might encourage or suppress corruption. In keeping with the focus of the survey, nongovernmental corruption was not addressed. The four subsections of anti-corruption and transparency were: • the environment to protect against corruption (addressing levels of bureaucracy and the degree of official control over and involvement in the economy) • the existence of laws, ethical standards and boundaries between private and public sectors (addressing regulations to prevent corruption and ensure state financial accountability) • the enforcement of anti-corruption laws (addressing the effectiveness of investigation and prosecution of corruption) • governmental transparency (addressing disclosure of government practices). Table 15.1: Country scores for Countries at the Crossroads (scale 0 weak to 7 strong) Civil liberties
Rule of law
Anti-corruption and transparency
Accountability and public voice
2.48 3.96 3.74 3.67 3.21 4.77 3.90 3.70 3.19 3.38 3.46 3.53 4.74 3.17 3.64 2.84 3.91 4.56 4.49 2.61 3.69 3.81 4.59 4.33 3.85 2.31 4.32 2.80 3.63 2.97
1.67 3.26 2.92 3.33 2.04 4.76 3.89 2.66 2.34 2.95 2.75 1.90 3.97 2.62 3.52 2.42 3.96 3.95 3.60 2.03 3.74 3.76 4.49 4.08 3.32 1.93 3.21 2.36 3.45 2.48
1.56 2.75 1.57 2.83 2.11 2.42 2.30 2.47 2.81 2.46 2.92 1.58 3.80 2.34 2.31 1.54 3.81 2.69 3.00 2.12 2.58 3.01 3.97 3.77 2.82 1.31 2.89 2.45 1.85 1.86
2.21 2.98 2.63 3.32 3.04 4.77 3.68 3.84 3.09 4.03 2.94 1.94 4.22 1.84 3.11 2.42 3.84 4.56 4.02 1.89 3.27 4.13 4.45 3.82 3.48 1.35 3.64 1.30 3.23 2.19
Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Cambodia East Timor Georgia Guatemala Haiti Indonesia Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kyrgyzstan Malaysia Morocco Nepal Nicaragua Nigeria Pakistan Qatar Sierra Leone Sri Lanka Uganda Ukraine Uzbekistan Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zimbabwe
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