O.P. Dwivedi and Maureen Mancuso, ‘Corruption as a Threat to Good Governance: Lessons from Canada’, in Gerald Caiden, O.P. Dwivedi and Joseph Jabbra, eds, Where Corruption Lives (Bloomfield: Kumarian Press, 2001) Ian Greene and Eleanor D. Glor, ‘The Government of Canada Approach to Ethics: The Evolution of Ethical Government’, in Public Integrity 5 (Winter 2002–03) Kenneth Kernaghan, ‘Corruption and Public Service in Canada: Conceptual and Practical Dimensions’, in Seppo Tiihonen, ed., The History of Corruption in Central Government, International Institute of Administrative Sciences (Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2003) Denis Saint-Martin, ‘L’Affaire Groupaction: un cas de politisation de la fonction publique fédérale?’ in Canadian Public Administration 46 (2003) TI Canada: www.transparency.ca Notes 1. The Treasury Board is a powerful cabinet committee, with overall responsibility for the financial, personnel and administrative duties of the executive. It is considered the general manager and employer of the public service. 2. The law governs public service procedures, responsibilities, offences and sanctions. It is essentially a rulebook for how the government and public service handle money. 3. The author acknowledges the research assistance of Josh Alcock, Nick Erdody, Jordan Hatton and David Hornsby in tracking and digesting this evolving scandal. 4. Government of Canada, Report of the Auditor General of Canada (Ottawa: November 2003), section 3.1. 5. Auditor General of Canada, press conference, 8 May 2002, www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/domino/other. nsf/html/02ossp_e.html 6. Report of the Auditor General, section 3.122. 7. Ibid., section 3.44. 8. In addition to Gagliano, Guité and Pelletier, Crown Corporation presidents Marc LeFrançois (VIA Rail) and Michel Vennat (Business Development Bank of Canada) were fired, and André Ouellet (Canada Post) was suspended without pay pending investigation of his corporation’s role in the scandal. Numerous executives at the various ad agencies and public relations firms involved were also dismissed or charged with offences. 9. Report of the Auditor General, section 3.21. 10. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, www.cbc.ca/stories/2004/01/07/police040107 11. Ottawa Citizen (Canada), 20 January 2004. 12. Ibid. 13. Ottawa Citizen (Canada), 27 April 2004. 14. Many of Ferguson’s proposals arose from his report, Review and Recommendations Concerning Various Aspects of Police Misconduct (Toronto: 2004), which Fantino commissioned in November 2001 in parallel with the early stages of the task force probe. 15. Toronto Sun (Canada), 26 June 2004.
China Corruption Perceptions Index 2004 score: 3.4 (71st out of 146 countries) Conventions: UN Convention against Corruption (signed December 2003; not yet ratified) UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (ratified September 2003)
Country reports CHINA
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