Achipaui Ebook

achi paui ITESM Campus Puebla

Hugo Ruíz Itzel Tellez Melissa Medina Daniela Martínez Diseño de productos y sistemas I

Marco Lampugnani Grecia Brito

index Introduction

4

Objective

6

Context

7

Investigation

14

Benchmark

23

Technology requirements

26

Methodology

28

Sustainability

29

Design proposal

30

User journey

33

Service Blueprint

34

Materials and processes for mass production

36

System map

38

Technical plans

40

Conclusions

42

Bibliography

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introduction The Atoyac River located in the state of Puebla, is currently the 3rd most polluted river in Mexico, turning Puebla in one of the most alarming states since a quarter of the most polluted rivers in our country are found here, the Atoyac, Alseseca, Nexapa and Zahuapan river. Based on the data and studies of the World Health Organization, contaminated water, such as rivers, are directly related to the transmission of severe diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, hepatitis, typhoid, among many others. The water pollution is due to the urbanization of cities and its consequences such as large textile industries and traces.

We focused on the development of the system design, because we are not only designing a product, we are designing a complete system and service, for that reason we uses some tools like the customer journey map, the service blueprint and the system map. This tools helped us to seek some pain points whilst the process of the device and this way we could search for alternatives that improve that bad experience into good ones for our users.

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objective Achipaui is a project created by students from ITESM campus Puebla, with the objective of combining design and technology in the same electronic system that is capable of measuring different aspects and levels of the Atoyac River specifically, such as variables of pH, conductivity electrical, temperature, among others. This mainly to alert those who are responsible for this problem in Puebla, through a concentration of data obtained during this process. All this without leaving aside the design that must be aesthetic but even more important, functional, this for the care of both the device in general as well as all the electronic elements that it will carry inside.

context general information The Atoyac River is formed in the Sierra Nevada of Puebla, it’s contaminated by 50 municipalities of Tlaxcala and Puebla, these discharge their wastewater and it is estimated that at least a thousand industries, which do not have treatment plants, have caused this aquatic body to contain more than 25 harmful substances. makes it a focus of infections and diseases.

challenges Each week different challenges were presented that would gradually reveal relevant information to the needs of the device to be developed. These challenges despite not being directly focused on the final device, in each one we thought about the options that would help us to better develop the final prototype and obtain greater knowledge for the formation of the final device. These projects were presented as a timeline in our instagram account @achipaui, where we show through stories the process of each completed challenge.

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challenge one Objective: 25 kg to float in a body materials

investigation

Wide pvc tube Plastic hose Canvas Gray tape Dumbbell 25 kg

When investigating we found Archimedes Principle, it talks about a force inside aquatic bodies, that is when an object floats in water it is because this body contains a weight (mass multiplied by gravity) and this weight exerts a force downwards, which allows the object to sink, but when the force of the water, which pushes upward-contrary direction-is called buoyant force, which is a force greater than that of the object.

process Recycled materials from the Metropolitan Park were searched, the tube was taken and cut into four to form the cavities, then the reused tarpaulin was attached below the hoses to avoid any filtration. Finally a hose was stuck around to help float the device.

conclussions When we made the prototype, we decided to reuse materials, so some hose pipes that we found were put together and we put a recycled canvas down so that the water does not get in and prevent it from sinking. This first challenge failed, our main mistake was not to consider adequate dimensions for the device to float, since according to what we investigated the base of the device had to have greater volume than the top. On the other hand it was considered as an option to use recycled canvas as a waterproof material, however due to the resistance of this material it was counterproductive.

evidence

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challenge two Objective: non-breaking egg materials

investigation

Egg Carton box Polyurethane foam Tape

We look for materials that are able to protect the egg. We realized that porous materials have a structural geometry that causes cavities between the atoms that form it, those cavities are air between the same material and this absorbs the blow more effectively than a hard material. In the end it was combined with the idea of having a carcass that took care of the egg in the center, a kind of heart, the porous material would be around the egg

process The foam was cut to the size of a cardboard box and a hole was made, exactly the size of the egg. Then the box was sealed well to avoid opening the foam shell and the egg was well secured.

conclussions This challenge was successfully achieved, the egg survived the 5-story free fall, falling on rock and still unexploited; We proceeded to launch another two times, to verify that the egg was well insured, these two other successful occasions being the challenge. Although we did not develop a structure or a kind of "rib" for the egg, we noticed that the porous material, which in this case was the foam absorbed well the blow, and center the egg in the foam, as a kind of heart , also helped shock absorption.

evidence

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challenge three Objective: paper sheet dry while underwater

materials

investigation

Paper sheet A plastic container A weight

We investigated ways to create hermeticism, where almost all included closing it to the void or securing it with plasticized materials. It can also be done through different structures, causing the form to block the passage of water preventing it from leaking. But one way that seemed very practical was to create an air chamber, this is usually done by using a high depth material so that half is in the water and half above can contain the desired air, avoiding contact with water.

process

We stucked the sheet to the bottom of the container and turned upside down. A weight was placed on it so that the container doesn't float and the air chamber is maintained, causing the paper to remain dry. Our first attempt was placed in the night and remained for approximately 12 hours under water without moving, after this time we removed the container with the stuck sheet and it remained dry.

conclussions We achieved that this air chamber keeps the paper dry. We think we could make the device float at the same time but we realized that this idea was the easiest and least complicated option, so we decided that the device of this challenge really was at the bottom of the water and that it lasted several hours without Wet the part that should be dry. We think so because the final device would be 24/7 under water and if it should have that hermeticism we need.

evidence

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investigation polyester fabrics Polyester is a resistant and wrinkle-free fiber developed in 1941.

Although there are polymers in nature, it wasn't until this decade that it was able to synthesize and began to be used in the manufacture of products. It has very low absorption, only 0.5%.

Polyester fibers have a high strength and are also resistant to shrinkage and elongation. Polyester fabrics dry quickly and have a tendency to retain creases and wrinkles.

Low costs Light material Good elasticity Resistant to abrasion and UV rays

investigation rubber Synthetic rubber or buna, is a copolymer, artificially produced by chemical reactions, known as condensation or polymerization, from certain unsaturated hydrocarbons. The synthetic rubber is elastic, which allows the blows to be absorbed, does not soften or deform with heat or sun, also has resistance to abrasion. A great variety of synthetic rubbers are known, some of mechanical qualities better than natural rubber.

Resistance of temperatures Tensile strength Abrasion resistance Impact resistance

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investigation

silicone Silicones are materials that are within the group of polymers. They are called silicones since one of the essential elements in its composition is silicon. By having very particular physical and chemical properties, silicones become very versatile materials and, therefore, have a widespread use in the industry.

Resistant to extreme temperatures, radiation and humidity Great resistance to compression deformation Long lifespan Repel water

investigation stainless steel All stainless steels contain enough chromium to give them their stainless characteristics. Many stainless alloys also contain nickel to further strengthen their resistance to corrosion. For example, a steel-hulled boat will float if it has enough air space inside. Steel is good for structural strength and low cost. Most large ships are made of steel, although fiberglass is often used for small pleasure craft and sailboats. You can also use just about any kind of wood, for ease of assembly and low cost, but it gets waterlogged, rots and isn't as strong as steel.

Resistance to the weather Resistance to corrosion Resistance to oxidation Recyclable

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investigation acrylic resins Organic substance of pasty consistency, sticky, transparent or translucent, that solidifies in contact with the air; is of vegetable origin or is obtained artificially by polymerization reactions.

Transparent resin that is part of the group of thermoplastic resins, which has an exceptional tenacity and resistance to chemical agents, used as an adhesive or binder, as well as the main component for caulking and coating.

Resistance to the weather Resistance to corrosion Resistance to oxidation Recyclable

investigation foam All stainless steels contain enough chromium to give them their stainless characteristics. Many stainless alloys also contain nickel to further strengthen their resistance to corrosion. For example, a steel-hulled boat will float if it has enough air space inside. Steel is good for structural strength and low cost. Most large ships are made of steel, although fiberglass is often used for small pleasure craft and sailboats. You can also use just about any kind of wood, for ease of assembly and low cost, but it gets waterlogged, rots and isn't as strong as steel.

Resistance to stress Impact resistance Resistance to uv exposure Chemical resistance Heat resistance

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investigation ph

conductivity

The pH is one of the most common tests to know part of the water quality nowadays. The pH indicates the acidity or alkalinity of a liquid such as river water, it is a measure of the activity of the hydrogen ion potential.

The pH measurements are executed on a scale of 0 to 14, with 7.0 considered neutral. Solutions with a pH lower than 7.0 are considered acids. Solutions with a pH above 7.0, up to 14.0 are considered bases or alkalines.

The conductivity of water is an index that facilitates the flow of electricity. In water, when there are more ions, more conductivity. This means for example that the more sodium and chlorine contained in water, the more electricity is made, and the greater the conductivity. If we know it of a sample of salt water, we can calculate how salty the water is.

investigation manufacturing process For a good execution of the technological process in our device, we had to focus not only on technology but also on design, since it plays an essential role in protecting the elements that go inside and complying with the requirements of the aforementioned challenges, ie , that floated, that was hermetic, shockproof, fixed at a certain point where it is easily located, among other specifications. As part of this are the materials that is why we previously investigated them but the objective of this project is that the final product is produced by masses to incorporate it in many more situations and solving other problems due to this we investigate the manufacturing process of the materials to see how feasible these were and what other options we have. After having investigated the materials we did not want to leave aside the processes as they go hand in hand for an aesthetic and presentable design therefore we decided that the best process for our chosen materials that are foam, silicone, resin are the following:

silicon

Injection molding of liquid silicone rubber. High levels of automation and productivity make it attractive. Depending on the catalyst and the cross section of the molded component, the cycle time can range from 30 seconds to 3 minutes. Simplifies the design of tools, which allows lower costs. The cold system avoids the loss of material in the feed, which implies productions with almost zero waste, eliminates making cuts to the finished pieces and achieves significant savings in material costs.

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manufacturing process

resin

Open mold techniques (contact molding) The process begins with the creation of a model from which a mold is obtained. The mold is coated with a wax and then a first gel-coat layer is applied, mixed with a catalyst that favors the polymerization reaction. Followed by the rolling stage, where successive layers of resin and fiberglass are deposited on the surface of the mold. This operation is manual for the manufacture of large parts and for small parts, closed molding is used, which consists of injecting the mixture into a mold. The process of polymerization or "curing" transforming the resin from liquid to solid and finally consists of the demolding and subsequent termination of the product, using techniques such as polishing, gluing, cutting and assembling, depending on the case.

rubber

Rubber is an elastic and flexible material, easy to mold, its components are derived from the same extraction and manufacturing process. The natural rubber that is made from the sap of trees. It was first processed with diagonal cuts to extract the latex or wise from the tree. After collecting the latex it is left to dry for 3 days and thus it goes from inconsistent to consistent state. The thick material is reduced to smaller pieces for better handling and then it is compacted for storage.

benchmark

23

benchmark

benchmark

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technology requirements The technological requirements that we had to consider during the whole design process so that the device fulfills its function properly must have the different technological components that go inside the device which are the Atlas Scientific sensors, the breadboard, the arduino and finally but not least the battery. All these are protected in an airtight box inside the device which in turn has an outer layer of resin which will finish protecting or taking care that the water does not pass to the elements.

Among the technological requirements we were very clear about the care and maintenance of these components and for this it is very important to identify that only a small part of the Atlas Scientific sensors have and can have direct contact with the water since they are going to do the function of measuring the ph and the conductivity of the river, while all the others have to be very well protected from the water because when they have contact with it they stop working and beyond that they are damaged then very important loans to that. On the other hand the probes have a specific size which is thinking to perfectly execute the process of obtaining the river data.

technology integration The pH is one of the most common tests to know part of the water quality nowadays. The pH indicates the acidity or alkalinity of a liquid such as river water, it is a measure of the activity of the hydrogen ion potential (H +). The pH measurements are executed on a scale of 0 to 14, with 7.0 considered neutral. Solutions with a pH lower than 7.0 are considered acids. Solutions with a pH above 7.0, up to 14.0 are considered bases or alkalines.

The conductivity of water is an index that facilitates the flow of electricity. In water, when there are more ions, more conductivity. This means for example that the more Na (Sodium) + and Cl (chlorine) - contained in water, the more electricity is made, and the greater the conductivity. If we know the conductivity of a sample of salt water, we can calculate how salty the water is. (This is what happens in the conversion of salinity to reach the value indicated by the twin conductivity meter)

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methodology double diamond To visually teach the methodology part of our project, Achipaui, we opted for the double diamond format since it is the one we master the most and we believed that it was according to our project and the one that best suits this. It is divided into 4 sections mainly;

discover

The start of the project. Look at the world in a fresh way, notice new things and gather insights about the general subject of the project, in this case, all about Atoyac river, the pollution in it and more.

define

The definition stage, trying to make sense of all the identified in the discover phase. Define very well in what we want to focus, what is the main problem, which is feasible. The goal here is to develop a clear creative brief.

develop

Where solutions or concepts are created, prototyped, tested and iterated. This process of trial and error helps designers to improve and refine their ideas. Here we started the stage of sketching in which we were seeing step by step that we could improve and that needed to be taken into account to have the complete and functional device. We explore different shapes, sizes, options.

delivery

The delivery stage, where the resulting project (the device in this case) is finalized and checked.

sustainability Sustainability is a term linked to the action of man in relation to his environment. Within the ecological discipline, sustainability refers to biological systems that can conserve diversity and productivity over time. Many define sustainability as the ability of a society to make conscious and responsible use of its resources, without exhausting them or exceeding their capacity for renewal. It expressed the need to generate a fair balance in economic, social and environmental development. Basically it is about ensuring a better quality of life in the present without compromising the development of future generations.

We wanted to focus specifically on sustainability when designing our device as it is a very important issue both for us and for the project itself. Because we are trying to eradicate this problem mainly in the Atoyac River therefore we wanted to focus on not contributing more to the pollution, for that reason, we searched for materials that can resist a long time the technology, so it won't be disposable. This materials would be resistant to impacts and to the corrosion which are the main threats in the river, so the device won't have problems and the lasting of this will be longer-term.

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design The shape of our device was the slowest part to develop since it took a lot of previous research on all the technological requirements combined with that we wanted to achieve an aesthetic device that was 100% functional. At the beginning, for the ideation process, we did not have so many foundations and our designs were not so practical or functional since there was always one aspect that was not taken into account.

Regarding the function, we tried to be as simple as possible, we made a list of the functions that had to be fulfilled both functionally and in

proposal a matter of form: that would float (surface, volume), that would remain fixed to a point, all the elements of technology had to be protected from water, but still easy access to supply and maintain the objects, with the exception of 16mm that have to touch the water to start the study. On the other hand, it had to withstand impacts, the weather and the strength of the river current. In the end we put together all these needs in a single device that was able to respond and solve all these problems aesthetically, in order to meet 100 percent use and achieve a quality product.

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design proposal

user journey

33

service

blueprint

35

materials & processes for mass production In order to comply with the above requirements, that is, to float, to be hermetic, shockproof, fixed at a certain point where it is easily located, among other specifications, we had to prioritize the materials that we would use to achieve our objectives, however the objective of this project is for the final product to be produced by masses to be incorporated in many more situations and solving other problems.

Because of this, we investigated the process of manufacturing the materials to see how feasible these were and what other options we have. Therefore we decided that the best process for our chosen materials that are fiberglass, silicone and a harness with fixing rings are the following:

polyester Polyester is a synthetic fiber derived from coal, air, water, and petroleum.Polyester is manufactured by one of several methods.

The one used depends on the form the finished polyester will take.

The four basic forms are filament, staple, tow, and fiberfill. In the filament form, each individual strand of polyester fiber is continuous in length, producing smooth-surfaced fabrics. In staple form, filaments are cut to short, predetermined lengths.

fiberglass The manufacture of fiberglass is not only done by means of an open mold, since there are variations of this same technique, among others the spreading of resin and fiber, as well as the use of vacuum pumps that reduce the possibility of air between layers of fiberglass, which is the main production problem to take care of. In general, it starts from the open mold, then the open mold with spreado and vacuum pump and, finally, the RTM or injection to closed mold, this to obtain from one to the largest number of possible parts through one and the same mold and each time using less labor per piece.

silicone Injection molding of liquid silicone rubber. High levels of automation and productivity make it attractive. Depending on the catalyst and the cross section of the molded component, the cycle time can range from 30 seconds to 3 minutes. Simplifies the design of tools, which allows lower costs. The cold system avoids the loss of material in the feed, which implies productions with almost zero waste, eliminates making cuts to the finished pieces and achieves significant savings in material costs.

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system

map

39

top view

side view

technical

top view

side view

plans

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Achipaui is the mixture between a functional system and the aesthetic design and as to achieve a product of quality and above all innovative, that people accept it, buy it and include it in their routine they need both pieces to be able to achieve it. There has been modifications as we found more insights, also by making tests to find and improve errors, failures or compliance with any of the needs of the project.

By developing the system we found that the strengths of the device is that the protection of the technology is well executed, also the improvement of the anchorage, instead of having one point of anchorage having 3 point, this way the device won’t turn around and also it will stay on the same point. The weakness is that the device may be too big and can be stolen, not so easy, but there is that chance. Some of our opportunities are that, not only the Atoyac river is polluted, at least in Mexico and Latin America there are many rivers that are polluted and may need this device, to monitor the changes in the water and looking for the way to stop the pollutinon. And we also have some threats that may be the companies that know that are contaminating the river, and they would not like the river monitored because they would be at risk of being caught, so this people can me our threat and also the river, because is unkown what kind of trash and junk are in the river, so some objects can damage the device.

At the end we needed to integrate all the things we have learned into a complete project that is not only a device, which is a system and a service, and that is the most important thing we learn, that we as designer not only design products, we design a complete process or service or system or maybe the complete package. It depends on our objective. It was a project that made us investigate, ideate, create in different ways. The team was made out of four people, which think completely different, and it was a challenge to sum it up as one idea, which represents the four of us.

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