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September 21, 2015

Issue 105

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PEPPER

by Janet Spencer It’s called the King of Spices for good reason. For centuries it served as the cornerstone for various economies and it inspired trade, conquest, and exploration in search of better trade routes and new supplies. It’s the world’s most traded spice, accounting for 20% of the entire spice trade. Come along with Tidbits as we discover that pepper is nothing to sneeze at!

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THE HISTORY OF PEPPER • The word pepper originated with the Sanskrit word ‘pippali.’ It went into the Latin language as ‘piper’ and then into German as ‘pfeffer.’ The word pepper was used in a figurative sense to mean ‘spirit’ or ‘energy’ as far back as the 1840s. Sometime in the early 20th century, it was shortened to ‘pep.’ • Pepper is one of the oldest and most important spices in human history. Pepper was the first spice to make its way into Northern Europe as the Roman Empire spread. Back in the days when salting was the only method of preserving meat, pepper was valued because it gave food added ‘pep.’ • Historians discount the myth that pepper was popular because it disguised the taste of rotten meat, saying that nothing can disguise the taste of rotten meat. Now you can buy a year’s supply of pepper for a few dollars, but it used to cost an ounce of gold to buy an ounce of pepper. (cont’d next page)

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THE ORIGIN OF PEPPER • Black pepper comes from the berries of a tropical vine in the botanical family called Piperaceae. The pepper that we sprinkle on our food is entirely different from the red peppers, bell peppers, chili peppers, and jalapeno peppers which come from the Capsicum family. Those Come visit our are fruits, whereas black pepper is a berry. • Columbus, searching for a shorter route to the pepper supply of India, discovered the New World. Because he was desperate to find pepper, everything that he came across which had a hot Our new location offers the same taste was dubbed “pepper.” That’s why today great service, with the same great people, we have green peppers and chili peppers. now from a state-of-the-art facility. • Black pepper grows best in moist tropical areas and is native to southern India. Currently GILLETTE 815 Madison St. (Hwy. 59), 307.682.0089 Vietnam is the world’s largest producer and exporter of pepper, producing 34% of the world’s supply. Other top exporters include India, Indonesia, Brazil, and Malaysia. • Pepper vines grow up to 30 feet (9 m) tall, T H E W A Y B A N K I N G S H O U L D B E killing any tree they clamber over. On modern farms, they are kept to 12 feet (3.6 m) to make MEMBER FDIC harvest easier, and they climb up poles rather than trees. 15_PW35_GIL_TIDBITS_NEWBANK_AD.indd 1 4/30/15 12:59 PM • Each vine becomes productive after three or Full Service Solutions four years, and will bear fruit every third year to Operating a Business for up to 40 years. A good vine will produce up Without the Expense to 12 pounds (5.4 kg) of peppercorns annually. of Office Staff! The pepper comes from berries that hang in clusters off the vine like tiny little grapes. Free Consultation • Much of the world’s pepper is grown on family Taxes farms in India and Malaysia where homePayroll garden plots may yield only one or two pounds CPA, Managing Partner (.5 to 1 kg) of pepper per year. Human Resources 307.257.0137 Bank Reconciliation • When monetary value is considered, peppercorns are the most widely traded spice Call Bruce Today! Annual & Quartley Reports in the world. However, if weight is considered, A/P & A/R slightly more chili peppers are traded than bruce@integritybizsystems.com peppercorns. (continued next page) P.O. Box 878, Gillette, WY 82717 7 American Lane, Gillette, WY 82716

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1. Name the last major-league pitcher before Cleveland’s Corey Kluber in 2014 to strike out at least 14 batters in consecutive starts. 2. Which was the last team before the St. Louis Cardinals in 201114 to have four consecutive N.L. Championship Series appearances? 3. When was the last time before the 2011-2012 NFL seasons (Baltimore and New England) that there was a back-to-back rematch in the AFC title game? 4. Long Island guard Jason Brickman, in 2014, became the fourth Division I player with 1,000 career assists. Name two of the first three to do it. 5. Since the 2000-01 NHL season, only two teams have won back-to-back Presidents’ Trophies for being the best regular-season team. Name them. 6. Name the first1708 American black female Gold Road , Gillette, WY to win an Olympic gold medal. North on Hwy. 14/16 7. Who was the last PGA golfer before Jordan Spieth in 2015 to go wire-to-wire in winning the Masters?

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the Northeast had one of its coldest, snowiest winters in almost two centuries this year. Roofs collapsed, people had trouble heating their homes and many seniors, often with pets, were stuck indoors for days on end. It was a different kind of disaster, but no less stressful for those who were displaced or suffered health issues. The Humane Society (www.humanesociety. org), American Red Cross (www.redcross.org/ prepare/location/home-family/pets), Ready. gov (www.ready.gov/caring-animals) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (www.cdc.gov/features/petsanddisasters/) all have detailed information to help you prepare pets in case you have to quickly evacuate your home. Guidelines include but aren’t limited to: making sure your pets’ vaccinations are up to date and that they wear ID tags, license and ideally are microchipped; having a pet carrier for each pet; adding pet supplies, medications and extra leashes and collars to your disaster kit; and keeping a copy of all pet records with your critical family documents.

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1. TELEVISION: What was the name of Wilma and Fred’s daughter on “The Flintstones”? 2. ROYALS: Which English king founded the House of Tudor? 3. GEOGRAPHY: Lapland is a region of what country? 4. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE: What is the name of the Communist Party newspaper of Cuba? 5. ART: What French sculptor unveiled a bronze work in 1904 called “Le Penseur”? 6. MYTHOLOGY: Which Greek Muse presides over love poetry? 7. HISTORY: In what war were tanks first used? 8. MOVIES: Who were the two male stars in the film “The Philadelphia Story”? 9. MEASUREMENTS: What is 1/100th of a second called? 10. ASTROLOGY: What is the 11th sign of the zodiac?

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* It’s not known who made the following sage observation: “I can picture a world without war, a world without hate. And I can picture us attacking that world, because they’d never expect it.”

PIPERINE • The chemical in pepper called piperine (pronounced PIE-pur-een) is what gives pepper its bite. Each peppercorn is made up of about five to seven percent piperine. It’s an irritant and when it comes in contact with delicate nasal passages, it causes a sneeze to clean it out. Piperine stimulates mucous membranes and it is also a diaphoretic, meaning it causes perspiration. Therefore, if you have a cold and eat a good peppery soup, it may help your congestion clear up. PEPPER POPULARITY • Black pepper is the top selling spice in America. • Americans consume 37 million pounds of pepper per year altogether. • Worldwide consumption totals 130 million pounds annually. • The average American will shake seven ounces (.2 kg) of ground pepper onto their food at the table each year. PEPPER FACTS • Studies have shown that pepper stimulates the digestive tract, increases the appetite, and aids digestion. • Pepper starts losing its flavor as soon as it’s ground, becoming completely flat in taste as the volatile oils evaporate. Ground pepper should be kept in a tightly sealed container in the refrigerator to preserve its spiciness. Whole peppercorns, on the other hand, will keep their flavor forever. • Pepper should not be added before cooking because it reacts to heat and turns bitter. Instead, sprinkle it on as a garnish after the cooking is over. (This is why waiters offer to pepper your food after the meal has arrived at your table.) • Ground pepper will not dissolve in water, but when dissolved in alcohol, it quadruples in pepper power.

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* Dom Perignon -- he of champagne fame -- was a Benedictine monk. * Now that school is back in session, those who had the summer off might be suffering from dysania -- finding it difficult to get out of bed in the morning. Some of us, of course, experience dysania year-round. * If you’re one of those parents who has to be careful walking around the house barefoot, you probably will not be surprised to learn that the LEGO company makes more than 3,500 different pieces in more than 60 colors. * Weddings in Sweden are not for the jealous type. In that country, tradition states that if the bride leaves the room, all the men line up to kiss her. What’s good for the goose is good for the gander, though -- if the groom leaves, all the women are supposed to get in line to demonstrate their affection. I imagine very few exes are invited to Swedish weddings. * British writer Lewis Carroll -- best known for his book “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland” -- invented the idea of the dust jacket for books. * Those who study such things say that a parakeet would rather look at itself than at another parakeet. In a test, the birds were placed in cages side-byside, then one was removed and a mirror put in its place. The parakeet that was left spent quadruple the time looking at its reflection as it did looking at its companion.

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Q: I have inherited five pieces of Depression Glass, but have no idea of the pattern. My mom thinks the pattern is from the 1930s. I am enclosing some pictures and hope you can help me. -- Betty, Sun City West, Arizona A: Your Depression Glass isn’t as old as you thought. The pattern is Forest Green and was manufactured by Anchor Hocking Glass Company during the early 1950s. It is a common pattern and typical prices are a goblet, $10; mixing bowl, $11; and a cup, $7.50. The company was located in both Lancaster, Ohio, and Long Island City, New York. *** Q: I have more than 1,000 78-rpm records. Everyone tells me they have no value. I’ve been to all of the antiques shops in my area and have not found anyone interested in them. -- Greg, via e-mail A: I get dozens of letters such as yours each month, and the answer is always the same.

Old 78-rpm discs are difficult to sell because it is almost impossible to find turntables with the appropriate speed and needle. I recommend you try your luck on eBay. *** Q: I have a small collection of about a dozen fruit jars that are early and unusual. How can I find out how much they are worth? -- Sam, Spring Branch, Texas A: Bill Schroeder is one of the foremost authorities of fruit jars, and his nifty price guide is considered a classic. “1000 Fruit Jars Priced and Illustrated” is user-friendly and should be helpful. It is $5.95 and available in print or eBook. You can access it by calling 1-800-626-5420, or writing Collector Books, P.O. Box 3009, Paducah, Kentucky 42002. *** Q: I prowl garage and estate sales, and am especially interested in silver and ceramics. Can you recommend a pocket guide to help me identify marks? -- Barbara, Santa Fe, New Mexico A: Judith Miller’s “Antique Marks” features more than 6,000 marks to identify silver, ceramics, glass and other assorted treasures. It is $9.99 and fits in the pocket. You can order a copy at amazon.com.

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| For Advertising, Call Sandra (307) 689-2545 | campbellcountytidbits@yahoo.com BAD LUCK • Eddie Collins was an infielder for the Chicago White Sox in the early 1900s. He had a habit of sticking a piece of gum on the button on the top of his cap when he went to bat. If he got two strikes, he would take the gum off the cap and chew on it vigorously for a few minutes for good luck. But one day teammate Ted Lyons secretly sprinkled pepper on the gum just before Eddie went to bat. When Eddie got two strikes, he started chewing. He spat— and then struck out. PEPPER AS MEDICINE • Pepper decoctions are widely used in traditional Indian medicine and as a home remedy for relief from sore throat, throat congestion, and coughs. Piperine has some antimicrobial properties, but at the concentrations present when pepper is used as a spice, the effect is small. Piperine also enhances energy metabolism in the body and has been shown to have antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. It has been shown that piperine can dramatically increase absorption of various nutrients, but when taken in large amounts it also has an irritating effect upon the intestines. • Some people believe pepper can help cure vitiligo, which is a skin disease that causes some areas of skin to lose its normal pigmentation, turning it white in patches. (Michael Jackson suffered from this affliction.) According to researchers in London, piperine can stimulate the skin to produce pigment. Topical treatment of piperine combined with ultra violet light therapy is much better than the other treatments for vitiligo. • Piperine is a natural insecticide and can be used in the garden. Mix a teaspoon full of ground pepper with a quart of warm water and spray. • The volatile oils from black peppercorns are used in the manufacture of perfume in order to provide a warm and earthy odor. (c) 2009 King Features Synd., Inc.

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* Line junk drawers in the kitchen or bathroom with inexpensive sheets of corkboard. Things don’t slide around as much, and you can even use pushpins or finishing nails lightly inserted into the cork to make custom compartments in the drawers so things like pens don’t roll around. * “If your eyeglass screws tend to come loose, just unscrew, brush clear nail polish over the threads and rescrew tightly. As the polish dries (in seconds), it will form a tighter bond.” -- I.D. in Oregon * Shaving cream can be used as a spot cleaner for most carpets. Simply dab a bit of the cream into the stained area, scrape off any excess and wipe away dirt with a clean,

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damp washcloth. * Ways to remove gum from your child’s hair: laundry pretreatment rubbed in with the fingers; ice cubes to harden the gum so that it can be picked out in chunks; and good, old-fashioned peanut butter and a comb. * This one is an oldie, but a preschool goodie, from L.R. in Washington: “Use wide rubber bands around a drinking glass for children. It will provide a little non-slip protection, especially if the glass is filled with a cold drink. The rubber band is reusable, and you can write the child’s name on the band with a ballpoint pen in order to identify his or her cup!” * How do you keep cats away from your plants in the garden? One reader suggests strips of tin foil. Another recommends mothballs (which can be toxic, so use carefully and follow all safety instructions).

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NOTEWORTHY INVENTIONS

GEORGE • George’s hobby was photography. He was going on vacation and he wanted to take pictures. The problem was that it was the 1880s, the camera weighed 30 pounds (13 kg), and it took hours to produce a single photo. George decided to find a 1. Is the book of Labour in the Old or New better way. Testament or neither? 2. From Ecclesiastes 4:9, how many are • It took him three years to invent a better way. First better than one because they have a good he invented a dry glass plate instead of the wet reward for their labor? Two, Three, Five, glass plate; this simplified the process. Next he Seven invented a way to put the emulsion on paper instead 3. In 1 Kings 5:13-14, how many thousand of glass. This was a miraculous improvement, but men comprised the labor force that King professional photographers wouldn’t use it because Solomon raised? 1, 5, 10, 30 you could see the grain of the paper through the 4. From Exodus 20:9, how many days shalt photo, and glass was still superior. thou labor and do all thy work? Two, Four, • So George began to market it to the amateur Six, Seven photographer. In 1888 his camera cost $25 at a time 5. What son of Abda was in charge of the when a new suit cost $15, so sales were slow. Then forced labor in David’s kingdom? Baal, he discovered cellulose. Adoniram, Cyrenius, Phaneul • With cellulose film, the quality was sharp, the 6. From Proverbs 14:23, “In all labor there camera was small, and the price was cheap. He is” what? Love, Hope, Light, Profit began selling cameras that were pre-loaded with 100 negatives. People would take 100 photos and Bible Trivia Sponsored by: then return the entire camera to the company. The ors! Now offering company would develop the negatives, print them Flav 4 2 Lunches! out, re-load the camera with 100 more negatives, Mon-Fri and return the entire package to the customer. 11am-2pm • By 1896 he’d sold around 100,000 cameras. Homemade Ice Cream However, in 1900 he introduced a camera priced Homemade Soups, 307.686.8110 Chili & Sandwiches at $1 which was so simple even a child could take 2007 S. Douglas GET Hwy, Ste. A D • Gillette, WY 82718 FREE pictures. It was a sensation. SINGLE SCOOP ICE CREAM With purchase of a soup and sandwitch special at $7.50 or more • George decided the name of his company had expires Feb. 28,2014 to be short, simple to spell, easy to pronounce, 2007 S. Douglas Highway, Ste. D , Gillette, Wyoming 82717 and impossible to confuse with anything else. He Phone: 307.686.8110 came up with a nonsense name that fits all these qualifications. What’s the company called? (Extra credit for knowing George’s last name and bonus points for knowing the name of the $1 camera.) (Answer on page 8.)

* On Sept. 16, 1620, the Mayflower sails from Plymouth, England, bound for the New World. Along the way, the settlers formulated and signed the Mayflower Compact, establishing constitutional law and the rule of the majority, an important precursor to American democracy. * On Sept. 17, 1796, George Washington prepares a final draft of his presidential farewell address, officially announcing that he will step down as the nation’s first president. Rarely, if ever, in the history of Western civilization had a national leader voluntarily relinquished his title. * On Sept. 15, 1916, during the Battle of the Somme, the British launch a major offensive against the Germans, employing tanks for the first time in history. Some of the 40 or so primitive tanks advanced more than a mile into enemy lines. * On Sept. 20, 1946, the inaugural Cannes Film Festival opens in the resort city on the French Riviera. The outbreak of World War II had forced the cancellation of the inaugural Cannes festival in 1939. * On Sept. 19, 1957, the United States detonates a 1.7 kiloton nuclear weapon in an underground tunnel 65 miles north of Las Vegas. The test was the first fully contained underground detonation and produced no radioactive fallout. * On Sept. 18, 1960, Fidel Castro arrives in New York City as the head of the Cuban delegation to the United Nations. Castro’s visit was climaxed by his four-hour speech, a blistering attack on American “aggression” and “imperialism.” In January 1961, the U.S. severed diplomatic relations with Cuba. * On Sept. 14, 1975, Elizabeth Ann Seton is canonized by Pope Paul VI at the Vatican in Rome, becoming the first American-born Catholic saint. In 1797, Seton founded the Society for the Relief of Poor Widows with Small Children in New York.

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*** DEAR DR. ROACH: After a terrible bout of IBS, my doctor tested me for C. diff, and it came back positive. He put me on an antibiotic and told me I was just a carrier. Can you please explain to me what it means to be a “carrier”? I would hate to think that I might pass it on to my grandchildren by touching them, or changing their diapers, etc. I work in a hospital and feel I have a “dirty” secret, because all I get is, “Just wash your hands.” Any information that you may have on the subject would be greatly appreciated. -M.D. ANSWER: A carrier is someone who harbors a condition but who has no symptoms of the condition. There is a possibility of passing on a condition when you are a carrier. In your case, the bacteria Clostridium dificile, universally called “C. diff,” is present in about 3 percent of all healthy adults. However, somewhere between 20 percent and 50 percent of patients in hospitals and long-term-care facilities have asymptomatic C. diff. The spores of C. diff are very, very difficult to eradicate and can be found on many surfaces, and so hospital workers as well as patients may become infected (with symptoms of diarrhea) or can be carriers. This may be how you acquired the bacteria. Current guidelines do not recommend treatment for carriers. The most important way to prevent your passing on the infection is good hand-washing. The best method is warm water and soap after using the bathroom. (My hospital recommends singing “Happy Birthday” in your head twice to be sure you are washing long enough.) Alcohol sanitizers are ineffective for C diff. By being meticulous in hand-washing, you can minimize the risk of passing on the bacteria.

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Medicare Open Enrollment Mark this on your calendar: Oct. 15. That’s the date that Medicare Open Enrollment begins, the period when you can make changes to your health

and drug coverage. It runs through Dec. 7. It’s during this period that you’ll need to take a hard look at how well your plan has served you so far this year. If you decide that all is well, do nothing, whether you have the Original or an Advantage plan. Your current plan will roll over into 2016 when the new coverage starts Jan. 1. Consider your drugs. If you’re on a new one and will likely stay on it, see whether your drug plan covers it. If not, you might look at other plans. Changing your mind: If you have a Medicare Advantage Plan, you can switch back to your original Medicare between Jan. 1 and Feb. 14. If you decide to switch back, you also can add a drug plan at that time.

You can sign up on the phone (call the new plan or Medicare, if you’re making a change) or online. Medicare.gov has a section on signing up, and it can answer hundreds of questions, such as: I’m still working at age 65, with company insurance. If I don’t sign up now for Part B, will I have to pay a penalty later? Can I have Medicare and Marketplace coverage at the same time? You also can find information on coverage for procedures, claims and appeals, plus doctors and plans in your area. Or you can call 1-800 MEDICARE (1-800-633-4227). It’s staffed 24 hours a day, including weekends. For plan help, ask Medicare for the State Health Insurance Assistance Program (SHIP) in your state, or see www.shiptacenter.org.

Senior News Sponsored by Campbell County Senior Center. Are You 60 or Older? Don’t miss the Senior Hours: 8:00am–5:00pm Center fall dance on Friday, October 30th! Monday-Friday 7:00pm – 10:00pm Featuring the “Potters”. Come join the fun!

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Answer: Kodak, George Eastman, Brownie. NOTEWORTHY INVENTIONS GORO YOSHIDA • In 1932 Germany released a new camera called the Leica. Billed as the best camera on earth, it caused a sensation in Japan. However, it sold for 420 yen at a time when 70 yen per month was considered high pay. • At the time, a man named Goro Yoshida had a job repairing motion picture cameras and projectors in Tokyo. He often traveled to China to buy parts he needed. One day a trader in Shanghai asked him, “Why do you come to China for camera parts? Your country builds battleships and airplanes; why can’t you build cameras?” • Intrigued, Yoshida disassembled a Leica camera, examining it carefully. He found it was made of ordinary materials, and he couldn’t understand why something made of brass, aluminum, and rubber should be so expensive. It made him angry. • So he went into business with the intention of inventing an affordable camera. By 1934 he had a prototype. Yoshida named the camera and the company Kwanon, after the Buddhist goddess of mercy. He made three functioning prototypes, and then sold the company. The new owners offered the cameras for sale in 1935 at half the price of a Leica. • The name of the company was simplified in spelling when the camera was released to an English-speaking world. It’s pronounced almost the same, but the English pronunciation of the word means ‘a code of laws’ or ‘a set of fundamental principles.’ • Though he had long since left the company, by the time Goro Yoshida died in 1993 at the age of 93, the company he founded had become a multinational corporation that specializes in optical equipment, copiers, and computer printers. What’s it called? Answer: Canon.

Free Training For All Vets The Department of Veterans Affairs has launched two training programs as part of the Veterans Economic Communities Initiative -- and they’re both free and don’t use up GI Bill benefits. The goal is to offer education to help veterans move ahead in civilian careers, learn skills and earn credentials. Learning Hubs: Offered in 50 cities, and classes can be both in person and online. Learning includes course material and local experts, as well as networking opportunities. After completion, veterans receive a free verified certificate from Coursera. Get started at blog. coursera.org/veterans. Notice the info on the right of the screen: They partner with top universities and organizations. Accelerated Learning Programs: Intended, for

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