Janusz Kowalski and Rafał Zgorzelski, eds, O Nowa ˛ Polske˛ (For a New Poland) (Opole: Stop Korupcji, 2004) Anna Kubiak, Łapownictwo w s´ wiadomos´ ci i Dos´ wiadczeniu Potocznym Polaków (Bribery in Perception and Everyday Experience in Poland) (Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, 2003) Julia Pitera, ed., Mapa Korupcji w Polsce (A Map of Corruption in Poland) (Warsaw: TI Poland, 2003) TI Poland: www.transparency.pl Notes 1. 2. 3. 4.
See Global Corruption Report 2004. Warsaw Voice Online (Poland), 5 May 2004, www.warsawvoice.pl Polish News Bulletin (Poland), 27 September 2004. Gazeta Wyborcza (Poland), 29 November 2003.
Romania Corruption Perceptions Index 2004 score: 2.9 (87th out of 146 countries) Conventions: Council of Europe Civil Law Convention on Corruption (ratified April 2002) Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ratified July 2002) UN Convention against Corruption (signed December 2003; not yet ratified) UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (ratified December 2002) Legal and institutional changes • In October 2003 the Romanian parliament passed a set of constitutional amendments designed to combat corruption in Romania. The immunity of MPs was restricted to political opinions, and the power of the ministry of justice over administrative and disciplinary matters relating to magistrates was entrusted to the council of the magistracy, substantially improving the political autonomy of magistrates. • February 2004 saw the passage of the first code of conduct for civil servants, which set out the fundamental principles of modern administration: rule of law, priority of public interest, equality of treatment, professionalism, impartiality, independence, moral integrity, good faith and transparency. Improving on previous law, the code clarifies conflicts of interest legislation by defining public interest, personal interest and situations in which conflicts of interest can arise. Other provisions prevent civil servants from carrying out political activities, or using their official status for the promotion of commercial activities. Civil servants are prohibited from accepting gifts, services or any other advantage for themselves or their family, parents, friends or business and political associates. However, the effective range of the code applies only to civil servants, leaving elected and appointed officials out of reach. • Emergency ordinance 24, passed in April 2004, amended earlier provisions on asset disclosure for politicians and clarified the sanctions. The law imposes the same obligations
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