SEPTEMBER 2021
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Dr. Osman Komurcu Editor in chief
EDITOR'S LETTER
A
fganistan’ın Taliban’ın eline düşmesi Kabil’deki Amerikan varlığının sonunu gösterdiği gibi anlaşılsa da yeni bir yönetim anlayışını göreceğimiz kesin gibi. Son Amerikan askerleri Afganistan’ı terk ederek Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ndeki en uzun savaşın sonunu işaret etti. 20 yıl sonra, 2000’den fazla ölen insan ve iki trilyon dolar harcanan Afganistan’daki savaş sona erdi. Askerlerin ülkeden tahliyesinin son günleri şiddet ve IŞİD’in terör saldırısıyla damgalandı.Yirmi yıl önce savaşın başında devrilen ve yeniden bağımsızlığını Kabil sokaklarında kutlayan Taliban silah sesleri ile tekrar iktidarda. Geriye bütün dünyanın şaşkınlıkla seyrettiği acı görüntüler ve tedirgin eden bekleyiş kaldı. Taliban’ın Kabil’deki havaalanına gittiği sosyal ağlardaki görüntüler, Amerikan uçaklarının havalandığı sırada pervanelerin üzerine çıkarak hayatını kaybeden insanların durumu içler acısıydı.
Görünen o ki yıllardır sarfedilen demokrasiyi getirme çabaları, daha büyük bir menfaat uğruna vazgeçilmiş oldu. Bölge insanının içine düştüğü bu zor durum ve akıl almaz politikalar, başta Amerika Birleşik Devletleri olmak üzere Avrupa Birliği ülkelerine olan güveni zedelemiş oldu. Büyük çabalarla kazanılan kadın hakları, çevre duyarlılığı, hukukun üstünlüğü ve hayvan hakları konusunda tekrar yeniden başa dönüldü. Bundan sonra Afganistan’da olabilecek nahoş olaylar ve bunların toplumsal etkileri başta buna sebep olan ülkelerin çözmesi gereken problemleri olacaktır. Umarız yeni siyasi yönetim bizleri şaşırtır ve o güzel coğrafyanın güzel insanları hakkettikleri demokratik yaşam biçimini elde eder. Kasım sayımızla birlikte okuyucularımıza bir süprizimiz olacaktır. Sizlerin taktir ve destekleri ile daha güzel günlerde görüşmek üzere. Sevgi ile,
Editor's Choice
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06 09 14 As Foreign Intervention Failed in Afghanistan, Could Mali be the Next?
CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIAN ECONOMY
About “Mindfulness”
tents
18 20 22
EVENT: NATIONAL READ A BOOK DAY 2021 (6th September)
THE SUMMER OF 2021
OSMANLI MİMARİSİ’NDE MERHAMETİN VE ZARAFETİN İFADESİ: KUŞ KÖŞKÜ
As Foreign Intervention Failed in Afghanistan, Could Mali be the Next? Words by Lionel L. G. Issombo
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ince January 2012, the ongoing war in Mali has gradually involved and opposed multiple actors, mainly the Government of Mali – and its external allies, particularly France –, the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA), and Al-Qaeda as well as its regional network – Jama’at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin, Al-Mourabitoun, AQIM, Ansar Dine and many others. Extremist groups – the MNLA and Islamist links –, although carrying different agendas, have become an increasing obstacle to a foreseeable stability in the Country, limiting national responses and the success of international interventions. In fact, series of negotiations and agreements between the Government and the Opposition were looping yet short-term approaches to end evolving tensions, which engendered many protagonists and diverse agendas over time. As this could be interpreted as a sign that Mali is falling into the hands of contending insurgent groups, it becomes crucial to question the meaning of the
collapse of the Afghan regime and the return of the Taliban regime for foreign insurgencies, particularly comparative aspects that relate to the Malian context. Despite the difference in contexts, there are few points that relate the Malian conflict to the current context in Afghanistan. It is necessary to observe that both the MNLA and the Taliban formed alliances with Al-Qaeda – respectively in Mali and Afghanistan –, albeit not intending to integrate the Islamist organization. Nevertheless, these rebel forces and Al-Qaeda links built similar visions in both Malian and Afghan people; visions of terror and tyranny. When it comes to the US intervention in Afghanistan – especially regarding the development and expenses of the war, the recent disengagement of the US and its aftermaths –, it is difficult to ignore that the US and Afghan governments lacked consistent cooperation and coordination in order to respond to the Taliban and Al-Qaeda threats over
Despite the difference in contexts, there are few points that relate the Malian conflict to the current context in Afghanistan. It is necessary to observe that both the MNLA and the Taliban formed alliances with Al-Qaeda – respectively in Mali and Afghanistan –, albeit not intending to integrate the Islamist organization. Nevertheless, these rebel forces and Al-Qaeda links built similar visions in both Malian and Afghan people; visions of terror and tyranny. 20 years of conflict. Although the withdrawal of American forces was long intended since the Bush administration, its implementation neither marked the end of the War on Terror nor supported sustainable peace and the reconstruction of Afghanistan. While the unfolding success of the Taliban’s insurgency and opportunistic terror attacks by the Islamic State were predictable events, US President Biden and NATO chief Mr. Stoltenberg posit that Afghan political leadership bares the biggest burden for failing the Afghan people. Nevertheless, this did not alter the dramatic results that stained President Bush’s vision to “win the war against terrorism”, and the US global reputation. Furthermore, the US withdrawal has emboldened Islamist groups and partisans within and beyond Afghanistan. The recent bombing at Kabul Airport, the Somalian Islamist group Al-Shabaab celebrating for days in honor of the Taliban’s victory, ISIS-related stabbing in an Auckland’s store, New Zealand, are few of the reactions that followed the recent events in Afghanistan. Clearly, terrorist groups and affiliates across the globe seem to understand the Taliban’s victory and US withdrawal as a fracture in the global order and an encouragement to pursue their agenda.
What does this mean to Mali? As the country faces contestations from anti-government groups, whether it is the MNLA or Al-Qaeda links, it is clear that the Taliban regime is likely to adopt an opendoor policy to assist similar foreign insurgencies. The French intervention is already at the verge of withdrawing from Mali due to the resilience of Islamist militants and the facilitation of drugs and weapons smuggling in the Sahel region. That is to say, beyond the motivating victory of the Taliban, if Malian insurgent groups were to receive support from the new Afghan regime, this could prompt a permanent withdrawal of French forces from Mali and the Sahel region at large. As a result, Mali could live a similar scenario Afghanistan did. To a larger extent, the rise of international insurgency is an alarming sign for the future of global governance, particularly for the future of the Global South. Nevertheless, one could observe that these events raise critical interrogations about the future of external interventions, and that of international security cooperation. Mali is only one of many other countries where the collapse of Afghanistan is likely to reinforce extremist agendas. While counter-terrorist alliances and related international
agendas and coordination should be revisited, foreign policies – especially in North-South cooperation – must emphasize on reconstruction as much as military intervention to provide foundations for better governance, inclusion and development. The topic of reconstruction is usually hindered by questions of financial donation and sovereignty of the affected nation – Who will fund it? Should international actors bare the responsibility to rebuild? Who will govern and how? –. However, President Bush’s plan to reconstruct Afghanistan following a successful intervention faced neither hindrances and never became a reality – as the war on terror in Iraq diverted US interest and cancelled out such policy. Thus, the Afghan scenario – as well as that of Iraq, Libya among others preceding cases – shows that wars against extremism ideologies are not won merely by military interventions. Rather, it requires economic and social reconstruction in addition. From another perspective, it would be unfair to deny that a government plays a central role in coordinating the success of military interventions. However, the Mali government has been involved in many scandals – failure to resolve the conflict, to respect democratic norms and to provide basic needs to the public – that have led to major distrust among the Malian people, and have contributed to challenges faced by the French interventions. As this is similar to allegations made about the Afghan government, the failure of the Malian government stands as a hindrance to foreign intervention and a major contributor to the resilience and potential success of insurgent groups in the coming years.
From another perspective, it would be unfair to deny that a government plays a central role in coordinating the success of military interventions. However, the Mali government has been involved in many scandals – failure to resolve the conflict, to respect democratic norms and to provide basic needs to the public – that have led to major distrust among the Malian people, and have contributed to challenges faced by the French interventions. As this is similar to allegations made about the Afghan government, the failure of the Malian government stands as a hindrance to foreign intervention and a major contributor to the resilience and potential success of insurgent groups in the coming years.
CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIAN ECONOMY Words by Aaditi Chaurasia
Agriculture is an important sector of the Indian economy and contributes to its progress in many ways.
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ood is the prime necessity of every living being and so, agriculture is of great importance. From feeding people to contributing to the economy, agriculture and its allied activities play a major role in the development of any country. Like in any other country, in India also agriculture has its own significance. Although industries are playing an important role, the contribution of agriculture cannot be denied. Not just it feeds the second largest population but also is the source of livelihood for more than half of the population. Agriculture is an important sector of the Indian economy and contributes to its progress in many ways.
The main importance of agriculture in the Indian economy is its share in National Income. Agriculture is the prime revenue collecting sector for both, Central and State governments. They earn huge revenue from agriculture and its allied activities like cattle rearing, animal husbandry, poultry farming, fishing etc. Indian Railway along with the State Transport System also earn revenue tax. Though the share of agriculture has been declining with the growth of other sectors still it has a substantial share in GDP (Gross Domestic Product). From the last two years, the share of agriculture in GDP has increased figuring 17.8% in 2019-20 and 19.9% in 2020-21. Even in the difficult time of Covid-19, agriculture is the only sector that showed positive growth. The foreign trade of India is deeply associated with the agriculture sector. India is the world’s largest producer of many fruits like banana, mango, guava, lemon; fibrous crops
like jute and major spices. India is ranked under the world’s five largest producers of over 80% of agricultural products. India is one of the leading producers and exporters of cotton, tea, sugarcane, milk, poultry, Basmati rice etc. Aquaculture and fishery are amongst the fastest growing industries in India. India is home to more than 10% of the global fish diversity. Presently, the country ranks third in fisheries production and second in aquaculture. These exports promote the foreign exchange capacity of India. India’s export of agricultural and allied products in 2020-21 grew by 17.34%. Being highly populated, one of the major problems of India is unemployment. But here, agriculture plays a prominent role. The agricultural sector is the source of livelihood to 65% to 70% of the total population. The sector provides employment to 41.49% of the country’s workforce and is the single largest private sector. Various industries depend upon agriculture and its allied activities for raw materials, either directly or indirectly. Most of India’s traditional industries such as sugar, jute, tea, textiles etc. are
agro-based in nature. Agriculture also creates demand for basic inputs like chemical fertilizers, pesticides, etc. and capital goods like tractors and pump sets. Therefore, both sectors are interdependent. The progress of agriculture requires a good infrastructure including roads, storage, railways, market yards etc. The Government of India has taken many initiatives for improving infrastructure. The majority of Indian farmers still depend on rainwater for irrigation, so the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSP) scheme was launched in July 2015 with the aim of providing every farm with irrigation facilities. The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) was launched in 2000 to provide good all-weather road connectivity to unconnected villages. So, agriculture indirectly promotes a well-maintained infrastructure. Agriculture is the basic source of the food supply for all the countries. India is the second-largest country in terms of population and seventh in terms of land. After achieving independence, it was a challenge for India to feed their people. Today, after seventy-five years of independence, India’s foodgrain production has increased fivefold and has sufficient food to feed its people. Now the country is one of the world’s largest producers of staples like rice and wheat. Thus, it can be concluded that agriculture has an important place in the Indian economy and directly or indirectly, helps in the development of India. Though Indian agriculture has improved a lot, it still lags in various aspects like proper irrigation system, storage, extensive farming, and well-managed marketing, but the Government of India is continuously working on it. Not today, but since the very beginning, farmers and agriculture have had a prestigious place in India, and this can be implied by a very famous slogan. The second Prime Minister of India, Lal Baha-
Not today, but since the very beginning, farmers and agriculture have had a prestigious place in India, and this can be implied by a very famous slogan.
dur Shastri, had given the slogan ‘JAI JAWAN, JAI KISHAN’ (Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer) in the year 1965. At that time India was facing two big problems simultaneously. India was attacked by Pakistan and at the same time, there was a scarcity of food in the country. Therefore, the Prime Minister gave the slogan to encourage the soldiers to defend the country and to inspire farmers to try their best to increase the production of food grains. This slogan is still famous in India and is used by the citizens to show their gratitude towards the soldiers and the farmers.
About “Mindfulness” Words by Ece Cerrahoğlu
T
he ability of abstract thinking which is unique to the human species is a skill that keeps us alive but when it is combined with the many elements brought by the modern world, it becomes a source of stress. Because by using this ability, we can both create fictions about the future and reflect the negativities of the past to the present moment. While doing all this, we become completely disconnected from the reality of the present. Mindfulness means “being in the now", not in the past or in the future. Here, it is necessary to underline the difference between “being in the present moment” and "sizing the day, enjoying the moment". While the second promises happiness and pleasure; being in the present moment means being open to all positive and negative experiences, accepting things as they are, without trying to change them, with an open and inclusive attitude. On the other hand, being in the moment does not mean staying there with the mind being fully focused. Being distracted is a part of being human. However, mindfulness is to be able to notice the distraction by looking like a spectator from afar and to bring the attention back to that moment. Mindfulness is a combination of attention, intention, and attitude. Attention is an essential component since we cannot notice something that we are not paying attention to. Also, it is necessary to intend to pay attention to that moment. The present moment contains many unpleas-
ant things together. That's why it's important to intend to notice all that is in the moment. After the intention, the attitude comes into play. How will we respond to what we notice? A mindfulness-based attitude requires awareness of our judgments, perceptions, acceptance and compassion for ourselves and others. It also requires being able to approach life's bitter and sweet experiences with openness and acceptance. Jon Kabat-Zinn has defined mindfulness as “the awareness that arises from paying attention, on purpose, in the present moment and non-judgmentally”. As it is seen, he did not define mindfulness only as the focus of attention on the present moment but also included conscious effort (intention) and non-judgment (attitude). Mindfulness also increases our psychological resilience. When we accept the ephemerality of emotions and give room for negative emotions, it becomes easier to host them. Pain does not turn into suffering. Accepting the emotions as they are, provides a kind of emotional resilience developing our “tolerance muscle”. When we consider mindfulness as a philosophy, we could say that one of its key teachings is meditation. Meditation is the practical dimension of mindfulness. Indeed, meditation plays an important role in the acquisition of mindfulness skills such as emotional resilience,
“the awareness that arises from paying attention, on purpose, in the present moment and non-judgmentally”.
acceptance, being in the moment, being compassionate and tolerant. The way to regulate our emotions, to observe their emergence, is to focus on how we feel them in our body. We feel bodily sensations in our body while sitting, standing or moving. We can only experience a bodily sensation as it arises. When we direct our attention to these bodily sensations, we experience the present moment in all its richness. Pleasant bodily sensations and unpleasant bodily sensations coexist. Our emotions are not separate from these bodily sensations. Every emotion is reflected somewhere in the body. In other words, every emotion corresponds to a sensation in the body. Thoughts, feelings, bodily sensations and then im-
pulses, all intertwine, turn into one another. We encounter these thoughts, feelings, sensations and impulses during meditation. By breathing, we learn to see their presence but not to respond to them. Not responding to the tiny itch that comes in, staying with the pain in the neck, resisting the urge to get up and leave, open your eyes… When we discover that they are not eternal, there is a state of enlightenment. By not responding to the itching, we can choose not to react immediately to someone whose words trigger us in daily life. In this way, meditation practice gives us the chance to choose, it makes us realize that we have time to choose. We learn to put distance between impulse and reaction.
Pleasant bodily sensations and unpleasant bodily sensations coexist. Our emotions are not separate from these bodily sensations. Every emotion is reflected somewhere in the body. In other words, every emotion corresponds to a sensation in the body. Thoughts, feelings, bodily sensations and then impulses, all intertwine, turn into one another.
EVENT: NATIONAL READ A BOOK DAY 2021 (6th September) Words by Mohammed Omar Shabbir
Books are a documentation of the past and the present, harnessed effectively can help improve the future. Development has been a driving factor in many cultures across the world, for thousands of years. The simple act of passing information to the next generation. This has resulted in creating and contributing to the growth of a complex social system. As humans, we have one of the most complex social structures. Without any doubt, we endeavour to determine the future. This is by continuing the process of recording as much information as possible.
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he purpose of this event is to increase the awareness of the importance of reading. To act as a reminder that reading grants peace of mind, and can offer vital support in life. Books provide much more than an escape from the world. They also possess a vast amount of information and insight. Books are a documentation of the past and the present, harnessed effectively can help improve the future. Development has been a driving factor in many cultures across the world, for thousands of years. The simple act of passing information to the next generation. This has resulted in creating and contributing to the growth of a complex social system. As humans, we have one of the most complex social structures. Without any doubt, we endeavour to determine the future. This is by continuing the process of recording as much information as possible. Books can be placed into two categories, fiction and non-fiction. Both forms of material provide guidance in different ways. Firstly, are facts designed to support the process of recording data. Measuring evidence and experiments, in a
wide range of approaches. The second requires the imagination, that unique comprehensive of everything that cannot be easily explained. Both are equally necessary for innovation to exist, and solutions to be created. One cannot exist without the other to fill in the middle ground. Almost as a bridge connecting the mind to act as one entity. The development of ideas and information influence each other, in a harmonious manner. In the end, books connect the mind with understanding others and ourselves. Some of the benefits of reading books include: building vocabulary, preventing cognitive decline, maintaining balanced mental health. There are so many different benefits that everyone should make time every week to read. Creating small steps and targets can help. Such as reading one chapter every week. To celebrate this occasion I would like to share a poem related to optimising the capacity of the mind. The poem 'mind venture', explores the different states of mind and expression. Poetry is considered the purest form of expression and one of the oldest forms of art. Poetry dates back to around 2000 B.C.
TITLE: Mind Venture The deep dreams reveal desires of the soul. The power to possess and hold you captive. Constant inability to escape yourself regardless of time. To fight would be to destroy your own mind, use caution. Pay attention to the obscure details, listen to the cry. There is something waiting to be found. No need to fear, a dream only has whatever you grant. No sense of believing everything you see, nothing is real. To discover the meaning of the message, first travel. To journey far inside, at the risk of losing sanity. What kind of trade are you prepared to make? The chance of losing everything is great. The mind is a complex maze, forbidden entry to all. Follow the sound only you can hear, leads the way. Remember where you found the door, your line of hope. The slightest mishap will leave you astray, never to awake. The most accessible resource in the world is often overlooked. The mind is a terrible thing to waste, take advantage. Apply every method you know, and seek enhancement. After extraction past on the attainment you have gained.
THE SUMMER OF 2021 Words by Nazif Özaslan Summer has passed from afar It hasn’t come to our region It's like it's been visiting for a day or two. It's like it came to take fire As long as smoking a cigarette To this city Summer for a few days Seen from afar
We have not got get enough of your blue skies Your bright blue dawns, O summer Your mornings in the gardens summer with joyful sparrows Evenings descent with early rains all July all August The heavens were all thunderous Are you angry with us, O Summer?
How long we've been waiting for you, O summer! We were waiting for you to come so soon From the end of the cold snowy winter After a year Whose spring is invaded by winter You were expected with a longing, O the most beautiful of the year You came late What was your hurry, you left early Spring, after a brief spring The trees wore their green in a fortnight Hastily dropped their flowers O brief Spring And you summer And what was there to hurry for rain, thunder and lightning In July November Cold rainy days of November in August Cloud over cloud like dark curtains In mid-summer late autumn rains We were longing for summer in the middle of summer Oh summer we miss you Oh summer we didn’t see you O Summer Beloved Summer Summer
We say we are tired of winters You liken yourself to winter Even the plums aren't ripe yet Summer fruits haven’t turned red This year yet The summer flowers had always been waiting for you, They are supposed to bloom with the coming of you Summer flowers Lilac bindweed flowers The sunflowers did not see the sun summer ivies shivered Wonderflowers shrunk in gloomy in the cold weather in summer you didn't come to us this year, O summer Now you're leaving early Even though you're gone, you're in our minds We will wait for you like waiting for a lover again oh, dear summer Goodbye Goodbye Saturday, August 29, 2021 (Written on the subway)
OSMANLI MİMARİSİ’NDE MERHAMETİN VE ZARAFETİN İFADESİ: KUŞ KÖŞKÜ ZEYNEP KEMALOĞLU
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smanlı Devleti tarih boyunca çok kültürlü ve çok uluslu yapıya sahip önemli bir İmparatorluk olmuştur. Bünyesinde barındırdığı her insanın kültürüne, inancına, yaşamına saygı duymuş, onları korumuş ve haklarını sürekli olarak gözetmiştir. Merhamet ve adalet duygusu bu kadar güçlü olan Osmanlı, insanlara olduğu kadar yaşamın ayrılmaz bir parçası olan hayvanlara da hoşgörü ile yaklaşmıştır. Türk kültüründe var olan hayvan sevgisi, özellikle kuş sevgisi Osmanlı mimarisinde kuş köşklerinin ortaya çıkmasını sağlamıştır. Kuş, Türk kültüründe dikkat çeken, önemli bir hayvan olmuş, İslam öncesi çağlardan itibaren kuşlara karşı özel ilgi gösterilmiştir. Uçabilen hayvanlar oldukları için yaşanılan âlemden uçarak yükselebilme, Gök Tanrıya ulaşabilme, yer ile gök arasında serbestçe dolaşabilme inancı hâkim olmuştur. Ayrıca kuşlara bereket, sağlık, müjde, şans gibi farklı anlamlar da yüklenmiştir. Bu yüzden Türk kültüründe önemli bir yer edinmiş olan kuşlar, Kuş köşkleri ile Osmanlı mimarisinde kendilerine özgü yer bulmuşlardır.
Türk kültüründe var olan hayvan sevgisi, özellikle kuş sevgisi Osmanlı mimarisinde kuş köşklerinin ortaya çıkmasını sağlamıştır.
Kuş sarayı, serçe sarayı olarak da adlandırılan kuş köşkleri serçe, saka, kırlangıç gibi küçük kuş türlerinin barınması, beslenmesi, güneşten ve yağıştan korunmaları için bina duvarlarına eklemiş mimari öğelerdir. Osmanlı mimarisinde 16. yüzyıldan itibaren görülmeye başlanan kuş köşkleri, geleneksel Osmanlı mimarlığının özgün yapı eklentileri arasında yerini almıştır. Büyük bir titizlikle işlenen kuş köşklerinin en zarif örneklerine 18. ve 19. yüzyılda inşa edilen Osmanlı saraylarında ve camilerinde rastlanmaktadır. Türk toplumunun doğa sevgisi ve çevre bilincinin göstergesi olan Kuş Köşkleri, kuşlardan yarar sağlamak amacı ile değil, tamamen merhamet duygusu ile şekillenmiştir. Merhamet, sevgi ve
zarafet duygusunun en önemli sembollerinden olan bu küçük evler, başlangıçta yapılara sadece kuşların korunabilmeleri için basit bir oyuk olarak eklenmiştir; fakat zamanla yerini estetik değer taşıyan, ince işçilik ve zanaat becerisi gerektiren bir saray üslubuna bırakmıştır. Yapıların rüzgâr almayan, kedi, köpek gibi hayvanların erişemeyecekleri yerden oldukça yüksek köşelerine konumlandırılmış olan kuş köşkleri, geniş saçakların ve büyük profilli konsolların altlarına inşa edilmiştir. Taş, tuğla, ahşap gibi farklı malzemelerle cami, mescit, medrese, han, hamam, türbe, çeşme, dükkân, ev, imaret, köprü, saat kulesi, su kemeri gibi farklı yapı türleri üzerinde başarıyla uygulanmıştır. Bu evlerin başta İstanbul olmak üzere
Anadolu’nun pek çok yerinde ve Rumeli topraklarında çeşitli örneklerine rastlanmaktadır. Kuş köşkleri inşa tarzı bakımından farklılık sergilemektedir. Bazıları yapı cephelerinde çıkıntı oluşturmayan delikler halindeyken bazıları duvar rölyefi biçiminde, oyma ve kabartma motifleriyle zenginleştirilmiştir. Zamanla bu deliklerin önlerine çıkıntılar yapılarak hem dış görünümleri zenginleştirilmiş hem de kuşların konmaları ve yuvaya daha rahat girip çıkmaları sağlanmıştır. Özellikle cepheden çıkıntı yapan kuş köşkleri bu grubun en dikkat çeken ve en güzel örnekleridir. Bu köşkler adeta minyatür yapılar gibidir. Konsollu çıkmaları, geniş saçakları, kubbeleri, cepheleri kemerli kapıları, kafesli pencereleri, tek ya da çok katlı evleri, âlemli kubbeleri ve minareleriyle Osmanlı saray ve cami mimarisinin küçük birer örneği gibidir. Kuş Köşklerinin şekil ve süslemelerinin inşa edildiği dönemin sanat zevkine, zanaatkârların çeşitliliğine bağlı olarak zaman içinde
değiştiğini söylemek mümkündür. Farklı yapı malzemesi ile inşa edilen kuş köşkleri malzemenin dayanıklılığına bağlı olarak kalıcılığını korumuştur. Taş, tuğla gibi dayanıklılığı yüksek yapılara eklenmiş olan kuş köşkleri günümüze kadar ulaşabilmişken, ahşap gibi az dayanıklı malzeme ile yapılan köşklerden günümüze çok azı gelebilmiştir. Bunun en önemli örnekleri arasında Antakya
Ulucami minaresi külahında bulunan ahşap kuş evi yer almaktadır. Ayrıca Süleymaniye, Nuruosmaniye, Fatih, Laleli, Üsküdar, Ayazma, Selimiye Camileri, Amasya Sultan Beyazıt Camisi, Doğu Beyazıt İshak Paşa Sarayı Camisi, Nevşehir Damat İbrahim Paşa Kütüphanesi, Merzifon Kara Mustafa Paşa Hanı, Zile Çarşı Hamamı’nda yer alan kuş köşkleri günümüze kadar ulaşabilmiş benzersiz örnekler arasındadır.
THE HALL SEPTEMBER 2021 CREDITS EDITOR-IN-CHEIF DR. OSMAN KOMURCU CO-FOUNDER ESRA KANBUR
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