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T H E
T H R O U G H
I S S U E
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The Department of International Affairs Magazine Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages Print ISSN: 2790-0282 Online ISSN: 2790-0290 Published 2021
KHESSED YODER THE VIEW FROM BUILDING Q
MARK LAI Into the Darkness with a Cat
CONTENTS
07
EDITOR’S LETTER
A letter from the Department of International Affairs Chairperson and Chief Editor to DIAers
48
STUDENT HIGHLIGHTS
A highlight of outstanding students in the DIA who have contributed to the department
54
CURRENT EVENTS
The events hosted by the Department of International Affairs in the Spring of 2021
58
GRADUATES CONTINUING THEIR STUDIES
A list of graduating students continuing their studies
63
GRADUATING CLASS NOTES
Graduating Class of 2021 final goodbye notes to Wenzao and classmates
CONTENTS
09 Opinion Pieces
Research Papers
09
17
JUN-JIE LIN
Political Memes and Political Polarization in Taiwanese Social Media
10
YI-CHING HUANG
Pier 2 and the Cluster Effect
12
TING-LIEN HUNG
Safety or Self-limitation? On the Way to Shake My Beliefs
15
YUNG-HSIN TENG
"Direct Democracy" - Please Sign Up for Saving the Last 500 Leopard Cats in Taiwan
16
MIAO-TONG LEE
The Relationship Between ‘The Big Issue’ and the Homeless
11
40
WEI-JIE YUAN
Free Money for All? How Universal Basic Income Cuts Both Ways in Taiwan
22
SABRINA CHEN
Looking at Norway and Singapore Sovereign Wealth Funds to Understand State Capitalism
26
TOM SEVERIN
Taiwan’s Offshore Wind Industry: The Path to the International Market
29
WEN-TUNG LIN
A Brief Introduction to Economic and Social Relations Between Taiwan and Southeast Asian Countries
3 3 MARIA WILKINSON Results of the 2020 United States Elections: Looking at Strategic Narratives to Understand Election Reactions
3 7 BUYANNEMEKH TOM ENKHBOLD Stereotype, Conflict and Power Relations: An Interview Study Of International and Local Students' Experience In Wenzao
4 2 PEI-YU HO Gender Inequality and The Distribution of Household Labor in Taiwan
PRISCILLA DIANI
4 5 KUMARADEWI
An Interview Study of Wenzao Students’ Attitudes Towards Discrimination and Gender Stereotypes
ISSUE 01
CHIEF EDITOR ART DIRECTOR PHOTOGRAPHY DIRECTOR EVENT RAPPORTEUR
Maria Wilkinson Sabrina Chen Lin, Yu-Wen Buyannemekh Tom Enkhbold
STAFF WRITER, SECTION LEADER
Khessed Yoder
BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Philipp Fluri Dr. Lai, Wen Yi
Dr. Yuan-Ming Chiao Maria Wilkinson
PLEASE CONTACT THE DIA MAGAZINE AT theDIAmagazine@gmail.com for a downloadable PDF version of this issue
The DIA Magazine is published biannually (Fall and Spring) by Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages, Department of International Affairs
The artwork in this issue are submitted by the DIA students and staff. Congratulations to those who have been chosen to be featured in this issue. If you would like to submit your artwork to the DIA magazine, send your submissions to thediamagazine@gmail.com
Art Contributed (in order of appearance) by : Lin, Yu-Wen Khessed Yoder Mark Lai Brian Lin
All photos of Wenzao are courtesy of our Photography Director
Editor’s Letter Dear DIAers, It’s Mark, your Chairperson of the Department of International Affairs. The Chief Editor told me to write down a short paragraph for this magazine. This assignment gave me a lot of pressure. For decades, I have earned my living by writing and talking and I should be good at it. But this paragraph is so important not only to editors, professors and me, but also to all of you, the members of our DIA community. So, here it is. Living the lockdown life under a pandemic, we learn lessons. First, we absolutely do not need the gym, movie theaters, casinos, bars, swimming pools, shopping malls and let’s just say good bye to capitalism. Second, we realized that we do not need fancy restaurants but we do need food. Third, we don’t need dating nor hanging out but we need to be together with someone. And the fourth lesson we learned is that we need to read books. Words are the essence of human civilization and reading books is the purest and most satisfying experience of human life. Movies, music, novels, memes, anything on the Internet, visual arts, everything are the extension of words. You do love reading and you just don’t realize it. Now we finally have made our department become words. The DIA Magazine is a collection of the wisdom of DIAers. Their research, inspiration, artwork, their memories in the Z and Q building, and their tears and laughter from these four years. We will publish DIA Magazine from now on. I will not be the Chairperson forever and you will graduate eventually, but this DIA Magazine will be here to stay. That’s why the words are the most precious experience for us. They last and they shine forever. Marl Lai
A Note from the Chief Editor The DIA 2021 Manifesto After finishing a thesis, I had asked "what's next?" With the desire to publish my paper somewhere but the likelihood of it being published slim-to-none, myself and a few other classmates thought of making our own place for publication. What started as an idea to share our research with others, turned into something bigger than imagined. With the help of professors and students, our department has been able to create an all-English magazine that has been published on a platform next to other universities such as Harvard and the likes. As Chief Editor, I strived to establish a precedent of perfection for this magazine. The best or nothing, and I think we got it. We received 38 research submissions; 8 were accepted as research papers, 5 were accepted as opinion pieces. We spent two months on this project. We lost sleep on this project (especially our Art Director, Sabrina). I think in Taiwan, many people look down on Wenzao, many people look down on a language school teaching International Affairs. I ask you non-believers of Wenzao DIA, to take a look at this magazine and tell me if you still feel that way? This magazine portrays talent. It shows we have many students that are impressive and serious. I am proud to be a classmate among these individuals. Thank you to the students and professors that have contributed in some way to make this magazine a possibility, especially to our student committee; Sabrina Chen, Buyannemekh Tom Enkhbold, Lin, Yu-Wen, and Khessed Yoder. Now, start writing. Time to prepare for the Fall 2021 issue (and submit your work to me at thediamagazine@gmail.com). Maria Wilkinson
Opinion Piece: Political Memes and Political Polarization in Taiwanese Social Media Jun-Jie Lin
In recent years, scholars have become
political propaganda. The audience of
interested in political expressions of
these memes are mainly focused on the
young people via digital technologies. In
younger generation.
no small part people’s engagement in social media like Instagram or Facebook
As a result, humorous political memes
has become complicated through the
could be a popular way to raise political
platform
for
participation as well as create concern
and
over
opinions
social to
media be
provides
exchanged
communicated.
their
potential
dangers
of
polarization. This form of media has
This online platform has become a space for the younger generation to participate in political issues. In the 2016 American election, memes successfully
the potential risk of creating hatred between people who support KMT and DPP in Taiwan. In other words, political memes have the power to not
intervened in popular press discourse.
only be regarded as something funny,
These forms of Internet humor have
but also it is an effective way as a
become
political
decisive
in
contemporary
propaganda
and
political
political life. Nowadays, when it comes to
agitation to achieve some political
the definition of a meme, it is defined as a
purpose.
funny image and some verbal component (comics, collage, clips etc.). Taiwan saw a similar phenomenon during the 2018 mayoral elections and 2020 presidential elections (see picture 1). But when we start to review the information of political memes, we can see that most of the
messages
are
emotional
and
aggressive Notably, political memes tend to accompany
Picture 1. political meme of 2020 president election Source: Taiwan meme
Opinion Piece: Pier 2 and the Cluster Effect
In recent years, the cultural and creative
industries
have
gradually
emerged. In Kaohsiung, the development of Pier-2 was to make use of idle spaces and old warehouses and to make the place more active. Which led it to become a base of cultural and creative industries for artists, creators, and enterprises.
In
this
place,
artists,
creators, and enterprises can sell and display their works of art. In addition, many new public constructions have been added, such as the light rail transit and Great Harbor Bridge, in order to attract more tourists.
role in Pier-2. It makes the creators and operators get together in the same area to generate a clustering of information and
In addition, the cluster effect allows creators and operators to cooperate with
other
communication
surrounding similar businesses.
enterprises,
inspire
inspiration, and enhance creativity. However, there are also some negative effects of clustering. For example, total income from sales will be affected and commodities
are
imitated
and
misappropriated by other businesses. Nevertheless, the creators and operators stationed in Pier-2 try to overcome
the
negative
effect
that
clustering causes. They find that the positive
The cluster effect is an indispensable
exchange
Yi-Ching Huang
impact
on
their
business
outweighs the negative impact. Due to Pier-2
being
an
important
tourist
attraction in Kaohsiung, the government has also made some policies for artists, creators, and businesses, hoping for new businesses to be able to take root and develop, as well as maturing local brands.
"It was hard to admit that I have stayed in my small circle for too long in order to be safe." "How many opportunities would I miss if I rebelled against what I was told?" "How many opportunities would I miss if I just stayed put?" -Quote from page 12
Opinion Piece: Safety or Self-limitation? On the Way to Shake My Beliefs Ting-lien Hung
Like everyone on this planet, I could not
It had been that way until I met Ann.
choose where to be born. Luckily, I was
Ann attends the same graduate program
born into a lovely family that protected
as I do and later became a good friend.
me and provided for me. My parents’ love
Ann comes from France with a totally
and
different
care
enabled
my
growth,
yet
background.
She
is
bold,
somehow, I started to be suffocated. Like
adventurous, yields a good sense of
most Asian parents who are afraid of
direction, and most importantly, she is
their children getting hurt and eager to
well-experienced in traveling. She has
pave a route towards “success,” my
shared her stories with me, so rich and
parents used my “Ba-Zi,” similar to an
full of detail. Sometimes I felt she had
astrological birth chart, as a compass to
been sent to me by the Universe to tell
guide me when I stood at a fork in the
me how to live my life to the fullest.
road. The desire to see the world, with the With their help, I was able to receive a
stifling fear imposed by my parents,
higher education at Wenzao Ursuline
pushed me to run like wild and go head-
University of Languages all the way from
first into hitchhiking.
the
five-year
college
to
the
Immersed
in
the
So, I did, and I did so with Ann.
diversity
of
Hitchhiking in Taiwan is not a common
cultural
sport. Of course, my parents had tried to
backgrounds, I dreamed of seeing the
stop me from doing so and presented to
world with my very eyes. But whenever I
me all the possible terrible consequences
proposed to move out or go on an
lying ahead.
graduate
junior
school.
knowledge schoolmates
and with
the
different
exchange program, my parents reacted in a way as though they could forecast the danger ahead of me if I left them.
It was the most rebellious moment of
We had some tips to protect ourselves,
my life. To be honest, if it was not for
such as asking more questions about the
Ann, I would not have taken the risk.
driver before getting in their car,
Despite myself being the locally-born
mentioning to the driver that our friends
person in this duo, Ann, knows Taiwan
are waiting for us at the destination,
better than I do. She has hitchhiked
demanding the driver let us off if
numerous times on her own and even
something doesn’t feel right, and the
travelled around this island country by
most important one, never hitch a ride
foot!
when it gets dark.
This trip took us 8 rides to the rural
Truth be told, crimes against hitchhikers
Hualien county to visit our friends there.
are way less than people imagine. From
Each hitch was less than 10 minutes on
1979 to 2009 in the United States,
average.
I RAISED MY THUMB AND HELD A CARDBOARD SIGN THAT READ “HITCHHIKE.” THIS TIME I DECIDED WHERE TO GO AND HOW TO ARRIVE.
I listened as I should, but on the day of
675 cases of sexual assault and murder
the trip, I still left with Ann anyway.
committed
along
interstate
We met mostly male drivers, and the line
were reported. Of the 675 cases, crimes
we often heard was “aren’t you afraid to
committed
meet bad guys?” Ann always replied: “but
ridiculously low.
against
highways
hitchhikers
were
you don’t look like a bad guy.” The possibility of being a victim of a For hitchhikers, there are risks involved,
crime while hitchhiking is 0.0000089% in
especially for women. Dangers such as
the United States. In contrast, you are
sexual harassment are always a fear.
more likely to die from falling (0.94%).
That’s why we didn’t bet on luck with
How about Taiwan? In 2021, Taiwan had a
drivers.
a crime index of 15.24, far less than that
It was hard to admit that I have stayed in
of 47.74 in the U.S. The reports of crimes
my small circle for too long in order to be
committed against hitchhikers in Taiwan
safe. How many opportunities would I
are practically non-existent.
miss if I rebelled against what I was told? How many opportunities would I miss if I
With Ann’s company as comfort, I started
to
understand
the
art
just stayed put? Hitchhiking, this leap of
of
faith, took me beyond my expectations.
hitchhiking, which originated from the
Neither did I fall to my death nor end up
U.S. in the 1920s and once became a
in jeopardy.
national phenomenon spreading abroad but then declined, which was possibly
This journey taught me that the
attributed to the huge growth of car
comfortable place that once nurtured me
ownership. This lost art allowed me to
as a child could no longer sustain my
peep into other people’s lives which set
growth. Standing on a ramp of an
fire to my beliefs.
intersection, I raised my thumb and held a cardboard sign that read “hitchhike.”
I started to question if there really is a
This time I decided where to go and how
best choice in life as my Ba-Zi suggests
to arrive.
there is. What would happen after I “detoured” and chose a less favorable option? I remember that a female driver on her way to Taitung city shared her traveling experiences with Ann and me. She was a restaurant owner and often encouraged her part-time employees, who were typically students, to go out and see the world. She described some of her student employees who never left their hometown, stuck in the fear of the unknown. In the back seat Ann grinned at me with a look suggesting that I was not too far from that description. With that, I felt a sense of guilt and discomfort emerge.
Opinion Piece: "Direct Democracy" - Please Sign Up For Saving The Last 500 Leopard Cats In Taiwan Yung-Hsin Teng Have you ever thought about the effect
A large portion of its popularity came
you have when you sign your name to a
from the support of Taiwanese celebrities
petition you found on social media?
who were willing to advocate about the
Online petitions are a new measure for
petition regardless of whether people
people to express their thoughts through
knew or didn’t know what the petition
direct democracy. However, there are
was. With a petition so popular, I wanted
some problems that come along with
to know how much help Taiwanese people
direct democracy, such as slacktivism,
felt they were contributing by signing a
herd behavior, the bandwagon effect, and
petition.
the filter bubble. In Taiwan, there is a famous petition called “Please Sign up for
To answer this question, I made a
saving the last 500 Leopard Cats in
questionnaire. My respondents largely
Taiwan”, posted in May of 2018. The
either agreed or strongly agreed that
petition
a
online petitions help change the issue. In
worldwide online petition website. The
the case of Leopard Cats in Taiwan and
petition set out to change the policy
the company Yulon Motor Co., Ltd., Yulon
associated with the company, Yulon
did contribute in 2018 to a company
Motor
been
seeking to protect the Leopard Cat
expanding its factory into leopard cats’
community called “Leopard Cat Rice”. The
habitats. As of November 1, 2020, this
effect of direct democracy may have had a
petition had already achieved 892,024
role in this outcome.
was
Co.,
posted
Ltd.,
on
which
Avaaz,
had
signatures.
Source: From the Author
Opinion Piece: The Relationship Between ‘The Big Issue’ and the Homeless Miao- Tong Lee
The Big Issue is a social enterprise that
The reason why people support what
was co-founded in 1991 by Gordon
The Big Issue is doing is because they are
Roddick and A. John Bird and started in
helping homeless people to start their
the UK. This social enterprise provides
new life by giving them a job to have their
homeless
disadvantaged
own income and rebuild their self-
people with a job opportunity so that they
confidence. If they don't work, their
can earn an income by selling magazines
quality of life may worsen due to a lack of
instead of begging on the streets for money.
income. Nevertheless, there are people
The Big Issue hopes to help those who also
that think that The Big Issue is taking
want to help themselves, so that they can
advantage of the homeless instead of
rebuild their personal confidence and
helping them because the operation of
dignity through the sale of magazines,
The Big Issue in Taiwan is a little different
and then regain empowerment in their
from how it is in the UK.
and
socially
lives. In Taiwan, the Big Issue will go to the homeless shelters to hold a briefing and recruit people who want to work.
The Big Issue in Taiwan doesn't give as much help to their employees as the UK company does. In Taiwan, they only
However, there are varied opinions on the relationship between The Big Issue and the homeless in Taiwan, with some believing that the Big Issue is taking advantage of the homeless instead of helping them, while others believing that the Big Issue is a good opportunity for the homeless to have a job.
provide a working opportunity, and the employees have to deal with housing and healthcare on their own. Citizens are concerned that the vendors do not receive enough help. But for the vendors, the other obstacles are minor compared to the chance to earn an income.
Research Paper: Free Money For All? How Universal Basic Income Cuts Both Ways In Taiwan Wei-Jie Yuan
In the post-pandemic era, an assortment
Under this worldwide circumstance,
of monetary and fiscal policies have been
how to deal with the stimulus spending
proposed in response to the economic
has caused headaches for policymakers
downturn
domestic
in Taiwan. Some believe that directly
underconsumption. In economics, money
sending people an amount of money
injection, such as government spending
without
and tax cuts, play a pivotal role in
potential to solve multiple predicaments
controlling and adjusting the economic
simultaneously, including the economic
phenomenon of a county. While many
impact of covid on industries, increasing
advanced economies like the United
economic disparity caused by the trend
States have signed a stimulus check into
of
law, some countries are just at the onset
employment triggered by automation
of such countermeasures. After having
and artificial intelligence (AI). While this
enjoyed almost one year of success,
idea of Universal Basic Income (UBI)
Taiwan has seen the end of its covid-free
seems utopian, it can be traced back to
normality with an outbreak in May of
the 16th century when Thomas More
2021.
caused
by
strings
globalization,
attached
and
has
the
declining
depicted a perfect state of paradise without poverty and private ownership in his remarkable work Utopia. In the 18th century, Thomas Paine
The public expenditure can then be utilized on other parts of the social welfare system.
Additionally, it enhances social
argued in Agrarian Justice that the right to
mobility. Low-income households and
natural resources and land originated
people,
from every individual's birthright, and
minimum wages easily fall prey to man-
private land ownership was deprived of
made and natural crises; unskilled
non-owners of their natural inheritance.
workers and the disadvantaged are
The "Grand Rent" he proposed can be
especially fragile to the risks because
seen as the predecessor of basic income
they have limited access to appropriate
programs today. In recent years, this
risk management instruments, which
counterintuitive
then puts them in a more severe
idea
has
gone
viral
worldwide with more than 20 UBI-like
especially
workers,
earning
economic quandary.
pilot experiments tested in more than 10 countries
until
2020.
the
As a result, social protection should be
discussions of UBI-related policies have
considered a type of investment in
risen
numerous
human capital formation. Therefore, for
countries, relatively few people in Taiwan
welfare reasons, the government should
are engaged with them. According to Lin's
play a role in assisting people who lack
study based on the data of Academia
access to cope with the crises. With a UBI
Sinica, approximately 40.2 percent of the
program,
Taiwan population are supportive of UBI
unexpected crises as financial certainty is
compared with the support rate for
an essential part of economic security.
precipitously
Although in
citizens
can
prepare
for
raising minimum wages (83.8%). Moreover, the globalization of trade in In
terms
of
diminishing
economic
goods and services has exacerbated the
inequality, the proponents of UBI believe
vulnerability
that it is the most effective way to bridge
societies,
the gap owing to its transparency and
exponential acceleration of technology,
universality. By sending every citizen free
the fourth industrial revolution has taken
money periodically regardless of their
place since the beginning of the 20th
personal, household, and employment
century with a variety of applications,
conditions, the administrative costs will
such
economize without anyone targeted.
Internet of Things (IoT).
as
among and
states.
automatic
individuals, With
robots
and
the
the
According to McKinsey, there will be an
government revenues per year based on
occupational switch of more than 350
the
million people globally. Due to the
accounting for 19 percent of GDP and 1.6
increasing effectiveness and efficiency of
times of annual government revenue for a
the
production
UBI policy of 12,608 NTD for adults and
process, the output and productivity of
6,304 NTD for youths. Such a huge
the industries will be increased with
amount is nearly impossible to implement
fewer labor forces, which results in a
as it would undoubtedly be a heavy
more polarized world. 2021 Forbes list
burden for Taiwanese citizens and the
indicates that the wealth of billionaires in
conglomerates in particular.
manufacturing
and
population
structure
of
2016,
Taiwan had risen by nearly five percent of GDP
in
2021,
while
the
has
been
escalating
inequality
approximately 1980s
in
15
percent
Taiwan.
generated
their
economic
wealth
by
in Taiwan. Though the economic effects
the
caused by the 2008 financial crisis had
billionaires
been recovered, the tax burden ratio per
since
These
The challenge leads to public perception
most
capita between 2009 and 2018 was
manufacturing and technology industries
between 14% to 15.6%. Taking the low
in which huge job opportunities were
tax burden into consideration, if it were
displaced by automated manufacturing
to be implemented in Taiwan, it would be
robots. The recipients of UBI have full
a
autonomy. The money, therefore, allows
process
the recipients to pursue what they are
legislation process, citizens conflicting
truly passionate about and prospers the
ideologies and reactions toward it, and
market
most importantly the tax reform.
circulation
by
from
encouraging
complicated
and
concerning
time-consuming the
domestic
innovation. As mentioned previously, the support Though a UBI policy appears to be a
rate for UBI in Taiwan is only 40.2%. Lin,
sound potential social program able to
the researcher of the study, also found
protect
the
disadvantaged economic greatest
working
class
and
the
that respondents with relatively higher
from
this
trend,
the
education and socioeconomic status tend
feasibility
has
been
the
to oppose the idea of universal income
As
guarantee probably because of the fear of
challenge
in
Taiwan.
reported by UBI Taiwan in 2018, it would cost approximately 3.24 trillion of
higher tax rates.
All
things
considered,
scholars,
policymakers, and individuals should not stop engaging with this emerging policy. By having more discussions and raising people’s awareness, one can debate and ponder different sides of the policies in comparison with the existing social protection system. Yet, the discussions may need more concrete research concerning both the people’s perception of unconditional cash
transfer
transfer
and
because
conditional the
public’s
cash view
matters the most in a democracy. Furthermore, the viability of tax reform on the premise of UBI implementation is also
worthwhile
cultivating
as
the
unexpected has become a new normal.
“With a UBI program, citizens can prepare for unexpected crises as financial certainty is an essential part of economic security.” - Quote from page 18
"State capitalism is not dangerous for countries if being used appropriately. People should not fear the rise of state capitalism; people should drive state capitalism." - Quote From Page 22
Research Paper: Results of different management strategies: Looking at Norway and Singapore Sovereign Wealth Funds to Understand State Capitalism Sabrina Chen
Over the past several years, public wealth, investment, and enterprise have made the wave of state capitalism balance the global recession. This led to the rise of the term ‘state capitalism’.
During the first twenty years, the revenue was primarily invested in the oil industry and in developing the country, but it became clear that oil revenues would not be sustainable. The Norwegian oil fund was established by law to support
State
capitalism
a
the government’s long- term management
formidable force in the international
of petroleum revenues. The fund is
economy with different forms. Sovereign
managed by Norges Bank on behalf of the
wealth funds (SWFs) were established
Ministry of Finance. Its mission is to
with goals to protect and stabilize the
safeguard and create financial wealth for
budget
future generations.
and
has
economy
become
from
excess
volatility, diversify from non-renewable commodity exports, increase savings for future generations and so on. The researcher used Norway and Temasek SWFs to analyze the practice of state capitalism in these countries. The origins of Norway’s oil (GPFG) fund lie in the 1960s. It is one of the largest SWFs in the world. The revenue from the oil tax and state’s direct ownership has had a huge effect on the Norwegian economy.
Another successful case is Temasek,
This
indicated
that
there
is
no
which is ranked as the ninth largest
correlation between state capitalism and
sovereign wealth fund worldwide in
SWFs. A country with SWFs is not
2019. Temasek Holding is a global
necessarily a state capitalist. The deciding
investment company headquartered in
factor
Singapore and is owned by the Singapore
capitalist is the governance model (third
government. Temasek is an investor and
factor). In the case of GPFG, it clearly
shareholder
proves
that
among
state
institution
with and
a a
forward-looking trusted
steward.
whether
a
the
country
triangular
capitalism,
governance
value over the future and are committed
determines the type of country.
the
state
causality
SWFs
Temasek amid to create sustainable
is
is
result
and
of
what
to the pursuit of excellence and strive for the advancement of their communities across generations.
With two different opinions from two sides of state capitalism, the proposition demonstrated state capitalism is a way to
Three major criticisms of SWFs, first,
improve
domestic
economy
and
the
SWFs are too influential due to the size
opposition demonstrated a rejection of
and power of it. Second, SWFs pose a
free-market
security risk due to political purpose of
capitalism. The study aimed to investigate
investments worldwide. Third, SWFs are
the right to practice state capitalism with
not well regulated due to the lack of
SWFs through analyzed assessments of
transparency.
Norway
These
indicated
that
doctrine
and
from
Temasek’
state
SWFs.
This
people fear the rise of state capitalism
research was elicited though the research
because the government could use state
question: should a state have control over
capitalist tools (SWFs) to expand political
SWFs? This research was conducted
power due to the economy size of the
through
fund. SWFs are often seen as having a
assessments of the funds were coded to
lack of transparency and unsecured
understand
organization, however, the case of GPFG
capitalism via SWFs in Norway and
is the exception. GPFG is transparent and
Singapore. The codes were divided into
well regulated; and although they own
three
SWFs and one of the biggest petroleum
economy
companies in the world, Norway is not a
monetary policy of these countries, stock
state capitalist country.
market and investment area of the fund.
qualitative the
sections,
case
practice
of
including
performance,
study, state
counties’
fiscal
and
The findings of the paper can elaborate how
these
countries
practice
state
Norway is pushing some of the world's largest
companies
to
change
their
capitalism through SWFs. For Norway,
corporate policies on many different
Norwegian Government practice state
fronts. Many countries try to control the
capitalism by holding 1.5 % of all the
world with militaries, other countries try
stocks in stock markets in the world to
to
expand
diplomacy.
their
power,
and
influence
sway
foreign
governments
with
decisions in some of the largest companies in the world. Norway is considered as a
Norway expands its power through
hedge fund country. According to the
influence
on
the
biggest
laws, the fund cannot invest in the local
companies. On the other hand, Singapore
economy, only in foreign companies.
practices state capitalism by being the
That was the reason for the fund holding
largest employer in the domestic market.
1.5 % of all the stocks existing in the
It has power to control unemployment
world. According to many analysts, the
which was one of the reasons why the
management of the fund was relatively
Singapore
conservative and does not make as much
unemployment decline so much after
as it could. But Norwegian government
financial crisis by re- entry workers to
did not only use this for diversification
labor market.
government
can
global
make
but as a political weapon as well. Singapore’s government has created a For example, every year the Norwegian
network and bureaucracy in approach to
central bank pushed a blacklist with
national building where the business
companies that they did not invest in for
enters business to create benefit and
various
general
ethical
reasons
including
weapons
manufacturers,
tobacco
producers
and
firms
involved
in
traded companies gave Norway the right
industrial
to
choosing
the
shareholders
government
of
the economy from direct intervention to indirect
in
The
Singapore had successfully restructured
corruption. By having stocks in publicly participate
profits.
through
diversification
sectors.
of
Internationally
interventionist
and
state
meetings. They can vote on corporate
capitalist measures through a strategy of
decisions and even suggest topics for
dynamic economic policy planning.
discussion.
The indicator of Singapore practice
data analysis, both GPFG and TH have a
Singapore style of managing the country
relatively
in business-like manner by using the
economy with the capacity to boost the
public sector to intervene and participate
economy during recession. This means
in most sectors of the economy. Serval
that these funds are mostly giving
factors
of
positive impacts on domestic economy,
and
although some might argue that they
facilitated
Singapore’s
the
economic
success planning
stable
and
perform
high
practice of state capitalism policy over
could
better
such a long time. First, as a small country
intervention from the state.
growth
without
like Singapore, it was conducive setting for a highly interventionist government.
For state capitalism to work, it took
It is easier for governments to control
trust between the government and
and manage such a small market. Second,
citizens.
Singapore is considered to have a stable
dangerous
political
environment
with
People’s
Action Party (PAP) as the dominant party. These
factors
provided
a
good
environment for Singapore to practice state capitalism more easily.
State for
capitalism countries
is if
not used
appropriately. To manage a pool of money like sovereign wealth fund, the state must be involved in it with adequate
regulations,
fiscal
and
monetary policies. From the lesson of
To answer the research question,
GDPG
and
TH,
with
adequate
without intervention from the state, there
regulations and management, and
might be monopoly of important natural
trust between the government and
resources and assets. there were some
citizens would only bring benefit and
advantages and disadvantages with SWFs.
prosperity for a country.
It
could
stabilize
the
budget
and
economy, increase saving for the future
People should not fear the rise of state
generations,
capitalism; people should drive state
diversify
from
non-
renewable commodity exports and use it as a political tool. In general, there was also concern about the transparency and trust issues of SWFs. As a result of the
capitals.
Research Paper: Taiwan's Offshore Wind Industry: The Path To The International Market Tom Severin Taiwan is eager to expand its offshore wind industry and become part of the international market in the future. To achieve
this
goal,
Local
Content
Requirements have been implemented to encourage local and foreign companies to work together. However, Taiwan was a newcomer in the offshore wind industry, and local suppliers were not as mature as other foreign companies. What made foreign investors want to enter the Taiwanese market was the enormous resource of wind in the Taiwan Strait. This resource could be part of an incentive to attract foreign investments. Furthermore, the tariff at which Taiwan was willing to purchase electricity from wind farms (the Feed-in Tariff) was relatively high which provided
more
incentive
to
foreign
investors. Local Content Requirements can ensure Taiwan that foreign companies will rely on local suppliers to build offshore wind farms. In exchange, local companies must
supply
quality
products
that
Taiwan National Wind Team should
international
standards
and
facilitate the formation of joint ventures
deliver them on time at a reasonable
between local and foreign companies
price.
and therefore encourage entry into the
respect
good
international market. Additionally, the Consequently, local suppliers could
Minister of Economic Affairs plays the
develop their capacity and become more
role of a third party to deal with
mature players in the future. Meanwhile,
differences between local companies and
the number of offshore wind farm
developers which leads to successful
projects was higher than the available
conflict
capacity. The Taiwanese government
situations.
resolution
and
win-win
aimed to include 5.7GW capacity as part of the Four Years Wind Development
The capacity of local suppliers to
Plan. However, the demand for offshore
cooperate with foreign developers has
wind farms exceeded 10GW. In other
established significant credibility for
words, foreign developers competed
Taiwan to localize its offshore wind
against
industry. The role of the Minister of
each
other
to
enter
the
Economic
Taiwanese offshore wind market.
Consequently, the Bureau of Energy of
beneficial
Affairs to
has
enhance
also the
been
learning
Taiwan decided to set Selection Criteria
capacity of local suppliers about the
by ranking projects according to certain
offshore
considerations, such as Local Content
primordial for the success of Local
Requirements. If a foreign developer was
Content Requirements.
wind
industry
which
was
willing to rely on local suppliers, his project would be more likely to reach a
When local suppliers face a knowledge
high rank and be approved with a high
gap, the minister steps in with assistance
tariff. ‘
in technical capacity. It has also formed partnerships with universities to form
The efficiency of the Local Content
local talents in the field of wind energy.
Requirements in Taiwan’s offshore wind
Although offshore wind energy is a new
industry lies in the cooperation between
industry in Taiwan, the government
local and foreign companies. A national
makes sure that local suppliers can
wind team has been created to form a
develop the knowledge necessary to
strategic
develop a local supply chain efficiently.
alliance
with
foreign
developers and combine the capacity of many local suppliers.
The size of the Taiwanese market was
of offshore wind farms in general, but
under consideration. If the market were
according to experts in the field of wind
large and had many local suppliers,
energy, foreign developers in Taiwan
companies could compete against each
demand more flexibility concerning the
other which could significantly decrease
list
prices and help foreign developers to
developers wish to be able to select local
engage with local companies. However,
items by themselves rather than following
according to a foreign developer in
a prerequisite list.
of
local
items.
Some
foreign
Taiwan, certain items had only one supplier
which
created
a
kind
of
The development of offshore wind
monopoly. To some extent, the list of
industry demonstrates the willingness of
items that must be localized in Taiwan
Taiwan to achieve 20% of renewable
played a crucial role. According to the
energy by 2025. Among every country in
Local Content Requirements’ timeframe,
Asia, Taiwan was considered a pioneer in
the earlier the project is proposed, the
the field, competing against Japan and
fewer requirements were demanded.
South Korea.
On the contrary, if the project was
The high renewable energy targets
commissioned later, more items must be
have put Taiwan in the scope of many
produced by local suppliers. This is
international companies. By engaging in
because local suppliers needed time to
the development of offshore wind energy
develop their capacity to work with
earlier than other Asian countries, Taiwan
foreign developers.
will not only be able to secure energy
If the Local Content Requirements
supply from wind and prevent electricity
introduced items that can hardly be
shortage but will be able to help other
made locally, foreign developers might
countries to develop offshore wind farms
scare off and decide not to enter the
in the future.
market. Furthermore, local suppliers must be engaged to deliver their items on time according to the timeline of the Local Content Requirements. The Covid19 crisis has certainly added more burden to delivery and the development
Research Paper: A Brief Introduction to Economic and Social Relations Between Taiwan and Southeast Asian Countries Wen-Tung Lin This short article demonstrates the historical
evolution
of
the
bilateral
relations between Taiwan (formally known as the Republic of China or ROC) and Southeast Asian countries in terms of the changes in economic, and social relations, from the Taiwanese perspective. First, the author illustrates the social relations between Taiwan and Southeast Asia in relation to the Southbound Policy, and secondly, demonstrates the economic relations
in
investment. proposes
terms Lastly,
the
correlations
of
trade
the
researcher
hypothesis between
and
of
social
the and
economic relations.
Southeast Asia A channel for bonding the socialcultural relations between Taiwan and Asia
was
President
Lee’s
and
Chen’s
administrations (1991 to 2008), only around 300 thousand Southeast Asian citizens worked in Taiwan. Between 2009 and 2016, the population of migrant workers from Southeast Asia increased to above 624 thousand, and currently, more than 700 thousand migrant workers are contributing to the development
of
Taiwan’s
economy,
mostly serving as domestic helpers or workers in the manufacturing sector (table 1, see page 30). The number of
Cultural Relations between Taiwan and
Southeast
became popular at that time. Under
the
Taiwanese
government’s policy to welcome the migrant workers to work in Taiwan since 1991, and transnational marriage
Southeast Asian spouses married to Taiwanese has reached 178 thousand in 2020. The accumulated number of Southeast Asian spouses enhanced from 102 thousand between 2001 and 2008 to 140 thousand (2009 to 2016) and rose to 178 thousand eventually (figure 1, see page 30).
As there are 178 thousand Southeast
and
Southeast
Asia
is
through
the
Asian spouses in Taiwan, around 164
Austronesia language and tourism. It is
thousand second generation of Southeast
argued that Taiwan is the homeland of
Asian
under
Austronesia people (Chang et al., 2015)
Taiwanese education institutions in the
.The indigenous population in Taiwan is
2019 school year. Also, 43 thousand
able to communicate with the indigenous
Southeast Asian descendants acquired
in
Taiwanese citizenship between 2010 and
exchanges
2019 (figure 2, see page 31).
speakers in Taiwan and Southeast Asia
registered
and
studied
Southeast
are Besides the Southeast Asian workers, spouses,
and
second-generation,
Asia.
between
continuously
Activities the
for
Austronesia
hosted
by
the
government. Also, tourism is another
the
channel for strengthening socio-cultural
Southeast Asian students are the other
relations. With cultural interaction and
important channel to establishing social
understanding, citizens in Taiwan and
connections
Southeast Asia can be familiar with each
between
Taiwanese
and
Southeast Asian citizens. According to
other.
the statistics, in the 2019 school year,
strengthening
around
from
relations between Taiwan and Southeast
Southeast Asia studied in Taiwan. The
Asia include the bonds with Southeast
other channel for strengthening the
Asian descendants in Taiwan (spouses,
55
thousand
students
social-cultural relations between Taiwan
All
in
all, social
channels and
for
cultural
migrant workers, second generations,
amount of Taiwan’s outward investment
and students), Austronesian people, and
in Southeast Asia between 1959 and
tourist exchanges. Through these three
1988). It was after the 1980s that
channels, the social and cultural relations
Taiwan’s investment in Southeast Asia
between Taiwan and ASEAN nationals are
intensified. The amount of Taiwan’s
continuously improving. Simultaneously,
investment
researchers, Chen & Ng suggest that
consistently increased during different
Taiwanese citizens show a more positive
periods.
Before
attitude towards the Southeast Asian
amount
of
spouses’ intention to seek Taiwanese
Southeast Asia was only US$ 4,891,633.
citizenship, compared to ten years ago
The amount of investment then rose to
(Chen & Ng, 2017).
US$
in
Southeast 1989,
Taiwan’s
the
Asia average
investment
in
474,544,000(1989-2000),US$
862,702,026
(2001-2008), (2009-2016),
US$
The Development of Economic Relations
2,194,937,414
and
between Taiwan and Southeast Asia
ultimately reached US$ 2,473,193,441
Taiwan started its first investment in
on average from 2017 to 2020, which
Malaysia in 1959, with US$ 100 thousand
was at the highest point (table 2). The
put towards investment. After 1962,
bilateral trade relations between Taiwan
there was more investment in Thailand,
and Southeast Asia show a growing trend
Vietnam, and Singapore. However, the
since 1981. The value of bilateral trade
investment
was only US$ 3,996,941,750 before
Taiwan
received
from
Southeast Asian countries exceeded the
1989.
Between 1989 to 2000, the value of
This observation is in line with Chin’s
trade surged to US$ 21,592,004,333, and
work arguing that the second generation
then it doubled to US$ 46,876,914,875
of Southeast Asian spouses could help to
from 2001 to 2008 on average. The value
strengthen
of trade rose to US$ 80,304,024,250
relations between Taiwan and ASEAN
between 2009 and 2016. Eventually, the
since they could be more familiar with
value
Southeast
of
trade
increased
to
US$
the
Asian
bilateral
language
economic
culture,
90,046,999,000, achieving the highest
helping to eliminate the language barrier
point within these four decades. Overall,
while investing in the region. (Chin, 2014,
the economic ties between Taiwan and
pp. 70-71).
Southeast
Asian
countries
have
improved consistently through these
Therefore the theory or hypothesis that
decades. The long-term cultivation of
the researcher proposed in this article is
social relations may play a role in
that the higher social relations between
enhancing
Taiwan and Southeast Asia, the better
and
stabilizing
bilateral
economic relations.
Taiwan’s
economic
presence
in
Southeast Asia. The social relations Refection
between Taiwan and Southeast Asia are
If we compare the statistics of social
the independent variable, while the
relations (the number of Southeast Asian
dependent variable is the economic
descendants
the
relations between Taiwan and Southeast
statistics of the economic relations (the
Asia. However, this hypothesis needs to
amount of investment and value of trade)
be tested in future works, as some other
between Taiwan and Southeast Asia, it
independent variables could also affect
reveals a positive trend, which rose
the bilateral economic relations between
simultaneously. With higher social and
Taiwan
cultural relations with Southeast Asian
government’s New Southbound Policy,
countries,
geographical proximity, market size, and
In
the
Taiwan)
economic
with
relations
between Taiwan and Southeast Asia improved.
so on.
and
ASEAN,
such
as
the
Research Paper: Results of the 2020 United States Elections: Looking at Strategic Narratives to Understand Election Reactions Maria Wilkinson As the results of the 2020 U.S. election began to roll in last November, responses of
election
interference
immediately
began to surmount. What we saw at this time was a story being told by the Republican party to justify losses and validate low numbers. This story is one of many that politicians use to tell their audience and the public about how to react to an event. This is called a Strategic Narrative.
"As new media ecology continues to shape a polarized U.S, the outcome of election reform policy is most likely to be formed from
Political narratives
scientists to
analyze
understand
strategic
how
actors
construct the reality of an event to create shared
meaning
for
the
public.
How
analysts do this is through identifying language and storylines put together by politicians to describe an event. When a
the early narrative of
storyline is identified, the public is better
2020 election interference. "
story is being told.
equipped to understand what and why a
After 2016 election interference, we also saw a story created to explain an election loss, though, at that time, it was from the Democratic party.
The Democratic National Committee (DNC) pointed to election meddling from the Russian government to locate where their losses were coming from. Although these kinds of narratives are often told by a losing politician to comfort their voters, the 2016 story sparked a new storyline. One that brought a great deal of distrust in the election process due to the
The Trump Administration did not
reckoning that other countries had the
release this information to the public
power to persuade and dissuade one's
and was later leaked by The New York
election. 2016 was the beginning of
Times, The Washington Post, and AP.
election uncertainty, the beginning of this
Information
story.
taking
of
place
election
in
2020
interference changed
the
political conversation from discussions We can identify the next steps within
on past events (2016 U.S. election) to
the story of election uncertainty that
discussing future, present, and past
took place in February of 2020. That was
events (2020 and 2016 U.S. election).
when
The
reports
of
Russian
election
statements
given
by
politicians
interference began to surmount once
describe the reality that these parties had
again. After this, three main events
hoped
brought both DNC and RNC (Republican
preparation for election results.
to
shape
for
the
public
in
National Committee) representatives to speak on the topic of interference within
When discussing election interference
the 2020 Election. The three events were
and the 2020 U.S. presidential election,
the final three reports regarding 2016
Democrats
election interference published by the
interference as an attack on U.S. national
U.S.
on
sovereignty, thus disrupting the process
Intelligence. On February 20th, 2020, it
of democracy. Republicans, in contrast,
was reported by major news outlets that
tended to frame this event as an attack
on February 13th, 2020, the Trump
on
Administration was briefed behind closed
legitimacy, structuring a decline in an
doors on 2020 election interference.
effective two-party system.
Senate
Select
Committee
tended
bipartisan
to
efforts
pose
and
foreign
internal
The researcher initiated a study to
and questioned the validity of Trump’s
examine strategic narratives of political
win. Democrats defined Russia’s actions
elites used in light of Russian interference
to be undemocratic and directed voters
from the three themes: the role of parties
to not vote for Trump, as a vote for
in defining interference, the problem they
Trump
describe, and their means of mobilization
undemocratic
of their voters. The research exhibits the
Republicans;
questioning of democracy legitimacy by
discussed a greater concern for internal
both
threats to democracy. We can see
parties
brought
forth
by
the
was
a
vote
for
Russia,
government. Republican
members
through
their internal democracy agendas. This
Democrats began narrating a response to
research
the
their election outcome in February of
research question; how do politicians in the
2020. In contrast, Republicans started
2020
creating their message in August of 2020.
U.S.
elicited
elections
through
narrate
Russian
reports
timeline
For
changing media ecology in context to was
the
an
of
of
2020
events;
election interference and how does that
After
election
impact their party’s view on democracy?
interference in February, the Democratic party sought to blame a third party for
By way of conducting a qualitative
candidate Trump’s support. This could
content analysis, speeches were coded to
potentially have been carried over after
understand party democratic positions.
November 2020 if election results were
Data was collected through internet
not in their favor.
sources and a checklist was used as a tool to ensure reliability and validity. By using
In contrast, the Republican party in
descriptive coding, major categories were
August of 2020 flipped the narrative
first developed, then broad themes were
from concern of election interference to
established to allow for a general context for analysis. The findings of this research can determine how each party describes the event to best fit their own political goals. For Democrats; Democrats used the problem of election interference to bring concerns
towards
the
legitimacy
democratic institutions within the U.S.
of
concern of internal validity in the election system with the cause being mail-in ballots. As we now know, after the November election, that script did ultimately carry over once election results were presented. It can be understood that politicians use these stories to tell a short-term narrative of validation for their losses.
Though, what is often neglected from
What should be taken away from this
the formation of these stories is the
research is that questioning if the
long-term implications that arise from
procedures
them. These narratives allow for a script
representative of a democracy is a
to be set in place that can be later
healthy process of democracy.
applied
to
democracy
election
legitimacy,
and
rules
are
fair
and
promotion,
and
democratic
By recognizing and announcing other
systems. We can even recognize the riot
party’s scandals the government is being
that took place on Capitol Hill this
transparent and informing their voters as
January to be a repercussion of the
a measure to prevent donkey voting.
narration set in place by Donald Trump
Though, the process of questioning
and his RNC supporters.
legitimacy is not a tactic to be abused by elites as it presents serious effects of
To answer the research question, the problem of election interference does not
change
democracy,
the but
parties
view
presents
on
building
concern towards democracy legitimacy that follows into a long-term script. The implications of this script established from the data is that the U.S. will undergo
a
uncertainty
long-term in
the
narration
U.S.
of
democratic
system. This established script can have long-term impacts for the United States whilst elites and their masses may create enduring destruction of U.S. democratic legitimacy.
As new media ecology continues to shape a polarized U.S, the outcome of election reform policy is most likely to be formed from the early narrative of 2020 election interference.
polarization within a society if exploited.
If we compare the number of local students with foreign students at Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages, the minority would without a doubt be the foreigners. So, why is it that international students are put on a pedestal? Why are they
the
most
outspoken
ones?
The
intricate correlation between the two student bodies and their effects on the university was the motivation behind this research. In the hope of improving the student life and the studying environment for all, I interviewed 13 foreign and 9 local students to answer some of these questions. Most international students go abroad in
Research Paper: Stereotype, Conflict, And Power Relations: An Interview Study Of International And Local Student's Experience In Wenzao Buyannemekh Tom Enkhbold
search
of
better
opportunities,
resources, and education. The population of international students has increased by 4.8% every year since 1998 to 2018. In 2018, a total of 5.6 million study in another country from which they weren’t born. Usually, the countries that host vast number of International Students are Western countries, and the origin of this vast migration can be pinpointed to mostly Asian countries. In the past, many scholars have studied the experience of international students in the west and their relations with the local students.
Scholars such as Hsieh
proposed a theory that there is unequal
Organized by the Author, Source: Wenzao, Section of Overseas Student Affairs (SOSA) power between international students and local students with the local students having more power. Scholar Tanaka’s theory suggests students from different backgrounds have a different power.
To add on, scholar Dunne suggests a theory that local students engage with international
students
based
on
perceived utility and interest curiosity. Scholars Jon and Kim explained that in these contexts the
division
of
local
Scholar Jon Jae – Eun explained that
students and international students can
the more economic power your country
also get segregated in terms of their English
has, the more power you have. Scholar
efficiency, known as the “English Divide”.
Brown
international
However, with the referendum in the UK
students encounter difficulties in making
to leave the European Union and the
friends with local students due to the
election of Donald J Trump, an anti –
language barrier, cultural differences,
immigration tone influencing the
explains
that
and preferred friendship groups.
Organized by the Author, Source: Wenzao, Section of Overseas Student Affairs (SOSA)
international student body to go to other
and creating the opportunity for more
destinations increased in popularity. The
international students from different
countries that at one time sent the most
regions to come to Wenzao. From the
students abroad, the top being China,
table below we can see how diverse the
Korea, and Taiwan, have started to
international student population is in
become
for
Wenzao, consisting from 37 different
of
the
countries, and 5 continents.
destinations
for
new
international emerging
destinations
students.
non-major
One
international students is Taiwan. If we
Given
such
a
broad
range
of
take Wenzao University, a University in
nationalities gathered together in one
Taiwan, as an example, the number of
place, it is the perfect opportunity to
international students, as seen from the
find answers. With the rising movement
table below, has grown from only 130
of international student bodies and their
students in the year 2011 to 500 students
dispersion to every region of the world,
in the span of 8 years.
popularity
of
Asian
education
has
elevated. This creates a new power Wenzao may be a special case due to it
dynamic situation that differs from the
being a language institute and having
stereotypical power struggles seen in
sister schools around the world under the
the English-speaking western countries.
umbrella of “Ursuline” institutes, offering
Previous researchers state that the
power distribution mostly favors the
Overshadowing and drowning the voice
local students in the western context
of others whose English ability lacks in
and the international students are seen
comparison.
as the minority.
difference being a cause of power
Besides
the
language
distributions, culture also plays a major However, this is not the case in Taiwan,
part. Westerners are taught from a
Wenzao. Local students hold the middle
young age to be individualistic and
ground, and some international students
independent, on the other hand, eastern
are
students tend to be more conserved and
positioned
higher
and
some
positioned lower based on language,
have a more group mindset.
culture, experience, and stereotypes. The language of instruction being English,
This act of behavior guided by their
those who come from English speaking
cultures and how they were raised
countries or developed countries seem to
amplifies
have more power compared to local
easterners power struggle amongst the
students in the classroom. This explains
students. Stepping out of their comfort
that the efficiency of the English ability
zone and seeking to obtain education in
gives the student more freedom to
a foreign land forces the international
express his or her opinion.
students to house more experience than
westerners
local students.
and
lessens
This experience can be translated into
The gradual process of improvement
knowledge and maturity. With the local
can be seen, be spending more and more
students not having this opportunity, the
time together, the walls of isolated
mindset of the two student bodies differs
groups start to dissolve. I believe that 3rd
and, in some cases, causes a difference in
party influence from professors and
viewpoints and actions that influence the
institutions can also contribute to this
likelihood of friendship.
process, making the end goal become an
The most noteworthy and easiest to solve would be the instructor. With different student bodies that each input different
perspectives,
it
is
the
instructor’s, or professor’s, duty to use these inputs to create healthy learning environments. Instructors may seek to motivate interactions amongst students and provide space for local students’ voices to be heard. Creation of opportunity does not only rest on the shoulders of the instructor, but also the organization that is offering the
education.
All
interviewees
expressed their lack of opportunity to engage with each other outside the classroom. All interviewees expressed their desire to have more opportunities than they currently have. By creating a platform for intercultural engagement will not only benefit the student bodies but to the institution itself. I truly believe that even though such factors
influence
among
student
Taiwan.
power bodies
distribution in
Wenzao,
integrated educational environment with equal distribution of power.
Research Paper: Gender Inequality And The Distribution Of Household Labor In Taiwan: A Survey Research In 2020 Pei-Yu Ho
Marriage is the course that most people will face in their life. Before, men were
in
charge
of
the
household
economics, women were in charge of the housework. But that conception has changed through the wave of a new generation. Now, not only can men enter the workplace, but women can also enter the workplace. There are more and more dual-career families in society now. However, the housework is still a job assigned to women. In addition to working in an office, the women are then expected to perform a second job, housework. In this changing society, housework has become a problem for husband and wife. We are always seeking equality in this society, but there’re still a lot of inequalities existing in this world. The distribution of household labor is an international problem. There are a lot
of different arguments to this debate about
who
is
responsible
for
These kinds of statements become a
the
source of pressure for women. Scholar
housework. In Taiwan, a report found
Ming-Ru Hseu described the long-term
that most men are the leaders in the
effect of a household that identifies
household, men already contribute to
chores as a gender-based job. She stated
the economic part of the family, thus
that the family and childhood housework
their perception towards housework
experience will affect children beyond
usually tends to be that it is not their
their childhood. The idea of who does
responsibility.
what housework, will be carried into their adulthood.
Scholar Ching-Yi Yang pointed out that men don’t receive enough training
My
research
looked
to
identify
and education about housework when
Taiwanese perceptions of gender and
they are young, which leads to an adult
household labor. This research used
life of hesitance towards housework, not
quantitative research, there were 198
entirely because they don’t want to, but
respondents in this research, 99 males
because they never learned to. In
and 99 females. I used the software
scholar Coltrane’s research, it was found
“Stata” to analyze the data and to get the
that men with higher education degrees
result. For the current situation in
will be more willing to do the housework.
Taiwan, we know that 81% of meals are
This coincides with women who have
prepared by women, 69% of laundry is
higher education degrees, as these women
done by women, 75% of house cleaning is
will tend to do less. Scholar Komter
done by women, and 72% of shopping (for
pointed out that when women work in
daily necessities) is done by women. On
the workplace, they will be more open
the other hand, 85% of repair work is
minded which will have a positive impact
done by men and 62% of men take the
on their house management. Komter
trash out. These results show that most of
also pointed out that men and women
the housework is still done by women in
continue to have the perception that
today’s society.
“housework is a women’s duty” or “women are more capable to do the housework”.
For the respondents’ feelings towards housework distribution, 67% of people think the distribution of household labor
in their family is equal and 81% of
people feel this way is because of
respondents
the
“money”. Men make more money than
current situation in their family. I also
women, that’s why men discriminate
asked if families should train children to
against women and women accept this
do the housework, 62% of respondents
discrimination.
are
satisfied
with
strongly agree that their children should do the housework when they are young.
In this research, I found that the
Almost 0 percent of the respondents
partner in the relationship who earns
strongly disagree. Most of the women
more strongly agrees that they should
and men are satisfied and content with
do less housework, and partners who
the unequal distribution of household
earn
labor, but they all want their children to
responses show that “money” is the
do the housework when they are young.
power,
That’s ironic, why would this be the
equality is not only a basic human
case?
right, but also a foundation for a
less
strongly
“money”
disagree.
can
talk.
These Gender
better world. This paper suggests that Maybe the reason is because of the
we educate our children, both boys and
“attitude”. In this survey, I set up some
girls, to do the housework when they are
questions
respondents’
young. This can improve the situation in
attitude toward family. For example: do
the future while also making families
you agree sons have more opportunity
become more harmonious. We should
than daughters to take care of you when
get rid of the idea of “men being in
you are old and other questions the like.
charge of the bills and women in charge
I also set up questions to test the
of the housework”.
to
test
the
respondents’ attitude toward gender. For example: do you agree men have a higher status at home than women? I found that people who identify as the “older generation”, “lower education”, and/or
“men”
tend
to
discriminate
against women while also having more traditional ideas. Maybe the true reason
We should start to change society now.
Research Paper: Patriarchal Culture In Different Countries: An Interview Study Of Wenzao Ursuline University Of Languages Students' Attitudes Towards Discrimination And Gender Stereotypes Priscilla Diani Kumaradewi
The
concept
of
“men
are
the
breadwinners” has been rooted in the culture of many different countries. As an example, in Indonesia, there is an idiom saying “Wong wadon iku kudu isa macak, masak,
manak,
marak,
makaryo
ing
Ndalem” (translation: women should be able to do makeup, cook, give birth, be kind, and do the housework). There is also an idiom in Chinese culture saying “ ” (translation: the male is in charge of the outside and the female is in charge of the inside). The development of society varies in the nature of gender. In modern society, femininity and masculinity are mostly linked
to
gender
Furthermore,
the
stereotypes.
development
of
industrial societies has become significant in defining what patriarchal culture is. By producing
the
female
subject
complemented and completed by her
as
relation to a male partner, patriarchy
had faced the struggle to be independent,
naturalizes sexual identity, masking the
not only for their country but also for
cultural construction of the feminine,
their rights.
thereby continually reproducing women in a subordinate position.
Nowadays, the idea and the concept of differentiating gender are already seen in
The concept of patriarchal culture can
our daily lives. Whether we look at the
not be separated from the history of
types of jobs for women verses men or
human development. As people began to
even the language used to describe
settle down, men were more likely to go
personality traits of women (tender, soft,
hunting and women just stayed at home.
smile, warmth, lovely, considerate) and
The development of human beings and
men (tough, hardworking, responsible,
the development of the society shifted
sharp, organized).
the idea of the “natural” self-fulfilling to
This qualitative research aims to
the idea of “men centered” as the initial attitude of patriarchal culture. In Asia
explore
itself, the concept of patriarchal culture
stereotypes and discrimination factors in
was shaped by the concept of family-
the college life of female college students
oriented attitude. China, Korea, and
in
Japan are considered to be the most
through
typically patriarchal and patrilineal in
females from Japan, China, Taiwan,
their
Malaysia, Indonesia, India, the United
society.
In
Indonesia,
during
colonialism period, Indonesian women
the
Taiwan.
The
reason
data
interviews.
for
was
Thirteen
gender
collected college
States, Brazil, Nicaragua, France, Spain, Turkey, and Nigeria were interviewed.
Source: From the Author
This research examined how college students
deal
with
the
issues
women’s rights and freedom. Patriarchal
of
culture is still a gray area topic. It is hard
patriarchal cultures in their life. This
to define the answer towards patriarchal
research also analyzed the thoughts and
culture because the culture itself has
backgrounds of those problems, and how
already existed for a long time. Even
the interviewees gave their stance to
though
deal this with this problem based on
developed
what they have learned in the past.
perception towards discrimination and
some
interviewees
countries,
the
are
from
individual
gender stereotypes have been rooted in In my research, I found that there are
people’s mind. We cannot just speak of
four major points related to patriarchal
resistance to patriarchy, but resistance to a
culture which are toxic masculinity,
whole range of unjust cultural patterns:
macho culture, political situation, and
male centrism, male dominance, hierarchy,
traditional values. In contrast, there are
authoritarianism,
also trends showing that patriarchal
heedless exploitation of the environment.
capitalism,
racism,
culture is slowly improving towards a better direction While comparing the
The
concept
of
“men
are
the
countries, I made a figure to visualize
breadwinner” should be banished from
patriarchal culture in different countries.
our culture. Nowadays, as the younger
When I asked interviewees about gender
generations gain more knowledge, there
oriented
is hope that women can receive greater
words,
some
interviewees
agreed that they still implement those words in their culture but they hoped to get rid of that culture because it limits
equality than before.
STUDENT HIGHLIGHTS Several students have been nominated by professors that we wish to give extra recognition to for their contributions to our department. In the words of professor Yuan Ming Chiao: “Each of the following students have shown not only academic dedication, but a spirit of service to the student body, and helping bring a collegial atmosphere conducive to department spirit, cross-cultural communication, peer collaboration and intellectual curiosity.”
Kelly Huang
As class leader of the UA1A Kelly has worked tirelessly to support and coordinate freshman student participation in DIA activities without fail. She exemplifies the team spirit of the Class of 2024 both academic and athletic, helping the department's newest students to play a key part of the DIA experience of teambuilding, leadership and building greater cultural understanding.
Manuel Preda
Tim McCarthy
Manu is a communicator and problem solver who has worked as a key liaison between international students and staff on academic and non-academic affairs in the DIA. With killer dance moves and deftness with managing the service hours of his peers, his actions exemplifies the potential when creativity and initiative from students in the department are put into practice.
Tim is a constant participant in lectures who actually gets the faculty's jokes. A team player and class role-model, he spent hours (in sunny, spring weather) training and holding up a cardboard sign to represent the College of English and International Studies during Sports Day without complaint. His professors also note the multiple occasions he has encouraged participation among his peers.
STUDENT HIGHLIGHTS
Tom Severin
Tom is always prepared to pose questions and comments that provoke reflection and spirited debate in all lectures. He has worked with great effort not only in supporting an atmosphere of inquisitiveness, but also serving as a role model for his peers in the department for working methodically and patiently on academic endeavors.
Khessed Yoder
Group work and studying can often be stymied by the free-rider problem. Khessed has cut through this by fostering collaboration by encouraging all members of the group to work toward the collective goal. Her ability to help build solidarity and goodwill among students is a key ingredient to the cohesion among international and local students.
Maria Wilkinson
Maria has had a great passion for pushing departmental boundaries ever since she became a student of the DIA, often with good cause. She has through solidarity with her fellow students worked toward greater cultural communication and understanding to help them find their own voice. Through her initiative and leadership, she has helped the Magazine move beyond an idea into a finished product that students can hold in their hands.
Caleb Chang
Caleb is always around the Department office, day and night. He guides students from both the undergraduate and graduate level and contributed to almost every DIA activity big or small. As a doer, and Caleb actualizes his study in reading, studying and collaborating with classmates. He is the hub of the graduate program and the "Deputy Chairperson" of the DIA.
A Heartfelt Goodbye - The Departure of Diane Chou
Our department has been honored to have Diane as the Assistant of the Masters Program of International Affairs over the last year, however, it has come time for her to move on to greater things. Diane has been a great help in managing all of the work that goes into making our master’s program excellent, as well as in making the DIA office a brighter place. Reflecting on her time here, Diane leaves this farewell: “When I first stepped into this campus for my interview, I saw two girls chatting happily under the tree (where you guys buy Bento at lunch time.) I got the intuition that where I was going would be a happy place to work in! And now, one and a half years have passed, still, I have to say this is an amazing department trying its best to embrace all the cultures and differences and I’m so happy I can be a part of it. There were some challenging parts (like getting crazy with languages twisted in the brain, needing to take one hundred pictures to show that we do exist in an event, etc.), but most of the time is just a happy time. Laughters + snacks + nice people = The DIA Office! “I’m sad to leave at this moment, a very tough time that I couldn’t give a goodbye hug in real. But we keep breathing and smiling! We might see each other again somewhere in the world. Thank you everyone. I’m gonna miss you all.” The Department of International Affairs certainly will feel her absence in the coming school year, but appreciate the time and efforts she has given while at Wenzao.
Study Buddies This year, the Department of International Affairs is thrilled at the success of our newly instituted “Study Buddy” program. This program aims to enhance the learning of first year students taking Political Science courses by increasing group discussion and participation. A huge thank you to the volunteers who helped make this program possible: Fransiska Chrishardiyanti Tom Enkhbold Kezia Pitasari Henning Funke Devante Fergus Vinh Lương Manuel Preda Angelina Rafaela Tom Severin
Scholarships and Awards Maria Wilkinson DIA Year 3 Wenzao Outstanding Academic Award Maria is well known in our department for not only her incredible work ethic and intelligent
contributions
to
classroom
discussion, but also her well-researched and informative presentations. She has shown excellence in her own performance and inspires those around her to reach the same standards. Congratulations to her for her achievements! Jordan Lin MIA Year 2 Wenzao Outstanding Academic Award Scholarship of Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2021 We congratulate Jordan for both receiving the Wenzao Outstanding Academic Award and The Scholarship of the Ministry of Foriegn Affairs 2021. Both of these honors reveal only a portion of the hard work and dedication Jordan has put into his time studying at Wenzao. We are confident he will continue to walk in success as he moves on to greater things.
Scholarships and Awards Tiffany Hsu DIA Year 4 Scholarship of Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2021 Tiffany has received the Scholarship of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and she hopes that she can encourage others to also reach for their goals: “It is my honor to get this award from MOFA, and I believe it is an impressive achievement in my life. However, it does not mean I am an excellent person, but a diligent one. I will encourage you all that sweat is the lubricant of success. Pain is temporary. Quitting lasts forever.”
Amos Li MIA Year 2 Wenzao Outstanding College Youth Award/ Scholarship of Charles University, Czech Amos is honored to receive both the Wenzao Outstanding College Youth Award and a Scholarship to Charles University this year, which is not including other scholarships and honors he has received in the past. He serves as a prime example not only to strive to pursue your goals, but to continue reaching for success after you achieve them. Life is not a straight path from beginning to end, but a series of challenges, set backs, and triumphs. Amos has shown that not only do you need to get back up when you are knocked down, but to also keep on going when you hit big milestones. Congratulations to Amos on his achievements!
“Different World/s in World/s of Difference” Dr. Kevin H. Villanueva National Chung Hsing University, Senior Fellow in Ethics and International Relations
CURRENT
2021
2021 Wenzao International Affairs Colloquium Series
“Community Discipline Brigade: A Mass Participation Approach to Strengthen the Implementation of Localized Health Protocols in Quezon City” Dr. Noel L. Lansang Santo Tomas University, Major in Public Administration
“Weak States and Pandemic Response: The Case of the Philippines” Dr. Dennis C. Coronacion Santo Tomas University, Professor
CURRENT
2021
2021 Wenzao International Affairs Colloquium Series
Presented two separate speeches on “International Security” and “Peace” during the month of May Dr. Philipp Fluri Ph.D. Philosophy, University of Fribourg Ph.D. History, University of Bern
AN ONLINE CONVERSATION WITH PETER JONES
PETER JONES Emeritus Professor of Political Philosophy, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
In June, DIAers had the chance to sit down with Peter Jones
Online Distance Learning at Wenzao Q: WOULD YOU SAY THERE ARE LIMITS TO ONLINE TEACHING? By: Buyannemekh Tom Enkhbold Interviewee: Dr. Yuan Ming Chiao
A: It certainly has its limitations. First and foremost, I can't see student faces and because interaction is important to me, getting facial cues from the students (bored, enthused, confused, etc.) is no longer readily available. Of course, not seeing students slumped over their desks/or swiping away at their phones is also a plus...but it certainly isn't an even tradeoff.
Q: HOW CAN WE, STUDENTS AND TEACHERS, IMPROVE THIS SITUATION? A: As for improving with what we have: This form of interaction isn't new nor is it going away any time soon. The lack of face-toface contact can however be somewhat mirrored when students decide to turn on their webcams. More than ever, interaction from students during distance-learning can make or break the lecture. I find that classes where students participate (anything from asking a question, raising their hands, or offering a relevant comment) increases the quality of the class. The lack of real face-to-face interactions can be somewhat supplanted. Students can get more out of their online classes through preparing ahead of time, using technology to their advantage (learning to use all the software; preparing their notes and slides to make collaboration easy, etc.) and increasing their engagement levels.
Q:WHAT HAS ONLINE TEACHING TAUGHT YOU THIS PAST SEMESTER? A: Online instruction really puts into sharp relief how important it is for us to realize that lectures and learning cannot be a one-way street.
Graduates Continuing Their Studies William Yuan The London School of Economics and Political Science MSc in International Social and Public Policy University of Bristol MSc Public Policy University Exeter MSc Global Governance University of Bath MSc International Development
Tiffany Hsu King's College London MA International Relations University of Bristol MSc International Relations University of Glasgow MSc International Relations
Graduates Continuing Their Studies
Pei-Yu Ho National Kaohsiung Normal University Graduate Institute of Human Resources and Knowledge Management
Zih-Ching Lai National Changhua University of Education Graduate Institute of Sports and Health
Graduates Continuing Their Studies
Ben Li National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Department of Intelligence Commerce Department of Human Resource Development
Buyannemekh Tom Enkhbold Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages Masters in International Affairs
Graduates Continuing Their Studies
Tom Gilbert Severin Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages Masters in International Affairs
Lin, Wen-Tung National Cheng Kung University Ph.D. Program of Department of Political Science
Graduates Continuing Their Studies Nimma Joy Amina Ibrahim University of Bath MIA International Education and Globalization
Marsy Tsai National Chengchi University International Master’s Program in International Studies
Graduating Class
Class of 2021
An address made at the 2021 Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages Graduation Ceremony Dear students of Wenzao, We have reached an important point in our education. We are now graduate students of international affairs. We can speak English fluently and help people from many countries. The knowledge we received from Wenzao has made us more competitive in many aspects of our life. We are now able to understand other countries and interact with them. Studying at the department of international affairs has made us open to the world. Thanks to our teachers who know how to share their knowledge and experience; they do want to help students to be successful in their future career. As an international student in Wenzao, I have spoken with many local students who are very friendly and helpful to me. Wenzao is a language school, and everyone like to speak different languages and learn about foreign culture. The environment is very international, and it is very common to talk with people from different countries. Studying international affairs at Wenzao university is a unique experience. It taught us the knowledge we need to have for a bright future. During our study, we got the chance to learn about what we really like, and our department guided us to become real experts. As a result, each student has its own specialty which makes our classes even more interesting. During these four years we also had a lot of fun. We did not only learn international affairs from books and teachers. We also had to go out and talk with people to learn from them. For many of us, we have gained practical experience and have discussed with other experts who came to our department from overseas. We know about international affairs because we like it.
At the department of international affairs, a good research is always rewarded. Teachers are often curious about our interests and give us the opportunity to expose our findings in public. Every year some of the best students can achieve outstanding performance in front of a large audience. At Wenzao, we are proud to be a student from the department of international affairs. These four years mark the end of our achievement. We are now ready to face the real world. The department of international affairs will always be part of our life and we can all be proud. It was an honor to study in Taiwan and I will recommend Wenzao to anyone who wants to receive a good education. It was the best years of my life. Tom Severin, France
What Makes DIA Different
I think the big
gest gain from our school wa many opport s that there w unities to me ere et foreign stu of foreign stu dents. The nu dents in our d mber epartment is to the other large in prop ortion departments , which allow ourselves in c ed us to cha onversations llenge with foreign st oral expressio u d e nts in terms o n. Many of th f e c la ss e s in all in English our departme , which also h nt are elps us to im ability. I am prove our list ening very fortuna te to be ab Department le to study in the of Internation al Affairs. This department u is what make nique and dif s our fe re n t from other u am very gra niversities. I teful to the teachers of International the Departm ent of Affairs for th eir hard work class! and preparati on in
Julian,
, Taiwan
ia turned s e n o d In m o fr t a An Ex-P iwan Graduate from Ta
e my 017 to continu 2 in y tr n u co ho left my , I was I’m an ex-pat w ester in Taiwan m se t rs fi y m an. During ash-landed in a cr studies in Taiw ad h I ke li lt fe d frustrated. I Four alone, afraid, an ong anywhere. el b to em se and I didn’t aduate strange place here now: a gr am I , ce n ra ve ugh perse of ne University years later, thro li u rs U o za en W department of e to from the DIA ing stone for m p ep st e th n ee llege life has b ances Languages. Co given many ch as w I e, eg ll co L als in life. In t to the “REA u achieve my go o g in p ep st ore it new trials bef to experience m ready to face I’ at th y tl en d I can say confi WORLD” and onesia now. umaradewi, Ind Priscilla diani K
Our New First of all, I w Educate ant to classma d Lens s a y tes. I ma congrat de it. W u la t io ns to m e all ma I don't de it! yself an want to d my lo write a departm vely nything ent doe cliche b s n o t ecause like any professo the cha thing su r in the irperson p D e IA, or p r f ic ia valuable of our l. But I robably . I belie a m sure in Taiwa v e t t hat eve n, would hat peo can't tak ry ple can agree th e away m t a a k t e y e a d e w u d a c ucation y anyth ation is my class . Everyt ing from mates, a h in n m g d I have le e, but t even fro the unf hey arned fr m my fa oreseen o il m u r m e o s y f w p t r ill enable his conf ofessors hurdles licting w , me to na with edu orld an v cated le ig a t e d through help me ns. My colle to get t ge life in h DIA cam rough t lot of n he e with lo ice and t s o in f lu t e c llectual k, sacrif graduat ice, and people ion, the support a r n e d w m il a l . I met a d imagina be more e homie tion, vis s t w a is n d t s and tu ion, and friends. I believe rns. Wit our (rich After h our d that we ) parent etermin can go v s, there ation, ery far in is nothin g we can the futu 't achiev re. I will e. show yo u in 10 y William ears. Yuan, Ta iwan
Day Dreamers to Achievers Is a person defined by their dreams or their achievements? I thought the answer was simple, achievements. It separates achievers from the day dreamers. However, after half of my time in DIA, I understood dreams are the ones which guide a person to the right direction and hard work and dedication is the one that creates achievements. Dreams are knowing what you want to be in the future and makes you understand what pathway to take to reach that certain dream. However, simply dreaming will not lead us anywhere. If you have ever thought that you may not be talented or skilled enough, remember this “Hard work and Dedication is also a talent and skill’. Hard work and dedication are what separates the students who listen to Professor Lee’s lecture in culture class from those who come in two hours late or sleep in class. Hard work and dedication are the forces that prevent you from copying every homework given by Professor Chang from the internet. Hard work and dedication are what drives students to solve the problems in class and not to stare at our phones in Professor Wu’s economy class. Hard work and dedication make you read the case studies and preview the reading before any class taught by Professor Chiao. Hard work and dedication are what makes you give an outstanding presentation rather than reading from a paper in Professor Hsieh’s class. Hard work and dedication are what makes you give an outstanding presentation rather than reading from a paper in Professor Hsieh’s class. Hard work and dedication are what makes you memorize the root words in Professor Lin’s English reading class.
Hard work and dedication are what makes you wake up early in the morning or sleep late at night to prepare for you GP and to see your advisor light up when they announce you have passed. Yes, hard work and dedication is what makes the DIA, the DIA. It is what makes us stand out from the other departments. The DIA is not only about learning Economy, Politics, Culture, and International Affairs in a foreign language with students from around globe, but more. DIA is what takes us from day dreamers to achievers, through hard work and dedication. Buyannemekh Tom Enkhbold, Mongolia
BRIAN LIN