food chain, irrespective of their mass
244
carbon dioxide and water
243
refinery gases, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil and bitumen
14
N7 no effect
they decay dead material and help to recycle nutrients
0.1 246
245
reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen
carbon monoxide and water
photograhic film; Geiger-Muller detector
234
Ra90
sulfur dioxide
the carbon cycle 248
247
TRUE
they produce acid rain
rocks and cosmic rays
the radioactivity that occurs naturally all the time
long wavelength radiation from the earth is radiated back by the gases
carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and CFCs
250
249
cracking
FALSE
the time taken for the radiactivity of a substance to decrease by half
it decreases
burning fossil fuels increase in levels of nitrtrates (and other ions) in lakes and rivers
251
252
a substance consisting of of very large molecules made by adding monomers together
a small covalent carbon molecule
250 Bq 125 Bq any two from: increased leaching, soil erosion, distrubance of water table and the balance in oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
leached minerals from fertiliser 253
254
propene
ethene
can cause mutations of cells; can damage cells and tissue; problems disposing of radioactive waste
tracers; radiotherapy; and dating of rocks and archaeological specimens
pests are organisms that reduce the yield of crop plants or stock animals
any two from: increased temperature; carbon dioxide levels can be controlled; pest levels can be reduced 256
255
plastic bags, or bottles, or bowls, or packaging
chloroethene
the nucleus of an atom is positively charged
Atoms are mostly empty space
biological control uses another organism, rather than a chemical, to control pests
pesticides 257
258
insulation, pipes and guttering
crates and boxes, plastic rope
the splitting of a nucleus
the speed of the alpha particle and the charge of the nucleus
aseptic precautions 260
produce alcohol 259
4500C
nitrogen and hydrogen by firing neutrons at it
kinetic energy (of the fission products) the breeding of only those individuals with the desired characteristics
to cut DNA at specific sites 262
261
An iron catalyst
200 atmospheres
the neutrons formed after the first split then go on to 235 cause other U92 atoms to split, and so on
two daughter nuclei and a small number of neutrons
to join pieces of DNA together DNA from two different organisms that have been recombined
263
264
Sodium chloride solution
the manufacture of nitric acid and the manufacture of fertilisers
slow down neutrons to enable a chain reaction to take place
absorb neutrons to slow reaction
plasmids and viruses
the means of transferring genes 266
265
manufacture of soap, paper and ceramics
sodium hydroxide and chlorine
250 Bq
the time taken for the radiactivity of a substance to decrease by half
a nucleus 268
insulin 267
making bleach and sterilising water supplies
making bleach and sterilising water supplies
125 Bq
125 Bq
it only has half the number of chromosomes
it only has half the number of chromosomes 269
269