The Future Myanmar

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: Soe Yu Wai : Ko Htike : Aung Pho (Mg Phone-Law) Myint Swe : Thein Yu Wai : Tin Maung Aye : Dr Mg Mg Myint Than : Si Thu Kyaw Tin Arkar Maung : Stephen Lee : Sai Win : Thein Aung : Zan Bo Htet Tin Zarni Maung Naw Phu Ngone Ko Ko : Mya Thi Khaing : Su Myat Mon : Chan Lin Thu : Myint Myat Mon, Hnin Pwint Phyu : Nan Thuzar (Manager) : Moe Sandar : U Tin Maung Aye : Pwint Phyu : Shwe Htee : Shwe Htee : 1000 : 1500

Yangon Office Build A-3-1, Room (1203) Myanma Gonyi Housing, Upper Pansodan St, Mingalar Taung Nyunt Township Post Code 11221, Yangon, Myanmar.

Phone : + 95- 1 -393-102 + 95-95-200-200 + 95-95-158-838 + 95-95-174-887 Fax : + 95- 1 -392-099 Email : thefuturemyanmar@gmail.com

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6

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7

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Forcible Overthrow /

tpdk;&awGudk jzKwf cswm/ tm;eJY oHk;jzKwfwm/ Violence vm;/ zwfcsifw,f/ a&;zdkY pdwful;xm;w,fAs/ um;vfrwfpf pmtkyf a&;csiw f m/ Nird ;f csr;f a&; orm;tjzpfeYJ a&;csiw f m/ udt k ahH rmifu owd ay;w,f/ Forcible Overthrow ygw,fAs/ tJ'g vpfomG ;w,f/ zwfcw hJ mu touf 20 avmufu/ aumif;aumif; oabmrayguf wmvnf; jzpfr,f/ uRefawmf pGJpGJNrJNrJ ,HkMunfwmuawmh vGwfvyfa&;? vGwfvyfa&;&atmif vkyfcsif w,f/ yef;csDq&mawG? tEkynm&SifawGeJY aygif;wm rsm;w,f/ tckacwfrSm vGwfvyfa&; &SdrSomvQif Nidrf;csrf;a&; &r,f/ vGwfvyfcGifh &Sd&r,f/ ud, k ahf wGU? ordik ;f awGUy/J pmzwfayr,fh pmxJu [mawG odyf,Hkwm r[kwfbl;/ b,folYrS ,Hkwm r[kwfbl;Asm/ b,folYrS r,Hkbl;/ ajymwJt h wdik ;f vkyMf uwm r[kwb f ;l / tJ'v D kd vlawG rsm;w,f/ cifAsm;wdkYvnf; r,Hkbl;yJ ajym&rSmyJ/ b,folYrS r,Hkbl;yJ/ vGwfvyfa&;twGuf vkyfcsifw,f/ Nird ;f csr;f a&;udyk J pGpJ NJG rNJ rJ ,Hw k ,f/ Nird ;f csr;f a&; vkyfMuyg/ Nird ;f csr;f a&; vkyaf y;Muyg/ Nird ;f csr;f a&; &zdYk nDñw G af &; vdw k ,f/ rwlbJ nDv&Ykd w,f/ wpfa,mufeJY wpfa,mufrwlbl;/ uRefawmfu ti,fqHk;/ udkatmifqef; udk Nird ;f csr;f a&;orm; xifwm/ *syefa&mufomG ; awmh odyfrxifjyefbl;As/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;orm; ppfppfawmh r[kwfbl;/ vkyfcsifwmawGawmh &Sdawmh&Sdw,f/ wef;wlciG ehf YJ vGwv f yfa&;r&S&d if nDñw G f a&; tm;enf;r,f/ nDñGwfa&;tm;enf;&if Nird ;f csr;f a&; tm;enf;r,f/ Nird ;f csr;f a&; tm; enf;wm nDñw G af &; tm;enf;vd/Yk vGwv f yfciG hf tm;enf;vdkY/ nDñGwfatmif vkyfMuyg}} Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk &nfrSef;NyD; Nidrf;csrf;a&; qkawmif;oHonf wpfcGef;xuf wpfcGef; us,favmif pl;vIdufoGm;avonf/ aqmif;avESit hf wl vIid ;f rsm; ysUH í ysUH í ysHU í oGm;avonf/ n

9

ynmwwft0dZÆmaumifawG rjzpfapeJY pdefopfOD; uaeYacwfukd todynmacwf? enf;ynm acwfvYkd owfrw S af c:a0:Muygw,f/ rSeyf gw,f/ todynmawG? enf;ynmawG wwfajrmuf uRr;f usit f oH;k csEikd yf grS vlb Y 0rSm atmifjrifwhJ vl? wd;k wufwv hJ rl sK;d ? csr;f om<u,f0wJh Edik if H jzpfvmrSmyg/ 'gaMumifhvnf; uRefawmfwdkY om;orD; ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;awG&JU ynma&;tqift h wef; wd;k wufjrifrh m; acwfrD vmatmif b,fvkd vkyaf qmifoifw h ,f? bmawG jyKjyifoifhw,f qdkwmawGudk bufaygif;pHk? axmifah ygi;f pHu k aeNy;D ajymqdk aqG;aEG;aeMu wm[m 0rf;ajrmufp&maumif;ygw,f/ 'gayrJh uRefawmfwdkY om;orD;vli,fawG&JU twGif; pdwfoEÅmefrSm zGHU NzdK;cdkifcHhaptyfwJh udk,fusihf w&m; aumif;jrwfrI okp½dkufw&m;awGudk b,fvkd oabmxm;MurSmvJ/ vlwpfa,muf [m twwfynmawG b,favmufwwfwwf? b,favmufawmfawmf? b,favmuf xl;cRef xl;cRef ud, k u f siw hf &m; raumif;&if? tjyKtrl wpf&yf&UJ aumif;jrwfreI YJ qd;k ,kwrf u I kd rcGjJ cm; wwf&if? vkyo f ifw h meJY rvkyo f ifw h mudk rydik ;f jzwfwwf&if olYyk*¾vdu b0twGufa&m? wdkif;jynftwGufyg tusKd;quf tqdk;jzpfzdkY rsm;ygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk todÚmPfpGrf;&nfawG (Intellectual Abilities) xufjrufvSayrJh ud, k u f siw fh &m;aumif;jrwfrI (Moral Virtues) r&SdwJholawGudk ]ynmwwf t0dZÆmaumif} (The Learned Ignorants) vdYk ESpq f ,f&mpk eHygww f pf vlom; tdik pf wdik ;f u orkwcf yhJ gw,f/ tJ'v D kd ynmwwf t0dZmÆ aumifawG[m omrmef vlom;awGxuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;udk ydkNyD; 'ku© ay;Edkifw,f/ tusifhraumif;wJh twwf ynm&Si[ f m awmfawmfav; ydNk y;D aMumufp&m aumif;avaveJY ydNk y;D tEÅ&m,f&adS vavygy/J 10

wu,fawmh vlyDowJh vlom;ppfppf (Genuine Human Being) jzpfzdkYtwGuf todÚmPfa&m ud, k u f siw hf &m;yg ESpzf ufEpS 0f jynhpf &kH rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifv h nf; a&S;*&d awG;ac:&SifBuD; tm&pöwdkw,fu vlqdkwm qifjcifpOf;pm;wwfwJhowå0g (Man is the Rational Animal) jzpf½HkeJY rvHkavmufbJ udk,fusifhw&m;owå0g (Ethical Animal) vnf; jzpf&r,fvdkY qdkcJhwm jzpfygw,f/ vlom;wpfO;D tjzpf &So d ifh &St d yf? usiBfh uH oifh usiBhf ut H yfwhJ y"met&if;cH aumif;jrwf jcif;w&m;awGudk urÇmYawG;ac:&SifBuD;rsm;eJY bmomw&m;acgif;aqmifrsm;u *½k"r®jyKNyD; a[mMum; a&;om;cJMh uygw,f/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ta&SUwdkif; w½kwfawG;ac:&SifBuD; uGefzsL;&Syf (Confucius) a[mMum;cJhwJh &Jef (Jen) ]vlom;pdwx f m;}? ,d (Yi) ]ajzmifrh wfreS u f ef jcif;}? vd (Li) ]MunfndKjrwfEdk; ½dkaojcif;}? csd (Chih) ]ÚmPfynm&Sjdcif;} qdw k hJ aumif;jrwf jcif;w&m;av;yg;[m w½kwv f t Yl zGUJ tpnf;udk

ESpaf ygi;f axmifecYJ sMD umatmif xde;f ausmif;cJh ygw,f/ acwfopftEd , d´ rSmvnf; t[ðo"r® tMurf;rzufa&;0g'udk tajccHwhJ ]cGiv hf w T jfcif;}? ]aMumufpw d u f if;jcif;}? ]owd&jdS cif;}? ]usK;d EGH jcif;}? ]*½kPmxm;jcif;}eJY ]ud, k u f sK;d pGev Yf w T jfcif;} aumif;jrwfjcif;w&m;awGukd *E´u D a[mMum; cJhygw,f/ taemufwdkif; tawG;tac: ordkif;pOf wpfavsmufrmS a[mMum;wifjycJw h hJ aumif;jrwf jcif;w&m;awGukd tESpcf sKyNf y;D rsuaf rSmufacwf tar&duef'óeynm&Sif okawoDtuf'v f m (Adler)u wifjycJy h gw,f/ olt Y vdt k & vlom; awGtwGuf t"durl&if;uswhJ aumif;jrwfjcif; w&m;av;yg; &Sdygw,f/ tJ'gawGuawmh owåd&Sdjcif; (Courage)? apmifhxdef;Edkifjcif; (Temperance)? w&m;rQwjcif; (Justice)eJY owdor®ZOf&Sdjcif; (Pruence) wdkY jzpfw,f/ 'Daumif;jrwfrIw&m; av;yg;[m vlaumif; wpfa,muf&JU tusihfpm&dwåudk zGJUpnf;ay; ygw,f/ ,Ofaus;odraf rGUr?I £a`E&´ rdS ?I aygi;f oif;

qufqHwwfrI? ½dk;om;rIpwJh w&m;awGvdk tjcm;vdv k m;tyfwhJ tusiphf ½du k f t&nftaoG; awG trsm;BuD;&Sdygw,f/ 'gayrJh tJ'gawG tm;vH;k [m rlvy"me aumif;jrwfjcif;w&m; av;yg;uae qif;oufvmwmom jzpfygw,f/ ]owåd&Sdjcif;}qdkwm tcuftcJ tMuyf twnf;awG? 'kuq © if;&JawGukd BuBhH uchH H &ifqikd f ausmfvTm;EdkifwJh pdwf"mwfcdkifcHh wnfMunfrI pGrf;&nf (Fortitude) jzpfw,f/ ]owåd vdkY qdkvdkufwmeJY pGefYpm;&JwJh wdkufyGJ0ifppfonf awmfudk csufcsif;jrifwwfMuygw,f/ 'gayrJh wu,fawmh owåq d w kd m ppfyaJG wG? vufeuf udik w f u kd yf aJG wGrmS om &Sw d mr[kwyf gb;l / vlb Y 0 &JU e,fy,fwidk ;f rSm owå[ d m vdt k yfwmcsn;f yJ jzpfw,f/ owådr&SdolawG[m udk,foGm;&m c&D;vrf;rSm cufcJ Murf;wrf;wmawG? taESmihf t,Suf twm;tqD;awG? ab;'kut © EÅ&m,f awGeYJ ezl;awGU 'l;awGU BuKH awGUvmMuwJt h cgrmS &J&J0Hh0Hh &ifqdkifjzwfoef;zdkY owådr&SdMubl;/ aMumuf&UHGaemufweG NYf y;D jyefvn S o hf mG ;Muw,f/ vufajr§muft½IH;ay;Muw,f/ wu,fawmh vlom;awG wefz;kd xm;tyfwhJ Bu;D jrwfrw I ikd ;f rSm cdik cf w Hh nfMunfwhJ pdw"f mwf[m ude;f 0yfaewm jzpfw,f/ 'Doabmudk acwfopf udk,fusifh w&m; 'óeynm&Sif pydkifEdkZm (Spinoza 1632-1677)u ]jrifhjrwfwmeJYtrQ cufcJ Murf;wrf;w,f}vdkY rdefYqdkygw,f/ owåd&Sdjcif;[m qif;&J'ku© tcuftcJ awGudk BuHhBuHhcHEdkifwmeJY qufpyfaeovdk apmifx h ed ;f Edik jf cif;qdw k hJ aumif;jrwfrw I &m;[m vnf; om,maysmfjrL;p&mawG&JU qGJaqmif wmudk wGef;vSefz,f&Sm;EdkifwJh pGrf;&nfeJY qufEG,faeygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY[m udk,fh b0twGuf wefz;kd &Sw d hJ vkyif ef;aqmifwmawGukd tav;rxm;bJ vufwavm om,mrIaemufukd rMumcPqdkovdk aumufaumufygatmif vdkufwwfMuw,f/ rl;,pf aomufpm;wm? yHkrSefr[kwfwJh umr*kPftm½HkcHpm; aysmfjrL; wmawG[m ,m,D om,maysmf&Tifp&mawG

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a0zefw,f/ NyD;rS tjzpfEdkifqHk; taumif;qHk; qH;k jzwfw,f/ tjyKtrlwpf&yfukd aqmif&u G w f hJ tcgrmS vnf; tvsipf vdk Ny;D pvG,f rvkyw f wf bl;/ csichf sichf sed cf sed f pOf;pm;qH;k jzwfNy;D rS vkyu f ikd f aqmif&u G af vh&w dS ,f/ 'Dvo kd wdorÜZOfw&m; &SdolawG[m pdwfvIyf&Sm; cHpm;csufawG&JU qGaJ qmifvn S phf m;wJh aemufukd aumufaumuf ygatmif rvdu k w f wfb;l / wu,fh tusO;f tusyf xJrSmawmif qifjcifwkHw&m;&Sd&Sd aMumif;usKd; qufpyfNyD; pOf;pm;qHk;jzwf aqmif&GufEdkifol jzpfw,f/ tuf'fvmtvdkt& 'Daumif;jrwfjcif; w&m;av;yg;[m vlt Y zGUJ tpnf;udk xde;f odr;f apmifha&Smufxm;wJh w&m;awGjzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh uRefawmfwdkY om;orD;awG&JU &ifxJ rSm i,fi,fuwnf;u pGNJ ro J mG ;atmif avhusihf oifMum;ñTejf yay;zdYk tifrwef ta&;Bu;D w,f? 'gayr,fh vkyfief;obm0 cufcJwmudkawmh avQmrh wGuaf pcsib f ;l / bmaMumifv h nf;qdak wmh OD;aESmuftodÚmPfudk xufjrufvmatmif oifMum;ay;wmxuf ud, k u f siw hf &m; p½du k f vu©Pmudk wnfaqmuf&wmu ydNk y;D cufcJ eufeJwmaMumifh jzpfw,fvdkY tuf'fvmu owday;ygw,f/ rSefygw,f/ vkyfief;u cufcJeufeJayrJh uReaf wmfwrYkd jzpfrae vkyaf qmifBuKd ;yrf;&rSm jzpfygw,f/ uReaf wmfweYkd YJ udu k n f w D hJ ud, k u f sifh w&m;? aumif;jrwfjcif;w&m;awGukd uReaf wmf wdYk uav;awG&UJ &ifxJ ESv;kH om;xJrmS i,fpOf uwnf;u pGNJ rJ cH,o l mG ;Edik af tmif uReaf wmfwYkd wnfaqmufay;&rSm jzpfygw,f/ bmaMumifv h J qdkawmh tdkif;pwdkif;ajymcJhwJh ]ynmwwf t0dZmÆ aumifawG} eJY b,fvrkd S Edik if u H kd xlaxmif wnfaqmufvdkY &EdkifrSm r[kwfwJhtwGuf aMumifh jzpfygw,f/ ]udk,fusihfw&m;ysuf&if tm;vH;k ysuw f ,f}vdYk qdw k hJ qd½k ;kd pum;vnf; &Sdw,f r[kwfygvm;/ n

11

tdk;zeyfxrf; ]&JabmfoHk;usdyfwpfa,muf} trnf&Sd pmwpfyk'fudk a&;NyD;aomtcg ZmwfñTef;a&; q&monf ud, k v hf yd jf ymud, k f rvH.k . . / jrefrm EdkifiH\ vGwfvyfa&;udk touf? acR;? aoG; paw;í &,lay;cJhMuaom &JabmfoHk;usdyf taMumif; pOf;pm;Munhfaomtcg tvGef tHMh op&m? cs;D rGr;f p&mrsm;udk awGU&onf/ tjcm; taMumif;t&mrsm;udk rpOf;pm;ygEiS Ofh ;D / *syef jynfwGif ppfynmoifMum;cJhMuonfh t&G,f udkyJMunhf? touftBuD;qHk; ocifpHvdIif (Adv k rf LS ;atmif)rSm touf 30 om &Sad o;onf/ toufti,fq;kH ocifatmifoed ;f (Adv k &f x J #G )f u 18 ESpf? ocifatmifqef;u touf 25? wu,fh i,fi,f&G,f&G,fuav;rsm; jzpfMu onf/ onfaeY rdrd ywf0ef;usifwGif&Sdaom touf 18 ESprf S touf 30 twGi;f vli,f rsm;udk pl;prf;avhvmMunfhrdonf/ tcsKdUu ½d;k ½d;k om;om; BuKd ;BuKd ;pm;pm;&SMd uonf/ trsm; tusK;d o,fy;kd vdpk w d &f MdS uonf/ trsK;d om;a&; Edik if aH umif;pm;a&;twGuf pdwaf pwemaumif; &SdMuonf/ tcsKdUusawmh vrf;vGJvdkufaeMu onf/ udk&D;,m;vli,fpwdkifzrf;um qHyif eDaMumifaMumif? axmifawmifawmiftarmuf? awmufawmufyy t0wftpm; (rde;f uav; awGusawmh tay:rvH?k atmufa[mif;avmif; zuf&Sif) awGESifh bD,m? t&ufaomufol? aumf½LS olawG rsm;rSrsm;/ &Jabmfo;kH usyd af wGEiS fh EdIif;,SOfMunhfvdkufu toJ,m;p&m/ [dkwkef;u vli,fawGu ocifpdwfjzihf rsKd;cspfpdwfudk jr§ifhwifcJhMuoavmuf? onf acwfvil ,fawGu olrsm;aemufvu kd f twkc;kd uRepf w d jf zihf trsK;d aysmufatmif vkyaf qmifae MuavNyDvm; rod/ atmifr,fav;. . . atmifr,fav;. . .

ZmwfñeT ;f q&m cifAsm; i,fi,fwek ;f uaum b,favmufrsm; awmfcv hJ v Ykd [ J k ar;p&m&Syd g\/ 12

pifppf ZmwfñeT ;f q&monfvnf; i,fpOfwek ;f u odyfaumif;vSol r[kwf/ pmay\ aus;Zl;? bmomw&m;\ aus;Zl;? ywf0ef;usiaf umif;\ aus;Zl;aMumiho f m vlvo l o l l jzpfvmcJ&h onf/ yifu, kd t f &nftaoG;wdik ;f omqdv k Qif av;pm; zG,f&m r&SdvS/ odaYk omf uHw&m;ESihf ywf0ef;usiaf umif;? pmayaumif;wd\Yk ydaYk qmifay;rIaMumifh rnfoYkd yifqakd p trsm;cspMf unfav;pm;aom Akv d cf sKyf atmifqef;½kyf&SifZmwfñTef;udk a&;cGihf&vmcJh avonf/ ZmwfñTef;udk a&;cGihf&onfESihf MunfEl; yDwdcHpm;rIu wpf0uf? av;av;yifyifBuD; ydaeonfh wm0ef&Sdygvm;qdkaom todu wpf0uf cHpm;cJh&onf/ pmzwf0goemygvSonf[k qdkonfhwkdif rsm;pGmaom pmtkyfrsm;udk zwf½Ivm&onfh tcg rsuv f ;kH awGyJ a0a00g;0g;jzpfvmovdv k ?dk acgi;f awGyJ &dyw f yd &f yd w f yd f rl;aemufvmovdk cHpm;&onf/ pmtkyfwpftkyfESihf wpftkyf tmabmfjcif; rwl? taMumif;t&mwpfct k ay: aumufcsucf sykH uGmjcm;onft h cg ydík qd;k onf/ bmudk trSe, f &l rnfudk rod? pmvnf; quf rzwfjzpf? ZmwfñeT ;f vnf; qufra&;jzpfawmh/ rnnf;nLaumif;vdkYomy? nnf;nLvdkYrsm; &rnfqdkvQif. . . ]'DZmwfñTef; a&;rdwm

Munfpdk;xGef; uRefawmfrsKd; aooifhygw,f} [k atmfvdkuf csifawmhonf/ ud, k pf mrEHcYS yhJ u kH v kd nf; Munfyh gO;D / &Jabmf oH;k usyd f *syefjynfoYkd ppfynmoGm;oifMuonf qdo k nft h aMumif;ESifh ywfoufí twlomG ;Mu? ynmoifMu? twlaoG;aomufMu? twl jyefvmMu[lí vlNydef;awG; awG;NyD; vlNydef; odom odcJhonf/ ZmwfñTef;a&;&NyDqdkawmh Nz;D ír&? jzef;orf;í r&? twdtusr&awmif ,kwådobm0ESihf uif;í rjzpfacsNyD/ &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f ifwYkd *syefjynfoYkd ppfynm oif&ef vmcJMh uonft h aMumif; ,cifwpfywf u a&;cJhNyD;NyD/ ,ckwpfywfrSmawmh &Jabmf oHk;usdyf jynfawmfjyefMuonfh taMumif;? jynfawmf0ifMuonhftaMumif; qufa&;csif ygonf/ rdrdvlNydef;awG; awG;xm;ovkd &Jabmf oH;k usyd w f pfpw k nf; jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f odYk 0ifvm cJMh uonf r[kw?f wpfzUJGpD wpfzUJGp?D wpfae&mpD wpfae&mpDu jyefvmcJhMuyHkrsm;udk &Jabmf oHk;usdyf0if yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm; a&;om;onfh pmtkyrf sm;rSwpfqifh odc&hJ onf/ olww Ykd pfawG pma&;0goemygaom olrsm; jzpfjcif;onf ZmwfñeT ;f a&;q&mtzdYk aus;Zl;Bu;D rm;vSygbd awmhonf/ a&aMumif;csDwufzGJU jzifh NrdwfNrdKUbufrS

Special Article

Adkvfjr'if

AdkvfÓP

csDwufvmaom Adkvfrif;acgif\ rSwfwrf;? xm;0,fppfaMumif;jzihf ygvmaom Adv k Af v\ rSwfwrf;? twGif;olykefwyfzGJUwGif ygvmaom Adv k w f m&m\ rSww f rf;? armfvNrKd ipf pfaMumif;jzihf jynfawmfjyefvmonfh Adv k af usmaf pm\ rSww f rf;? armfvNrdKifppfaMumif;jzifh jyefvmonfh ocif xGef;tkyf\ ]uREkfyf\ pGefYpm;cef;} tp&Sdaom pmtkyrf sm;onf ZmwfñeT ;f q&mtwGuf rsm;pGm taxmuftul&cJo h nf/ xkyd *k Kd¾ vrf sm;ESit fh wl wuG ppfaMumif;rsm;wpfavQmuf vdu k yf gae& ovdk cHpm;cJh&onf/ &Jabmfo;kH usyd f *syefEidk if w H iG f twlwuG ppfynmoifMum;cJhMuonf[k qdkvihfupm; Adkvfoef;wif ac: ocifoef;wifrSm ppfynm roifMum;&ao;rDrSmyif iSufzsm;a&m*gjzihf azmfrq kd muRe;f wGif uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJ&h &Smonf/ olESihf emrnfwl tjcm;ocifoef;wif onfvnf; ppfynmoifMum;NyD; jrefrmEkdifiH twGi;f odYk r0if&ao;rD Zif;r,fNrKd UwiG f tzsm; a&m*gjzihf uG,fvGefcJh&&Smonf/ Akdvfemrnf uawmh ]Adkvfjr'if} jzpf\/ ppfynmoifNyD; yxrqHk; jrefrmEkdifiH twGif;odkY 0ifa&mufvmEkdifol ESpfOD;rSm Akv d af Z,sEiS hf Akv d jf rihaf qGwYkd jzpfMuNy;D 'kw, d 0ifa&mufvmEkdifonfh tkyfpkrSm Akdvfae0if;?

Adkvfwm&m? Akdvfrdk;ndK? Akdvfvif;,kefwdkY tkyfpk jzpfonf/ (Adkvfjr'ifonf ¤if;tkyfpkwGif yg0if aomfvnf; tzsm;a&m*gaMumihf Zif;r,fwGif usefcJh&? uG,fvGefcJh&&Smavonf/) ¤if;tzGJUESpfzGJUpvHk; jynfwGif;olykefwyfzGJU jzpfMuNy;D jynfwiG ;f awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;ESifh yl;aygi;f pkpnf;um NAw d o d Qukd OD;pGm awmfveS f EkdifcJhMuonf/ use&f aJ bmfo;kH usyd 0f ifrsm;rSm azmfjycJNh y;D onft h wdik ;f Nrw d pf pfaMumif;? xm;0,fppfaMumif;?

Adkvfapmatmif

armfvNrKd ipf pfaMumif;rsm;rS wpfqifh jrefrmEkid if H twGif;odkY 0ifa&mufcJhMu&jcif; jzpfavonf/ ZmwfñeT ;f q&monf Akv d rf if;acgi?f Akv d f &efEidk ?f Adv k af wmufxed w f EYkd iS t hf wl a&aMumif; wyfESihfvnf; jrpfbufrS vdkufygcJhzl;onf/ Adv k v f usmf wdEYk iS t fh wl xm;0,fppfaMumif; ESicfh sw D ufum udAk xl;wk?Yd udAk aqGwEYkd iS v fh nf; BuHKcJhzl;\/ Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;wdEYk iS v hf nf; armfvNrKd if ppfaMumif;wpfavQmuf vdu k cf zhJ ;l um a&Tusif wdu k yf rJG mS usq;kH cJah om Adv k af pmatmifEiS v hf nf; twl&SdcJhzl;\/ Akv d rf ;kd usq;kH aom zl;Bu;D wku d yf w JG iG v f nf; ygz;l \/ Akv d Óf mP usq;kH cJah om zmyGew f u kd yf JG udkvnf; vdkufzl;\/ 1942 ckESpf? rwfv 8 &ufaeYusrS &JabmfoHk;usdyftzGJU0iftcsKdU &efukefNrdKUwGif qHkcJhMu&onf/ wdkufyGJum; rNyD;qHk;ao;/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ajymcJhzl;aom pum;ESihf ajym&vQif ]t*Fvdyfvufatmuf EGm;b0rS vGwfajrmufatmif BudK;pm;vkdufumrS (*syef vufatmuf) acG;b0odkY a&mufcJh&onf/ EGm;b0a&mufatmif renf;jyefvnf BuKd ;pm; &OD;rnf} qdk\/ emusifaeonfh Mum;xJu rcsdoGm;NzJ&,fcsifp&mygay/ rnfoq Ykd akd p ZmwfñeT ;f q&monf &Jabmf oHk;usdyfESihf at;twl yltrQ wwGJwGJ rcGJbJ vdu k v f mcJo h nfrmS MumcJNh y?D pm½Ioal wGuawmh ZmwfñeT ;f q&mudk avSmifcsif ajymifcsiMf urnf xifyg\/ touf 18 ESprf S touf 30 twGi;f &JabmfoHk;usdyftkyfpkxJrS touf 70 eD;yg; ZmwfñTef;q&mtdkBuD;u bmaMumifh ygvmyg vdrfh[k atmufarhMuayvdrfhrnf/ ZmwfñTef; a&;&rnfqkdawmh olwdkY taMumif; tao;pdwfodrS aumif;rnfrdkY

Adkvfrdk;

ocifoef;wif

olwdkYESihftwlwuG aecJh&jcif;jzpfyg\/ rsKd;cspf ol&Jaumif;tjzpf rwifpm;vdkygvQifvnf; pdwfrqdk;yg/ odkYaomf . . . armif;axmifOD;ausmfvSESihf oHcsKdq&m OD;ÓmPfus,w f Ykd oHcsKpd maywdu k yf w JG iG f emrnf ausmfcJhaom oHcsKdwpfyk'fudk xkwfEkwfjycsif ygonf/ xdo k cH sKrd mS OD;ausmv f u S OD;ÓmPfus,f udk rIdcsKd;rQpfcsKd; ESdrhfcsacsyonfh pmjzpfygonf/ ]ÓmPfus,fonf wyfwGif;odkYvnf; r0if? wdkufyGJvnf; rqif&bJESifh udk;NrdKU0ifwyf\ aemufq, G w f iG f aumufoif;aumuf td;k awG zeyfawGxrf; vdu k cf &hJ ol} [k cs;D rGr;f ajcausmuf vkyfonhfpmjzpfonf/ ZmwfñTef;q&m onfvnf; NAdwdoQ awmfveS af &;wGif ygjcif;r&S?d zufqpfawmfveS f a&;udkvnf; rSDcJhzl;ol r[kwfygbJ BuD;BuD; us,u f s,f &Jabmfo;kH usyd w f pfa,muf pm&if; 0ifjzpfcsifonfrSm rwefr&mvkyfavonf[k rjrifMuapvdkyg/ armif;axmif OD;ausmfvS a&;onfh atmufygoHcsKdudk zwf½Ií. . . udk;NrdKU0ifAdkvfcsKyfrSL;ESifh acsmif;OD;q,f &Gmu? e,ftnm'DyJ,if;odkY? axmifuka# atmifajreif;Muawmh? wyfwGif;ra&mufbJ &,fEiS ?fh aemufq, G t f wefa0;wGirf S tcav; awG oli,fcsi;f awGEiS ?fh aumufoif;udk vdu k cf g aumufolu? pmavQmufwif0gí vQrf;jyefcJh? &meef;ydik w f u,frw S af tmifw?hJ ÓmPfus,rf mS qefpvG,cf g;ywfu,fEiS fh tcsK;d qdk ud;k Adv k w f yf wGifrS? tdk;zeyfxrf;. . ./ [kwfuJh. . . ZmwfñTef;q&m tdk;zeyf xrf;í &JabmfoHk;usdyfEiS hf vdkufcJh&ygaMumif;/ n

13

uRefawmfwdkY\ tusihfqdk;rsm; - 3 csrf;,OfvIdif

(AMK Foundation)

bkrod? brod vkyfwwfjcif; 2012 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 12 &ufaeY xkwf aMu;rHo k wif;pmwGif pmwnf;\ ½Iaxmifh tjzpf bkrod? brod vkyfwwfaom olwdkY taMumif;udk tusOf;csKH;azmfjyxm;onfudk zwf½&I ygonf/ pmwnf;Bu;D u ]bkrod? brod} [laom a0g[m&onf taumif;tqdk;udk a&&mpGm rodvu kd &f bJ? taMumif;t&mwpfcu k kd bmrQaocsmpGm rod&SdvdkufbJ xif&mjrif&m jyKrv l u kd af om trIjzpfonf[k t"dymÜ ,f zGiq hf kd xm;ygonf/ tawG;tac: jrifrh m;aom? aphpyf aocsmaom? pl;prf;qifjcifwwfaom tod w&m;&So d o l nf tajrmftjrif&o dS nfh vlwpfO;D jzpfum ]bkrod? brod} tvkyrf sm;udk vkyrf nfh ol r[kwf[k &nfñTef;jyefayonf/ wzef rdrdtoif;tzGJU EdkifvdkaZm (apwem) jzifh abmvH;k yGw J pfyw JG iG f tm;ay;rI vGeu f íJ 'ku© a&mufyrkH sm;udk wifjyxm;rIrsm;onf csr;f ,Of vIdifudk wkefvIyfapcJhygonf/ bkrod? brod a&m*g tvGeaf Mumufp&m csr;f ,OfvidI w f pfa,muf? iga&m bmawG rsm; bkrod? brod vkyfcJhovJ[k ezl;ay: vufwifí pOf;pm;cef;rsm; zGifhygawmhonf/ csr;f ,OfvidI w f pfa,muf jynfywGif ynmoif 14

tvkyfjzifh 14 ESpfwmMumcJhNyD; jrefrmjynf jyefa&mufcyhJ gonf/ jrefrmjynfwiG f vGwv f w G f vyfvyfaevdkí tif;pdefNrdKUwGif NcHus,fus,f wpfckudk 0,f,l aexdkifcJhygonf/ uRefawmf aexdkifaom &yfuGuftwGif;wGif tajccH vlwef;pm;rsm;vnf; aexdik Mfuygonf/ xdt Yk jyif rlvwef; ausmif;wpfausmif;vnf; &Syd gonf/ xdkausmif;wGif uRefawmfhudk EdkifiHjcm;jyef? ynmwwfqdkNyD; ausmif;tusKd;awmfaqmif em,utjzpf wifajrm§ ufvu kd yf gonf/ em,u *kPf (6)yg;udk rod&cdS ahJ om em,uBu;D tjzpf bkrod? brodEiS hf pwifvyk af qmifygawmhonf/ uRefawmfwdkY &yfuGufu rlvwef; ausmif;uav;wGif ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol 600 cefY&Sd&m ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol 200 cefYonf ausmif;rSefrSefwufEdkif&ef aiGaMu; tcuftcJrsm; &SdaeMuygonf/ uRefawmf wpfa,muf &yfuu G af usmif; y&d0P k t f wGi;f qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI yaysmufa&; tpDtpOfudk OD;aqmif a&;qGyJ gawmhonf/ qif;&JErG ;f yg;rI\ t"duw&m;cHonf aiGaMu;t&if;tES;D rjynfh pHjk cif;[k owfrw S u f m aiGaMu;&efyakH iG &SmazG jcif; vkyfief;rsm;udk tifwkduftm;wdkuf aqmif&GufcJhygonf/ &&Sdaom &efyHkaiGrsm;jzifh EGrf;yg;aom ausmif;om; ausmif;olwdkY\

rdbrsm;udk acs;aiGrsm; xkwaf cs;í pD;yGm;a&; vkyif ef;rsm;udk yHyh ;kd ay;cJyh gonf/ yxrtokwf acs;aiG xkwfacs;&mwGif &mEIef;jynfheD;yg; jyefqyfojzifh csrf;,OfvIdifwpfa,muf aoG; em;xifa&mufatmif *kP, f cl yhJ gonf/ uReaf wmf onf ydrk *kd P k , f El ikd &f ef aiGacs;xm;aom olrsm; udk wdww f qdwf vdu k v f pH pkH rf;ygonf/ txifEiS hf tjrifrmS pwifí vGaJ csmyf gawmhonf/ ,cifu jyifyrS twd;k Bu;D Bu;D jzifh wydik w f Edik f pD;yGm;a&; vkyo f rl sm; tqifajyvmygonf/ wcsKUdu twd;k BuD;jzifh jyefvnfacs;iSm;Muygonf/ wcsKdUu tvG,&f ? tvG,o f ;kH jzifh rqyfEikd íf twd;k Bu;D jzif, h u l m jyefqyfMuonfvnf; awGU&jyefonf/ (Substainable Development) wnfNraJ om atmifjrifrt I wGuf &nf&, G cf surf sm;onf trSef wu,f rjzpfonfukd awGU&&dS ayonf/ uReaf wmf \ em;xifwiG f a&mufaeaom aoG;rsm; ajcz0g; atmufodkY a&muf&ygawmhonf/ rcHcsdrcHom jzpfum tpGrf;ukef tajz&Smygawmhonf/ qif;&Japaom taMumif;w&m;rsm; &SmazGjcif; uRefawmfESifh &yfuGufol? &yfuGufom; rsm; pkaygif;&SmazG&m tajccH tajzwpfck &&SdcJhygonf/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;onf y"me

Opinion tm;jzifh aiGaMu;t&if;tESD; csKdUwJhrIaMumifh jzpfaomfvnf; aiGaMu;t&if;tES;D csKUd wrhJ rI sm; ESifhtwl atmufazmfjyyg qif;&JrIrsm;onf rdom;pkuo hJ Ykd twlwuG udik ;f uRe;f rSD uRe;f udik ;f rSD aeMuonfudk awGU&ygonf/ (u)vlrIa&; qif;&Jjcif;

(Common Sense Poverty)

r[kwfqdkonfh taMumif;udk uRefawmfwdkY aumif;pGm oabmaygufcJhygonf/ uRefawmf wdkY odcJhaom txufyg rdwfzufqif;&Jjcif; taMumif;w&m;rsm;tjyif tjcm;taMumif; w&m;rsm;vnf; &SdEdkifygrnf[k csrf;,OfvIdif oH;k oyfryd gonf/ ]ig bkrod? brodeYJ vlawGukd ulnDcJhygvm;vdkY} [k vGefpGm pdwfraumif; jzpf&ygonf/ jrefrmjynfrSm ighvdk apwem tjynfhESifh ]bkrod? brod} vkyfwwfolawG b,favmufrsm;aeNyv D [ J k awG;rd&if; acgi;f Bu;D oGm;ygonf/

(C)todynm? twwfynm qif;&Jjcif; (Knowledge Poverty) (i) owif;tcsuftvuf qif;&Jjcif; (Information Poverty) aiGaMu;t&if;tESD;udk tvG,fwul axmufyHhjcif;aMumifh tcsKdUvlrsm;onf vlrI todkif;t0dkif; tjyifa&mufum ysufpD;jcif;odkY qdkufa&mufoGm;onftxd jzpfoGm;onfudk od&Sd&í uRefawmf tvGefpdwfraumif; jzpf& ygonf/ qif;&JErG ;f yg;jcif;onf aiGaMu; t&if; tESD;csKdUwJhjcif; taMumif;wpfckwnf;aMumifh

bkrod? brod a&m*gonfrsm;ESifh ukxHk; A[dOk ;D pD;pepfwiG f us&mwm0efEiS hf ay;orQ trdefYrsm;udk rsufpdpHkrdSwf rjzpfjzpfatmif vkyfaqmifjcif;onfvnf; ]bkrod? brod} a&m*g\ t&if;tjrpfwpfc[ k k xifjrifryd gonf/ wm0efEiS hf trderYf sm;udk ay;ola&m? emcH&olyg qifjcif oHk;oyfEdkifcGifh&Sdí roifhawmfygu jyefvnfwifjy aqG;aEG;Edkifaom owådrsm; arG;jcif;onf ukxHk;wpfck[k xifygonf/

(Social Poverty)

(c) tusihfpm&dwå qif;&Jjcif; (Character Poverty)

(*) avhvmqef;ppfEdkifrI qif;&Jjcif;

'Drdkua&pD\ tESpfom&ESifh usifhpOfrsm;onf uReaf wmfwv Ykd kd ]bkrod? brod} a&m*gonfrsm; twGuf ukxHk;wpfck[k xifjrifrdygonf/ vwfwavm jzpfcahJ om vufyef;awmif;awmif jzpfpOfrsm;onfvnf; ]bkrod? brod} vkyw f wf aom tusifhqdk;rsm;\ &v'fwpfckyif jzpfyg onf[k xifjrifrdygonf/ tpd;k &XmetcsKUd wiG f xdyyf ikd ;f ae&mrsm;udk tjcm;Xmersm;rS ajymif;a&TU ae&m,lolrsm; rMumcP awGUae&ygonf/ ajymif;a&TUvmol rsm;onfvnf; tqifajyatmif BudK;pm; vkyu f ikd Mf uonfuv kd nf; od&ygonf/ od&Yk mwGif oufqdkif&mXme\ tawGUtBuHK tvGefenf; aomaMumifh tcsKd Uq;kH jzwfcsurf sm;onf pl;prf;? qifjcif? a0zefyikd ;f jcm;jcif; jyKvyk &f ef vdt k yfaom tcsed Ef iS hf tawGUtBuKH rsm; r&&SEd ikd af omaMumifh vGaJ csmo f mG ;onfuv kd nf; rMumcP Mum;&yg onf/ þjzpfpOfrsm;onf ]bkrod? brod} vkyjf cif;wpfrsK;d jzpfonf[k uReaf wmf qifjcif rdygonf/ bkrod? brod a&m*gq;kd onf ,aeY csDwwfaeaom 'Drdkua&pDvrf;pOfudk csnfheJY aom a&m*gonftjzpfa&mufatmif 0g;rsKd Edkifaom a&m*gqdk;[k oHk;oyfrdygonf/ uRefawmf\ tawGUtBuHKt& qif;&J EGrf;yg;olrsm;onfvnf; ]bkrod? brod} vkyfEdkifygonf/ ynmwwfrsm;onfvnf; ]bkrod? brod} jzpfEikd yf gonf/ t&m&SBd u;D rsm;? t&m&Sad v;rsm;vnf; ]bkrod? brod} jzpfEikd f ygonf/ 'geYJ pma&;olwpfa,muf jrefrmjynfrmS ]bkrod? brod} jzpfaeolawG (uRefawmf tygt0if)udk bkrod? brod rjzpfatmif b,ftzGJUtpnf;? b,folawGudk tultnD awmif;&if aumif;rvJ[k pOf;pm;aerdygonf/ pmzwfolrsm;vnf; tBuHÚmPfrsm; &Sdygu tultnDay;Edik yf g&ef arwåm&yfcv H u kd yf gonf/ ,aeY &awmifh&cJ 'Drdkua&pDjzpfpOfrsm; qufvufwnfwchH ikd Nf rJ zGUH NzKd ;ap&ef csr;f ,OfvidI f wdkYvdk ]bkrod? brod} a&m*gonfrsm; tod w&m;? owdw&m;? oHa0*w&m;rsm;&um wdkif;cspf? jynfcspf pdwf"mwfrsm;jzifh ]bkrod? brod}rsm;tjzpfrS ajymif;vJEikd &f ef BuKd ;pm;Mu ygpdkY[k qG,fw&m;a[m&if; 'Drdkua&pDt&Sdef jr§ifhwifa&;udk tm;ay;vdkuf&ygonf/ n 15

EdkifiHa&;ESifh udk,fusifhw&m; 0if;xG#faZmf wavmu obm0ywf0ef;usif vkyif ef; awGudk wufwuf<u<u aqmif&GufaewJh trsKd;orD;BuD;wpfOD;eJY yGJwpfyGJrSm awGUqHkcJh ygw,f/ ,if;okdY awGUq&kH mrSm trsK;d orD;Bu;D u ]uRefruawmh EdkifiHa&;udk pdwfr0ifpm;bl;/ obm0ywf0ef;usif tvkyaf wGyJ vkycf siw f ,f/ Edik if aH &;qdw k mu npfywfraI wG &Sw d ,f/ yg0g ay:vpfwpf (Power Polities) yJ/ udk,f tmPm&zdkY vkyfMuwm/ obm0ywf0ef;usif tvkyfqdkwmu vlom;awGudk tusKd;jyKwJh tvky?f tjypfuif;pifw,f/ ud, k u f sK;d twGuf vkyfMuwmr[kwfbl;/ 'gaMumifh EdkifiHa&;udk rvkycf sib f ;l / obm0ywf0ef;usif tvkyaf wGyJ vkyfcsifw,f}[k ajymqdkcJhw,f/ ol&UJ pum;tqH;k rSmawmh uReaf wmf[m &ifxJuae toHrxGufatmif tm;&yg;& &,fvdkufrdygw,f/ 'DaemufrmS awmh ]uReaf wmfu npfywf rIawG? rormrIawGu EdkifiHa&; e,fy,frSmrS &Sdwm r[kwfbl;/ ynma&;? usef;rma&;? bmoma&;? omoema&;? vlraI &;? tEkynm?

NyD;awmh pmay b,fe,frSmrqdk &Sdw,fAsm/ tJ'gawGukd uif;rJo h mG ;atmif vkyzf u Ykd Edik if aH &; orm;aumif;awGeJY jynfolvlxk&JU tvkyfAs} ]b,fEikd if rH mS rqdk Edik if aH &;avmuawGrmS pkef;jyL;awG? odk;rnf;awG &Sdovdk rdrd&JU b0 wpfcv k ;kH udak &m rdom;pkb0udyk g Edik if t H wGuf vltrsm;tusK;d twGuf ay;qyfxm;wJh vlawG tajrmuftjrm; &Scd w hJ ,fAsm}vdYk ajymcJ&h ygw,f/ odaYk yr,fh xdt k rsK;d orD;Bu;D u uReaf wmf ajymwmudk b0ifusyrkH jybJ]uRerf awmh obm0 ywf0ef;usiaf umif;atmif vkyw f t hJ vkyaf wGeYJ vlawG aomufoHk;a&&&Sda&;? ynmoifcGifh r&wJh uav;awG ynmoifMum;cGifh&a&;? qif;&Jom;awGukd tcrJh aq;0g;ukoay;a&; pwJt h vkyaf wGvkd vlraI &;tvkyaf wGyJ vkycf sif awmhw,f}vdkY qufajymjyefygw,f/ 16

uRefawmfxdkifaewJh pm;yGJa&SUuae xdk trsKd;orD;BuD; xGufcGm oGm;csdefrSmawmh uReaf wmf&h UJ pdwt f m½Hx k rJ mS Edik if aH &;? npfywfwhJ EdkifiHa&;? NyD;awmh EdkifiHa&;eJY vlrIa&;qdkwJh pum;oHawG[m yJhwifxyfum usef&pfcJhyg awmhw,f/ EdkifiHa&;eJY vlrIa&; EdkifiHa&;qdkwm[m vlrIa&;ayyJvm;/ wu,fawmh 'DavmurSm trsK;d om;Edik if H awG (Nation State) NrKd U jyEdik if aH wG? zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpak wG ay:xeG ;f vmcJNh y;D aemuf tkycf sKyf a&; ,EÅ&m;awG? tpdk;&awG ay:aygufvm csdefupNyD; EdkifiHa&;[m yDyDjyifjyif ay:ayguf vmcJhwmyg/ ]Edik if aH &; (Politic) qdw k hJ a0g[m&[m *&da0g[m& ay:vpfwDudk (Politikos) rS qif;oufvmwm jzpfNyD; ]EdkifiHom;wpfOD;&JU ta&;udprö sm;} vdYk t"dymÜ ,f&ygw,f/ 'gt h jyif aemuft"dymÜ ,f wpfcu k awmh vufawGU udpö &yfawGrmS cdik rf mjywfom;wJh tqH;k tjzwfawG csrSwfEdkifpGrf;&SdwJh vufawGU todynm&SdrI?

vdrm® yg;eyfr?I y&d,m,f<u,f0rIpwJh t"dymÜ ,f awGudkvnf; aqmifygw,f/ a,bk,stm;jzifh vltrsm; em;vnfxm; Muwmuawmh EdkifiHa&;qdkwm[m EdkifiH&JU tkycf sKyaf &;? pDrcH efcY aJG &;? pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&;? use;f rma&;pwJh Edik if &H UJ ta&;t&mudp&ö yfawGeYJ ywfoufwhJ vkyif ef;wpfct k jzpf em;vnfxm; Muw,f/ xdktjrifuae ay:xGufvmwJh qifhyGm; tjrifuawmh Edik if t H wGi;f &Sd jynfoal wGtm;vH;k &JU pm;0wfaea&;vkyif ef;rSeo f rQtwGuf vkyaf qmif MuwJh aqmif&Gufcsuftm;vHk;[m EdkifiHa&;eJY oufqdkifw,f/ wpfenf;ajym&&if EdkifiHa&;&JU tpdwftydkif;jzpfw,fqdkwJh t,ltqygyJ/ xdt k ,ltqt&qd&k if puf½t kH vkyo f rm; awG rdrw d &Ykd UJ tvky½f kH puf½akH wGqu D kd oGm;um tvkyf vkyaf eMuwm[m Edik if aH &;ygy/J ½H;k 0efxrf; awG aeYpOf½;kH wufum Edik if t H wGuf tvkyv f yk af e jcif;[mvnf; Edik if aH &;ygy/J txufyg t,ltq t&qd&k if ausmif;q&m q&mrawG pmoifcef; awGxrJ mS ausmif;om; ausmif;olawGukd pmoif ay;aewm[mvnf; Edik if aH &;yJvYkd ajymEdik rf mS yg/

Point of View

rdom;pkaetdraf wG&UJ rD;zdak csmifawGxrJ mS xrif;[if; csufjyKwfum pD;wJha&? q,fwJh uefoif; vkyfaeMuol tdrf&SifrawGuvnf; ]olwdkYvnf; EdkifiHa&; vkyfaeMuwmyg}vdkY ajymaumif; ajymMurSmyg/ odkYayr,fh vlyk*¾dKvf wpfOD;csif;taeeJY rdrdwpfOD;csif;pD&JU tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf (EdkifiH tusK;d twGuv f nf; wdu k ½f u kd jfzpfap? oG,0f u kd íf jzpfap oufa&mufrI&SdapEdkifwJh) tvkyfawG vkyw f mudk Edik if aH &;vkyjf cif;tjzpf oufa&muf r,fq&kd ifawmh xdt k vkyaf wGukd Edik if aH &;taysmh (Soft Politics) odrYk [kwf abm*aA' ynm&yf rSmvdk rdik u f ½dEk ikd if aH &; (Micro Politics) tjzpf om owfrSwfoifhygw,f/ abm*aA' ynm&yfrSm EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHeJY oufqdkifwJh pD;yGm;a&;wpfckvHk;udk rufu½dk pD;yGm;a&; (Macro Economy) vdYk owfrw S Nfy;D Edik if pH ;D yGm;a&; wpfcv k ;kH &JU ao;i,fwhJ tpdwf tydkif;awGudk rdkifu½dkpD;yGm;a&; (Micro Economy) vdkY owfrSwfxm;wmyg/ wu,fawmh vlwpfO;D csi;f &JU ukex f w k f vkyrf ?I puf½w kH pf½&kH UJ ukex f w k v f yk rf ?I v,form; wpfO;D odrYk [kwf v,form;wpfp&k UJ qefpyg; xkwfvkyfrI? ydkYaqmifa&; vkyfom;wpfOD;&JU 0efaqmifr?I ausmif;q&mwpfO;D &JU ausmif;om; uav;i,fawGukd ynmoifMum;rI pwJh tvkyf awG[m rdrdwdkYEdkifiH? EdkifiHa&; ,EÅ&m;BuD; wpfckvHk;&JU 0uftlawG? yifeD,HawG? csdef;BudK; awGvkd tpdwt f ydik ;f awG jzpfayr,fh xdt k vkyf

awGudk tcrJh usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrIawG vkyaf qmifay;wm[m Edik if aH &;jzpfw,f/ qefa0? qDa0? t0wftxnfa0wJh tvkyfawGudk vkyfjcif;[mvnf; EdkifiHa&;yJjzpfw,f}qdkwJh t,ltqygyJ/ wu,fawmh txufyg t,ltq ESpcf k pvHk;[m tay:,HMunfhr,fqdk&if qefYusif uGjJ ym;oa,mif&adS yr,fh wu,fwrf; xd;k pdu k f avhvmMunfhr,fqdk&ifawmh tajccHtm;jzifh wlnDaewm awGU&rSmyg/ xdkt,ltqESpfck&JU wlnDwJh tajccH uawmh Edik if aH &;udk (&nf&, G cf su&f &dS dS jzpfap? awG[m yifrEdik if aH &; vkyif ef;awG r[kwyf gb;l / &nf&G,fcsufrJh jzpfap) rSm;,Gif;pGm t"dyÜm,f rdkifu½dkEdkifiHa&; r[kwfygbl;/ zGiq hf Nkd y;D Edik if aH &;udk jynfov l x l ek YJ tqufjzwf jcif;om jzpfygw,f/ t,ltqtrSm;ESpfck odkYayr,fh ,aeYtcsdefrSm ]EdkifiHa&;} udk rSefuefwJh EdkifiHa&;AsL[m yHyk suyf ef;ysuf jzpfomG ;atmif vltrsm; awGa0 wu,fawmh EdkifiHa&;qdkwm[m EdkifiH oGm;atmif vGrJ mS ;pGm t"dymÜ ,f zGiq hf ykd akH zmfaewJ?h twGif;rSm ay:aygufaewJh vlrIa&;'ku©awG? yHak zmfaeqJvnf;jzpfwhJ t,ltqESpcf k ay:ayguf pD;yGm;a&; tcuftcJawG? use;f rma&;? ynma&; aeygw,f/ qdkif&m jyóemtcuftcJawG wpfckcsif;udk yxrt,ltquawmh Edik if aH &;qdw k m[m ]qefpif&m usnaf yGUvu kd }f qdw k mvdk ajz&Si;f vdYk Edik if aH &;orm;awG tvky?f omrefjynfoal wGeYJ &EdkifwJh udpörsKd;r[kwfygbl;/ bmrS roufqikd ?f Edik if aH &;&JU taumif;tqd;k udk pm;p&mr&Sw d hJ jynfoal wGukd qefa0wm EdkifiHa&;orm;awGuom tqHk;tjzwfay;Mu [m vkyfoifhvkyfxdkufwJh tvkyfjzpfayr,fh vdrrhf ,f/ Edik if aH &;e,fy,frmS jyóem tusyf xdjkynfoal wGtaeeJY a&&Snw f nfww hH hJ pD;yGm;a&; twnf;wpf&yf BuKH vm&if Edik if aH &;orm;awG zGHU NzdK;rIudk &&SdydkifqdkifzdkYtwGufawmh wpfEdkifiH uom ajz&Sif;Muvdrfhr,f/ vH;k &JU pD;yGm;a&;pepfukd zGUH NzKd ;atmif vkyaf qmif jynfolawG&JU wm0efu (vTwfawmf EdkifzdkY vdkygw,f/ EdkifiHa&;rSm) rdrdwdkY&JU qE´rJudk ay;NyD;&if wu,fawmh Edik if w H pfEikd if rH mS jynfoal wG wm0efausNy;D aemufqufwJG Edik if aH &; jyóem &ifqdkifBuHKawGUae&wJh jyóemt&yf&yfudk awG[m jynfolawGeJY roufqdkifqdkwJh t,l atmifjrifpGm ajz&Sif;zdkYuawmh EdkifiHa&;enf;eJY tqyJ jzpfygw,f/ ajz&Sif;rSom atmifjrifEdkifrSm jzpfygw,f/ 'kwd, t,ltquawmh ]EdkifiHa&; ,if;odkY EdkifiHa&;enf;eJY ajz&Sif;zdkYqdk&if qdw k m[m Edik if aH &;ygwaD xmif? tmPm&atmif awmh rSefuefwJh EdkifiHa&;r[mAsL[m enf;AsL vkyfNyD; rdrdygwD&JU vrf;pOfawGudk taumif [m awGudk csrSwfum jynfolwpf&yfvHk;udk txnfazmf aqmif&GufvkyfudkifrS EdkifiHa&; OD;aqmifrI ay;EdkifNyD; EdkifiHa&;tmPmudk r[kwb f ;l / 'kua© &mufaeolawGukd ulnw D m[m vuf0,frmS qkyu f ikd x f m;Edik w f hJ a'giaf 'gijf rnf EdkifiHa&;yJ? ynmoifMum;cGifhr&ol uav; EdkifiHa&;ygwD wpf&yfuom aqmif&GufEdkifrSm oli,fawGudk tcrJh ynmoifay;jcif;[m jzpfygw,f/ n EdkifiHa&;yJ jzpfw,f/ aq;0g;ukocGifhr&ol 17

rodrIrsufESmzHk;\ w&m;rQwrI armifMunfopf vlEpS q f ,fukd rMumao;cifu odr;f ydu k f xm;aom t*FgN*Kd vf udv k ekd aD y:wiG f oGm;a&muf aexdik &f ef a&G;cs,x f m;\/ ,if;t*FgN*Kd vBf u;D ay:wiG f aexdik pf m;aomufp&mrsm;? Zdrcf yH pön;f rsm; ajrmufrsm;pGm&S\d / N*Kd vaf y:oYkd a&mufomG ; olrsm;onf ,if;ypön;f rsm;udk rnfonfh tajccH ay:wiG f rlwnfí rnfocYkd aJG 0 oH;k pGMJ urnfenf;/ xdjk yóemudk oGm;a&mufaexkid &f ef a&G;cs,f cHxm;&olwYkd urÇmajrrS rxGucf mG cif qH;k jzwf rnfjzpfonf/ vlwpfO;D csi;f pD\ tvkypf rG ;f &nf tay: rlwnfí qHk;jzwf&rnfavm/ odkYaomf cufaeonfrSm olwdkY oGm;a&mufaexkdifrnfh t*FgN*dKvfay:wGif rnfodkYaom tvkyfrsKd;u ta&;tygq;kH jzpfrnfukd vH;k 0rodxm;Mujcif; jzpf\/ tvkyt f m;vH;k onf um,vkyt f m;jzifh vkyfudkif&aom tvkyfMurf;rsm; jzpfaumif; jzpfEikd \f / odw Yk nf;r[kwf ÚmPfprG ;f &nf tjrifh rm;qHk;vdktyfaom vkyfief;rsm; jzpfcsifvnf; jzpfEikd o f nf/ bmrQ rused ;f aoacs/ bmrQ wdwd usus odrxm;Muay/ þwGif tcsKUdu þodYk tBujH yK\/ tm;vH;k twGuf w&m;rQrQww jzpfomG ;atmif t&m&m wdkif;udk nDwlnDrQ (Equally) cGJa0,loifh onf[k qdkMuonf/ (um,tvkyfeJY ÚmP tvkyf b,f[mta&;BuD;rSef;? ta&;ygrSef; rod&ifawmh um,&,f? ÚmP&,f cGJraeeJY awmh/ &SdwmawGudk tm;vHk; nDwlnDrQ cGJa0 ,lwm taumif;qHk;yJ[k qdkjcif;jzpfonf) odkYaomf þtqdkjyKcsufudk tcsKdUu oabm rwlMu/ tu,fí vkypf &mtvkyaf wG trsm; Bu;D &Sad eNy;D tvkyaf wGukd cGaJ 0vkyMf uwJh tcgrmS udk,fvkyf&r,fhtvkyfudk wm0efausaus rvkyMf uwJh vlawGuv kd nf; cHpm;cGiahf wG tnD trQ cGJa0ay;rnfqdkvQif rQwrI (Fairness) r&S[ d k axmufjyuefu Y u G Mf uonf/ rSeyf gonf/ 18

vlawG tvkyfvkyf&ef rufvHk; (incentive) awmh &Sd&rnf r[kwfygvm;/ uefu Y u G cf suu f kd vufcv H u kd \f / xdt k cg wGif jyóemu ydk½Iyfvm\/ rQwrI[lonf vlwdkif;udk nDwlnDrQ cGJa0ay;jcif;jzpfonf [laom t"dymÜ ,fonf rcdik v f akH wmhaomaMumifh jzpf\/ þodkYqdkvQif rQwrI\ t"dyÜm,fudk rnfodkY cH,l&rnfenf;/ Edik if aH &; 'óeynm&Sif *Reaf &mpf (19212002) tvdt k &rl txufyg t*FgN*Kd vaf y:wiG f oGm;a&mufaexdkifrnfh olrsm;onf rQwrI t"dyÜm,fudk rodMuaomfvnf; olwdkYonf rQwrIoabmudk od&edS m;vnfEikd o f nfh taumif; qHk;erlem taetxm;wGif &SdaeMuayonf/ olwdkYonf olwdkYa&muf&SdoGm;rnfh b0tajc

taeudk bmrQord xm;Mu/ b,fvt kd vkyaf wG vkyfí &Sifoefwdk;wuf&rnf[k odrxm;Mu/ um,vkyt f m;ESihf ÚmPvkyt f m; b,f[mudk ydw k efz;kd &Srd nfukd odrxm;Mu/ b,fou l b,f trsK;d tEG,u f qif;oufvmonf qdo k nfrmS vnf; odxm;p&mrvdkaom tajctaersKd; jzpf\/ þtaetxm;udk *Reaf &mhpu f ]rodrI rsuEf mS zH;k } (Veil of Ignorance) [k owfrw S f ac:a0:cJhonf/ ,if; ]rodrIrsufESmzHk;}jzifh t*FgN*dKvfay:&Sd ypönf;rsm;udk cGJa0&mwGif rSeu f efaom enf;udk olwo Ykd nf qH;k jzwfMujcif; jzpf\/ þqH;k jzwfcsuo f nf bufvu dk rf I vH;k 0 uif;&Sif;onf[k ,HkMunfEdkifayonf/ tu,fí uREyfk w f o Ykd nf þurÇmay:wiG f rQwrIoabmudk odem;vnfvykd gvQif t*FgN*Kd vf

Political

ay: oGm;a&mufaexkid rf nfh vlrsm;uJo h Ykd ]rodrI rsufESmzHk;} wyfxm;aom taetxm;jzifh pOf;pm;awG;ac: Buq H oifo h nf[k *Reaf &mhpu f tqdjk yKonf/ uREyfk w f o Ykd nf Edik if aH wmf\ ypön;f Opömrsm;udk cGJa0Mu&mwGif EdkifiHom;rsm;\ vky&f nfuikd &f nf tpGr;f tp&Srd ?I r&Srd ?I ÚmPf&nf xuf rxuf? qif;&Jr?I csr;f omrI? a,musm;f rdef;r vlrsKd;ponfwdkYudk bmrQod&Sdxm;rI r&So d nfh taetxm;ay:wiG f &yfí pOf;pm;awG;ac: qHk;jzwfoifhonf/ odkYrSom bufvkdufrI uif;onf?h rQwonfh cGaJ 0rIjzpfrnf/ þvkyif ef; pOfudk uREkfyfwdkYonf qifjcifwHkw&m; jynfhpHk pGmjzifh taumiftxnfazmfEdkifvQif vlYtzGJU tpnf;twGif; uHraumif;taMumif;rvSí qif;&Jerd yhf g;aeolrsm;udk taumif;qH;k jri§ w hf if ay;Edik rf nfh vlaerI pepfwpf&yf wnfaqmuf Edik v f rd rhf nfjzpfonf[k a&mhpu f tqdjk yKayonf/ þonf r S m uREk f y f w d k Y vl o m;rsm; tqifjcifÚmPf&SdpGm vufcHEdkifaom tqdkjyK csufjzpfonf[k qdk&rnf/ taMumif;rSm

vlom;rsm;onf vlUtzGJUtpnf;\ rnfonfh tqifhtwef;? rnfonfh tvTm? rnfodkYaom rdbrsm;wGif arG;zGm;vmMurnfudk rodEdkif aomaMumifh jzpf\/ tu,fí uREkfyfwdkYonf uHraumif;pGmjzifh edryhf g;qif;&Jaom rdbrsm;rS arG;zGm;vmapOD;awmh vlom;wpfOD;taejzifh &ydik cf iG &hf adS om tcGit hf a&;? tcGit hf vrf;rsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;enf;wl &Edkifao;aomaMumifh jzpfayonf/ þonfrmS 18 &mpkEiS hf 19 &mpk t*Fvdyf vpfb&,f0g'DBuD;rsm; jzpfMuaom *RefavmhcfESifh a*stufpfrD;vf (John Locke and J.S Mill) wdkY\ vpfb&,f vlrIa&; 'Drdkua&pD (Liberal Social Democracy) vrf;aMumif;udk yHkpHwpfrsKd;jzifh cH,lazmfñTef; vdu k jf cif; jzpfayonf/ tpOftvm vpfb&,f 0g't& w&m;rQwrIudk pOf;pm;azmfaqmif &mwGif vlom;wdkY\ obm0taetxm; (Natural Condtion) ay: rlwnfí wpfajy; wpfnDwnf; pOf;pm;&rnf[k tqdkjyKxm; ayonf/

þodq Yk v kd Qif vlcsi;f wlaomfvnf; touf½I uGmonf qdkouJhodkY tcsKdUaomolrsm;onf tm;xkwfrI 0d&d,aumif;Mu\/ tcsKdUu raumif;Mu/ 0D&d,tm;pdkufwmcsif; twlwl tcsKUdorl sm;u atmifjrifMu\/ tcsKUdu ratmif jrifMu/ tcsKUdu vkyif ef;vkyu f ikd &f if; uHaumif; Mu\/ tcsKdUu uHraumif;Mu/ þodkYaom rwlnDaom udpörsm;udk rnfodkY pOf;pm;Mu rnfenf;/ Oyrm pm;aomufqikd f ESpq f ikd o f nf tqiftjyif tcrf;tem;vnf; ruGmjcm;Mu/ 0efxrf;rsm;\ t&nftaoG;vnf; rwdrf; r,dr;f jzpf\/ refae*smrsm;\ vky&f nf udik &f nf ESihf tm;pdu k rf v I nf; twlwyl if jzpf\/ odaYk omf wpfqdkifu pm;oHk;ol t0ifrsm;NyD; 0ifaiG aumif;\/ wpfqdkifurl t0ifenf;NyD; 0ifaiG avsmh\/ tb,faMumifh rwlnDMuoenf;/ ausmif;om;ESpOf ;D onf ÚmPf&nfvnf; wl\/ 0D&d,&Sdwmcsif;vnf; ruGmMu/ oifMum; q&mrsm;rSmvnf; twlwljzpf\/ odkYaomf pmar;yGw J iG f &rSwcf si;f wpfa,mufEiS w hf pfa,muf rwlMubJ uGmjcm;Mu\/ þodkY udpörsm;udk rnfoYkd ajymrnfv/J rrQwbl;[k qd&k rnfavm/ vlYb0ajy;vrf;wGif wmxGuftpwGif nDwl nDrQ &SMd uaomfvnf; ajy;aomtcgwiG f yxr? 'kw, d ? wwd,ponfjzifh uGmjcm;Murnfom jzpf\/ þonfwdkYudk a&mhpfu ]rQwrI&Sdaom rwlnrD }I (Fair inequality) [k owfrw S , f q l cJo h nf/ þoabmudk uREyfk w f o Ykd nf ausaus eyfeyf cGifhjyK&rnf/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf ,if;uGmjcm;rIrmS rrQwrIaMumifh jzpfay:vmjcif; r[kwaf omaMumifh jzpfonf[k a&mhpu f ,lqayonf/ tqif;&J tedryhf g;qH;k aom vlrsm;\ rlvrQwrI tcGit hf a&; udk rxdcu kd af om uGm[csurf sm;udk vpfb&,f 'Dru kd &ufwpf vlUtzGUJtpnf;taejzifh cGijhf yKoifh onf[k *Refa&mhpfu tqkdjyKavonf/ n 19

vlxkESifh a':atmifqef;pkMunf (7) rauoDat;rm (pifumyl) - r*FvmygtefwD uRefruawmh pifumylu auoDjzpfygw,f/ tefwt D Nru J se;f rmNy;D Edik if &H UJaumif;usK;d rsm; o,fy;kd Edik yf gapvdYk qkawmif;ay;vQuyf g/ tck tefwu hD kd uRerf ar;r,fh ar;cGef;uawmh tck zGJUpnf;vdkufwJh tpdk;&topfeJY tefwD&JU aphpyf aqG;aEG;rIrsm;rSm awmfawmfav; atmifjrifaeygw,f/ txl;ojzifh trsKd;om; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;ayghaemf/ tJ'Dawmh tefwDuvnf; ajymcJhwm &Sdygw,f/ tefwDwpfa,mufwnf;eJY vkyfvdkYrjzpfygbl;/ tm;vH;k 0dik ;f vky&f r,fvYkd ajymxm;ygw,f/ uRerf wdu Yk vnf; Edik if o H m;awG taeeJY tukev f ;kH 0dik ;f 0ef;Ny;D vkyu f ikd af y;csiyf gw,f/ tJ'aD wmh tefwhD taeeJY b,fvdk Guide Line av;rsm; uRefrwdkYudk ay;vdkY &ygrvJ/ tm;vH;k twlw0l ikd ;f vkyzf aYkd ygah emf/ tckvyk af ewJh tpd;k &eJY tefwMhDum;rSm&Sw d hJ Process awGudk ydkNyD;awmh jrefqefvmzdkYtwGufjzpfygw,f/ aus;Zl; trsm;BuD;wifygw,f tefwD/ a':atmifqef;pkMunf - orD;wdYk jzpfapcsiw f mudk tpd;k &uodatmif ajymqdkMuzdkYu yxrvdktyfcsufyg/ 'kwd,tm;jzifh wdwdususeJY udpö&yfawGtay: tajccHNyD; vdktyfwJh jyKjyif ajymif;vJrIawGudk oufqdkif&mXmeawGudk today;NyD;awmh awmif;qdkapcsifygw,f/ 'Dt h jyif wpfqifw h ufNy;D yg0ifywfoufcsiw f ,f/ tefww D &Ykd UJ 'Dru kd a&pD uGe&f ufvyk if ef;awGrmS yg0ifapcsiyf gw,f/ jynfoal wG Ed;k Mum;wuf<u Mu&if tpd;k &uvnf; Ed;k Mum;Ny;D Edik if v H nf; wd;k wufvmrSmyg/ orD;wdYk tm;vHk; 'Dvdk wuf<uaeMur,fqdk&if EdkifiHa&;jyKjyifrIvrf;pOf[m ydkajzmifhjzL;NyD;awmh tefwDwdkY yl;aygif;aqmif&GufwmawG[mvnf; ydkNyD;awmh xda&mufrSm jzpfygw,f/

The Future

tefwpD u k kd ar;csiw f muawmh OD;ode;f pdef tpd;k &wufNy;D wJh aemufyikd ;f rSm uRefawmfwdkY vlYtcGifhta&; csKd;azmufrIawG &SdaeqJ jzpfygw,f/ txl;ojzifah wmh atmufajcrSm w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k rIawGvnf; oufqikd &f m tpd;k &XmeawGrmS bmrS uReaf wmfwYkd rawGU&ao;ygb;l cifAsm/ 'D[mudk tefwt hD aeeJY b,fvx kd ifygovJcifAsm/ aemufwpfcu k Edik if aH wmftpd;k & taeeJY vlt Y cGit hf a&;aumifpw D pfcu k kd zGUJ pnf;Ny;D wJh aemufyikd ;f rSmvnf; uRefawmfwdkY e,fpyfa'orsm;eJY wdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pkawGtay:rSm vlrIa&;csKd;azmufrIawGeJY ywfoufNyD;awmh umuG,fay;rIawGudk uRefawmfwdkY 'DaeYtxd rawGU&ygbl;cifAsm/ wdkif;&if;om;a'oawGrSm &SdwJh vlenf;pkawG&JU wjcm;bmom0ifawGtay:rSm vlYtcGifhta&; csKd;azmufrIawG &SdaeqJjzpfwJhtwGuf vlYtcGifhta&; udpöawGudk wdik ;f &if;om;a'oawGtxd us,u f s,jf yefjY yefY yg0ifaqmif&u G Ef ikd af tmif tefwOD ;D aqmifNy;D awmh wpfEidk if v H ;kH qdik &f m vlt Y cGit hf a&; nDvmcHwpfcu k kd ac:qakd y;zdu Yk kd uReaf wmfwt Ykd aeeJY tefwu hD kd awmif;qdck siyf gw,fcifAsm/ a':atmifqef;pkMunf - vlt Y cGit hf a&;aumfr&Siu f jynfoal wGxu J wifjyvmwJh vlt Y cGit hf a&; csK;d azmufraI wGukd udik w f , G yf grh ,fvYkd Ouú| OD;0if;r&u ajymqdo k mG ;wmudk a&'D,rkd mS Mum;vdu k &f ygw,f/ om;wdYk a'orSm jzpfay:aewJh vlYtcGifhta&;csKd;azmufrIawGudk pmeJYa&;NyD; OD;0if;r&udk wifjyMunfah pcsiyf gw,f/ *½kwpdu k v f yk rf ,f rvkyrf ,fqw kd m wifjyMunfhrS od&rSmyg/ BuHKwkef; ajym&r,fqdkvdkY&Sd&if OD;0if;r&[m &cdik w f ikd ;f &if;om;wpfO;D vnf; jzpfygw,f/ vlt Y cGit hf a&;eJY ywfoufwhJ nDvmcHawG tpnf;ta0;awGqw kd m us,u f s,jfyefjYyefu Y kd vkyo f ifyh gw,f/ tefww D b Ykd ufuvnf; 'Dvt kd pnf;ta0;awG jzpfajrmufa&;udk BuKd ;pm; vkyfaqmifoGm;ygr,f/

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Questions & Answers

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21

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Focus

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23

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24

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wdkY jzpfygonf/ Law of Contract and Sale of Goods

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ESiyhf wfoufí t"dutusq;kH jzpfonfh Foreign Investment Law udk Edk0ifbmv (2)&uf?

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Law of Employment

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Photo Essay Photo - Internet

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34

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United Bank of India

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35

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36

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