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Treatment Options for CINV Continued from page 12
SUPPORTIVE CARE
Table 3. Recommendations for Antiemesis Agents Treatment for Highly Emetogenic Chemotherapy Agents Organization (last updated)
Acute-onset CINV
Delayed-onset CINV
ASCO (2006)
5-HT3-RA with dexamethasone plus aprepitant
Dexamethasone plus aprepitant
ONS (2005)
5-HT3-RA with dexamethasone plus aprepitant with consideration of lorazepam
Dexamethasone plus aprepitant with consideration of lorazepam
MASCC (2008)
5-HT3-RA with dexamethasone plus aprepitant or fosaprepitant
Dexamethasone plus aprepitant
NCCN (2009)
5-HT3-RAa (palonosetron preferred, category 2B) with dexamethasone plus aprepitant or fosaprepitant with consideration of lorazepam and H2-blocker or protonpump inhibitor
Dexamethasone (days 1 to 4) plus aprepitant (days 2 and 3) with consideration of lorazepam (days 1 to 4)
Treatment for Moderately Emetogenic Chemotherapy Agents Organization (last updated)
Acute-onset CINV
Delayed-onset CINV
ASCO (2006)
AC regimen, 5-HT3-RA with dexamethasone and aprepitant; non-AC regimens, 5-HT3-RA with dexamethasone
AC regimen, aprepitant alone; non-AC regimens, dexamethasone or a 5-HT3
ONS (2005)
5-HT3-RA with dexamethasone plus aprepitant with consideration of lorazepam
Consideration of dexamethasone, 5-HT3-RA (ondansetron, granisetron, or dolasetron), metoclopramide ± diphenhydramine
MASCC (2008)
AC regimen, 5-HT3-RA with dexamethasone plus aprepitant or fosaprepitant; non-AC regimens, 5-HT3-RA with dexamethasone
AC regimen, aprepitant or dexamethasone; non-AC regimen, dexamethasone alone preferred, if not able to use consider 5-HT3-RA
NCCN (2009)
Selected patients,b 5-HT3-RAa with dexamethasone plus aprepitant or fosaprepitant with consideration of lorazepam and H2-blocker or proton-pump inhibitor; nonAC or selected patients, 5-HT3-RA with dexamethasone with consideration of lorazepam and H2-blocker or proton-pump inhibitor
Selected patients,b aprepitant (days 2 and 3) with consideration of dexamethasone, or 5-HT3-RA,c lorazepam, H2-blocker or proton-pump inhibitor (if used on day 1)
a
5-HT3 agents may include: ondansetron (oral/IV), granisetron (oral/IV/transdermal), dolasetron (oral/IV) or palonosetron (oral/IV). Selected chemotherapy regimens for consideration of aprepitant or fosaprepitant include: carboplatin, cisplatin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, ifosfamide, irinotecan, or methotrexate. c Ondansetron, granisetron, or dolasetron. 5-HT3-RA indicates 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor antagonist; AC, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide; ASCO, American Society of Clinical Oncology; CINV, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting; MASCC, Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer; NCCN, National Comprehensive Cancer Network; ONS, Oncology Nursing Society. b
patient, who may subsequently develop anticipatory and delayed-onset CINV, rendering further therapies for CINV less effective and possibly leading to withdrawal from treatment.27
Conclusion CINV remains a significant problem for patients and, although treatment has improved considerably, more effective therapies for this adverse event are needed.5,27 Clinicians can improve treatment of CINV by increasing awareness of therapeutic options and by incorporating existing clinical guidelines. Baseline assessments to determine increased risk of CINV should be conducted before chemotherapeutic treatments, and appropriate antiemetics should be selected according to individual risk and choice of chemotherapy agents. Oncology nurses play a key role in the initial and ongoing assessment of patients receiving chemotherapy who experience CINV. Further research is needed to identify best practice strategies for CINV. ● References
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G REEN H ILL H EALTHCARE C OMMUNICATIONS
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