The Brightside ISSUE 06 SPRING 2021 BLACK
AND
ASIAN
COMMUNITIES
UNITE
AMIDST A RISE IN HATE-CRIMES WHAT CAN WE LEARN FOR CAPT. TOM MOORE? A THOROUGH LOOK INTO COVID VACCINES HONOURING WOMEN IN SCIENCE INDIA AND CHINA CHAMPION CLIMATE CHANGE
AND MUCH MUCH MORE...
The Brightside table of contents
03
Letter From the Editor
27
11
32 11
04 World
26 Local 32 Business
34
Science & Medicine
44 Environment
36
58
65 Ents & Arts
72 Sports
69
72
The Brightside @thebrightsidemz | support@thebrightsidemag.co.uk www.thebrightsidemag.co.uk
SPRING 2021 EDITOR'S LETTER his edition covers some very recent topics such as developments on COVID-19
T
vaccines and online school. Furthermore, this issue discusses the topical issue of a rise in Asian hate-crime. These examples are just a brief snapshot of the breadth of topics this edition covers, which discuss events from the start of January to the end of March. No matter what your interests are, I am sure there is an article on this issue which will hearten and inspire you.
Balancing the magazine and schoolwork (amongst other things) has been, and will continue to be, challenging, so we have released our first printed and digital quarterly magazine. This way,
we
hope
we
can
sustainably
publish
high-quality
magazines
while
juggling
other
commitments. In addition, we have made a few minor artistic adjustments to the article layout, so we hope you enjoy the new presentation style (special thanks to Sophie and Risha)! Moreover, we have recently updated our website to make it more aesthetically pleasing and easy to navigate. We hope you enjoy the changes! Lastly, we are still accepting applications, so if you or someone you know would like to join our team, head over to our website for more information. If you have any queries, feel free to email or DM us on our social media accounts!
Anastasia Toha, Editor in Chief
MEET THIS MONTH'S CONTRIBUTORS
Kathyrn Chia
Vasundhara Chaudhary
April Evangelista
Fiza Jain
Alice Manning
Sophie Roberts
Siya Dutta
Dina Liabeuf
Risha Leann Villeza
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4
WORLD
ALL
LIFTING OF QATAR BLOCKADE
The
Qatar
Blockade
diplomatic
was
a
crisis
or
diplomatic
the
Qatar
incident
that
started on the 5th of June 2017 and recently ended years
on
the
ago,
Emirates,
5th
Saudi
of
January
Arabia,
Bahrain
and
the
2020.
Three
United
Arab
Egypt
cut
off
all
political connections with Qatar. This resulted in a ban on Qatar-registered planes and ships from utilising their airspace and sea routes, moreover, Saudi Arabia cut off its land border with Qatar. Jordan, the Maldives, Mauritania, Senegal,
Djibouti,
Comoros
and
other
countries later sided with Saudi Arabia and the aforementioned countries.
Relations between Qatar and Saudi Arabia have
been
unstable
since
Spring protests. In short, and
the
United
Arab
the
2011
Arab
Egypt, Saudi Arabia
Emirates
viewed
the
Arab Spring with scepticism. Qatar saw this change as an eventual reality and tried to engage with the current of Islamist populism that rode to power in the revolutions. The blockade sparked in
May 2017, the Qatari News Agency was allegedly hacked and
Qatari Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani appeared to praise Hamas, Hezbollah, Iran and Israel in comments. Saudi’s fierce rivalry with Iran was likely the genuine cause of this blockade. However, the Saudi-led coalition justified the blockade, claiming that Qatar allegedly supported terrorism and
that
Qatar
had
violated
a
2014
agreement
with
members
of
the
GCC
(Gulf
Cooperation Council). Qatar acknowledged that it had assisted some Islamist groups (such as the Muslim Brotherhood), but denied aiding militant groups linked to al-Qaeda or ISIL (the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Furthermore, Qatar claimed they assisted the United States regarding the War on Terror and the fight against ISIL.
6
WORLD
Initially, the coalition had a 13-point list that they wanted fulfilled to end the restrictions on Qatar. However, Qatar stood its ground and did not give in to any of the coalition’s demands. Ultimately, the Gulf states have agreed to a joint security declaration. On the 5th of January, 2021, Qatari Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani arrived in Saudi Arabia for a GCC
summit
regional
where
stability
in
they the
signed
Gulf.
the
Also,
Al-Ula
Qatar’s
statement. Emir
Tamim
The
agreement
would
rather
aims
see
to
ensure
himself
as
a
mediator between the Saudis and Iranians to further solidify regional stability.
To quote Foreign minister al-Saud “This agreement is not about Iran or anyone else. It’s about bringing our countries together
together to
people...This
and
deliver isn’t
making
prosperity
about
sure
and
that
we
security
Washington,
it’s
work
for
our
about
the
region and the priorities that our countries have.”
Although the end of the Qatar blockade is one of many necessary steps that must be taken to rebuild trust among the Gulf states, more concrete measures need to occur. The roots of the dispute, including regional competition, differing foreign policy priorities and opposing views on Islam remain steadfast, hence, a simple blockade lift is not enough to rebuild confidence. Confronting the Iran Nuclear Deal and regional conflicts like in Libya will test whether the Arab nations will hold to their words. Nonetheless, the lifting of the blockade against
Qatar
is
a
crucial
first
step
toward
greater
regional
cooperation
and
conflict
resolution in the Middle East. More confidence-building measures to promote dialogue and mitigate tensions need to occur both within the Gulf region and beyond, to help quell the multitude of proxy wars across the region.
THE BRIGHTSIDE
7
HEADS UP TEENS In light of the pandemic, youths around the world have come together to create a positive space online (us included)! Another great initiative is Heads Up Teens. This organisation aims to create a community where teens support teens and make a world where teens are accepting of their own and other peoples’ mental health. In addition, this platform allows teens to speak candidly about mental health. Through their website’s “community voices” page, they welcome and publish submissions from anyone about anything mental healthrelated, whether it’s overcoming their personal struggles, sharing advice they learned, or simply commenting on supportive messages. Although they do not have a professional background nor do they claim or aim to serve as an alternative to medical professional help, they have listed a resource page if you need serious support of find yourself in danger. Go check out their Instagram and website for more information and resources! #ad
8
WORLD
The Future of
Saudi Arabia
by Anastasia Toha editor Fiza Jain
W
hat
comes
to
mind
when
I
say
‘Saudi
Arabia’. Oil? Desert of nothingness? Land
Reducing
the
on
more
oil
is
country’s
dependence
important
now
than
of dedicated Muslims? When I first moved to Saudi
ever. Firstly, oil and other fossil fuels
10 years ago, my response would have gone along
are
those
recent
mean that the rate at which we are
environmental
consuming these natural resources is
lines.
However,
socio-economic,
upon
reflecting
political
and
on
non-renewable
faster
this
replaced. Current predictions suggest
has
rapidly
outgrown
those
the
rate
at
which
reforms in lines with ‘Saudi Vision 2030’ I realised country
than
resources
which
it
is
global oil reserves will run out by 2052
stereotypes.
and for other countries that deadline Saudi Vision 2030 is a bold plan implemented by the
millennial
Crown
Prince
of
Saudi
Arabia,
Mohammed bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. The scheme aims to reduce the country's dependence on oil, diversify its economy, and develop public service
sectors
such
as
health,
infrastructure, recreation, and tourism.
education,
will
be
sooner.
increasing
environmental fossil-fuel,
about
dangers
oil
favourable energy
Secondly,
awareness is
of
sources
to
like
the
burning
becoming
compared
with
less
cleaner
solar
or
hydroelectric.
THE BRIGHTSIDE
9
As
supply
police). Fortunately, this dystopian world has largely
and demand, a plan to divest from
a
result
of
reductions
in
faded and has made way for women’s rights. Laws
the oil industry was inevitable.
have been imposed to allow women to vote, to drive, to hold jobs in the government, travel independently
One
sector
blossomed
and much more. While the laws forced people to
thanks to Saudi Vision 2030 is the
accept women’s equality and a fading conservative
tourism industry. What tourism? What
society,
is there to see? Since the kingdom
changed to become liberal and open to change. For
has
example, it is now common to see young women,
been
which
closed
has
off
to
outside
over
to
many
people
the
geographic,
beauties
an
abaya
like
a
are
getting arrested by the Muttawa. Reforms in the law
numerous
and people’s minds have shown and will continue to
and
show foreigners that Saudi Arabia is not a land of
country
extreme jihadists. If neighbouring countries such as
historical
architectural
wear
clearly
fashionable robe (instead of fully buttoned) without
of
to
has
both
sites)
local,
mindset
from those who go on a pilgrimage holy
and
people’s
visitors for most of its history (aside
unaware
foreign
time,
this
has to offer. Saudi Arabia is home to
Bahrain
soft sand dunes, stunning coral reefs,
tertiary industry, why shouldn’t Saudi follow suit?
or
the
United
Arab
Emirates
can
rely
on
caves, mountains, mosques as old as religion
UNESCO
Recently, my family went on a trip to Al-Ahsa Oasis
World Heritage Sites. This shows that
itself
(recently dubbed a UNESCO World Heritage Site) to
Saudi Arabia is more than sand, oil
experience how the tourism industry in Saudi has
and camels.
changed over the past 10 years. Throughout the
However,
and
one
several
large
reason
destinations,
abayas
were
infrequently
worn
by
foreigners have left Saudi off their
tourists, tour guides were plentiful and the locals all
travel bucket list is because of the
friendly.
once
experience might have been less enjoyable due to
very
restrictive
regulations
the
imposed.
travel
country
Previously,
once
pressures
we
had
from
come
here
roaming
10
years
Muttawa
ago,
or
our
locals
those
unaccustomed to foreign tourists. However, in just a
travelling for a religious pilgrimage
decade, the mindset of people, young and old, have
or
dependents
changed dramatically for the better! I believe the
could enter the country. This meant
citizens of Saudi Arabia are determined to change
that foreigners could not even come
their country from the bottom up to become the next
into the country if they wanted to.
United Arab Emirates.
workers
Luckily,
the
and
their
Saudi
only
If
government
now
issues visitor visas for those who just
Saudi Vision 2030 is not only a financial net for the
want to travel around the country for
future, it is a catalyst for political and social reform
a holiday.
in
the
kingdom.
In
the
past,
the
country
could
maintain its wealth and closed-mindedness thanks In
addition,
perceived and
as
Islamic
Saudi a
highly
kingdom.
was
to
its
plentiful
oil
supply.
However,
in
light
of
environmental concerns and the knowledge the oil
When
first
will run out, both the government and locals have
arrived, it was common to hear of
changed their mantra to continue to be a player in
people being stoned, whipped and
the 21st century.
beaten by the Mutawa (Islamic
10
once
conservative
WORLD
I
ASIAN AND BLACK COMMUNITIES UNITE
Last year, following the death of George out
Floyd,
for
Black
the
racial
world
justice
community.
forced
cried
for
This
the
action
worldwide
Asian
communities to step out of their ‘model minority’ bubble and face the
facts.
comedian think
To
quote
Hasan
we’re
not
the
Minhaj:
a
part
“We
of
the
story, but we’re at the scene of the
crime!
picture
That’s
why
matters.
happen
in
a
the
This
full
doesn’t
vacuum
—
it
happens in a system.” As a result of multiple calls to actions, the Asian community created useful resources about
to
spread
historical
sentiment
in
community, and Black
anti-Black the
Asian
encouraged
families
to
businesses
donated
awareness
money
friends
support and to
This
local
directly
aid
year,
after
attacks worldwide,
Black
a
wave
amongst Black
of
Asians
communities
are rallying together to support
initiatives.
Asians,
particularly
elderly
Asians. At the start of February, a
graphic
video
of
an
Asian
American
senior
citizen
in
Francisco
being
pushed
to
ground went
by
a
viral
Black
San the
individual
which
instigated
another outcry for social justicethis
time
for
the
Asian
community. Due to the Chinese origins
of
former
the
US
coronavirus
President
and
Donald
Trump labelling the virus as the “Chinese
virus”,
the
world
has
witnessed a spike in anti-Asian hate-crimes. Asian
According
Americans
to
the
Advancing
Justice, they recorded more than 3,000 system
hate since
incidents late
in
April
their 2020
which was the highest count in their four-year history.
Following
the
bonds
formed
last
summer,
Asian
and
Black
communities
are
building
coalitions to support one another with mutual aid efforts rather than relying on increased policing. Here are some examples of the actions of solidarity amongst BAME individuals and societies.
12
WORLD
San
Fransisco
based-Autumn
Tillman
created
@blackandasiansoulsunite
educate
and
dialogue
and
promote
unity.
The
to
cross-racial
account
shares
petitions calling on action regarding antiAsian or anti-Black hate-crime. They also share
informative
systematic
racism
posts is,
the
regarding history
of
what anti-
Black or anti-Asian sentiment and calls-out posts,
accounts
or
comments
which
go
against cross-racial unity. Other Instagram accounts supporting cross-racial solidarity is @sfpeacecollective, @asianswithattitudes and @goodgoodeatz.
In Madison Park in Oakland’s China town, two
days
of
action
called
“Love
Our
People, Heal Our Communities,” was held from
13th-14th
of
February
at
San
Francisco’s Civic Center. The community came together to show solidarity for the Asian
community.
multiracial
The
rally
speakers,
featured
activists
and
organisers who offered recommendations and
alternatives
funding
the
Program,
to
policing,
Chinatown which
hires
incarcerated
individuals
relationships
between
residents,
and
such
community
as
Ambassador formerly to
build
merchants, members
and
keeps watch over the neighbourhood. The organisations also create more resources for hate crime victims and tackle the root causes that contribute to crime. Speakers also
emphasized
based
solutions
long-term, that
community-
address
structural
racism and the inequalities in education, health
care
access,
housing
and
employment.
Additionally, people around the world are creating and their
resources
inform history
history.
Asian has
designed
educate
about
interacted
with
Mabute-Louie
shareable
to
Americans
has
been
magazines
how Black
making that
not
only address how to fight anti-Blackness but also provide context about the history of Asian American and Black solidarity.
Some
activists
are
also
encouraging
people in the community to listen to those who
have
community than
viral
celebrities.
been building
doing in
social Long-term
the
the
media
work
field,
of
rather
posts
or
coalition-building
can make far more of an impact, which Janelle Wong points out is backed up by data.
THE BRIGHTSIDE
13
Overall, the fire that fuels anti-Asian prejudice and anti-Black rhetoric comes from the West’s white supremacist history. I believe these historic social systems which hold back Asian and Black communities vary greatly, but ultimately it’s still the same system of racial injustice. This system has led to Black and Asian communities attacking one another rather than get at the roots of this prejudice. At the same time, these systems have kept us minorities in the margins, in subordinate positions and unable to dictate our story. With the advent of Black and Asian communities banding together for the first time, I believe both communities will benefit.
14
WORLD
CHANGING THE NARRATIVE ON THE WAR ON DRUGS
On the 17th of February, Joe Biden made his first appearance as president in Town Hall with CNN. There, he said something genuinely divisive “no one should go to jail for the use of a drug”. Personally, I support this statement regarding drug decriminalization to a large extent for racial, economic and social reasons. While I cannot predict if Biden will hold true to these words, I can try to persuade you as to why drug-incarceration is not the solution to the war on drugs by using real-life examples of where drug-rehab was the key to winning the war on drugs.
Firstly, what is drug decriminalisation and how does it differ from the current war on drugs calls
campaign? to
end
Drug
prison
decriminalisation
sentences
for
drug
offenders and instead punish them through other means like a fine, whiles referring the offender
to
a
treatment
program.
This
intermediate approach between complete prohibition and legalisation juxtaposes the current narrative on the war on drugs.
The methods used in countries like the Philippines and many US states include longer prison sentences for dealers and users, military intervention and harsh drug policies. However, despite the hardline response to drugs, drug-offences remain sky-high.
According to a report from the UN, drug-related deaths have increased by 145% over the last decade, with more than 71,000 overdose deaths in the United States in 2017 alone. At least 3,940 people were executed for drug offences around the world over the last 10 years, while drug crackdowns in the Philippines resulted in around 27,000 extrajudicial killings. Aside
from
direct
deaths,
the
war
on
drugs
is
the
driving
force
behind
record-high
incarceration rates in the US. Even more, drug-related arrests are biased against Black individuals despite the same percentage of users amongst Black and White Americans. As a result, it deprives nearly 1.5 million Americans of the right to vote. And still, the profits of organised crime groups across the world continue to soar to US$320 billion per year!
It is clear that the current war on drugs is failing and a more moderate approach is the solution to the issue. Countries like Portugal and Switzerland have already decriminalised drugs.
Subsequently,
overdose
accounts
they and
have most
next
to
no
importantly,
aided the drug-users in getting their life back on track.
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Let us look into the benefits of decriminalising drugs.
In
2001,
Portugal
decriminalise
the
was
the
personal
first
country
possession
of
to all
drugs. This means that, while it is no longer a criminal offence to possess drugs for personal use,
it
is
punishable
still by
an
administrative
penalties
such
as
violation, fines
or
community service. Furthermore, people who are dependent
on
drugs
are
encouraged
to
seek
treatment but are rarely punished if they choose not to. The aim is for people to enter treatment voluntarily; they do not attempt to force them to do so.
As a result, levels of drug use are below the European average. Furthermore, drug use amongst those aged 15-24 declined- the population most vulnerable to initial drug use. Additionally,
the
cases
of
drug-related
infections
like
HIV,
AIDs,
Hepatitis
B
and
C
all
declined. Regarding HIV, Portugal’s cases declined dramatically over the past decade, falling from 1,016 to 56 between 2001 and 2012. Over the same period, the number of new cases of AIDS among people who inject drugs also decreased, from 568 to 38. Another large success Portugal has seen is the sharp decline in drug-related crime. In 2000, there were over 14,000 drug-related arrests which dropped to around 5,500-6,000 per year once decriminalisation came into effect. The proportion of drug-related offenders (defined as those
who
committed
offences
under
the
influence
of
drugs
and/or
to
fund
drug
consumption) in the Portuguese prison population also declined, from 44% in 1999 to just under 21% in 2012. In regards to economics, before 2001, 90% of funding was spent on law enforcement and 10% on healthcare, but after decriminalisation, these percentages were reversed.
Overall, I believe this method has worked because drug-users are seen as patients rather than criminals. As a result, users know they can seek help, rid of their drug habit and not go to prison. By reducing the number of drug dependents through rehabilitation, therapy and counselling, the market for drugs and the associated crimes have decreased. They have shown a humane and health-centric approach to drug-offenders is the best way forward for society.
THE BRIGHTSIDE
17
In
the
handful
decriminalised
of
countries
drugs,
that
they
have
have
seen
similar and even better results. Over the past two decades, the number of opioidrelated
deaths
in
Switzerland
has
decreased by 64 per cent. The number of new
HIV
significantly. people
infections In
tested
Switzerland.
In
1986,
also more
positive 2017,
dropped
than for
there
3,000
HIV
were
in
fewer
than 500 new positive tests in a country of 8.4 million.
To summarise, here are the proven long-term benefits for both individuals and society on the decriminalisation of drugs:
Substance abuse and addiction rates drop Addiction treatment and rehabilitation is less expensive than incarceration Individuals
with
substance
abuse
problems are much more likely to find recovery in rehab than in jail People
completing
become
treatment
productive
society
much
can
members
more
easily
of than
convicted felons Violence related to drug trafficking is greatly reduced Courts
are
freed
up
for
other
important works The rebellious, countercultural essence of drug use is changed when society sees it as a disease and not a crime Free up law enforcement resources to be used in more appropriate ways Save
money
especially
by
jail
reducing
costs
and
prison
and
population
size
In conclusion, I think the world could take a page from Portugal’s book on how to tackle the war on drugs. The current narrative stigmatises users for a disease they can’t control and need help to fight. With hindsight, we may be able to evaluate if drug decriminalisation is the most effective method at tackling the war on drugs, but the current violent and harmful narrative in the majority of countries is definitely not the way forward. I hope from Biden to Duerte that drug decriminalisation will become the new mantra for small and large scale socio-economic and political reasons.
18
WORLD
THE BENEFITS OF CREATING A NEW YEAR’S RESOLUTION
by siya dutta
Ringing in the New Year is a time for celebration, for traditions that are designed to bring good fortune in the year ahead, to mingle with friends and family, and for offering Happy New Year wishes. Each nation and culture around the world has been celebrating the beginning of a year for times immemorial. Each New Year puts forth a golden opportunity for a fresh start and new beginnings, which is why everybody looks forward to it so much. All you need is pick up the blank book of a fresh new year and write a new and interesting story, making the right choices. No one can go back in time to change what has happened, but we can surely work on your present to make yourself a wonderful future. The first step towards success is to decide what you exactly want and planning for it. Making a New Year resolution is a great way to enforce this step.
THE BRIGHTSIDE
19
Here are some of the marvellous benefits of making a New Year resolution:
Resolutions
offer
time
for
reflection
is
well
quoted by Robin Sharma, “Don’t live the same year
75
times
and
resolutions
is
assessment
and
personal
a
call
it
a
life.”Making
cleansing
ritual
repentance
that
honesty
and,
ultimately,
of
self-
demands reinforces
humility. The process of making a New Year resolution
allows
you
to
assess
where
you
stand in the present and hence, allows you to plan efficiently to achieve the future version of you that you desire. After all, acceptance of your presentation is the first step towards transformation.
It
allows
you
to
figure
out
where is it all going wrong.
step
towards
getting
somewhere
is
to
decide you’re not going to stay where you are.”
—J.P.
Morgan.
Knowing
exactly
what
you want to achieve, is the foundation of the entire journey towards success, and keeps you motivated. When you are well aware of what you want, you can channelize all your energy and potential towards it, and it prevents you from draining your energy by indulging in any negative
processes
such
as
complaining
or
self-doubt, and also helps you rebound faster after
a
failure,
as
a
little
Resolutions
can
boost
self-
confidence. It is the absolute truth, that for
achieving
does
not
anything
matter
in
where
this
you
world,
stand
it
right
now. All you have to own is inner strength
Resolutions provide practice setting goals“The first
Add
failure
is
inevitable.
But
what matters is what you do after a failure.
and insurmountable determination. If you are
not
empowered
cannot
reach
chaotic
cycle
from
anywhere. of
within,
Life
unending
is
you
just
efforts
a
and
failure for a person who does not believe in
himself.
Making
resolutions
and
achieving all the goals you have set daily, boosts
self-esteem
and
gives
you
the
confidence, that you have it in you, what it takes, to achieve the final milestone. Resolutions give an impetus to a positive change: Precisely at the moment, you feel like
giving
up,
victory
is
always
within
reach. When things aren’t happening the way
you
want,
resolutions
help
you
to
analyse the situation, make the right plan, and keeps you motivated to keep going. With courage, faith, great effort, and the right moves, you can achieve everything you
desire.
Every
end
marks
a
new
beginning. Make sure you have learnt the lessons
well
intended
to
that teach
the
previous
you.
Using
year past
experiences to make a fresh beginning, along
with
unshaken
determination
and
high spirits. You shall walk the road of glory that is for sure.
20
WORLD
Tips to Succeed at Online Learning
Although many of us are returning to in-person school as the pandemic begins to die down, lots of us are still online learners for a multitude of reasons. From the past year of online school, I think we can all agree the experience is not the same. Personally speaking, online school
makes
me
less
motivated
(for
school
and
overall
life
activities),
the
quality
of
education is subpar compared to in-person school and the overall experience is magnitudes more strenuous. However, through talking to friends, reading articles and chatting on online forums, I have collated a quick guide on how to succeed at distance learning.
Prioritise Time Management Try to maintain a regular schedule, just as you would if you were at
school.
Set
aside
specific
times
for
homework,
hobbies,
downtime and other important tasks. Having a structured day brings certainty (one could even say harmony) to the uncertain end of the pandemic.
Work on Self Discipline Although it may be tempting to go on your phone during a boring or unimportant lesson, try to remain engaged with the class.
I
admit
this
is
extremely
difficult
and
I
am
guilty
of
multitasking during lessons, but I believe it is important not only to pay attention in these classes for the sake of education but to gain the skill of self-discipline which is useful in later life.
Create a study space. Before
your
Zoom,
Teams,
Classroom
or
Skype
call,
make sure your equipment, from pens to iPads to headphones, is prepared. Ensure your learning environment is comfortable, but not cosy. You’re there to study, not to nap! If you can’t have a dedicated area for your schoolwork, maybe the kitchen or a bedroom could be set aside as your study space during your school period.
Take breaks. I believe this is the most important. If you take anything away from this article, it should be this. Take breaks. Prioritise selfcare. Ensure your mental and physical wellbeing is sound. To get off the screen you could go for a walk, ride your bike or exercise. Taking up a new creative hobby can refresh you too. Taking mental breaks off from school and the stress of it is extremely beneficial. In the short term, your academic performance will improve as you’ll be working more efficiently. In the long term, sound wellbeing is vital to preventing burnout and depression in the future. With online school, it is a lot easier to feel like you’re the only one feeling these emotions of extreme emptiness and a deep lack of motivation. But you’re not alone. Teachers, parents and peers should understand the strain of online school and appreciate the need for mental breaks. I urge you to take a moment just to pause and destress.
I hope the following tips have been helpful. If anybody reading this would like to reach out just to chat, feel free to email or DM us. All of us at The Brightside are students and understand all the experiences and emotions you are faced with. So please give us a shout whenever and we’ll respond!
For more articles like this you can also visit: https://www.jw.org/en/
22
WORLD
Changing opposition politics in Russia
Overview In the past few months, the name Alexei Navalny has been in the headlines. But if you’ve missed it, here’s a quick rundown. On the 17th of January 2021, Navalny returned to Russia after recovering from Novichok poisoning in August of 2020. Upon his return, he was arrested and accused of violating parole conditions imposed from his 2014 conviction. Later, on the 2nd of February, his suspended sentence was replaced with a prison sentence, meaning he will spend over two and a half years in a corrective labour colony. This article will not explicitly explore why the 44-year old lawyer has been
targeted
by
the
Kremlin,
but
we
will
explore
how
Navalny
revolutionising and changing the narrative for opposition politics in Russia.
Firstly,
Navalny
used
social
media
to
inspire
thousands
of
Russians both old and, especially, young to protest against their government in new ways.
In 2006, the lawyer started to write a blog on the Live Journal social networking service which quickly became popular. Six years
later,
the
Kremlin
shut
down
his
blog,
but
Navalny
continued his social media presence.
He
established
The
Anti-Corruption
Foundation
which
compiles citizens’ reports of corrupt practices. His foundation created the short film “Don’t Call Him Dimon” in 2017 which mocked
the
former
President
and
Prime
Minister
Dmitry
Medvedev by showing his vast sneaker collection and flying a drone over his duck pond. Funnily enough, after this video, sneakers
and
ducks
Exposing
Medvedev
became as
a
symbols
dishonest
of
the
leader
opposition.
continued
to
prosper into a YouTube channel dedicated to showing the sea of corrupt practices in Russia. Navalny's channel includes videos on Russian intervention in U.S. elections, the Kremlin’s failure
to
elections. media
All
and
strategy.
24
provide
WORLD
these
eroded
COVID-19
relief
broadcasts the
regime’s
and
rigged
challenged systematic
Russian
Russian
state
disinformation
is
Social Media Using social media to expose corruption not only raises awareness for Russian citizens but also engages people outside Russia. Social media has proven to be a powerful tool for its widespread nature and ability to quickly pass information (hence several governments banning them). I believe utilising this tool as Navalny has will be essential to dismantling corrupt governments globally as it mobilises grassroots citizens to evoke change.
Also,
Navalny
and
his
team
used
technology
to
remove
pro-Putin
politicians.
In
the
summer of 2019, Navalny’s team built an online system to identify any candidate who shared its values and compelled voters to support that candidate – even if the candidate was in a party that they detested.
Recent studies done by the political scientists Mikhail Turchenko and Grigorii Golosov showed that Navalny’s “Smart Vote” strategy made a significant difference in Russias’s 2019 local elections. The online platform helped defeat nearly a third of Putin-aligned candidates in Moscow!
Traditional Methods However, spreading
aware his
that
word.
not
everybody
Volunteers
at
is his
online,
Navalny
organisation
also
went
used
traditional
door-to-door
or
methods
of
accompanied
candidates to meet voters from train stations to residential complexes. They built temporary structures, called “cubes” on busy streets, where they educated voters about policy. Online messages
were
spread
offline
for
those
who
do
not
use
the
internet,
thus,
covering
an
extremely large demographic.
Lastly, Navalny is inspiring a new generation to fight back against the Kremlin. The 44-year-old’s innovative, imagination
modern of
and
young
critical
Russians.
approach After
the
to
opposing
“Don’t
Call
the
Him
government
Dimon,”
have
video,
stolen
thousands
the
upon
thousands of young peoples demonstrated on the streets which sent shockwaves across the country who believed the opposition team was worn out. Shortly after, these young people supported and even joined Navalny’s presidential campaign organization.
All these innovative ideas introduced by Navalny used to challenge Putin’s regime must not fizzle out with his recent arrest. His methods of opposing the Russian government have proven effective. I believe that Navalny’s narrative has instigated a deep-seated desire for change across the whole of Russia, in particular the youths, and it is down to them, and those outside Russia to continue his battle.
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25
TOP READS OF THE MONTH LOCAL CORONAVIRUS LEVELS DECREASING
01 OVER
40%
OF
POPULATION THE
FIRST
THE
HAS
ACROSS
OF
THE
UK
UK'S
RECEIVED
COVID-19
03
MUCH
ARE
DOSE
02 NHS PERFORMS SONG
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The Brightside
WHAT WE CAN LEARN FROM TOM
CAPT
MOORE We will get through it in the end but it might take time, but at the end of the day we shall all be OK again… the sun will shine on you again and the clouds will go away
CAPT SIR TOM SPEAKING ABOUT THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC IN APRIL 2020
THE BRIGHTSIDE
27
Captain
Sir
Bedford
Hospital
February
Tom
Moore on
after
passed
Tuesday
being
the
away
at
2nd
of
admitted
with
breathing problems. Last year Moore raised
£33m
for NHS charities ahead of his 100th
birthday. From then, the UK and the rest of the
world
Moore.
fell
His
in
love
resilience
with and
Captain
kindness
Tom
which
stole people’s hearts are just a few things we can all learn from Captain Tom Moore. 3.
Kindness:
initial
1. Authenticity: Captain Tom Moore’s
Moore’s
objective
was
to
fundraising plan was not
show his gratitude for the
littered
NHS by raising money for
with
nitty-gritty
programme Rather,
them.
details.
his
story
is
real
did
and authentic, there is no polish,
no
His
initial
was to raise he
£33
production
never
he’d
reach
think
million! However, his
value. Moore simply and
good-hearted
genuinely wanted to raise
and
money
challenge
walking
for
the
100
NHS
laps
by
character
nature
of
his have
connected
around
target
£1000,
with
people
his garden. Moore had no
from all over the world.
intention to raise millions
Captain
or
encouraged
become
media
a
icon,
socialhe
Tom's
story
has
people
to
donate an insane amount
is
authentic in his desire to
of
give back.
These cumulative acts of
money
kindness 2.
Push
Your
and
inspiration
Limits:
to
the
NHS.
stories
send
a
of
huge
Although 100 laps around
message
-
sticking
your
together
and
supporting
garden
may
seem
easy, it was definitely a
one
challenge for the almost
positive change.
another
provokes
centenarian. Nonetheless, Moore chipped away at it
4. Every Little Helps: For
one
Moore,
day
constantly
at
a
time,
pushing
around
his garden to raise money
limits with motivation and
was within his capacity to
resilience. Moore showed
help. We all have a part
the world that if one has
to play in this pandemic. Although we don't
the
need to go and raise millions of
determination
something,
to
do
£
each but
matter
we can all chip in on our own ways. Simply
how hard things get, we
staying home, sticking to regulations, keep
can
in
all
get
no
through
one way or another.
this
touch
with
loved
To quote the Army veteran: "Tomorrow will be a good day"
LOCAL
ones,
friends
and
colleagues and help those more vulnerable than us if we can.
28
walking
his
How has the UK’s vaccine rollout scheme been so successful?
UK Prime Minister, Boris Johnson does not have a good track record regarding the pandemic. The UK still has one of the world’s worst coronavirus mortality rates, total infections and overall deaths crowning it the COVID centre of Europe. The reasons for this misfortunes are blamed on events such as entering into lockdown too late, messing up the testing scheme and poor government communication. However, with the recent approval of multiple COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine rollout programmes, Johnson’s fortunes are looking up.
THE BRIGHTSIDE
29
As of writing (28 February), the UK has administered over 18.5 million doses equating to around 27 per 100 people or 27%. To contrast this, neighbouring European countries like Germany
or
France
have
vaccines
of
around
6
per
100
people. Overall, the UK has administered more COVID-19 vaccines than any other nation of comparable population size. So why has the UK’s scheme been so successful and what challenges lay ahead?.
Firstly, the UK had a headstart in vaccine approval and administration. At the start of last December, the UK became the first country in the world to approve a covid-19 vaccine for emergency use. However, the foundation of this started back in 2019 when the Department of
Health
and
Social
Care
reportedly
began
planning
a
mass
vaccination
programme
before confirmation of the first covid-19 case in the UK. Simultaneously, a scientist at Oxford University began to develop a vaccine starting in January 2020, even before the WHO (world health organisation) even dubbed the virus “COVID-19”. The Oxford scientists had a headstart at vaccine development because they were working on a coronavirus vaccine that causes MERS, hence, reasoned they could adapt the adenovirus vector to protect against the new SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19).
In June 2020, the UK signed a contract for 100 million doses of the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine. Just a month later, the UK agreed to a separate deal which secured them 30 million doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine (this then increased to 40 million in October). By May 2020, the UK had secured 400 million doses across 7 different vaccine developers. To put this in context, the UK has a population of around 66 million. Having an early guarantee to the COVID-19 vaccines means that the UK now does not need to concentrate on the supply of COVID-19 vaccines but rather the distribution and actual ‘roll out’. In regards to the rollout plan, the UK’s is extremely widespread and organised. From gymnasiums to theatres and even the Salisbury Cathedral, large buildings across the UK were transformed into vaccine centres, coupled with hospitals and general practices. The plan is for high street pharmacies to also become a vaccination site. According to the UK government, everyone in England now lives within 10 miles of a vaccination centre. In total, there are over 1400 vaccination sites in England, 1100 in Scotland, 295 in Wales, and 328 in Northern Ireland. By having accessible vaccine sites across the nations, it means that it is convenient for people to get the vaccine hence leading to lots of people being vaccinated.
30
LOCAL
Also, the roll-out plan is organised, prioritising certain ages or professions over others to get the vaccine. The order was devised by the government’s Joint Committee on Vaccination and
Immunisation,
made
up
of
scientists,
doctors, and others. Per WHO guidance, care home residents and health workers are the top priority, then older and clinically extremely vulnerable people. I believe it is important to prioritise
the
vaccine
administration
for
several reasons. Firstly, and most importantly, it
ensures
those
who
are
most
at
risk
get
protection. Next, organising vaccine delivery streamlines the process and perhaps makes it more
efficient.
Lastly,
ensuring
supply
and
demand are in-sync to prevent people from waiting
beyond
the
recommended
days
of
getting the second dose. Waiting too long for the
next
effectiveness vaccine
dose of
rollout
could the
plan.
minimise
vaccine
and
Therefore,
the
overall
the
UK’s
rollout scheme itself is deserving of merit for its
widespread,
attributes.
accessible
and
organised
However, ahead
one
for
looming
the
UK
challenge
and
other
remains
high-income
countries. As mentioned previously, the UK’s 400 million vaccines is an extreme surplus and would allow the UK government to vaccinate the
entire
population
three
times
over.
The
extra, hoarded vaccine dosage must be given to
the
“Global
South”
if
we
want
the
pandemic to end. If the wealthy countries get the vaccine and unwealthy ones do not, the problem
is
not
solved.
Due
to
the
21st
century’s integrated nature, people move-the virus would move too. However, Covax hopes to
deliver
more
than
two
billion
doses
to
people in 190 countries in less than a year. In particular, countries
it
wants
will
to
receive
simultaneously
with
ensure access
98
92 to
wealthier
poorer
vaccines countries.
The World Health Organization (WHO) leads this
scheme
and
also
involves
the
Global
Vaccine Alliance (Gavi) and the Coalition for Epidemic Through
Preparedness international
Innovations
donations,
(Cepi).
Covax
is
£1.4 billion to meets its 2021 government has given £548
trying to reach its target.
The
UK
million.
In conclusion, while the UK is a leader in vaccine administration, it must also remember that distribution is a worldwide effort. If wealthy nations do nothing to aid lower-income countries to get the vaccine or give the surplus vaccines to lower-income countries, the pandemic will not end.
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31
TOP READS OF THE MONTH BUSINESS
ADIDAS SHOES
01
LAUNCHES MADE
MUSHROOM
02
OF
LEATHER
IKEA OF
BUYS
A
PARTS
FOREST
PROTECT
DATING
APP
PEOPLE
WITH
FIND
HIKI
03
HELPS
AUTISM
LOVE
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BUSINESS
TO IT
global
economics
youth forum
With the advent of the Coronavirus lockdown, many young people have used this time to exploit the wonders of social media to create forums and societies to ensure that we make the most out of this time. One example of this is the Global Youth Economics Forum (GYEF). This online society is catered to those who are interested in pursuing a career in business, finance, or economics. The GYEF offers the opportunity to hone in networking and interview skills,
jumpstart your professional life and boost your resume and college application. They
enhance your profile by hosting free weekly events featuring professionals in the fields of business, finance, and economics and free monthly career spotlight workshops that feature professionals from all kinds of backgrounds. Furthermore, they hold free college admissions webinars featuring undergrads from top tier colleges and universities. With an increase in competition to top universities, it is vital that students use every resource available to them to boost their academic profile. The GYEF is definitely one you should consider. #ad
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33
TOP READS OF THE MONTH SCIENCE AND MEDICINE
01
PFIZER'S 19
COVID
VACCINES
PROVE
95%
EFFECTIVE
IN
ISRAEL
THE
02
USA
SUCCESSFULLY CLONES
THE
FIRST
ENDANGERED SPECIES
THE
03
FIRST
MARS
DRONE
SHOWS
SCIENCE AND MEDICINE
WHAT
COOPERATION CAPABLE
IS OF
ACHIEVING
FOLLOW US ON INSTAGRAM FOR MORE @THEBRIGHTSIDEMZ
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ON
COVID-19 VACCINE UPDATES OVER 69 MILLION RECOVERED
MORE THAN 420 MILLION SHOTS GIVEN
181 PRE-CLINICAL VACCINES Vaccines not in human
28
trials and given to animals to see if it triggers an immune response.
PHASE 1 VACCINES The vaccine is given to a small group of people to determine whether it is safe and to learn more about the immune response it provokes.
28
PHASE 2
VACCINES The vaccine is given to
21
hundreds of people so scientists can learn more about its safety and correct dosage.
PHASE 3 VACCINES The vaccine is given to thousands of people to confirm its safety – including rare side effects – and effectiveness. These trials involve a control group which is given a placebo.
4 APPROVED VACCINES The vaccine is approved for general use.
*last updated 20 Mar 2021 10:26 GMT
THE BRIGHTSIDE
35
The Pfizer/ BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines: A Side by Side Comparison By Kathryn Chia
Since the Covid-19 pandemic began, groups of scientists
from
all
over
the
world
have
been
racing to invent a vaccine, in the hopes of saving millions of precious lives. The Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are two key mRNA vaccines, that have been
approved
there
are
in
various
differences
countries.
between
the
Although two,
their
most important similarity is that they have both been proven to be safe and effective. It is also important to note that in clinical trials, both the Pfizer
and
numbers
Moderna
of
vaccines
participants,
had
exceeding
very the
large 10,000
participants by a mile, with Pfizer having more than
43,000
participants
and
Moderna
having
more than 30,000 participants.
Moderna Vaccine
Pfizer/ BioNTech Vaccine
The
Moderna
vaccine
manufactured The
Pfizer
vaccine
manufactured
36
by
or
Pfizer
the Inc
BNT162b2
and
BioNTech
or
the
mRNA-1273
ModernaTX,
Inc
and
was was
was
approved for use in the UK in those aged 18 and
and
older in early January 2021, but the company has
was approved for use in the UK in those aged 16
since
and older in early December 2020.
olds.
SCIENCE AND MEDICINE
by
begun
testing
its
vaccine
on
12-17-year-
a closer clook Storage and Delivery
Although it is a new type of vaccine, it is not to be feared. Researchers have already been
working
decades
and
on
mRNA
they
have
They both have different compositions and
before
thus
cytomegalovirus (CMV).
require
requirements. much
different
The
easier
to
storage
Moderna
store,
only
vaccine
is
requiring
a
for
the
normal fridge with a temperature of 2°C to
7°C.
It
can
temperature
for
be
up
stored
to
30
at
days
is
stable at room temperature for 12 hours. a
special
freezer
at
-80°C
Moderna
accessible,
vaccine
while
the
is
infinitely
Pfizer
the
clinics
in
developed
countries
the
vaccine
Pfizer
is
94.1%
vaccine
is
effective,
95%.
These
vaccines have a much higher efficacy rate
can
as compared to standard flu vaccination,
most likely only be distributed at hospitals or
Moderna
while
more
vaccine
and
Upon receiving both doses of the vaccine,
to
-60°C. This means that for the time being, the
rabies
Both vaccines have similar high efficacies.
The Pfizer vaccine is much harder to store, requiring
Zika,
for
studied
Efficacy
this
and
Flu,
vaccines been
at 70%. Experts say that vaccinations will
with
provide immunity from the virus for at least
special freezers.
a year, but more data is still needed to provide a clearer timeline.
Allergic reactions
mRNA vaccines The Moderna and Pfizer are both mRNA vaccines. receiving triggering
This a
means
weakened an
immune
that form
instead of
the
response,
of
virus, these
vaccines give our cells instructions to make a harmless spike protein (which is found on the
surface
provoking
our
of
the
immune
Covid-19 systems
to
virus), begin
building an immune response and making antibodies. This mRNA vaccine cannot give someone covid-19 as it does not contain the live virus used for covid-19 and does not interact with our DNA in any way as it never enters the nucleus of our cells, which is
where
our
DNA
is
kept.
The
cell
also
quickly breaks down the mRNA after the harmless spike protein is produced.
Allergic
reactions
extremely
rare.
to
Both
the
vaccines
trials,
with
are
Pfizer
having more than 43,000 participants and Moderna
having
more
than
30,000
participants included many people with a history
of
various
allergies,
with
the
only
exclusion being people who were known to have
allergies
to
components
of
the
vaccine. In the trial, there were no issues of anaphylaxis.
As
of
6/1/21,
out
of
the
1,893,360 first doses of the Pfizer vaccine, only
21
cases
of
anaphylaxis
occurred,
which is a mere 0.0011%. In the very rare cases of an allergic reaction, one would be able to easily go to a doctor’s office to get treated better
promptly, than
an
alternative,
contracting
Covid-19,
worlds where
there is no good treatment yet.
THE BRIGHTSIDE
37
Side effects Side effects from vaccination are normal signs that your body is building immunity against the virus and should go away within a few days. The
Moderna
vaccine
is
slightly
more
reactogenic,
which
means
that
you’d
get
more
symptoms from it. However, this may suggest that the body is producing more antibodies and maybe why it is also slightly better at preventing severe Covid. On the other hand, the Pfizer vaccine was less reactogenic and had a slightly higher efficacy. Some symptoms by those who received the vaccine included Fatigue, Injection site pain, Muscle Pain, Joint Pain, Chills and Fever. In both vaccines, serious adverse events are very rare at less than 0.5% and these have not yet been proven to be linked to the vaccination. Nevertheless, it must be remembered that side effects from these vaccinations are perfectly normal signs that your body is building protection against the virus and are in no way an indication that the vaccine is unsafe. They are temporary and self-resolve within a few days. To date, there have been no serious long term side effects associated with either vaccine.
Does the vaccine cause Bell’s Palsy? There has been speculation that the vaccine can cause Bell’s Palsy – a temporary paralysis of one side of the face. In the Moderna trial with more than 30,000 participants, 3 in the vaccine group and 1 in the placebo group had Bell’s Palsy, while in the Pfizer trial with more than 43,000 participants, there were 4 cases of Bell’s Palsy in the vaccine group. The frequency of Bell’s Palsy in these groups is even less than the general population and hence no causal relationship can be drawn between Bell’s Palsy and the vaccine. Even so, if Bell’s Palsy was to be linked to the Covid vaccine, it is still a treatable condition. When compared to
the
alternative
of
life-threatening
Covid,
these
side
effects
and
Bell’s
Palsy
are
unquestionably a superior option.
Despite their differences, both vaccines are brilliant at preventing the transmission of the virus and represent spectacular scientific breakthroughs in the field of vaccines and have both been approved for use in the UK. There are more similarities than differences between these two vaccinations and both of them are very effective. Hopefully, all vulnerable groups in the population will be vaccinated against Covid-19 very soon. In the meantime, 65 more Covid vaccines are in clinical trials on humans, and 20 have reached the final stages of testing. Find out more about Covid-19 and how to get help on the NHS official website.
38
SCIENCE AND MEDICINE
What are mRNA Vaccines? By Kormal Verma With
the
outbreak
of
COVID-19,
the
whole
scientific
community was diverted to COVID-19 research. Governments worldwide have been taking steps to eradicate the virus by creating a vaccine. The messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines are thought
to
against
the
be
one
immune
response.
of
the
coronavirus
most
because
mRNA
works
effective they
by
for
protecting
trigger
the
perfect
increasing
the
protein
level in the system by triggering the immune response. mRNA vaccines
are
the
first
COVID-19
vaccines
that
have
undergone phase 3 testing.
Why are mRNA Vaccines Different From Others? Typically,
vaccines
use
a
non-dangerous
fragment
of
a
bacterium or virus (specifically the antigen) to enable the body to create immunity towards the pathogen. The body learns to build a specific antibody to respond to the antigen. Therefore, if the body encounters the real antigen, it already knows
how
to
defeat
it.
With
strengthening
the
immune
system in the body, these pathogens will be deactivated and weakened. The mRNA is a single-stranded molecule mainly seen in all the
cells.
mRNA
vaccines
use
recombinant
vaccine
technology which involves bacterial cells or yeast to make more copies of the particular bacterial or viral protein. mRNA vaccines
are
synthesized
chemically,
making
them
unique
since there is no need for any pathogens or cells. This is the most suitable option for increasing production as it is much easier than orthodox methods. Also, mRNA vaccines carry information allowing their own cells to create the pathogen’s proteins. Recently,
Pfizer/BioNTech
and
Moderna
have
been
producing the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. These vaccines do not
cause
infection
since
they
do
not
carry
the
full
information to make the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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39
How do mRNA Vaccines Work? The main goal of the vaccine is to improve our body's ability to deactivate a pathogen. When our immune system is enhanced, it will vigorously attack the real virus when it enters the body. This is because the immune system can automatically respond to the recent build up immunity. Vaccines usually contain a deactivated section of the pathogen. However, mRNA vaccines only provide genetic instructions for cells to easily make bacterial or viral proteins. tRNA in the cytoplasm would then translate the genetic code in the mRNA to produce specific proteins. Our immune systems respond to foreign proteins by creating antigens. The next time the same protein invades our body, the release of antigens will be faster allowing us to quickly defeat the pathogen. Recently, mRNA vaccines have been approved for the human user. The screening method is the assessments for the vaccination coverage in the group and it is mainly involved with new advanced technology.
Things To Know About the mRNA Vaccine: mRNA Vaccine Technology The Technology is not new to
the
world
inactivated triggers
as
polio the
the
vaccine immune
system for responding to a disease-causing pathogen. mRNA vaccines increase
the
process
of
making viral protein.
with
mRNA
vaccine
inducing
the
the
triggers
immune
it
does
not
alter
the
DNA.
Specific Support immune producing antibodies.
system
in the
and
creates pain at the place of injection.
40
thus
parts of the virus trigger the
local
reactions
It
into the nucleus of the cells
structure therefore different
works
inflammatory body.
mRNA vaccines do not enter
SARS-CoV-2 has a complex
Triggers Inflammatory Response The
Does Not Alter Your DNA
SCIENCE AND MEDICINE
system
for various
Female Biologists Whose Discoveries Were Credited to Men The 11th of February this year marked the International Day of Women and Girls in Science. While there are far more girls and women in science nowadays, we only know names like Marie Curie and Jane Goodall because their contributions to their respected fields were eventually recognised. However, many female scientists have been written out of history merely due to their sex. Here are the stories of five female scientists who rarely get the credit for their enormous contribution to their discoveries of a lifetime.
Maria Merian 1647-1717, Germany Maria Merian was a naturalist who took interest in insects, specifically and
butterflies,
repulsive
which
organism
to
were
study
considered
at
the
an
time.
unworthy
Nonetheless,
Merian observed and took detailed notes on their life cycle by observing
them
directly.
Despite
her
significant
discoveries
about insect metamorphosis, her findings were dismissed by scientists, largely due to the fact she wrote in German rather than Latin, which was the designated language of science. Merian's
scientific
discoveries
and
drawings
of
the
natural
world would make her one of the leading entomologists and scientific illustrators of her lifetime.
Her dedication to observing a specific type of organism for a sustained period made her a pioneer for this sort of experimentation. She helped normalise the concept of empirical observation and scientific discoveries based on consensus among scholars, experimentation, repeatability, and peer review.
Mary Anning 1799-1847, England When we learn about the theory of evolution,
Her
many of us associate it with Charles Darwin,
animals
observations
but many of us don’t know the name Mary
approached the origins of natural history.
Anning and her contributions which laid the
Many
foundation for Darwin.
America would seek her advice regarding
would
scientists
prehistoric
on
change
these the
throughout
anatomy
and
prehistoric
way
scientists
Europe
fossils.
and
However,
As a child, Anning was a fossil hunter because
due to her humble background and gender,
it brought income for her family. By the 12,
she was neither allowed to pursue a career
Anning discovered several fossils off the cliffs
in science nor eligible to join the Geological
of Dorset that would change the course of
Society of London.It would take many years
science:
after Anning's death in 1847 that she would
she
unearthed
a
fossil
of
an
ichthyosaur and two plesiosaur skeletons. This
be
formed
extinction
contributions to science, allowing society to
and “survival of the fittest” which implied that
move towards scientific thinking and away
not all of God’s creations were perfect.
from Bible stories.
the
controversial
idea
of
recognized
for
her
significant
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41
Nettie Stevens 1861-1912, America Nettie
Stevens
had
a
passion
for
beetles
and
in
1905
she
observed that male beetles produced two types of sperm, one that
carried
a
large
chromosome,
and
the
other,
a
small
chromosome. The large chromosome, when fertilized with a female egg, would produce female offspring and the small chromosome would produce male offspring. She applied this theory of chromosome differences to other animals, like humans. Stevens developed the concept of the XY determination system, which stated that female offspring were determined by two large sex chromosomes (XX) and male offspring by a large and small sex chromosome (XY). Around
this
time,
geneticist
Edmund
Wilson
also
discovered
the
same
findings
in
his
independent research, but because Stevens was a female, she was discriminated against and thus, Wilson received all the credit.
Rosalind Franklin 1920-1958, England Rosalind Franklin was a chemist, X-ray crystallographer and leading molecular biologist who discovered the structure of DNA. In
1951,
College
Franklin London
techniques
on
became
a
where
she
DNA.
After
research
a
associate
used
X-ray
year,
she
at
Kings’
crystallography
became
the
first
person to capture an image of the molecule’s structure, identifying
it
as
Photo
51.
However,
during
her
research
period, a bitter relationship grew between herself and her colleague
Maurice
Wilkins.
As
a
result,
she
left
King’s
College to continue her work at Birkbeck College. Unbeknownst to her, Wilkins took Photo 51 and shared it with Francis Crick and James Watson who used her research to publish their double-helix theory of DNA. Unfortunately in 1953, Watson and Crick published their work before Franklin and as a result, her manuscript was dismissed as merely confirming her male colleagues' discovery. Just 5 years later, Franklin died from ovarian cancer at 37, (likely from the high exposure of radiation from her tests) never knowing her research was stolen. Four years later, Watson, Crick and Wilkins would go on to win the Nobel Peace Prize for their double-helix theory of DNA.Furthermore, as Jewish and female scientist in the 40s and 50s, Franklin was further criticised for her work. For example, when Watson would later write the book, The Double Helix, he went on to describe Franklin as an antagonistic and overly emotional woman.
Frances Kelsey 1914-2015, Canada/America
Frances
Kelsey
was
a
Canadian-born
American
pharmacologist and physician. She not only averted a national health crisis but also pushed for stricter
testing and regulation when it came to approving drugs. As a recruit of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1960, her seniors gave her a seemingly simple case. It was an application to use the drug thalidomide as a morning-sickness medication for pregnant
women,
from
the
company
Merrell.
At
the
time,
thalidomide was used to treat insomnia and workplace stress as it had an anti-nausea property and was available on shelves across Europe. The anti-nausea property also meant it was appropriate to treat morning sickness experienced by pregnant women.
42
SCIENCE AND MEDICINE
However, upon reviewing Merrell’s application, Kelsey found that data on thalidomide’s absorption and toxicity were inadequate. “More like testimonials than the results of welldesigned studies'' said Kelsey. Therefore, Kelsey rejected the application, demanding better evidence. Rather than carrying out tests, Merrell called and bombarded Kelsey, demanding she approves the drug, and ultimately blamed Kelsey for being a stubborn and nit-picky woman. Merrell eventually gave in new applications, but none of the six ever got approval. However, by then, the adverse impacts of thalidomide were reported in early 1961 whereby nerve damage was seen in young children and other severe birth defects caused many to die in utero. Tens of thousands born with extra appendages, shorter limbs or no limbs at all. By November 1961, thalidomide was withdrawn from the market. Although Kelsey did receive some recognition for her bravery at the time, her name has since diminished from the media. But her achievements haven't. Not only did she save thousands of lives but her actions created a wave of stricter requirements for new drug applications, and testing drugs on pregnant animals. She pioneered the idea of facts over opinions and patience over short cuts. She laid the foundation for evidence-based medical treatment like we know it today.
In conclusion, we can see that just a handful of female scientists have made enormous contributions to modern-day science and medicine. By encouraging more girls and young women into science and ensuring that these individuals are recognised for their work, the future of the scientific world is promising.
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43
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44
IS
Lab-Grown Meat: The Future of Food? by Anastasia Toha editor Alice Manning
Animal agriculture contributes more greenhouse gases than the transport sector combined. A whopping 18% of toxic greenhouse emissions such as methane stem from livestock. Aside from the environmental damage caused by pastoral agriculture, there are also moral and ethical issues in this practice. While the push for vegetarianism and veganism is on the rise and some companies like Beyond Meat have mastered plant-based meat substitutes, for some, meat is still a must at the dinner table. Therefore, is the solution to these various problems in-vitro or 3D-printed meat?
THE BRIGHTSIDE
45
One of the new technologies is in-vitro meat. This
type
of
meat
involves
taking
cells,
painlessly, from an animal, then transferring it to a
culture
media
independently
where
from
the
it
divides
animal.
and
Since
grows in-vitro
meat only requires some cells from an animal, it means that the un-environmental and unethical mass-production
of
animals
could
come
to
a
halt. Recent research by Hanna Tuomisto, associate professor University
in
sustainable
of
Helsinki,
food
has
systems
shown
that
at
the
beef,
which has the highest carbon footprint, cultured meat per-unit of protein can lower greenhouse gas emissions by 80-95% compared to regular beef. While this process may seem like a sci-fi movie,
in
2020,
the
Singapore
government
approved Eat Just’s in-vitro minced chicken and was
available
commercially.
According
to
consumers and the companies of in-vitro meat like Memphis Meats, they say the taste of the lab-grown meat is nearly indistinguishable from ‘real’
meat.
Currently,
minced
meat
is
the
easiest to produce in-vitro because the texture and
aesthetic
are
much
easier
to
replicate.
Consequently, in-vitro burger patties, nuggets, hot dogs and meatballs will likely hit the shelves faster than an in-vitro steak. Furthermore, lean meat like chicken, prawn or fish is much easier to replicate due to the lack of fat-tissue which means growers only need to focus on muscle tissue growth.
In-vitro meat seems to tick many boxes such as environmentally friendly, ethically sound, tasty and aesthetic. However, it is much pricier than ‘real’ meat. In 2018, Joel Cohen, the spokesperson for The Modern Agriculture Foundation, stated that cultured beef costs USD 11 per pound (which had already dropped significantly from the price of the first lab-grown burger in 2013 at a staggering USD 300,000), whereas, the price per pound of farmed meat in 2018 was around USD 0.60/lb. However, farmed meat is heavily subsidised, for example, in America, agricultural subsidies can amount to 25% of total US annual agriculture revenue which means the USD 0.60/lb of farmed meat may actually be much higher. Economically, it is clear that farmed meat is the winner here. However, as costs continue to plummet for cultured meat, that could change in the next couple of years and maybe even sooner, should the subsidies currently supporting the pastoral agriculture sector shift to support in-vitro technologies.
Another meat-growing technology is 3D-printed meat. This product is made when muscle, fat and blood cells are taken from an animal to create a bio-ink to use in the 3D bioprinter. Like in-vitro
meat,
3D-printed
meat
solves
the
environmental and moral dilemmas of farmed meat.
However,
unlike
in-vitro
meat,
this
technology allows the meat to look and taste more ratios
similarly of
cells
controlled.
46
ENVIRONMENT
to in
‘real’ a
meat
sample
since are
the
more
exact tightly
In 2020, an Israeli startup called Redefine Meat has been perfecting this practice. When the company was last interviewed by Business Insider, their machine could produce 13 pounds of meat an hour, but the company plans to release a newer generation in 2021 that can print 44 pounds per hour. Unfortunately, Redefine Meat and similar companies have not disclosed how much their product will cost, but say it will be similar to a traditional steak. In 2021 and the coming years, we are likely to see more and more lab-grown meats hitting the shelves. Rather than dismissing these alternatives as a foreign, alien creating, I believe we should embrace this market as a satisfying alternative, both for our environmental and moral consciousness, but also our tastebuds.
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From Air cons to jets Science is catching up to capture carbon
Wackiest Forms Of Carbon Capture
by Anastasia Toha
I’m sure we’ve heard of carbon capture. The most mainstream being artificial trees which suck the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide out of our atmosphere. However, recently, there has been a boom in innovative versions of carbon capture. This article will discuss some of the wackiest forms of carbon capture.
Air Conditioners In its simplest form, carbon capture is taking waste carbon dioxide and transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere. around
for
The the
process carbon
results
dioxide
in to
large be
volumes
separated.
of
air
being
However,
moved
engineers
realised air conditioners also move large volumes of air and thought to tack the carbon capture machine onto the air conditioner.
The project was led by chemical engineer Roland Dittmeyer at Germany’s Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Dittmeyer’s team not only created an air conditioner which extracted carbon dioxide and water from the air, but it also converted them into hydrogen. The hydrogen fed into a multistep chemical process to transform that hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbon fuels. The authors calculate that applying this system to one of Europe’s tallest skyscrapers, the MesseTurm, in Frankfurt, would extract and convert enough carbon dioxide to yield at least 2,000 metric tons of fuel a year. They say the office space in the entirety of Frankfurt could yield more than 370,000 tons annually.
48
ENVIRONMENT
jets and airplanes Another
strange
carbon
capture
creation is the carbon dioxide sucking aeroplanes where it can be converted to jet
fuel.
Recently,
researchers
a
team
revealed
a
of
Oxford
cost-effective
and efficient way of producing jet fuel from carbon dioxide by using an ironbased
catalyst.
Chemistry
The
group
included
at
the
Oxford
chemists
Benzhen Yao and Tiancun Xiao and led by professor of chemistry Peter Edwards. Previous dioxide
attempts into
jet
to
fuel
convert required
carbon complex
Their
current
captured
method
from
the
requires
air
to
be
carbon
dioxide
converted
with
processes and expensive chemicals. But
hydrogen using a process called hydrogenation
as
and a catalyst made from a compound of iron,
shown
in
the
journal
Oxford
researchers
method
could
produce
priced
fuel
that
Nature,
believe
the
the new
an
acceptable
could
potentially
manganese
and
potassium
to
produce
specific
hydrocarbons. This method, according to Yao is “more
economical
and
environmentally
eliminate the high emissions burden of
acceptable”
air travel.
such as converting carbon dioxide into methanol
compared
with
indirect
methods,
and then jet fuel. Currently, the cost of producing The journey to get to this stage has been a
long
one,
with
brainstorming
the
the
research
possibility
of
team
turning
carbon dioxide into fuel over a decade ago.
jet
fuel
through
catalysts
is
half
the
price
of
converting carbon dioxide to methanol and then to jet fuel. The team’s next step will be collaborating with the aviation industry to build the world’s first net zero-emission aviation fuel demonstration plant. With the hopes of an electric passenger aircraft in
cement The
final
whimsical
carbon
the
far
future
and
the
persistent
demand
for
flights, it is clear that a ‘cleaner’ aeroplane is the solution.
capture
technology we will discuss is the carbon dioxide
sucking
cement.
Although
the
cement industry emits a lot of carbon dioxide
in
its
production,
a
team
of
researchers from the University of South Denmark
realised
that
cement
can
absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide. Around
30%
of
the
carbon
dioxide
emitted from the production of cement will be reabsorbed by the cement itself. The researchers call this effect for the sponge effect, and their findings have been published in the notable scientific journal
Nature
sponge
effect
Communications. is
a
result
of
a
The slow
process called carbonatation that takes place
between
the
lime
and
cement
reacting with carbon dioxide from the air
over
time.
According
to
Professor
Gang Liu from the Department of Green
Technology, and a member of this team, large road structures such as tunnels and bridges that absorb
by
far
addition,
with
neutrality,
the
the
most
further cement
carbon
emphasis industry
will
dioxide. on likely
In
carbon see
a
streamlining in their production line to minimise resource wastage and carbon dioxide emissions. If companies and countries take decisive action now, there is the potential for the cement industry to go carbon neutral by 2050.
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49
How Indian and China are Championing Climate Change China and India are the most populated countries and are some of the top carbon emitters. Consequently, both countries are central if the world wants to achieve carbon neutrality and keep global temperatures below 2 degrees Celsius per the 2016 Paris Climate Agreement. Both of these newly emerging economies are both championing climate change as the West falls behind. How are these two populous countries continuing to develop whilst honing in on climate change?
50
ENVIRONMENT
Firstly, both of these countries have enforced policies to significantly reduce air and water pollution. China and India are home to cities with the worst air quality and rivers with some of the worst pollution. Tackling their pollution problems would serve its interests as well as the rest of the world. This is because poor air quality has contributed to about a million premature
deaths
hazards
a
is
per
political
year, and
therefore,
economic
addressing
necessity.
their
nation’s
Consequently,
environmental
both
of
these
health
countries
implemented and enforced strict pollution policies leading to a rapid reduction of pollution.
For
example,
Action
Plan
became
in
China,
released China’s
in
the
Air
Pollution
September
most
2013
influential
environmental policy. It helped the nation to make quality PM2.5
significant between
improvements 2013
levels
and
in
2017,
(atmospheric
its
air
reducing
particulate
matter) by 33% in Beijing and 15% in the Pearl River Delta.
Similar
policies
reduction
in
in
India
carbon
have
led
emissions
to
too.
a
For
example, according to data from the World Bank, Patna, one of India’s most polluted city saw a drop from 70% of days in 2018 recording poor air quality to less than 50% of days in 2019 recording poor air quality.
On the other side, Trump’s presidency did not enforce stringent climate policies, hence being labelled as ‘critically insufficient’ in regards to the Paris Agreement unlike India which is
‘2
degrees
governments
of
compatible’. China
and
This India
shows are
that
effective
the at
tight,
and
somewhat
implementing
and
authoritarian
enforcing
climate
policies, which allow them to be climate leaders.
Furthermore, both countries have been leaders in ecosystem conservation.
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51
With
the
speculation
that
the
2020
coronavirus stemmed from a live market in China, which often feature wild animals, it is in China’s interest to hone in on the wild animal
trade
environmental
for
political
reasons.
As
and
a
direct
response to the coronavirus, the Chinese government
revised
the
2018
Wildlife
Protection Law and was officially published in October last year. This revision saw the consolidation of prohibiting trade. Also, in June, Pangolins, the world’s most trafficked non-human mammal received the highest level
of
protection
under
the
country’s
wildlife law. For their efforts, an initiative by
a
Chinese
firm
won
the
2019
Champions of the Earth award, the UN's highest environmental honour. Likewise,
India
importance One
of
of
has
also
tackling
their
understood
wild-animal
most
successful
the
trade. wildlife
conservation schemes is ‘Project Tiger’ which was
initiated
in
1972
which
not
only
contributed to the conservation of tigers but also of the entire ecosystem. From a mere 268 tigers in 1972, there are now over 2000 in 28
reserves
in
2016.
Since
this
species
is
connected to a web of other ecosystems and food chains, restoring the population of wild tigers has positively impacted India’s natural environment.
This
shows
that
investing
in
broader schemes to repopulate endangered species
can
restore
entire
ecosystems
and
consequently helps mitigate climate change.
Moreover, both countries are implementing new technologies to tackle climate change. China and India are the manufacturers of the world. Due to their massive population, they can mass produce wind turbines and solar panels. Hence, solar and wind power are now competitive, without any need for subsidies. Currently, the costs of wind power have fallen by 69 per cent over the past decade, while solar costs are down by 88 per cent, according to investment bank Lazard. Furthermore, these two countries are also implementing these technologies, not just exporting them.
In
China,
they
installed
more
civil
nuclear
power than any other country last year. And of the 3 million electric vehicles on the roads, the
majority
of
them
are
in
China
and
accounted for around 56 per cent of sales last year. The combination of Chinese, Indian and other international skills, technology and production
levels
will
enable
society
to
transition to a low carbon energy era. This shows that not only are these two countries rapidly implementing clean energies, but they are also enabling other countries to use clean energies at a competitive cost. This means that
they
can
continue
to
develop
and
progress without harming the environment in the process.
52
ENVIRONMENT
Lastly, both countries have been creative with
ways
to
tackle
climate
change.
In
China, new development is being drawn up by Italian architect Stefano Boeri. The idea is to create Vertical Forest Towers in the Liuzhou Forest City in China. This plan kills two birds with one stone as it will deal with climate change and China’s growing population. The city plan calls for terraced buildings with almost a million plants and 40,000
trees
and
the
ability
to
house
around 30,000 people.
Similarly in India, the government has plans to develop a ‘green city’ in every state of the country, powered by renewable energy. On the 3rd of December last year, India’s Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) stated Prime Minister Narendra Modi would like one city
per
state
to
be
environment-friendly,
powered via solar rooftop systems on all its houses,
contain
solar
parks
on
the
city’s
outskirts, waste to energy plants and electric mobility enabled public transport systems.
While both these ideas are creative and some might even say outlandish, China’s Liuzhou Forest City is already under construction and should be completed soon. These innovations allow China and India to continue to urbanise and develop whiles putting the climate into consideration.
In conclusion, the multitudinous policies, investment schemes and innovations are the core drivers to China and India’s claim to championing climate change. Ultimately, these two countries have appreciated the dire situation of the planet and have reacted rapidly in response. Hopefully, other global superpowers will follow suit allowing global temperatures to stay well below 2 degrees of warming.
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53
Tipping Point For Green Transport
In
2020,
the
depressingly
UK
low
car
witnessed sales,
levels
which were last witnessed in 1992. However,
electric
accelerated world,
reaching
million! over
Sales
the
car
upwards a
have the
whopping
2.3
have
past
sales
around
quadrupled
five
years
at
a
meagre 0.58 million in 2015! This is thanks to a global effort of ‘going green’
on
the
continues
to
purchaser
of
be
road.
China
the
primary
electrical
vehicles
(EVs) with around 1.2 million sold in 2019 and totalling 3.35 million EVs on China’s roads by the end of the year. According to JP Morgan, electric cars made up 27% of all new sales in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK. Most importantly, in 2020, Norway became the first country to see its electric car usage overtake fossil fuel models (petrol and diesel). This landmark is a tipping point in the car industry as manufacturers must wake up to the fact petrol and diesel cars are on the way out in favour of their more sustainable counterpart. These tipping points are vital for a greener future. The transportation sector amount
contributes of
the
greenhouse
largest gases
in
several countries including the UK and the US. If society can ween off
fossil-fuel
chance
cars,
against
we
stand
mitigating
a
the
worst of climate change. A study has
shown
switched would
to
save
that
if
the
electric 14%
world
cars,
of
we
carbon
emissions. If you don’t think 14% is much, in 2020, the world saved a ‘record-breaking’ largely
attributed
7% to
which the
was
global
pandemic. Furthermore, the environmental benefits of electric cars go beyond reducing carbon emissions. Electric cars would significantly reduce air pollution, particularly in busy cities. This would improve the lives of many and potentially increase economic productivity.
Seeing as there are so many benefits of electric cars, why has it taken so long to see a boom? Largely, it is because EV cost has dropped massively over the last decade. In 2010, the EV battery price per kWh was USD 1160 compared to USD 156 in 2019. Due to this consequential price reduction, EV is now more economically viable to the average citizen.
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55
In
addition,
government
policies
have
played
a
large
role
in
encouraging
EVs
and
discouraging conventional cars. For example, in the UK, the government stated firms did not have to pay company car tax from April 2020 to 2021 if the vehicle was electric. To contrast this, a 20-37% tax remained on petrol and diesel cars. It is no surprise the majority of electric cars sold in the UK last year were company cars. In addition, government pledges to ban
new
fossil-fuel
car
sales
(by
2030
for
the
UK)
indicates
to
consumers
that
these
traditional cars are going out. Further air pollution charging zones like London’s expanded Ultra Low Emission Zone will further accelerate the EV movement.
However, there is still plenty more to be done until we are out of the woods. The number and speed of public chargers need to increase. Cars need to be charged at smart times of day to avoid unnecessary costs for energy networks. And at the end of the day, cycling and walking are still the most
eco-friendly
options,
if
possible.
However, the triumph of Norway is proof to the rest of the world that eco-transport is possible future.
56
ENVIRONMENT
and
in
the
grasp
of
the
near
Just imagine a world without trees, birds,
Regarding
animals and insects?
responsibility
Biodiversity refers to diversity at all levels
and biodiversity to our future generations.
in the ecosystem. It is because of Earth's
Therefore, we must conserve our present-
biodiversity that enables each species to
day environment and biodiversity.
live
Humans think of themselves as the most
on
this
planet
peacefully.
But
ethics, to
it
pass
our
on
nature
important
is
of
mother earth but they should not forget
are
the
that this planet is home to many other
for
the
disturbed
biodiversity.
due
Human
to
the
activities
loss
most common reason for it. We
need
to
take
powerful
moral
our
nowadays, the balance in the ecosystem getting
and
is
on
species
of
species. Survival of homosapiens will be
measures
difficult without other species.
conservation of biodiversity. Did you know
The government is preserving biodiversity
our oxygen demand can be met solely by
by restoring the natural habitat and
the
BIODIVERSITY
Amazon forest? Did you
areas.
Furthermore,
know the fruits we eat is a result
assigning protected
of
pollination
from
bees
and
the
forest-dwelling
an initiative to safegaurd
animals,
the
butterflies? Did you know the paper we
government is prohibiting wildlife trading
write on, the gums and resins we use, the
and poaching.
fruits
further actions to mainstream biodiversity
and
vegetables
we
eat
are
all
derived from trees? Ecological balance is
conservation.
necessary
towards
for
the
proper
biological
The government will take The government is working
capping
fisheries,
mining,
functioning of Earth which can only be
farming, concrete construction in green
maintained by conserving biodiversity.
zone
If species continue to go extinct, it will be
species
difficult for humans to survive since we depend
on
other
species
to
meet
our
daily needs. The world's pharmaceutical industry
is
partially
dependent
on
medicinal plants and herbs. Many plants are yet to be discovered in the tropics that can cure many diseases. Have you
areas, to
etc.
enabling
interact
and
freely. It
is
clear
biodiversity
that is
the
very
conservation
important
the increase
and
of we
should strive to conserve it before it gets too late. Each one of us should take steps to
conserve
it
if
we
and
our
future
generations want to survive.
by Vasundhara Chaudhary
noticed
multiple
interconnect
In the quest to conserve biodiversity, it is
in floods and other natural disasters all
compelling to reduce carbon footprints.
over the world? It is due to an imbalance
Afforestation,
that is created by human activities like
reducing
deforestation. Trees play a vital role in
protecting biodiversity from further harm.
controlling soil erosion and floods. Each
The
life form is essential for the ecosystem.
biodiversity
Even
natural
the
microbes
play
a
processes
such
lactation,
nutrient
as
wastewater
management.
key
role
in
fermentation, recycling
and
There
is
a
saying that goes like this: a farmer is not only
friends
with
other
farmers,
but
an
beauty
of
reusing,
waste
creation
of
recycling,
can wildlife
reserves
restoration
of
and
contribute sanctuary
can
aid
in
biodiversity.
to and the
Thus,
for the survival of every species, including humans,
we
must
conserve
biodiversity.
We should set an example to inspire the next generation to follow the same path.
earthworm is also his best friend. We
always
appreciate
the
biodiversity. The feeling of awe when we visit hilly areas are due to the biodiversity ranging chirping nature
from
tall
birds. in
a
biodiversity.
coniferous
Even
simply
garden
We
worship
are
trees
and
admiring due
various
to
plants
like sacred basil and fig and also animals like
cows.
culture,
This
indicates
tradition
and
that
even
spirituality
our are
focused on conserving biodiversity.
THE BRIGHTSIDE
57
Women : saviours of the world By April Evangelista
Purple. White. Green. Different colours yet these represent one distinctive group in the society—
women.
Women
are
known
to
be
naturally
caring
and
empathetic.
These
characteristics help women to understand and be more compassionate towards their goals and purpose.
On the 8th of March 2021, the world celebrated International Women’s Day. That day was
marked
by
women
empowering
women.
Organizations
around
the
globe
recognized those women who are fighting and advocating towards different goals for the betterment of their countries.
EMPOWERED WOMEN EMPOWERS THE ENVIRONMENT Climate change has always been a big and inexorable issue that’s present throughout the previous decades. It affects every single organism on the planet, especially mankind. Men and
women
experience
climate
impacts
differently
in
so
many
ways
due
to
gender
inequalities that are still imparted in today’s society.
Climate
crisis
affects
the
poorest
and
the
most
vulnerable sector in the world which happens to be women as 70% of its population are women. They suffer from emotional and economic disturbances during the aftermath of a disaster more often than men do. Their safety and health are compromised under the risks in sanitation and nutrition. Despite all of these, women thrive to act on climate and be the
action
the
world
needs
to
see.
With
their
adaptability towards different situations and their steadfast caring nature, they are the ones who tend to lead more in responding to the changes in the conditions of the environment yet are still untapped when
it
comes
to
maximizing
the
resources
and
making solutions about the changes.
A study conducted by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, women could raise farms’ yields by 20% to 30% if they are given the same opportunity on productive resources as men. Another evidence also presents that women empowerment plays a vital role in food production, food security, and health. This can result in ecological solutions at grassroots and national levels.
For everybody’s benefit, making use of women’s practicality, knowledge, understanding, and capability in making effective climate crisis solutions are very important as it was proven that
they
possess
leadership
skills
towards
crafting
more
sustainable
solutions
and
innovations on climate change.
THE BRIGHTSIDE
59
NOTABLE WOMEN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT Now, let’s take a quick run-down of some women who stepped up for the Earth and gave their best to save the only planet humankind has.
Jane Goodall She
is
an
considered founded
English the
the
anthropologist
world’s Jane
foremost
Goodall
and
expert
Institute
primatologist. in
She
chimpanzees.
and
the
is
She
foundation
continues her research around the globe. She also built Roots and Shoots to empower the youth in pursuing their passion and helping them with the mobilization of their peers.
Greta Thunberg She started learning about climate change at eight years old and now, she’s a multi-awarded
environmental
activist
at
18
years
old.
She
challenges
world
leaders to act on climate change immediately while continuously inspiring more children and youth to take part in the solution against the climate crisis.
Wangari Maathai She’s the first African woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize. Her Green Belt Movement has planted millions of trees across Kenya to combat erosion and deforestation while generating income for women and their families.
May Boeve She
is
the
Executive
Director
of
350.org,
an
organization
that
serves as a platform to connect climate leaders around the world. The organization aims to reduce carbon dioxide in the air so it is rallying on the fossil fuel industry.
Sylvia Earle She
is
an
American
marine
biologist
that
pioneered
the
exploration of the ocean. Her explorations and researches about marine
species
have
been
used
by
many
for
a
deeper
understanding of the oceans and how marine biodiversity must be protected.
60
ENVIRONMENT
Coexisting with the Environment in Times of Pandemic
Coexisting with the Environment in Times of Pandemic By April Evangelista As the surge of COVID-19 cases around the globe increases, the pandemic’s effect on the environment also increases.
For the last 12 months, the world seemed to slow down in this fast-paced generation. Loud noises from the different vehicles on the roads and busy streets had been more reduced than ever in this decade. Borders were forced to close. Entries from a point to another point had been restricted. Everyone is uncertain when this unfortunate event will end.
THE ENVIRONMENT ON EARLY MONTHS OF PANDEMIC The
past
year
has
served
as
an
eye-opener
to
many.
It
opens
the
topic
about
the
importance of having a healthy lifestyle and practising safety protocols. As people give their attention to their health and safety, some are also forgetting to consider the environment. Wuhan in China, the place where the SARSCoV-2 virus was believed to come from, was the first city to shut its borders to contain the virus. The lockdown took place 2 days before the celebration of Chinese New Year until the 8th
of
April
lockdown country
last
and
to
year.
These
restricted
reduce
25
travel
percent
76
days
helped of
of the
carbon
emission. There’s also a positive impact seen on
Italy’s
lockdown
significant
decrease
as in
it
resulted
in
a
the
emission
of
a
greenhouse gas called nitrogen dioxide. In Southeast Asia, air pollution has always been an environmental problem. Due to the implementation
of
lockdown
in
different
countries
in
the
region,
the
air
quality
in
this
territory has improved a lot. According to the reports from the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA), Kuala Lumpur, the capital city of Malaysia, had a sixty percent drop in nitrogen dioxide emission during the early months of lockdown. In the capital city of Indonesia— Jakarta, the work from home set up has helped a lot as it resulted in a forty percent
decline
in
nitrogen
dioxide
levels.
The
improvements
were
also
seen
in
other
countries like Thailand and Singapore.
In the Philippines, Filipinos woke up with a very
clear
sky
just
a
Philippine
President
announced
the
few
weeks
Rodrigo
community
after
Duterte
quarantine
in
Metro Manila and other provinces in the country.
People
living
in
the
Philippines'
National Capital Region posted photos of bright skylines in the metropolitan enabling them
to
mountain
view
the
range
famous
in
the
and
majestic
country,
Sierra
Madre, which is cloaked with heavy smoke and
clouds
period.
62
ENVIRONMENT
during
the
pre-pandemic
POKEMON GO? ANIMAL CROSSING? JUMANJI? Wildlife has also appeared on the streets as people caged themselves inside their homes. People from different parts of the world shared photos of animals including ostrich, cows, horses, elephants, peacocks, raccoons, coyotes, jackals, sheep, goats, sea lion, grey langurs, and buffalos roaming the silent streets.
Some netizens teasingly called these random animal sightings as a “Pokemon Go update” while others labelled these as “Animal Crossing”. One of Netflix Philippines’ social media accounts
even
joked
that
someone
was
playing
Jumanji
concerning
the
sightings
that
completed people’s day.
THE LATER CONSEQUENCES OF PANDEMIC TO THE ENVIRONMENT Air pollution decreased significantly after imposing lockdowns in different parts of the world. As people stayed inside the comforts of their homes, urban and wild animals had the chance to walk on the streets freely and roam around the cities. People were amazed by these events because they thought that “the Earth is finally having its healing” but as COVID-19 cases increase, the demand for Personal Protective Equipments also increases thus, making it the later yet foremost problem for the environment in the upcoming days. Countries
have
started
to
lift
the
lockdowns,
travel bans, and now, being looser in terms of strictness. unlike
in
Transportation the
Establishments
early and
is
months
now
of
factories
accessible
the
pandemic.
have
continued
their operations. Above all, people need to stay protected
and
guidelines Organization
should
given and
by their
follow the
the
World
respective
safety Health health
authorities. With safety in mind, responsible consumption isn’t on some people’s priority list today. The consumption of single-use plastics such as gloves, containers and utensils, pet bottles, face shields, and take-out bags has increased to prevent the spread of the virus. This way leads to the rise of waste pollution. Also, based on a report shared by the University of Southern Denmark to ScienceDaily (10 March 2021), there are estimated 3 million facemasks that were disposed of per minute and this isn’t a good statistics for the environment since facemasks are made from plastic micro and nanofibers that can harm nature and be a threat to species especially to those organisms living in aquatic habitats.
THE BRIGHTSIDE
63
COEXISTING WITH THE ENVIRONMENT DURING THESE TIMES These times teach people so much, and while we’re living in this historical pandemic, let us also remind ourselves that we’re also living with our environment. We don’t have control over the pandemic’s status but we can control its effect not just on us but also, on the Earth. Remember our responsibility to the Earth. Don’t forget to recycle, reuse, and reduce waste. Dispose properly and segregate garbage. Have an eco-friendly lifestyle to live sustainably. Every purchase you make might be or might not be ecological so think about if it will be practical. After all, people and the environment are interconnected.
Reduce Reuse Recycle
Photo of the Sierra Madre mountain range consisting of Mt. Oriod (the mountain with the higher peak) and Mt. Balagbag (the lower mountain) captured by Johair Siscar Addang and posted via Facebook.
Screengrab of an ostrich running in a subdivision in the Philippines from Dino Rivera via Facebook
Buffalos walked freely on a highway in New Delhi, India. Photograph by: Yawar Nazir/Getty Images Grey Langurs were seen on the streets of Ahmedabad, India. Photograph by Sam Panthaky/AFP via Getty Images
64
ENVIRONMENT
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65
REDDIT THE UNDERRATED SOCIAL MEDIA AND ITS HIDDEN BENEFITS
Towards the end of January, social media was taken by storm by the rise of Gamestop’s stock thanks to the Wall Street Bets (WSB) Subreddit. This article is not a homage to that incident but it did probe me to think Reddit is a severely underrated platform. Here is why:
Firstly, what is Reddit? Reddit is an online forum featuring aggregated content, news, and
conversations.
The
platform
allows
users to post text, links, videos, images, or questions. Reddit is made up of thousands of smaller forums called subreddits which concerns a certain category or topic, each with their own set of internal rules. By far, Reddit is the most popular in the United States, making up nearly 50% of the user base,
followed
by
the
United
Kingdom,
Canada and then Australia.
One reason why Reddit is a gemstone in today’s social media world is that it allows and
encourages
you
to
interact
with
people we do not know in the offline world. On the contrary, platforms like Snapchat and
connecting
and
rely
on
interacting
individuals with
people
they know in the ‘real’ world. This means that
a
user
can
find
an
online
community (or subreddit) where they can share their niche passions and interests. For example, devoted
there to
are
monks
active
looking
at
subreddits beer
and
another for pictures of birds if they had arms. Truly, there is no limitation on Reddit to geek-out on a topic.
Aside
from
trivial
aforementioned communities anonymity
topics
subreddits, can
and
like
some
offer
safety
for
the online
knowledge,
certain
people
who otherwise would not be comfortable sharing their issues with friends or family in the
offline
world.
This
is
largely
because
unlike other social media platforms, Reddit is built around anonymity and the use of usernames
rather
than
real
names.
This
means that Reddit allows users to discuss delicate
topics
like
mental
health
issues,
without the burden of them judging you. To quote Joe Federer, a social media expert and the former head of brand strategy at Reddit:
"There's
an
enormous
emotional
benefit to being able, to be honest, and anonymous on Reddit."
THE BRIGHTSIDE
67
As
mentioned
previously,
due
to
the
anonymity of Reddit, users are willing to reveal more about themselves and their interests, lives,
including
than
they
their
professional
would
on
other
platforms. Also, the structure of Reddit further
allows
users
to
speak
their
minds. Generally, Reddit takes a handsoff approach to censorship and allows moderators of individual subreddits to delete posts which do not comply with the
subreddit’s
gives
presence
rules
a
which
and
very I
ethos.
‘chaotic
believe
all
This
good’ social
media could benefit from.
In
addition,
has
an
extremely
high
content
quality.
Do
you
ever
get
a
load
of
Instagram ads for ‘hot girls in your neighbourhood’ or the latest fad detox tea as you’re scrolling through the platform? On Reddit, there is no such spam of content. This is because posts and comments are sorted by scores, whereby the highest scores will be on the front page
of
the
subreddit.
The
number
of
upvotes
and
downvotes
that
the
post
receives
determine these scores. This means that low-quality spam posts receive a high number of downvotes which renders them practically invisible. Furthermore, due to the communityoriented sentiment of the site, it means users are hostile to bot-generated and sponsored content, further increasing the quality of Reddit posts. If you have not yet joined Reddit, I hope this article has enlightened you to show how Reddit is a positive gem in the dumpster fire of twenty-first-century social media.
68
ENTS AND ARTS
The Importance of Creative Outlets
The Importance of Creative Outlets By Dina Liabeuf
It has been a year since the pandemic transformed our lives. Our days are dominated by lockdowns, masks, and social
distancing.
challenge advantage
for of
The
everyone, this
past yet
months some
unprecedented
ENTS AND ARTS
have
phase
their skills and passions, including me.
70
have
been
still to
a
taken
cultivate
In
April
named
I
began
X
over
dystopian
take
conditioned principles,
creating 0, on
to
all
a
a
how
we
patently
with
the
graphic
novel
pandemic-adapted have
obey
been
society’s
apparition
of
liberty
and power. The story speaks of a teenage girl who has no form of identification other than the
number
24061.
The
post-COVID
19
England she has grown up in is dominated by false
empowerment,
a
cult
of
personality
fuelled by social media, and the underlying threat of being eliminated if she fails to reach academic
expectations.
‘unnaturally’ constantly
inquisitive feeling
24061 young
alienated
from
is
an
woman, society.
When she accidentally violates the chief law of the totalitarian state, she meets Achilles, an elderly man who practises Catholicism - a now extinct faith. Through him and his faith she
finds
solace,
and
slowly
discovers
the
truth behind the creation of the new state, finally realizing that she has never been free.
In a world that is radically changing, this project has been an opportunity for me to communicate my perspective on this global metamorphosis. For the past few years I have observed the devolution of our generation. Because
of
platforms
such
as
social
media
–
which
are
able
to
disseminate influential information within seconds – we have gradually lost our ability to think independently.
There have been countless occasions where my peers have simply regurgitated unproven information from these platforms. Take the example of South Korea in 2005. Statistics claim that South Korea consists of 50 million mobile phone users out of its overall population of 51.7 million, including 35.5 million social media users. In 2007-2008, social networks aided Lee Myung Bak’s rise to power as president and 5 months later, ironically, launched his fall from grace. Two months into his presidency, resentment over international trade agreements infected the country’s popular social platforms, igniting demonstrations across South Korea’s major cities. Protests in the capital of Seoul opposed the import of beef from the United States as a consequence of a suggestion that Bak’s foreign policy was a threat to the health of citizens. Later, it was discovered that what had been the stimulus behind this civil unrest was false information that had been distributed by social media. This just proves how we blindly trust these social networks and have fallen into a form of crowd psychology. We have transformed into puppets of the individuals sitting behind the screen, predicting our every move and policing our every thought. Such power being focalised into this minority is dangerous, as it lays the conditions for us to walk into dictatorships and totalitarian states, all
with
the
illusion
of
uninhibited
freedom.
The
pandemic
and
lockdown
have
only
emphasized our collective mindset, since our only point of contact with humanity is through these platforms. Therefore, through this creative piece, I hope to encourage our generation to think individually again. I want us to question every piece of information that is handed to us. Think ‘what is the evidence behind this?’, ‘who is delivering this?’, ‘why are they saying this?’, and ‘what effect should this have on me?’. Even question this article. What X over 0 is to me is a personal attempt at salvaging the little psychological freedom we have left. Probing ideas that are spoon-fed to us is the only way for us to reassert a true democracy.
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The Brightside ISSUE 06 SPRING 2021