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Figure 10.1: Sectors affected by corruptiona a. Respondents were asked: ‘To what extent do you perceive the following sectors in this country to be affected by corruption?’ Answers on a scale from 1 to 5 (1 = not at all corrupt, 5 = extremely corrupt).
Differences between developed and developing countries were similarly seen when respondents were asked about the impact of corruption on personal and family life. Corruption’s impact was seen to be very low in most developed countries, with the exceptions of Canada, Greece and the United States, where 43 per cent said that corruption affected their personal life to a moderate or large extent. A negative personal impact was reported by three out of four respondents in Brazil, Ecuador, Korea, Mexico, the Philippines and Turkey. Worldwide, one in 10 respondents said that they or other members of their household had paid a bribe in the previous 12 months. The most frequent direct experience of corruption was in Cameroon, where more than half the respondents reported experiences of bribery during the year, followed by Kenya, Lithuania, Moldova and Nigeria (see Table 10.1). At the other extreme, in 18 countries only 2 per cent of respondents or fewer stated that they had paid a bribe in the previous 12 months. Turning to expectations of the future, 43 per cent of respondents expected the level of corruption to increase in the next three years. The most pessimistic country was Ecuador, with 75 per cent anticipating a rise. Indonesia was the most optimistic country, with 66 per cent forecasting a reduction in corruption in the coming years, followed by Georgia (with 59 per cent) and Kosovo (52 per cent).
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