History of Slavery: Chronicles of Slavery and Abolition in The United States by The Advent School

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed dia nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt u labore et dolore magna aliquyam e sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et M agazi n e T i t l e an d Su m m ar y - Esm e Cu n n i n gh am , I sabel l aaccusam Escobaret, justo M ar iduo sol dolores et ea Fl agger t, M atth ew Sk ar i n rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, n sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ips C ov er A r t - A ar on B em i s, H en r y L u sh , M ay a Fer r ei r a, Ru shdolor i M usit r ramet. ow, Sam Lorem ipsum dolor Joh n son amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, s diam nonumy eirmod tempor invid C o p y Ed i t o r s - A m el i a D m y tr u k , A n gel i n a G. V., El i o Koh n , Tav i o M ar es-Van ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam Pr aag, Val en ti n a Gar ci a Josep h erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eo

A ck n ow l ed gm en t s

L ay o u t an d Ed i t i n g - A i tan a M ar es-Van Pr aag, A l ex i s D ak i n , Cl eo Bar ow sk y, Ri sa Gol d f el d T each er s - A l ex Jon es, A m y W al r od , K ate Bosw el l Ed i t o r s' N o t e D ear Read er s, T h i s m agazi n e w as m ad e by T h e Ad ven t Sch ool cl ass of 20 21. W e l ooked t h r ou gh T he 1619 Project p u bl i sh ed by T he New York T imes, a m agazi n e th at w as cr eat ed t o com m em or ate th e 40 0 th an n i ver sar y of th e ar r i val of th e f i r st en sl aved p eop l e i n t h e U n i ted States an d to ex am i n e th e w ay s th at th e h i stor y of sl aver y st i l l af f ect s ou r cou n tr y tod ay. T he 1619 Project i n sp i r ed u s to cr eate a m agazi n e of ou r ow n , as w e f el t th at w e n eed to l ear n m or e of th e h i stor y of ou r cou n tr y an d h ow ou r h i st or y con ti n u es to i m p act con tem p or ar y r aci sm . T h i s m agazi n e i n cl u d es ar ti cl es an d or i gi n al ar tw or k f r om ever y stu d en t i n t h e si x t h gr ad e cl ass. Each ar ti cl e r el ates to sl aver y an d abol i ti on i n th e U .S. i n an i m p or t an t w ay, f ocu sed on even ts, p eop l e, p u bl i cati on s, or gan i zati on s, an d m or e. I n ad d i t i on , ou r cl ass w or ked w i th ou r ar t teach er , M s. W al r od , to cr eate d i gi t al or p r i n t ar t w or k th at r el ated to ou r top i c i n som e w ay. W e tr i ed to con vey a m essage or an gl e i n each ar ti cl e abou t th e i m p or tan ce of th e su bject i n r el ati on to sl aver y an d r aci sm . W e al so ch ose to i n cl u d e a ti m el i n e at th e en d to con n ect al l of th e t op i cs i n t h e m agazi n e so y ou can better u n d er stan d th e ch r on ol ogy of th ese m om en t s i n ou r h i stor y. W h i l e r esear ch i n g an d w or k i n g on th i s m agazi n e, ou r cl ass l ear n ed so m u ch abou t l esser - k n ow n p eop l e an d even ts an d h ow th i s er a of sl aver y an d abol i t i on sh ap ed ou r cou n tr y. W e h op e th at y ou w i l l l ear n som et h i n g, too, an d togeth er w e can sp r ead t h i s k n ow l ed ge to th e sch ool an d ou r w i d er com m u n i ty an d m ake ch an ges f or th e f u tu r e. Si n cer ely,

A i t an a M ar es-Van Pr aag, A l ex i s D ak i n , Cl eo Bar ow sk y, an d Ri sa Gol d f el d 2

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

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T ab l e o f C o n t en t s B aco n 's Reb el l i o n by A ar on B em i s ........................................................................................4 T h e Fo u n d i n g o f a N ew C o u n t r y by El i o Koh n ..................................................................6 Ph i l l i s W h eat l ey by A n gel i n a G. V...........................................................................................9 B en j am i n B an n ek er by A i tan a M ar es-Van Pr aag..............................................................12 M u m B et t C o u r t C ase by M ar i sol Fl agger t..........................................................................14 B l ack C h u r ch es i n t h e U n i t ed St at es by A m el i a D m y tr u k .............................................16 T h e H i st o r y o f Sl av e L aw s by Sam Joh n son .......................................................................19 N ew L aw s i n Sl av er y by I sabel l a Escobar ............................................................................22 So l o m o n N o r t h u p by Z oe Fl ood ...........................................................................................24 H ai t i an Rev o l u t i o n Ex p l ai n ed by Val en ti n a Gar ci a Josep h ..........................................26 Si er r e L eo n e an d L i b er i a's I m p act o n Sl av er y by M atth ew Sk ar i n ............................28 T h e Reb el l i o n o f N at T u r n er by Jakoby Cl ar ke................................................................30 A n t i - Sl av er y So ci et y 1833 by Esm e Cu n n i n gh am ............................................................32 A n t i - Sl av er y Pu b l i cat i o n s an d T h ei r I m p act o n So ci et y by Ri sa Gol d f el d .............34 T h e A m i st ad Reb el l i o n , C ase, an d I m p act by Cl eo Bar ow sk y......................................37 So j o u r n er T r u t h by A l ex i s D ak i n ..........................................................................................40 B l eed i n g K an sas by H en r y L u sh ............................................................................................42 H ar p er s Fer r y Rai d by M ay a Fer r ei r a...................................................................................44 T h e L i f e o f H ar r i et T u b m an by Ru sh i M u r r ow................................................................46 El l en C r af t 's D ar i n g Escap e by Tav i o M ar es-Van Pr aag.................................................48 T i m el i n e o f A l l Ev en t s.............................................................................................................50 A u t h o r s...........................................................................................................................................51 B i b l i o gr ap h y ................................................................................................................................52

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

B aco n 's Reb el l i o n Written by Aaron Bemis Edited by Rushi M urrow Bacon 's Rebel l i on w as con si d er ed on e of th e f i r st r ebell i on s w i th i n th e En gl i sh col on i es. T h e r ebel l i on h ap p en ed becau se its l ead er , N at h an i el B acon , w an ted sl av er y t o con ti n u e. B acon ?s br ot h er - i n - l aw, W i l l i am B er kel ey, t h ou gh t th at N ati ve A m er i can s sh ou l d h ave equ al r i gh ts to w h i te p eop l e. Bacon on th e ot h er h an d d i d n ot agr ee w i t h t h i s, so h e at tacked Jam est ow n , V i r gi n i a i n 1676. N at h an i el B acon w as a w eal t h y En gl i sh m an . H e h ad m an y sl aves, an d h e en joy ed w atch i n g th em w or k . L at er , h i s br oth er i n - l aw W i l l i am B er kel ey sai d N ati ve A m er i can s sh ou l d h ave equ al r i gh ts to t h e col on i sts. B acon d i d n ot agr ee w i t h t h i s so h e w en t ar ou n d V i r gi n i a r ecr u i t i n g n ot on ly w h i te p eo p l e bu t en sl aved p eo p l e too. B acon p r om i sed i n d i v i d u al en sl aved p eop l e f r eed om i f t h ey h el p ed h i m i n h i s r ebel l i on becau se h e w an ted to keep sl av er y as a w h ol e. Bacon an d h i s m en m ar ch ed to th e f or t m ad e by th e O ccan eech i tr i be an d d est r oy ed i t. B acon an d h i s m en t h en w en t to Jam estow n becau se W i l l i am Ber kel ey w as a l aw m aker t h er e. Bacon d i d n 't agr ee w i th B er kel ey so Bacon at tacked Jam estow n to sh ow t h at h e d i d n 't agr ee w i th w h at Ber kel ey sai d .

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed dia nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt u labore et dolore magna aliquyam e sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, n sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ips dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, s diam nonumy eirmod tempor invid ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eo

A f ter th e r ebel l i on , l aw s w er e m ad e to sep ar ate th e tw o r aces. T h e w h i te l aw m ak er s m ad e th i s d i sti n ct i on so l ess r ebel l i on w ou l d h ap p en . T h ey w an ted to sep ar ate th e bl ack an d w h i te p eop l e so th ey cou l d n ot w or k togeth er f or an oth er r ebel l i on . Poor w h i te p eop l e w h o d i d n 't h ave m u ch m on ey w er e gi ven en sl aved p eop l e becau se th ey w an ted to h ave m or e p ow er over bl ack s. Bacon 's r ebel l i on h ad a bi g i m p act on r ace. Col on i sts i n V i r gi n i a tr eated en sl aved p eop l e p oor ly becau se of r ebel l i on s l i ke Bacon 's. A l ot of p eo p l e at tacked Jam est ow n becau se W i l l i am Ber kel ey th ou gh t th at bl ack p eo p l e sh ou l d h ave equ al r i gh ts. T h i s i s w h y th er e w er e l aw s m ad e to sep ar ate th e tw o r aces.

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

am ut erat,

Quiz

a no sum sit sed dunt m os et

Nathaniel Bacon

W illiam Berkeley

# 1 W h o l ed th e r ebel l i on ?

# 2 W h er e d i d th e r ebel l i on f i r st att ack ?

A . N ath an i el Bacon B. W i l l i am Ber kel ey C. N ati ve A m er i can s D . En sl aved p eop l e

A . Jam estow n B. T h e O ccan eech i tr i be f or t C. Geor getow n D . V i r gi n i a

# 3 W h en d i d th e r ebel l i on st ar t ? A . 1675 B. 1676 C. 1677 D . 1678 T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

A n sw er s

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed dia nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt u labore et dolore magna aliquyam e voluptua. eos et en sl aved p eo p l e thsed emdiam selves, sh owAt i n vero g th at p eo p l e d i d naccusam ot l i ke etthjusto ose duo w hdolores o et ea en d or sed aboli sh i nrebum. g sl avStet er y,clita an dkasd th at gubergren, n p eop l e i n of f i ce sea h adtakimata to h i sanctus d e th eiest r Lorem ips op i n i on s on sl av er y ou t of f ear . dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, s C r i sp u s A t t u ck s diam nonumy eirmod tempor invid ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam Cr i sp u s Attu ck s w as n ot on ly th e f i r st erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eo

T h e Fo u n d i n g o f a N ew C o u n t r y Written by Elio Kohn Edited by Sam Johnson D ecl ar at i o n o f I n d ep en d en ce T h e D ecl ar ati on of I n d ep en d en ce w as w r i tt en i n 1776 by T h om as Jef f er son t o ex p l ai n w h y th e col on i sts w an ted t o br eak f r ee f r om B r i tai n . Joh n Ad am s w as or i gi n al ly asked to w r i te t h e D ecl ar ati on of I n d ep en d en ce bu t d ecl i n ed , t h i n k i n g th at i t w ou l d soon be f or gott en , bu t h e w as w r on g. T h e D ecl ar at i on of I n d ep en d en ce w as n ot com p l et ely or i gi n al , as T h om as took t h i n gs f r om oth er d ecl ar at i on s an d p am p h l et s.

p er son k i l l ed i n th e Boston M assacr e on M ar ch 5, 1770 , bu t al so th e f i r st casu al ty of th e Rev o l u ti on ar y W ar . H e h el p ed f u el th e ou tr age agai n st th e Br i ti sh an d sp ar k th e w ar . Attu ck s w as a bl ack m an w h ose f ath er w as A f r i can an d m oth er w as N ati ve A m er i can . Attu ck s w as k n ow n f or bei n g ver y good at sel l i n g an d bu y i n g cattl e. H e h ad escap ed f r om sl aver y h i m sel f an d N ear ly a qu ar ter star ted w or k i n g as a of t h e d ocu m en t seam an an d r op ew as cu t d u r i n g i ts m aker . Attu ck s w as ed i ti n g p r ocess. on e of th e f i r st Jef f er son w r ote a m ar ty r s w h o f ou gh t 168 w or d p assage - T homas Jefferson, from f or f r eed om in abou t sl av er y, removed passage in the A m er i ca. A f ter h e w h i ch w as cu t i n d i ed , Sam u el D eclaration of I ndependence t h e en d . En sl aved Ad am s or gan i zed p eop l e m ad e u p to br i n g h i s casket to Fan eu i l H al l f or n ear ly ? of th e A m er i can p op u l ati on . th e p u b l i c to see so th at p eo p l e w ou l d Jef f er son bl am ed K i n g Geor ge I I I f or k n ow w h at h ap p en ed to Attu ck s. st ar ti n g sl av er y. Jef f er son on ce cal l ed A bou t 11,0 0 0 p eo p l e joi n ed i n car r y sl av er y ?p i r ati cal w ar f ar e? an d an ?asi n g h i s casket to th e gr avey ar d al on g sem bl age of h or r or s.? w i th oth er v i cti m s. At tu ck s al so becam e an i d ol f or A f r i can A m er i can acti v i sts i n th e abol i ti on i st m ovem en t Jef f er son bl am ed th e sou th f or th e l ater i n th e 1840 ?s. sl av er y p assages' r em oval becau se th e sou t h en cou r aged sl av er y an d w an ted i t t o con t i n u e. A l so on e th i r d of th e A l l i n al l , Attu ck s p l ay ed a ver y i m si gn er s of th e D ecl ar ati on of I n d ep or tan t r ol e i n th e U .S. r ev ol u ti on by p en d en ce en sl aved p eo p l e. T h ey d i d goi n g agai n st Br i ti sh sol d i er s an d ben ot w an t t o en d or se a d ocu m en t th at com i n g an i d ol f or A f r i can A m er i can w ou l d t r y t o stop sl av er y w h en th ey acti v i sts i n th e abol i ti on i st m ovem en t .

?[K i n g Geor ge] h as w aged cr u el w ar agai n st h u m an n atu r e i tsel f , v i ol ati n g i ts m ost sacr ed r i gh ts of l i f e an d l i ber ty i n th e p er son s of a d i stan t p eop l e w h o n ever of f en d ed h i m .?

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

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?D eter m i n ed to keep op en a m ar ket [th e sl ave tr ad e] w h er e m en sh ou l d be bou gh t an d sol d , [K i n g Geor ge] h as p r osti tu ted h i s n egati ve f or su p p r essi n g ever y l egi sl ati ve attem p t to p r oh i bi t or r estr ai n th i s execr abl e com m er ce.?

a no sum sit sed dunt m os et

- T homas Jefferson, from removed passage in the D eclaration of I ndependence T h e U .S. C o n st i t u t i o n T h e U .S. Con sti tu ti on w as w r i t ten i n 1787, an d sl av er y h ad al r ead y been abol i sh ed i n 10 states, bu t m ost sti l l h ad en sl aved p eo p l e. T h e Con sti tu t i on est abl i sh ed th e n ati on al gov er n m en t an d gu ar an teed cer tai n r i gh ts f or i t s ci ti zen s bu t n ot ever y on e l i v i n g t h er e. En sl aved p eop l e m ad e u p abou t on e- f i f th of th e p op u l ati on of t h e U .S., bu t th e p r otecti on s i n th e Con st i t u t i on d i d n ot ap p ly to th em . T h e Con st i tu ti on al so i n cl u d ed l an gu age t h at w as bad f or en sl aved p eop l e an d r em oved th ei r r i gh ts. T h er e ar e th r ee p assages th at, af ter l ots of d ebate, m ad e i t i n to th e Con st i t u t i on an d h el p ed sl av er y con ti n u e.

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

T h e f i r st i s: A r t i cl e I , Sec. I I , Par agr ap h I I I : T h e T h r ee- Fi f t h s C l au se (1787) Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding I ndians, not taxed, three- fifths of all other persons. T h i s m ean t th at states th at h ad en sl aved p eo p l e w er e all ow ed to cou n t th em as th r ee- f i f th s of a p er son to boost th ei r p op u l ati on , so th at st at es w i th a l ar ger p op u l ati on of en sl aved p eop l e cou l d h ave m or e p ow er i n Con gr ess. T h i s w ou l d all ow th em to h ave m or e p ow er i n th e say of w h at w i l l h ap p en to sl aver y. 7

T h e secon d p assage i s: A r t i cl e I , Sect i o n I X , C l au se I : T h e I m p o r t at i o n C l au se (1787) T he M igration or I mportation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such I mportation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person. T h i s m ean t th at w h en en sl aved p eop l e w er e i m p or ted to th e U .S., th er e w ou l d be a tax of ten d oll ar s of l ess on t h em , an d Con gr ess w ou l d n ot p r oh i bi t sl av er y f or at l east tw en ty y ear s. T h i s i s h el p f u l to en sl aver s becau se i t gu ar an t ees th at sl av er y w i l l con ti n u e u n t i l at l east 180 8. T h e t h i r d p assage say s: A r t i cl e I V, Sec. I I , C l au se I I I : T h e Fu gi t i v e Sl av e C l au se (1787) No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed dia to whom such Service or Labour may be nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt u due. labore et dolore magna aliquyam e T h i s m ean t th at i f an escap ed en sed diam voluptua. At vero sl aved p er son cr ossed a bor d er i n to a eos et dolores et ea state th at h ad abolaccusam i sh ed sletavjusto er y,duo th en Stetth clita gubergren, n th at state h as to rebum. r esp ect at kasd ot h er states h ave n ot aboli sh ed sl av er y, so sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ips th ey m u st r etu r n dolor th e sit escap edLorem i n d i ipsum amet. dolor v i d u al to th ei r en sl aver . T h i s m ad e i t amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, s m u ch h ar d er f or p eo p l e tr y i n g to escap e th ei r en sl averdiam s. nonumy eirmod tempor invid ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eo

M an y p r obl em s ar ose w i th th e Con sti tu ti on . O n e of th em w as r ep r esen tati on of states. T h e l ar ger st at es w an ted to be r ep r esen ted by p op u l ati on , an d th e sm al l er states w an t ed to h ave equ al r ep r esen tati on as th e l ar ger states i n Con gr ess, so th ey establ i sh ed th e H ou se of Rep r esen tati ves, w h i ch w as based on p op u l ati on , i n cl u d i n g en sl aved p eo p l e, an d th ey establ i sh ed th e Sen ate, w h i ch r ep r esen ted th e states equ al ly. A l l i n al l , th e Con sti tu ti on i n cl u d es p assages p r otect i n g sl av er y so th at th e U .S. w ou l d con ti n u e w h i te su p r em acy an d m ake su r e th at bl ack p eop l e w ou l d n ot get th e sam e r i gh t s as w h i tes.

Fu n Fact s ab o u t t h e C o n st i t u t i o n 1. T h e U .S. Con st i t u ti on h as 4,40 0 w or d s!

2. T h e U .S. Con st i tu t i on i s t h e sh or t est , an d ol d est con st i t u t i on of an y m ajor gover n m en t !

3. Pen n sy lvan i a w as sp el l ed i n cor r ect ly above th e si gn er s?n am es.

4. T h om as Jef f er son w r ote, bu t d i d n ot si gn th e Con st i tu t i on .

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

am ut erat,

a no sum sit sed dunt m os et

Ph i l l i s W h eat l ey : T h e Fi r st A f r i can A m er i can Pu b l i sh ed Po et

m an y of Ph i l l i s?s f i r st p oem s w er e p u bl i sh ed . Sh e m ad e m an y f r i en d s i n L on d on , an d sh e m et Sel i n a H ast i n gs, th e cou n tess of H u n ti n gton , w h o w as a f r i en d of Su san n a?s an d h el p ed h er p u bl i sh h er p oetr y book . W h eat l ey ?s f i r st book of p oem s w as cal l ed Poems of Various Subjects, Religious and M oral. Sh e becam e th e f i r st ever p u b l i sh ed A f r i can - A m er i can p oet. W h eatl ey on ly r etu r n ed to A m er i ca to t en d to Su san n a, w h o h ad f al l en gr avely i l l .

Written by Angelina G. V. I n 1775, Ph i l l i s W h eat l ey w r ote a p oem an d sen t i t to Geor ge W ash i n gton . I t w as an od e i n h i s h on or , an d i t Ph i l l i s W h eatl ey w as th e f i r st A f r i can sh ow ed h ow p atr i oti c W h eatl ey w as A m er i can p u b l i sh ed p oet, an d sh e an d h ow th at f actor ed i n to h er p ow r ot e m an y p oem s. W h eatl ey ?s p oem s. I n 1776, Geor ge W ash i n gton sen t em s w er e i m p act f u l an d sp oke ou t back a l etter i n v i t i n g h er to v i si t h i m agai n st sl av er y. W h eat l ey w as taken i n h i s qu ar ter s. W ash i n gton d ebat ed f r om h er h om e i n Gam bi a/ Sen egal i n w h eth er or n ot to p u b l i sh th e p oem 1753 w h en sh e w as ei gh t. Sh e w as th en bu t i n th e en d d eci d ed n ot to as i t sh i p p ed t o B oston . Ph i l l i s w as en m i gh t seem l i ke h e w as bu i l d i n g h i s sl aved by Joh n W h eatego. H i s l etter l ey t o be a ser van t f or tr u ly ex p r esses h i s w i f e an d n am ed af - Fact : T h e Boston h i s ap p r eci ati on t er t h e sh i p th at h ad W om en 's M em or i al i s a f or W h eat l ey ?s br ou gh t h er to A m er p oem an d com st at u e on Com m on w eal th i ca, T he Phillis. Sh e al so p l i m en ts h er on ad op t ed h i s l ast n am e, Aven u e M al l th at h on or s h er p oeti c tal en t . as i t w as m an d ator y at Edited by Valentina Garcia Joseph

Ph i l l i s W h eatl ey, A bi gai l L u cy Ston e.

t h e t i m e. Joh n W h eatl ey ?s wife Su san n a Ad am s, an d t au gh t Ph i l l i s En gl i sh , Gr eek , L at i n , th eology, an d even t u al ly A n ci en t h i stor y, l i t er at u r e, an d m y th ology, as w el l as p l en ty of l esson s on th e B i bl e. W h en th e W h eatl ey f am i ly saw h er p ar ti cu l ar t al en t i n p oetr y, th ey en cou r aged h er t o keep w r i t i n g. At t h e age of 13, W h eatl ey w r ote h er f i r st ever p u bl i sh ed p oem . I t w as abou t t w o m en n ear ly d r ow n i n g an d w as p u bl i sh ed i n th e n ew sp ap er Newport M ercury. W h eatl ey ?s f i r st book of p oem s w as p u b l i sh ed i n 1773 i n L on d on . I n t h e M ay of 1773, W h eatl ey t r av el ed t o L on d on to get h el p p u bl i sh i n g h er book of p oem s an d to ad ver t i se t h em . L on d on w as w h er e T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

A s Ph i l l i s W h eatl ey ?s l i f e w en t on , i t w ou l d seem th at i t w en t n ow h er e bu t d ow n . W h en W h eatl ey r etu r n ed f r om L on d on , sh e w as ver y sad to l ear n th at Su san n a h ad p assed aw ay w h i l e sh e w as gon e, even th ou gh th i s u lti m at ely f r eed h er f r om sl av er y. I n 1778, sh e got m ar r i ed to Joh n Peter s, an A f r i can A m er i can m an w h o w as f r ee an d f r om Boston . Joh n Peter s even tu al ly en d ed u p l eavi n g h er , bu t n ot bef or e th ey h ad tw o babi es, both of w h om d i ed as ch i l d r en . Si n ce sh e w as str u ggl i n g f r om p over ty, to m ake en d s m eet W h eatl ey h ad to get a job as a m ai d w or k i n g i n h or r i f i c con d i ti on s. Sh e f ai l ed to f i n d a p u bl i sh er f or h er secon d book of p oem s, an d , l ater i n l i f e, l ost m oti v ati on f or h er p oem s. Ph i l l i s W h eatl ey 9

d i ed af t er gi v i n g bi r th to h er th i r d ch i l d on D ecem ber 5, 1784 i n M assach u set t s at th e age 31, an d sh e w as bu r i ed i n a gr ave th at w as u n m ar ked . W h eatl ey h ad a l ar ge i m p act on l i ter at u r e an d p r oved th at bl ack p eop l e ar e ever y bi t as h u m an as w h i te p eop l e. Sh e i s al so cr ed i ted w i th cr eati n g t h e f ou n d at i on f or A f r i can A m er i can l i ter at u r e. W h eatl ey u sed h er p oem s an d h er ex p er i en ce bei n g en sl aved to sp eak ou tw ar d ly agai n st sl av er y. Ben jam i n Fr an k l i n an d Joh n H an cock bot h w er e str on g ad m i r er s of W h eatl ey ?s w or k , w h i l e T h om as Jef f er son cr i ti ci zed h er w or k f or ?jeop ar d i zi n g h i s assu m p t i on s abou t A f r i can A m er i can s.? Jef f er son ?s r esp on se sh ow s th at W h eatl ey ?s p oem s cou l d get r eal r eact i on s ou t of p eo p l e w h o su p p or t ed sl av er y. H er p oetr y w as i m p act f u l , r i gh teou s, an d u sed cr i t i cal ly agai n st sl aver y. Ph i l l i s W h eat l ey p o em

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, elitr, sed dia beam s of h eaven ?sconsetetur r evolv i n gsadipscing l i gh t nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt u I n volved i n sor r ow s an d th e vei l of labore et dolore magna aliquyam e n i gh t! sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et T h e god d ess com es, sh e metoves accusam justo duo dolores et ea d i v i n ely f ai r , rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, n O l i ve an d l au r el bisea n d stakimata h er golsanctus d en est Lorem ips h ai r : dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor W h er ever sh i n es thamet, i s n ati ve of th e consetetur sadipscing elitr, s sk i es, diam nonumy eirmod tempor invid utslabore dolore U n n u m ber ?d ch ar m an d ret ecen t magna aliquyam gr aces r i se. erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eo

M u se! bow p r op i ti ou s w h i l e m y p en r el ates H ow p ou r h er ar m i es th r ou gh a th ou san d gates: A s w h en Eol u s h eaven ?s f ai r f ace d ef or m s, En w r ap p?d i n tem p est an d a n i gh t of stor m s; A ston i sh ?d ocean f eel s th e w i l d u p r oar , T h e r ef l u en t su r ges beat th e sou n d i n g sh or e;

O ct o b er 26 , 1775

O r th i ck as l eaves i n Au tu m n ?s gol d en r ei gn ,

H i s Ex cel l en cy Gen er al W ash i n gt o n

Su ch , an d so m an y, m oves th e w ar r i or ?s tr ai n .

?Cel est i al ch oi r ! en t h r on ?d i n r eal m s of l i gh t , Col u m bi a?s scen es of gl or i ou s toi l s I w r i t e. W h i l e f r eed om ?s cau se h er an x i ou s br east al ar m s, Sh e f l ash es d r ead f u l i n r ef u l gen t ar m s. See m ot h er ear th h er of f sp r i n g?s f ate bem oan , A n d n at i on s gaze at scen es bef or e u n k n ow n ! See t h e br i gh t 10

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

am ut erat,

a no sum sit sed dunt m os et

I n br i gh t ar r ay th ey seek th e w or k of w ar ,

Geo r ge W ash i n gt o n r esp o n se l et t er

W h er e h i gh u n f u r l ?d th e en si gn w aves i n ai r .

Cam br i d ge,

Sh al l I t o W ash i n gton th ei r p r ai se r eci t e? En ou gh t h ou k n ow ?st th em i n th e f i el d s of f i gh t. T h ee, f i r st i n p l ace an d h on ou r s,? w e d em an d T h e gr ace an d gl or y of th y m ar ti al ban d . Fam ?d f or t h y val ou r , f or th y v i r tu es m or e, H ear ever y ton gu e th y gu ar d i an ai d i m p l or e! O n e cen t u r y scar ce p er f or m ?d i ts d est i n ed r ou n d , W h en Gal l i c p ow er s Col u m bi a?s f u r y f ou n d ; A n d so m ay y ou , w h oever d ar es d i sgr ace T h e l an d of f r eed om ?s h eaven - d ef en d ed r ace! Fi x ?d ar e t h e ey es of n ati on s on th e scal es, For i n t h ei r h op es Col u m bi a?s ar m p r ev ai l s. A n on Br i t an n i a d r oop s th e p en si ve h ead , W h i l e r ou n d i n cr ease th e r i si n g h i l l s of d ead . A h ! cr u el bl i n d n ess to Col u m bi a?s st at e! L am en t t h y th i r st of bou n d l ess p ow er t oo l at e. Pr oceed , gr eat ch i ef , w i th v i r tu e on t h y si d e, T h y ev ?r y acti on l et th e god d ess gu i d e. A cr ow n , a m an si on , an d a th r on e th at sh i n e, W i t h gol d u n f ad i n g, W ash i n gton ! be t h i n e.? T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

T O M I SS PH I L L I S W H EAT L EY. 28 Febr u ar y, 1776 M i ss Ph i l l i s, You r f avor of th e 26th of O ctober d i d n ot r each m y h an d s, ti l l th e m i d d l e of D ecem ber . T i m e en ou gh , y ou w i l l say, to h ave gi ven an an sw er er e th i s. Gr an ted . Bu t a var i ety of i m p or tan t occu r r en ces, con ti n u al ly i n ter p osi n g to d i str act th e m i n d an d w i th d r aw th e atten ti on , I h op e w i l l ap ol ogi ze f or th e d el ay, an d p l ead m y excu se f or th e seem i n g bu t n ot r eal n egl ect . I th an k y ou m ost si n cer ely f or y ou r p ol i te n oti ce of m e, i n th e el egan t l i n es y ou en cl osed ; an d h ow ever u n d eser v i n g I m ay be of su ch en com i u m an d p an egy r i c, th e st y l e an d m an n er ex h i bi t a str i k i n g p r oof of y ou r p oeti cal tal en ts; i n h on or of w h i ch , an d as a tr i bu te ju stly d u e to y ou , I w ou l d h ave p u bl i sh ed th e p oem , h ad I n ot been ap p r eh en si ve, th at, w h i l e I on ly m ean t to gi ve th e w or l d th i s n ew i n stan ce of y ou r gen i u s, I m i gh t h ave i n cu r r ed th e i m p u tati on of van i ty. T h i s, an d n oth i n g el se, d eter m i n ed m e n ot to gi ve i t p l ace i n th e p u bl i c p r i n ts. I f y ou sh ou l d ever com e to Cam br i d ge, or n ear h ead - qu ar t er s, I sh al l be h ap p y to see a p er son so f avor ed by th e M u ses, an d to w h om n atu r e h as been so l i ber al an d ben ef i cen t i n h er d i sp en sat i on s. I am , w i th gr eat r esp ect, y ou r obed i en t h u m bl e ser van t.

I mage of Washington's letter

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed dia nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt u labore et dolore magna aliquyam e sed diam ti on s. T h e cl ock r ecei ved voluptua. a l ot of At at-vero eos et ten ti on , an d p l en tyaccusam of p eoet p ljusto e cam e to duo dolores et ea see i t. A s a r esu l t of th e n ew r ecogn i rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, n ti on , Ban n eker w as abl e to st ar t h i s sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ips ow n w atch an d cl ock r ep ai r bu si n ess. dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, s Ban n eker ?s ach i evem en ts at tr acted diam nonumy eirmod tempor invid th e at ten ti on of a w eal th y f am i ly of en tr ep r en eu r s, th eutEllabore l i cottet s. dolore T h ey magna h ad aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. bu i l t gr i st m i l l s i n th e 1770 s, an d At vero eo

B en j am i n B an n ek er Written by Aitana M ares-Van Praag Edited by Zoe Flood W h i l e m ost f am ou s f i gu r es ar e cel ebr at ed f or on e m ai n acti on , B en jam i n Ban n eker ach i eved gr eat n ess i n m an y su bject s. T h ese i n cl u d ed m ath , sci en ce, f ar m i n g, astr on om y, th e n atu r al w or l d , p u bl i cati on , an d w r i t i n g. Ban n eker w as p r of i ci en t i n al l of th em , an d h e w as on e of th e f i r st A f r i can A m er i can s to be w i d ely r ecogn i zed f or h i s sk i l l i n m ath em at i cs an d sci en ce. H i s l i f e w as f i l l ed w i th a d eep y ear n i n g f or k n ow l ed ge an d f ai r n ess. Ban n eker w as bor n on N ovem ber 9, 1731 on a f ar m i n B alti m or e, M ar y l an d . H e w as th e son of tw o f or m er ly en sl aved p eo p l e. H i s f ath er w as a m an n am ed Rober t B an n akey, an d h i s m ot h er w as n am ed M ar y B an n akey. Ban n eker w as p r i m ar i ly sel f ed u cat ed , al th ou gh h e at ten d ed a Q u aker sch ool f or a sh or t ti m e. H i s gr an d m ot h er M ol ly W el sh , w h o w as w h i t e, t au gh t h i m to r ead . Sh e w as an En gl i sh d ai r y m ai d w h o h ad on ce been f al sely accu sed of steal i n g m i l k , bu t becau se sh e cou l d r ead sh e w as sp ar ed f r om d eath . Sh e w as i n stead su bject ed t o 13 y ear s of i n d en tu r ed ser v i t u d e. Fr om a y ou n g age Ban n eker w as obsessed w i th m ath an d sci en ce. H e tau gh t h i m sel f m ath , en gi n eer i n g, sci en ce, astr on om y, an d st u d i ed t h e n at u r al w or l d . W h en h i s f ath er Rober t d i ed , Ban n eker t ook over th e f am i ly f ar m an d u sed h i s k n ow l ed ge to cr eate an i r r i gat i on sy st em f or i t. H e u sed h i s sci en t i f i c ex p er ti se to cr eate n ew agr i cu l t u r al m et h od s th at w ou l d h el p h i m gr ow t obacco. B an n eker al so cr eated t h e f i r st w ood en gr an d f ath er cl ock i n A m er i ca, u si n g on ly a p ocket w atch f or i n sp i r at i on an d h i s ow n cal cu l a12

gai n ed a l ot of m on ey f r om i t. I n 1791, A n d r ew El l i cott (th e su r vey or gen er al of th e U S) h i r ed Ban n eker to su r vey ter r i tor y f or th e n ati on ?s cap i tal ci ty. T h i s ci ty w ou l d becom e W ash i n gton , D C. Ban n eker w as p ai d tw o d oll ar s a d ay, th e sam e w age as al l th e ot h er assi stan t su r vey or s. M ost of h i s w or k took p l ace i n a ten t d u e to th e gr u el i n g en v i r on m en t. Ban n eker al so

Fact : M ap p i n g ou t D C w as th e f i r st ti m e Ban n eker h ad ven tu r ed f ar th er th an 10 m i l es aw ay f r om h i s f ar m . T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

am ut erat,

a no sum sit sed dunt m os et

"Pr esu m p ti on sh ou l d n ever m ake u s n egl ect t h at w h i ch ap p ear s easy to u s, n or d esp ai r m ake u s l ose cou r age at th e si gh t of d i f f i cu l t i es." - Benjamin Banneker w r ot e si x al m an acs betw een 1792 an d 1797. T h ese al so i n cl u d ed p h ases of t h e m oon , astr on om i cal d ata, an d ti d e t abl es. H i s al m an acs w er e u n i qu e becau se t h ey i n cl u d ed soci al com m en t ar y an d p ol i ti cal ly - or i en ted l i t er at u r e. Sad ly, h e d i scon ti n u ed th em i n 1797 becau se th e sal es h ad d ecr eased . Ban n eker ad d i ti on al ly p u b l i sh ed i n f or m at i on on bees an d th e l i f e cy cl e of t h e sev en teen y ear ol d l ocu st sep ar at ely f r om th e al m an acs.

Ban n eker ?s alm an acs. Sad ly, Jef f er son ?s v i ew on sl av er y n ever ch an ged , an d h e sti l l v i ew ed bl ack p eop l e as i n f er i or to w h i te p eo p l e. I n h i s ey es, Ban n eker w as th e ex cep ti on , n ot th e n or m . T h r ee y ear s af ter Ban n eker ?s d eath , Jef f er son w r ot e to h i s f r i en d Joel Bar l ow, a p ol i ti ci an an d p oet, to take back som e ear l i er p osi ti ve com m en ts abou t Ban n eker . H e sai d th at th er e w as n o w ay th at Ban n eker cou l d h ave w r i t ten th e alm an acs by h i m sel f , an d th at h e m u st h ave gotten h el p f r om som eon e w h i t e.

I n ad d i t i on to h i s al - Fact : Ban n eker m an acs, Ban n eker w r ote l ett er s t o T h om as Jef - u sed h i s k n ow l ed ge Ben jam i n Ban n eker n ever f er son d u r i n g th e ti m e of astr on om y to h ad a sp ou se or ch i l d r en ; w h en h e w as Secr etar y h i s w h ol e l i f e w as i n p u r accu r ately p r ed i ct of St at e. H e v i ew ed Jef su i t of k n ow l ed ge an d f er son as m or e op en to th e 1789 sol ar f ai r n ess. O n O ctober 9, th in kin g of A f r i can ecl i p se. 180 6, Ben jam i n Ban n eker A m er i can s as m or e th an p assed aw ay i n h i s sl eep at en sl aved p eo p l e, even 72 y ear s ol d . T h at i sn ?t th e t h ou gh Jef f er son w as an en sl aver en d of h i s stor y, th ou gh . O n th e d ay h i m sel f . Ban n eker i n cl u d ed a h an d of h i s f u n er al ser v i ce, som eon e set w r i tt en cop y of on e of h i s al m an acs i n f i r e to h i s h ou se, an d bu r n t d ow n al l h i s f i r st l etter . Jef f er son en joy ed th e of h i s p ossessi on s. T h i s i n cl u d ed h i s al m an ac, t h en sen t i t to M on si eu r d e w ood en gr an d f ath er cl ock , w h i ch w as Con d or cet , th e secr etar y of th e sti l l ch i m i n g u p u n ti l th i s f i r e. T h e Fr en ch Acad em y of Sci en ces. H e cau se of th i s f i r e i s u n k n ow n st i l l to t h ou gh t Ban n eker w as ex tr em ely th i s d ay, alth ou gh i t w as p r obably set sm ar t . Fu r t h er m or e, B an n eker al so by som eon e w h o w an ted to d i scr ed i t w r ot e t o Jef f er son abou t sl av er y. H e h i m an d er ase al l of h i s ach i evem en ts. t ol d Jef f er son th at h e sh ou l d take ad v an t age of ch an ces to get r i d of u n Ban n eker ?s l i f e w as tr u ly i n cr ed i bl e. t r u e i d eas abou t bl ack p eo p l e, w r i ti n g, Tod ay, th er e ar e sti l l m an y w ay s th at ?I ap p r eh en d y ou w i l l em br ace ever y h e af f ects th e w or l d . H i s ef f or ts i n op p or t u n i t y, to er ad i cate th at tr ai n of su r vey i n g W ash i n gton , D C l i ve on i n absu r d an d f al se i d eas an d op i n i on s, th e ci ty, an d h i s gr an d f ath er cl ock i n w h i ch so gen er al ly p r evai l s w i th r esp i r ed m an y oth er s. T h er e?s even a sp ect t o u s.? Ad d i ti on al ly, B an n eker sch ool n am ed af ter h i m l o cat ed i n p oi n t ed ou t th e h y p ocr i sy of col on i sts Cam br i d ge, M assach u setts. W h i l e h i s f i gh t i n g Br i tai n f or f r eed om w h i l e h ou se bu r n t d ow n at h i s f u n er al , th e al so h av i n g sl av er y. Jef f er son an d w or l d sti l l r em em ber s h i m f or h i s Ban n eker ex ch an ged m or e l etter s, ex ten si ve th i r st f or w i sd om an d t al k i n g abou t a var i ety of d i f f er en t equ al i ty. t op i cs. Som e of th em m ad e i t i n to T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed dia nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt u labore et dolore magna aliquyam e sedp diam Atl d vero eos et u n ti l som eth i n g h ap en edvoluptua. th at w ou ch an ge th e h i stor accusam y of M et assach set dolores ts justo uduo et ea f or ever . rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, n sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ips amet. Lorem ipsum dolor O n e n i gh t, M u m dolor Bett siteavesd r op p ed consetetur elitr, s on a d i n n er tabl eamet, d i scu ssi on wsadipscing h er e A sh l ey an d h i s f rdiam i en dnonumy s w er e eirmod tal k i n tempor g invid abou t th e Sh ef f i ut el dlabore D ecl ar ati on , a et dolore magna aliquyam M assach u setts p etierat, ti onsed todiam th e voluptua. Br i t i sh At vero eo

M u m B et t C o u r t C ase Written by M arisol Flaggert Edited by Amelia D mytruk T h e M u m Bett case w as th e f i r st case i n M assach u setts to su e f or f r eed om agai n st sl av er y. M u m B ett, k n ow n l at er as El i zabeth Fr eem an , w as a w om an bor n i n to sl av er y an d ow n ed by a m an n am ed Pi eter H ogeboom . Sh e an d h er si ster stay ed en sl aved by h i m , u n t i l H ogeboom 's d au gh ter got m ar r i ed t o a m an n am ed Joh n A sh l ey an d H ogeboom gave M u m B ett an d h er si st er L i zzi e to A sh l ey. M u m Bett w as a t een ager w h en th at h ap p en ed . Sh e w as a sl ave f or A sh l ey f or a w h i l e,

abou t equ al r i gh ts an d f r eed om f or al l . M u m Bett w as en r aged . Sh e h ear d th at th er e w as tal k of p eop l e bei n g f r ee an d y et h er e sh e w as st i l l en sl aved . M u m Bett d i d n ?t i m m ed i ately star t a l aw su i t, th ou gh . Sh e w ai t ed a l i ttl e, u n ti l on e d ay A sh l ey 's w i f e w as abou t to str i ke L i zzi e w i th a bu r n i n g h ot sh ovel . M u m Bett p r otected h er si ster , w h i ch m ean t th at M u m Bett got h i t i n stead . I t l ef t a scar on h er ar m . O n ce sh e got h i t, sh e f l ed to T h eod or e Sed gw i ck 's h om e. Sed gw i ck w as a r egu l ar v i si tor i n th e A sh l ey h om e, so sh e k n ew h i m ver y w el l . Sh e asked Sed gw i ck f or h el p , an d even tu al ly th ey f i l ed a l aw su i t agai n st A sh l ey. T h ey cou l d d o th at becau se M assach u setts cou n t ed en sl aved p eop l e as both p eop l e an d p r op er ty. U n f or tu n ately, th er e w as n o l aw th at A sh l ey h ad d on e an y th i n g w r on g. I n stead , th ey sai d th at sl av er y i t sel f w en t agai n st th e M assach u setts Con sti tu ti on .

D rawing of Elizabeth Freeman 14

Col on el A sh l ey d i d d ef en d h i m sel f , bu t h e l ef t h i s case m on th s l ater , m ay be becau se h e r eal i zed th at h e w asn ?t goi n g to w i n . O n Au gu st 22, 1781, th e ju d ge f ou n d i n M u m Bett ?s f avor , an d sh e got 30 sh i l l i n gs f r om A sh l ey i n d am ages. T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

am ut erat,

a no sum sit sed dunt m os et

O n e of t h e f i r st th i n gs th at sh e ever d i d w h en sh e w as f r eed w as ch an ge h er n am e t o El i zabeth Fr eem an . H er job af t er w i n n i n g th e case w as bei n g a ser v an t i n th e Sed gw i ck h om e. Sh e becam e a ver y l oy al ser van t, an d t h er e ar e r u m or s th at sh e d ef en d ed t h e Sed gw i ck h ou se agai n st a sm al l gr ou p of r ebel s f r om Sh ay s' Rebel l i on i n 1787. Sh e w as ver y br ave an d l oy al . Sad ly, sh e p assed aw ay on D ecem ber 28, 1829. M u m Bet t m ad e a bi g i m p act on sl aver y, an d i n sp i r ed oth er en sl aved p eop l e t o st an d u p f or th em selves an d h ave t h ei r f r eed om .

Fact : El i zabet h Fr eem an 's gr aveston e h as t h e w or d s ?Sh e w as bor n a sl ave an d r em ai n ed a sl ave f or n ear ly t h i r t y y ear s. Sh e cou l d n ei t h er r ead n or w r i t e, y et i n h er ow n sp h er e sh e h ad n o su p er i or or equ al .?

C r o ssw o r d Pu zzl e A cr o ss: 2. M u m Bet t?s job af ter sh e w on h er case. 5. T h e n u m ber of sh i l l i n gs M u m Bett f r om w i n n i n g h er case. D ow n : 1. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ D ecl ar at i on , th e d ocu m en t th at i n sp i r ed M u m Bett to su e f or h er f r eed om . 3. T h e m on th th at M u m Bett w on h er case. 4. M u m Bet t's bod y p ar t th at w as h i t by a sh ovel . T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed dia nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt u labore et dolore magna aliquyam e sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, n sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ips dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, s diam nonumy eirmod tempor invid ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eo

B l ack C h u r ch es i n t h e U n i t ed St at es Written by Amelia D mytruk Edited by M arisol Flaggert Bl ack ch u r ch es i n th e U n i ted States f u el ed bl ack f r eed om , an d each on e h as a d i f f er en t stor y. T h e f i r st bl ack ch u r ch w as cal l ed th e Fi r st A f r i can Bap t i st Ch u r ch . I t w as cr eated i n 1777 an d r em ai n s i n Savan n ah , Geor gi a. Bl ack ch u r ch es l i ke th ese w er e m ad e t o h el p bl ack p eop l e to be better of f t h an t h ey w er e bef or e an d to assi st i n bl ack f r eed om an d r i gh ts. T h ey w er e al so m ad e t o gi ve bl ack p eo p l e a bett er ed u cat i on . T h e bl ack ch u r ch es w er e m ad e th r ou gh th e gr i t str en gth of A f r i can A m er i can s as th ey en d u r ed t h ei r ?ow n er ?s? h ar sh tr eat m en t an d f ou gh t f or t h ei r f r eed om . T h e Fi r st A f r i can B ap t i st C h u r ch

T he First African Baptist Church in Savannah, Georgia

soon began sp r ead i n g ou tsi d e i t s p l ace of or i gi n i n sm al l gr ou p s. D u e to th i s, T h e Fi r st A f r i can Bap ti st Ch u r ch becam e su ccessf u l in str en gth en i n g r el i gi ou s bel i ef s i n A f r i can A m er i can s an d gi v i n g th em a better ed u cati on th r ou gh ou t A m er i ca.

T h e Fi r st A f r i can B ap ti st Ch u r ch w as f ou n d ed by Geor ge L ei l e w h o w as sti l l a sl ave at t h at ti m e an d th e ch u r ch ?s p ast or . I t w as an or gan i zati on of bl ack Bap t i st s t h at i n cl u d ed D av i d Geor ge an d A n d r ew B r y an an d w as f ou n d ed i n 1777 i n Savan n ah , Geor gi a. H el p i n g T h e Fi r st A f r i can bl ack p eop l e be m or e r el i gi ou s an d gi v i n g t h em a bett er ed u cat i on w as t h e goal of th e ?W e h ol d n ot t o t h e ch u r ch , an d i t got sh ed d i n g of bl ood an d f u l f i l l ed becau se of i t s cr eat or , L ei l e, r ef r ai n f r om al l an d h ow h e kep t on v i ol en ce an d w ar .? goi n g d esp i te th e acr i d t r eatm en t h e - George Liele, founder of the got f r om his First African Baptist Church ?ow n er .? T h e B ap t i st s of t h e ch u r ch 16

Bap ti st Ch u r ch f u el ed th e m ak i n g of sch ool s f or bl ack p eop l e. I t h el p ed f r eed an d en sl aved bl ack p eo p l e i n A m er i ca get a better ed u cati on . T h e Fi r st A f r i can Bap ti st Ch u r ch i s ver y i m p or tan t becau se of th e f act th at i t br ou gh t ed u cati on

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

am ut erat,

a no sum sit sed dunt m os et

t o A f r i can A m er i can s. I t al so p l ay ed a cr u ci al r ol e i n gi v i n g en sl aved p eop l e t h e r i gh t t o go to ch u r ch . T h ey d i d t h i s by p er si sti n g an d tr y i n g agai n an d agai n u n t i l t h ey got p er m i ssi on to ed u cat e A f r i can A m er i can s. T h e Fi r st A f r i can Bap ti st Ch u r ch w as a p r i m e f act or i n bl ack f r eed om an d even saved t h e l i ves of som e f or m er ly en sl aved p eop l e th at h ad been of f er ed assi st an ce f r om th e ch u r ch an d got t h r ou gh t h ei r str u ggl es w i th th e h el p of t h e or gan i zati on .

of th i s i s th at th e FA S becam e an i n cen ti ve of f u tu r e bl ack r el i gi ou s soci eti es i n Ph i l ad el p h i a th r ou gh h el p i n g bl ack Ph i l ad el p h i an s d u r i n g th e y el l ow f ever ep i d em i c (Au gu st N ovem ber 1793). T h e FA S h el p ed white Ph i l ad el p h i an s d u r i n g th e y el l ow f ever ep i d em i c i n 1793 as w el l . T h e Fr ee A f r i can Soci ety i s cr u ci al to A m er i can h i stor y an d gr eatly i n f l u en ced th e f r eed om of en sl aved p eop l e.

T h e Fr ee A f r i can Soci et y T h e Fr ee A f r i can Soci et y (FA S) w as an ot h er f am ou s bl ack r el i gi ou s gr ou p cr eated by Ri ch ar d A l l en an d A bsal om Jon es. Fou n d ed i n 1778 i n Ph i l ad el p h i a, Pen n sy lv an i a, th e FA S w as m ad e u p of en sl aved p eo p l e i n A m er i ca an d gave en sl aved p eop l e a bet ter f u t u r e an d m or e op p or t u n i t i es f or f r eed om . I t w as a com m u n i t y th at assi st ed i n f r eei n g en sl aved p eo p l e an d h el p i n g th em be w eal t h i er an d m or e w el l - of f . T h e FA S h el p ed get m an y en sl aved p eop l e i n A m er i ca t o f r eed om as th ey d esi r ed . T h e FA S p u sh ed f or f r eed om t h r ou gh h el p i n g Ph i l ad el p h i a as a w h ol e as w el l . A n ex am p l e

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

T h e A f r i can M et h o d i st Ep i sco p al C h u r ch T h e A f r i can M eth od i st Ep i scop al Ch u r ch w as p u sh ed f or by Ri ch ar d A l l en , W i l l i am Pau l Q u i n , D an i el A . Pay n e, H en r y M . T u r n er , an d oth er s. I t w as a bl ack Ch r i st i an Pr otestan t M ovem en t d u r i n g th e 18th cen tu r y. M or e sp eci f i cal ly, i t w as or gan i zed i n 1816 an d l ater sp r ead to m ost of th e m ai n f r ee states. T h ese states w er e i n t h e n or t h east an d m i d w est of A m er i ca. T h e A f r i can M eth od i st Ep i scop al Ch u r ch w as cr eated to p r even t l i m i t at i on s i n seati n g f or bl ack p eo p l e i n ch u r ch es. I t accom p l i sh ed th i s goal d u e t o t h e p er sever an ce of th e m ai n l ead er s of t h e gr ou p an d by con ti n u ou sly f i gh ti n g f or th e bu i l d i n g of th e ch u r ch . T h e A f r i can M eth od i st Ep i scop al Ch u r ch h el p ed en sl aved p eop l e get a

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, sadipscing l ot m or e ed u caticonsetetur on on r el i gi on i nelitr, sed dia nonumy eirmod tempor com p ar i son to h ow m u ch th ey got invidunt u et e dolore bef or e. I t al so p owlabore er ed th m ak magna i n g of aliquyam e bl ack col l eges an dsedudiam n i vervoluptua. si ti es. TAth vero e eos et A f r i can M eth od i staccusam Ep i scop al Ch u r ch et justo duo dolores et ea d i d th i s by gai n i n grebum. th e pStet er mclita i ssikasd on to gubergren, n bu i l d si tes sp eci f i cal ly m ean t f or bl ack est Lorem ips ed u cati on . I t al so sea l edtakimata to th e sanctus cr eati on dolor sit amet. Lorem dolor of bl ack sch ool s w h i ch gr eatly af ipsum consetetur elitr, s f ected th e am ou namet, t of ed u cati onsadipscing th at bl ack p eo p l e got diam at th e ti meirmod e. T h tempor e nonumy invid A f r i can M eth od i stutEp i scop al Ch u r ch labore et dolore magna aliquyam h el p ed m an y bl ackerat, p eo p l e i n cu r r en t sed diam voluptua. At vero eo

ti m es get a better ed u cati on .

T h ese th r ee or gan i zati on s cr eated a str on g tu r n i n g p oi n t i n th e f u n cti on of A m er i ca an d th e w ay th at i t tr eats d i f f er en t p eop l e. T h ey al l i m p act ed h ow w e th i n k an d h ow bl ack p eop l e ar e tr eated tod ay. Each of th ese or gan i zati on s p l ay ed a bl atan t r ol e i n h ow stan d ar d l i f e i s tod ay f or A m er i can s of A L L r aces.

A r t i cl e Q u i z 1. W h o i s th e p er son w h o f ou n d ed th e Fi r st A f r i can Bap ti st Ch u r ch ? 2. W h i ch bl ack ch u r ch assi sted th ei r com m u n i ty d u r i n g th e y el l ow f ever ep i d em i c? 3. W h i ch ch u r ch w as l ocated m ai n ly i n th e N or th east an d M i d w est of A m er i ca? A n sw er Key : 3. T h e A f r i can M et h od i st Ep i scop al Ch u r ch 2. T h e Fr ee A f r i can Soci et y (FA S) 1. Geor ge L i el e 18

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

am ut erat,

a no sum sit sed dunt m os et

T h e H i st o r y o f Sl av er y L aw s i n t h e U n i t ed St at es Written by Sam Johnson Edited by Elio Kohn T h e N or t h w est O r d i n an ces, T h e M i ssou r i Com p r om i se, T h e Com p r om i se of 1850 , an d f i n al ly T h e K an sas N ebr ask a Act ar e al l si m i l ar ly abou t sl aver y an d n ew ter r i tor i es or states joi n i n g t h e U n i t ed States. T h ese acts w er e p u t i n p l ace m ost of th e ti m e to ei th er r ep eal an ot h er act th at al l ow ed sl aver y or t o t r y to stop sl av er y. T h er e w er e p eop l e i n th e U .S. th at l i ked sl av er y an d th ose w h o d i sl i ked sl aver y, an d t h ey w or ked to f i n d com p r om i ses on w h er e i t w ou l d be all ow ed t h r ou gh t h ese acts. N o r t h w est O r d i n an ces T h e N or t h w est O r d i n an ces, al so k n ow n as th e O r d i n an ces of 1784, 1785, an d 1787, l i sted t h e Bi l l of Ri gh ts f or t h e n or th w est t er r i t or y becau se t h e t er r i t or y kep t m ak i n g n ew states w i t h i n i t to h ave m or e st at es i n th e U n i on . T h e O r d i n an ce of 1787 al so ou tl aw ed sl av er y i n n or t h w est states. I t af f ect ed en sl aved p eop l e in th e n or t h w est ter r i tor i es becau se th en t h ey w er e l et f r ee f r om sl av er y, bu t i t w asn 't t h e sam e f or t h e en sl aved p eop l e

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

i n oth er ter r i tor i es. T h e N or t h w est O r d i n an ce of 1787 al so p r om i sed p eop l e f r eed om of r el i gi on i n th ose ter r i tor i es an d set u p p u bl i c ed u cati on f or th em . M i sso u r i C o m p r o m i se T h e M i ssou r i Com p r om i se w as a statu te to bal an ce th e n eed s of p r osl aver y p eop l e, w h o w er e u si n g en sl aved p eo p l e as a l abor sou r ce to m ake th em selves w eal th y, an d an ti sl aver y p eop l e. T h e com p r om i se d r ew an i n v i si bl e l i n e w est of th e M i ssi ssi p p i Ri ver an d sai d sl av er y w ou l d n ot be all ow ed an y w h er e n or th of th e l i n e. M i ssou r i al so w an ted to joi n th e cou n tr y, bu t at th e ti m e i n 1820 th er e w er e 11 f r ee states an d 11 sl ave states, w h i ch m ean t th at th e p r o- sl aver y p eo p l e or th e an ti - sl aver y p eop l e cou l d n ?t m ake d eci si on s i n

M ap of the M issouri Compromise

Con gr ess t h at on e or th e oth er d i d n ?t l i ke. Becau se M i ssou r i w as a sl ave st at e, i t w ou l d m ake th e sl ave an d f r ee st at es i m bal an ced i f i t joi n ed th e U n i on . T h e com p r om i se w as to h ave M ai n e al so joi n , bu t as a f r ee state to keep t h e bal an ce an d n ot m ake th e p r o- sl aver y p eo p l e or th e an ti - sl aver y p eop l e m ad . C o m p r o m i se o f 1850

T h e Com p r om i se of 1850 h ap p en ed af t er t h e M ex i can A m er i can W ar i n 1848 t o ad d to th e Fu gi ti ve Sl ave Act, w h i ch w as an act th at all ow ed a bl ack p er son t o be taken of th e str eets an d p u t i n t o sl av er y, an d i t en d ed th e sl ave t r ad e i n W ash i n gton D .C. I t w as al so an ef f or t by Con gr ess to keep t er r i t or i es t h at w er e w on i n th e w ar an d m ake d eci si on s abou t w h eth er

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing sl av er y w ou l d be al l ow ed th er e.elitr, sed dia nonumy T h er e w as sti l l a l ot of coneirmod f u si ontempor an d invidunt u labore et dolore f i gh ti n g betw een th e p r osl aver ymagna an d aliquyam e an ti - sl aver y states.sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, n Cali f or n i a w as ad m i t ted as a f r ee state an d th e oth ersea tertakimata r i tor i essanctus w on i est n Lorem ips dolor sit amet. Lorem th e w ar got to d eci d e f or th em selves.ipsum dolor I n ad d i ti on , th e com r om i se msadipscing ad e amet,pconsetetur elitr, s th e sl ave tr ad e i l l egal i n W ash i n gton diam nonumy eirmod tempor invid D .C., an d N ew M ex co an det U tah beuti labore dolore magna aliquyam cam e op en to sl av er y. Fi n al ly, th e erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eo

Fu gi ti ve Sl ave Act w as m ad e str i cter to f or ce p eo p l e i n th e n or th to h el p f i n d en sl aved p eo p l e w h o h ad r u n aw ay. K an sas N eb r ask a A ct

T h e K an sas- N ebr ask a Act w as p assed by Con gr ess on M ay 30 , 1854. I t w as

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

am ut erat,

a no sum sit sed dunt m os et

an act t o r ep eal th e M i ssou r i Com p r om i se w h i ch stated th at th er e cou l d be n o sl av er y i n cer tai n p l aces an d i t i n st ead all ow ed th e p eo p l e of K an sas an d N ebr ask a to ch oose i f th ey w an t ed sl av er y i n th ei r state or n ot. T h e am ou n t of an ti - sl aver y set tl er s i n t h ose ar eas i n cr eased to h el p th e an ti sl aver y set t l er s over p ow er th e p r osl aver y sett l er s i n n u m ber s. K an sas w as even t u al ly ad m i t ted to th e U n i on as a f r ee st ate. T h r ou gh ou t th e p assage of th ese l aw s, t h e U .S. f ou gh t f or an d agai n st sl aver y, an d i t sh ow ed th at th e p eo p l e h ad ver y st r on g op i n i on s abou t sl aver y.

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

Fact : T h e M i ssou r i Com p r om i se w as a f ai l ed act. I t w as r ep eal ed i n 1854 by th e K an sas N ebr ask a Act, th en th r ee y ear s l at er d ecl ar ed u n con sti tu ti on al by th e Su p r em e Cou r t i n th e 1857 D red Scott v. Sandford. 21

N ew L aw s i n Sl av er y Written by I sabella Escobar Edited by Alexis D akin Fu gi t i v e Sl av e A ct s

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, sadipscing T h e n ew act al lconsetetur ow ed m or e h ar shelitr, sed dia p u n i sh m en ts to benonumy p u t i neirmod p l acetempor i f an invidunt u labore en sl aved p er son d i d net otdolore coopmagna er ate. aliquyam e "Sl ave h u n ter s" cou l ook f or en sedl ddiam voluptua. At -vero eos et sl aved p eop l e i n f accusam r ee states an d w erdolores e et justo duo et ea all ow ed to cap tu r rebum. e th emStetthclita er e.kasd T hgubergren, e n l aw al so sai d th at p eo p l e i n th e n or th sea takimata h ad to h el p w i th th e cap tu r e sanctus an d th est at Lorem ips dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor w as a h u ge p ar t of th e con tr over sy. amet, elitr, s "Sl ave h u n ter s" cou l d consetetur l egal ly k i sadipscing d n ap th e en sl aved p er son ey w er eirmod e l ook-tempor invid diamthnonumy i n g f or , bu t i f th eyutcou l d n ot f i n d magna th e aliquyam labore et dolore p er son th ey w er eerat, l ook i n g f or , th ey sed diam voluptua. At vero eo

T h er e ar e m an y l aw s th at ch an ge ou r w ou l d gl ad ly take an y bl ack p er son l i ves d ai ly, an d i t i s i m p or tan t to th i n k th ey w ou l d com e acr oss f or t h e r eabou t h ow t h ese w er e a p ar t of bu i l d w ar d m on ey. T h e en sl aver w h o sen t i n g u p ou r h i stor y. N ew l aw s w er e of th e "sl ave h u n ter s" to l ook f or th e t en cr eat ed by p eop l e to m ake a p eop l e th ey h ad en sl aved w ou l d al so sl ave's l i f e h ar d er . O n e bi g set of l aw s gl ad ly take i n an y bl ack p er son th at w er e t h e Fu gi ti ve Sl ave Acts of 1793 th e h u n ter br ou gh t back an d en sl ave an d 1850 . T h e f i r st th em i n stead . T h e en Fu gi t i ve Sl ave Act i n sl aver s w ou l d n ot m i n d i f 1793 al l ow ed p eop l e to i t w as a d i f f er en t p er son . cap t u r e en sl aved p eop l e w h o h ad tr i ed to escap e. I f an en sl aved T h e Fu gi ti ve Sl ave Acts of p er son r esi sted bei n g 1793 an d 1850 i m p act ed cap t u r ed , a p en al ty h ow w e val u e an d th i n k w ou l d be p u t i n p l ace. abou t sl av er y tod ay. T h ey T h e act w as m ad e so sh ow h ow h ar sh ly en t h at r u n aw ay en sl aved - Frederick D ouglass sl aved p eo p l e w er e tr eated p eop l e cou l d be an d h ow m u ch sl av er y an d cau gh t an d br ou gh t l aw s i m p act ou r cou n tr y back t o t h ei r en sl aver s. an d i ts h i stor y.

"K n ow l ed ge m akes a m an u n f i t to be a sl ave."

T h e N or t h er n states, w h er e th er e w er e a l ot of abo l i ti on i sts, d i d n ?t agr ee w i t h t h i s act. Bu t Sou th er n states f el t t h at t h i s act sti l l w asn ?t en ou gh . T h ey w er e f r u st r ated th at p eo p l e w er e r ef u si n g t o f ol l ow th e act an d w an ted som et h i n g m or e h ar sh , so a n ew Fu gi t i ve Sl ave Act w as cr eated i n 1850 . T h i s n ew Fu gi ti ve Sl ave Act w as si m i l ar , bu t w or se f or en sl aved p eop l e.

3/ 5 C l au se T h e ? cl au se i n th e Con st i tu ti on m ad e en sl aved p eo p l e n ot even cou n t as a f u l l p er son , bu t r ath er ? of a p er son . T h e U n i ted States d i d n ot m ake th i s act f or th e equ al i ty of en sl aved p eop l e, th ey i n stead m ad e i t f or m or e r ep r esen tati on i n states th at h ad m or e en sl aved p eo p l e, l i ke th e sou th . Si n ce a bi g p ar t of th e sou th er n states?p op -

Fact : T h e w or d "sl aver y " i s n ever u sed i n th e Fu gi ti ve Sl ave Cl au se, or an y w h er e el se i n th e U .S. Con sti tu ti on . 22

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

am ut erat,

a no sum sit sed dunt m os et

u l at i on w as en sl aved p eop l e an d th ey h ad n ot been cou n ted i n th e p op u l at i on bef or e, th i s act h el p ed th em get m or e r ecogn i zed as a w el l - p op u l ated p ar t of t h e cou n tr y. T h i s act sh ow ed h ow t h e U .S. val u ed an d acted u p on sl av er y.

p l e an d h ad to p ay taxes f or th em , bu t th ey sti l l w ou l d n ?t p ay as m u ch becau se th ey w er en ?t cou n ted as a f u l l h u m an bei n g. Sou th er n states w an t ed a bi gger p op u l ati on so th ey w ou l d get m or e seats an d r ep r esen tati on i n Con gr ess.

En sl aved p eo p l e d i d n ot h ave to p ay t axes, si n ce th ey h ad n o m on ey, bu t t h e st at e t h at en sl aved th em d i d . T h e sou t h h ad t o p ay m or e th an th e n or th becau se t h ey h ad m or e en sl aved p eo-

O ver al l n ew l aw s i m p acted sl av er y i n m an y w ay s. T h e l aw s th at w er e m ad e took aw ay p r i v i l eges f r om en sl aved p eop l e an d m ad e som e p eo p l e see an d r eal i ze th at th i s w asn ?t good . A l ot of ou r h i stor y i s bu i l t u p f r om al l of th ese l aw s, i n cl u d i n g tr eat i n g en sl aved p eo p l e as a p or ti on of a h u m an .

Q u i z: W h at w as th e Fu gi ti ve Sl ave Act? A . A n act t o h el p f r ee en sl aved p eop l e B. A n act t o m ake en sl aved p eop l e l ess equ al C. A n act t o al l ow en sl aved p eop l e t h at h ad escap ed t o be cap t u r ed

A drawing of a poster that an enslaver might hang up if their enslaved person was missing.

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

So l o m o n N o r t h u p Written by Zoe Flood Edited by Aitana M ares-Van Praag Sol om on N or th u p i s on e of m an y ex am p l es of w h y th e Fu gi ti ve Sl ave Act w as t er r i bl e. T h e Fu gi ti ve Sl ave Act w as a l aw th at al l ow ed an y on e to cap t u r e r u n aw ay en sl aved p eop l e. I t cau sed m an y f r ee bl ack p eop l e to becom e en sl aved becau se th ey cou l d be p assed as en sl aved p eop l e. En sl aver s cau gh t an d sol d m or e f r ee bl ack p eop l e th an th ey d i d f or m er ly en sl aved , i n cl u d i n g N or th r u p . N or t h u p w as on e of th e f ew l u ck y p eop l e t h at escap ed .

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed dia nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt u labore et dolore magna aliquyam e sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, n sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ips dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, s diam nonumy eirmod tempor invid ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eo

N or t h u p w as bor n i n M i n er v a, N ew Yor k i n 180 8. H e w as f r ee f or th e m ajor i t y of h i s l i f e an d al l of h i s ch i l d h ood . W h en h e w as 21, h e got m ar r i ed an d h ad th r ee ch i l d r en . N or t h u p at th e ti m e h ad a r ep u tati on as a gr eat v i ol i n i st an d w as w or k i n g i n Sar at oga Sp r i n gs, N ew Yor k w h er e h e l i ved w i t h h i s f am i ly. N or t h u p w as 33 y ear s ol d w h en h e w as k i d n ap p ed . H e w as em p l oy ed at a t em p or ar y job so w h en tw o m en ap p r oach ed h i m w i th a job of f er , h e d i d n ?t r esi st . T h ese m en cl ai m ed to be ci r cu s w or ker s an d n eed ed a v i ol i n i st f or t h ei r n ex t sh ow. T h ey cl ai m ed to h ave h ear d of N or th u p's gr eat tal en t i n v i ol i n an d sai d th at th ey w ou l d be w i l l i n g t o p ay a l ot. N or th u p si gn ed t h ei r p ap er s w i th ou t tel l i n g h i s w i f e w h er e h e w as goi n g as h e th ou gh t th at h e w ou l d be back sh or tly. Bu t h e w as d r u gged by th e tw o m en an d w oke u p l ocked i n a cel l . T h ese m en p r oceed ed t o sel l h i m i n to sl aver y. W h i l e h e w as en sl aved , N or th u p bef r i en d ed a w h i te Can ad i an 24

abol i ti on i st car p en ter by th e n am e of Sam u el Bass. Bass w an ted to h el p f r ee N or th u p . Bef or e h e d i d th at, Bass w an ted to ver i f y th at N or t h u p h ad been w r on gly en sl aved an d w as on ce f r ee. I n or d er to d o th i s, th e car p en ter an d N or th u p sen t l et ter s back to N or th u p?s w i f e an d ch i l d r en . O n ce Bass bel i eved N or th u p , h e cl ear ed N or th u p's n am e an d h e w as r etu r n ed to h i s f am i ly. O n ce N or t h u p h ad been f r eed , h e tr i ed to su e h i s cap tor s, bu t h i s case w as d en i ed . N ot too l on g af ter , N or th u p w r ot e a book abou t h i s ti m e i n sl aver y an d h i s case cal l ed 12 Years a Slave. 12 Years a Slave i s on e of th e on ly book s f r om a f i r sth an d p er sp ecti ve th at sh ow s w h at l i f e w as l i ke as an T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

am ut erat,

a no sum sit sed dunt m os et

en sl aved p er son . I t gave i t s r ead er s a good l ook i n t o h ow ot h er en sl aved p eop l e w er e tr eated an d h ow t h e Fu gi ti ve Sl ave Act m ad e i t so th at an y bod y w h o w as bl ack cou l d ju st be cap tu r ed ou t of n ow h er e an d sol d i n t o sl aver y. N or th u p's book en d ed u p sel l i n g over 30 ,0 0 0 cop i es an d w as r e- p u bl i sh ed in 1968. H is book even t u al ly gai n ed en ou gh t r acti on th at p eop l e i d en ti f i ed an d f ou n d N or t h u p?s cap tor s an d p u t t h em i n jai l .

?I t i s n ot th e f au l t of th e sl aveh ol d er th at h e i s cr u el , so m u ch as i t i s th e f au l t of th e sy stem u n d er w h i ch h e l i ves. H e can n ot N or t h u p i s a p er f ect w i th stan d ex am p l e of w h y th e th e Fu gi t i ve Sl ave Act h ad m an y n egati ve i m p acts i n f l u en ce of on f r ee bl ack p eop l e. N or t h u p w as ver y l u ck y h abi t an d t o be f r eed an d r eu n i ted associ ati on s w i t h h i s f am i ly, an d even so h e w en t t h r ou gh m u ch p ai n an d su f f er i n g. H e th at su r r ou n d h i m . w en t t h r ou gh a l ot of u n n ecessar y Tau gh t f r om ear l i est t r au m a, bu t en d ed u p sh ow i n g th e w or l d w h at sl aver y w as actu al ly l i ke. ch i l d h ood , by al l th at h e sees an d h ear s th at th e ?I s ever y th i n g r i gh t r od i s f or th e sl ave's becau se th e l aw al l ow s i t?? back , h e w i l l n ot be ap t - Solomon Northup to ch an ge h i s op i n i on s i n m atu r er y ear s.? ?I cou l d n ot - Solomon Northup com p r eh en d th e ju sti ce of th at l aw, or th at ?W h at d i f f er en ce i s r el i gi on , w h i ch u p h ol d s th er e i n th e col or of th e or r ecogn i zes th e sou l ?? p r i n ci p l e of sl aver y.? - Solomon Northup T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

- Solomon Northup 25

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed dia nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt u labore et dolore magna aliquyam e sed diam voluptua. vero eos et been to f r ee al l en sl aved p eop l e u n At d er accusam dolores et ea th e r u l e of th e Fr en ch , anetd justo th atduo goal rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, n w as ach i eved . sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ips dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor W h en N ap ol eon amet, Bon ap ar te becam e consetetur sadipscing elitr, s th e n ew l ead er of Fr an ce, h ow ever , diam eirmod tempor invid L ou ver tu r e becam e nonumy w or r i ed th at labore, et sl av er y cou l d com ut e back so dolore h e w rmagna ot e aliquyam sed voluptua. a con sti tu ti on f orerat, Sai n t diam D om i n gu e At vero eo

H ai t i an Rev o l u t i o n Ex p l ai n ed Written by Valentina Garcia Joseph Edited by Angelina G. V. I n t h e 170 0 s i n Sai n t D om i n gu e, sl aver y w as f u l l - on , an d i t w as on e of th e m ost p r of i t abl e en sl av i n g col on i es i n t h e A m er i cas. Som e bl ack p eo p l e i n t h e col on y w er e f r ee bu t n ot equ al to t h e Fr en ch col on i sts or oth er w h i te p eop l e. I n 1789, T h e Fr en ch Rev o l u t i on st r u ck . En sl aved p eo p l e i n Sai n t D om i n gu e w er e i n sp i r ed by th e i d eas f r om Fr an ce th at al l p eo p l e sh ou l d be f r ee an d t r eated equ al ly. Sl ave r evol ts w er e al r ead y h ap p en i n g acr oss th e col on y, an d i n 1791, a l ar ge sl ave r evol t h ap p en ed l ed by Tou ssai n t L ou ver t u r e.

th at d ecl ar ed sl av er y be aboli sh ed an d n ever r etu r n . H e al so n am ed h i m sel f gov er n or f or l i f e. I n D ecem ber of 180 1, Bon ap ar te sen t tr oop s to take back con tr ol of th e i sl an d . L ou ver tu r e str u ggl ed bef or e agr eei n g to a tr u ce i n 180 2. T h e Fr en ch br oke th e d eal , h ow ever , an d h e w as i m p r i son ed . H e d i ed i n p r i son th e f oll ow i n g y ear .

By 180 3, th e Fr en ch w er e l osi n g r eO n Au gu st 21, 1791, w h i l e a secr et sou r ces an d th e w ar vood oo cer em on y w as i n Sai n t D om i n gu e h ap p en i n g, th e i n w as com i n g to an st r u ct i on f or an u p r i sen d . O n Jan u ar y 1, i n g t o begi n w as 180 4, Jean Jacqu es gi ven . H ow ever , f ew D essal i n es, th e n ew p eop l e k n ew th at th i s l ead er of th e r ev o l u w ou l d be t h e star t of ti on af ter L ou ver t h e H ai ti an Rev ol u tu r e, d ecl ar ed i n d et i on . En sl aved p eo p l e p en d en ce f or th e on t h e n or th si d e of n ew state of H ai t i . I t t h e i sl an d tu r n ed on - Toussaint Louverture w as or i gi n al ly cal l ed t h ei r w h i t e en sl aver s H ai ti by th e i n d i gean d t h ou san d s of n ou s p eo p l e th er e, p eop l e w er e k i l l ed an d on ly n am ed Sai n t D om i n gu e an d t h e p l an tati on s an d h om es of th e w h en i t w as colo n i zed , so th ey w an t ed en sl aver s w er e bu r n ed . B r i tai n an d to r en am e i t H ai ti . H ai ti w as th e f i r st Sp ai n even h el p ed th e r ebel s f i gh t th e state to be f ou n d ed by f or m er ly en Fr en ch by su p p ly i n g w eap on s f or a sl aved p eo p l e, an d th e f i r st i n d ep en t i m e becau se th ey, too, w er e at w ar d en t L ati n A m er i can state i n th e w i t h t h e Fr en ch . m od er n er a.

?I took u p th e ar m s f or th e f r eed om of m y col or . I t i s ou r ow n - w e w i l l d ef en d i t or p er i sh .?

Even t u al ly, Fr an ce agr eed to f r ee en sl aved p eop l e i n th e col on y an d al l ow t h em t o be ci t i zen s of Fr an ce. L ou ver t u r e accep ted th e com p r om i se. H e n o l on ger w an ted or n eed ed th e h el p of t h e Sp an i sh , becau se h i s goal h ad 26

A f ter becom i n g i n d ep en d en t f r om th e Fr en ch , H ai ti w as f or ced to m ake p ay m en ts to th e Fr en ch f or ?tak i n g aw ay th ei r sl aves? i n th e r ebel l i on f or th e n ex t h u n d r ed y ear s. W h i te p eop l e T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

am ut erat,

a no sum sit sed dunt m os et

D i d y o u k n ow ? - Tou ssai n t L ou ver tu r e w as cal l ed th e bl ack Geor ge W ash i n gton by en sl aved p eop l e.

- Cr eol e, w h i ch i s th e H ai ti an l an gu age, sh ar es som e of th e sam e w or d s as Fr en ch .

i n p ow er w er e w or r i ed th at en sl aved p eop l e w ou l d be i n sp i r ed by H ai ti , an d i t w ou l d star t oth er sl ave r evol ts t h at w ou l d sp r ead . B ecau se of th i s, t h ey d i d n ot r ecogn i ze or tr ad e w i th H ai t i . I n t h e U .S., w h i te en sl aver s tr i ed t o st op t h e n ew s of th e r ev o l u ti on becau se t h ey w er e scar ed of an u p r i si n g on p l an t at i on s. T h e H ai ti an r ev ol u ti on w as ex tr em ely i n f l u en t i al i n A m er i can an d B r i ti sh col on i es. M an y f r ee bl ack p eop l e f r om H ai t i settl ed i n to L ou i si an a, w h i ch i n f l u en ced th e h i stor y an d cu l T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

- H ai ti m ean s "l an d of th e h i gh m ou n tai n s" i n th e i n d i gen ou s Tai n o l an gu age.

tu r e of th at ci ty. A lth ou gh oth er en sl aved p eo p l e tr i ed to r ep l i cat e w h at th e en sl aved p eo p l e of H ai ti d i d , th ey f ai l ed . Bu t th e H ai t i an Rev o l u ti on stood , an d sti l l d oes, as a gu i d e f or bl ack A m er i can i n d ep en d en ce.

?W e h ave d ar ed to be f r ee. L et u s d ar e to be so by ou r selves an d f or ou r selves.? - Jean Jacques D essalines 27

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed dia nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt u labore et dolore magna aliquyam e sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, n Bef or e an d d u r i n g th e Ci v i l W ar , sea takimata est Lorem ips Pr esi d en t A br ah am L i n col n sanctus w an t ed dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor f r eed m en an d A f r i can A m er i can s to elitr, s l eave th e cou n tr yamet, as wconsetetur el l . A lth sadipscing ou gh L i n col n gen er al lydiam op nonumy p osed eirmod sl av er y, tempor invid l i ke oth er m od er ate abo l i ti on i st s, h e aliquyam ut labore et dolore magna d i d n ot w an t A f r i can A m er i can s to erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eo

Si er r a L eo n e an d L i b er i a's I m p act o n Sl av er y Written by M atthew Skarin Edited by Esme Cunningham

T h e p eop l e i n A f r i ca w er e on ce k i d n ap p ed an d sh i p p ed to th e B r i ti sh an d ot h er col on i es to becom e en sl aved by w h i te m en . Bu t 10 0 y ear s l at er t h e w h i te A m er i can p op u l ati on w an t ed bl ack p eo p l e to l eave th e U n i t ed St ates an d p u sh ed to sen d t h em back to A f r i ca, to th e cou n tr i es of Si er r a L eon e an d L i ber i a. M an y p eo p l e m i su n d er stan d h ow A f r i can A m er i can s f r om B r i tai n an d t h e U n i t ed States cam e to L i ber i a an d Si er r a L eon e. M an y of th em w er e f or ced t o t h ese coastal cou n tr i es by t h e m od er ate abol i ti on i sts an d Q u aker s. Bot h gr ou p s agr eed th at sl av er y sh ou l d n ?t ex i st, bu t th ey d i d n ?t w an t bl ack p eop l e to h ave equ al r i gh ts to w h i t e p eop l e. T h ey h atch ed a p l an to t ake f or m er ly en sl aved p eo p l e to Si er r a L eon e an d L i ber i a. Bu t m an y f or m er ly en sl aved p eo p l e d i d n ?t w an t t o go h al f w ay ar ou n d th e w or l d so t h at t h ey cou l d r el ocate to an u n k n ow n p l ace cal l ed L i ber i a (or at th e t i m e, M on r ov i a).

h ave equ al r i gh ts to w h i te m en . T h e U n i ted States h ap p en ed to h ave a col on y 5,751 m i l es aw ay, so L i n col n br ou gh t a gr ou p of A f r i can A m er i can m en to tal k to h i m abou t th e i d ea of sh i p p i n g f or m er ly en sl aved p eo p l e to L i ber i a. T h e m en th ou gh t abou t i t f or a w h i l e bu t p assed on L i n col n ?s of f er becau se th ey d i d n ot w an t to r el o cate th e en ti r e bl ack p op u l ati on i n th e U n i ted States al l th e w ay to A f r i ca an d cr eate a en ti r e n ew h om e th er e i n stead of stay i n g i n th e p l ace th ey k n ew.

O n th e oth er si d e of th e Atl an t i c, th e Br i ti sh h ad th e sam e i d ea as L i n col n . T h ey th ou gh t th at th ey cou l d sh i p al l of th e Br i ti sh f or m er ly en sl aved p op u l ati on to Si er r a L eon e. M an y f or m er ly en sl aved p eo p l e f r om Jam ai ca w en t to Si er r a L eon e af ter th e M ar oon W ar s so th at th ey cou l d h el p star t th e n ew ly f ou n d ed cou n tr y th at th e Br i ti sh m ad e f or th e f or m er ly en -

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

am ut erat,

a no sum sit sed dunt m os et

T he green in the image corresponds to the agriculture of Sierra Leone and the blue corresponds to the harbor of Freetown. T he breaking chains represent slavery and the slave trade during Sierra Leone's time as a British colony.

sl aved p eop l e of th e U n i ted K i n gd om . W h en Si er r a L eon e w as f ou n d ed , i t h ad p r obl em s w i th oth er cou n tr i es i n cl u d i n g Fr an ce, an d th ey f ou gh t am on gst t h em selves f r equ en tly. T h ey w er e att acked by th e Fr en ch i n 1794, f ol l ow ed by a r evol t by th e f or m er ly en sl aved p eop l e f r om N ov a Scoti a w h o h ad been m oved th er e becau se of t h e Br i t i sh Em p i r e. T h e state th en becam e a Br i ti sh col on y i n 180 8 becau se of t h e w eal th an d r esou r ces com i n g ou t of th e ar ea. L i ke L i ber i a, t h ey al so h ad to w ai t a l on g ti m e to becom e an i n d ep en d en t cou n tr y (i n 1961). Bot h n at i on s h ave abu n d an t oth er r i ch h i st or y becau se of th e r el ocati on of f or m er ly en sl aved p eo p l e to th ese ar eas. Si er r a L eon e p r ov i d ed r ef u ge t o t h ose w h o h ad to ex p er i en ce sl aver y i n t h e Br i ti sh Em p i r e. B oth cou n T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

tr i es th at ow n ed Si er r a L eon e an d L i ber i a sen t th ei r ow n p eo p l e to th ese cou n tr i es so th at th ey w ou l d n ever see th em agai n . Bu t th ey w i l l both go d ow n i n h i stor y as som e of th e m ost i n ter esti n g cou n tr i es.

M ap of Africa with Sierra Leone and Liberia 29

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed dia nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt u labore et dolore magna aliquyam e accu sed of bei n g psed ar t diam of thvoluptua. e r ebel l iAt onvero . eos et accusam etaljusto et ea A f ter al l th i s, th ey even tu ly f duo ou ndolores d T u r n er an d k i l l ed hrebum. i m , too. Stet clita kasd gubergren, n sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ips dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor T h i s r ebel l i on i m p acted a l ot of p eosadipscing elitr, s p l e, w h i te an d blamet, ack . consetetur W h i te p eop le nonumy invid w er e ver y u n h ap p diam y w i th al l th eirmod i s an d tempor a l ot of th em d i ed dut u rlabore i n g thete dolore r ebel l magna i on . aliquyam Bl ack p eop l e h ad been f al sely sed At vero eo erat, sed diam accu voluptua.

N at T u r n er ?s Reb el l i o n Written by Jakoby Clarke Edited by Tavio M ares-Van Praag N at T u r n er w as an en sl aved p er son w h o w an t ed sl av er y to en d an d w as n ot af r ai d t o m ake a ch an ge. H e k n ew h ow bad t h e si tu ati on f or h i m an d ot h er en sl aved p eop l e w as. T u r n er w as bor n i n to sl av er y i n th e y ear 180 0 . W h en h e n eed ed God th e m ost, God gave h i m v i si on s th at h el p ed h i m t h r ou gh ou t h i s l i f e. H e k n ew th at w h en h i s en sl aver d i ed h e w ou l d be p assed d ow n to th e ch i l d of th e en sl aver , so h e n eed ed to act qu i ck to p r even t t h i s, an d on e of th e v i si on s h e h ad h el p ed h i m d o so. T u r n er 's v i si on tol d h i m to r ebel agai n st en sl avem en t. I n th e ear ly 1830 s, h e h ad gath er ed si x oth er en sl aved p eo p l e to h el p h i m r ebel agai n st en sl aver s th r ou gh ou t V i r gi n i a. T h ey w en t ou t at n i gh t, sn eak i n g i n to en sl aver s? h ou ses an d k i l l i n g ever y w h i t e p er son th at th ey f ou n d . T h ey k i l l ed m an y w h i te en sl aver s, an d w h en t h ey w er e d on e w i th on e h ou se, t h ey t ook al l th e i tem s th at w ou l d h el p t h em . T h ey took l i vestock , w eap on s, an d oth er u sef u l i tem s th at cou l d ai d t h em d u r i n g th ei r r ebel l i on . D u r i n g al l t h i s, th ey w ou l d al so f r ee en sl aved p eo p l e, ad d i n g th em to th ei r gr ow i n g ar m y f or th e r ebel l i on . I n tot al , t h ey p i cked u p ar ou n d 70 en sl aved p eop l e. T h e gov er n m en t w as n ot h ap p y w i th t h i s at al l an d sen t a m i l i ti a of ar ou n d t h r ee t h ou san d p eo p l e to f i n d an d k i l l t h e r ebel s. T h e m i l i ti a k i l l ed ar ou n d 50 p eop l e t h at w er e p ar t of th e r ebel l i on , bu t i f th ey even th ou gh t som eon e w as p ar t of i t th ey k i l l ed th em as w el l . M an y i n n ocen t bl ack en sl aved p eop l e d i ed becau se th ey w er e f al sely 30

w h i ch m ean t m an y i n n o cen t bl ack p eop l e w er e k i l l ed by th e gov er n m en t or oth er w h i te p eop l e. T h e r ebel l i on br ou gh t h op e to en sl aved p eo p l e th at th i s cou l d l ead to

?I h ear d a l ou d n oi se i n th e h eaven s, an d th e Sp i r i t i n stan tly ap p ear ed to m e an d sai d th e Ser p en t w as l oosen ed , an d Ch r i st h ad l ai d d ow n th e y oke h e h ad bor n e f or th e si n s of m en , an d th at I sh ou l d take i t on an d f i gh t agai n st th e Ser p en t, f or th e ti m e w as f ast ap p r oach i n g w h en th e f i r st sh ou l d be l ast an d th e l ast sh ou l d be f i r st.? - Nat T urner, explaining one of the visions that he had from God T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

am ut erat,

a no sum sit sed dunt m os et

an en d of sl av er y an d th at th ey m ay be abl e t o l i ve a f r ee l i f e an d a better on e t oo, w h er e th ey w ou l d h ave th e sam e p ow er an d r i gh ts as w h i te p eop l e. Bu t w h en th e r ebel l i on d i d n 't go as p l an n ed an d th i n gs got w or se th ey, t oo, becam e scar ed . T h e r ebel l i on f r i gh t en ed en sl aver s t h at t h i s w ou l d h ap p en agai n an d th ey w ou l d be n ex t to d i e or to l ose f am i ly. Becau se of th i s r ebel l i on , m an y en sl aver s or oth er w h i te p eo p l e w er e ver y scar ed of en sl aved p eo p l e w h i ch l ed t o a f ew states p assi n g l aw s th at en sl aved p eo p l e w er e n ot all ow ed to h ol d w eap on s, h u n t, ow n an y l i vest ock , l ear n to r ead , or even be w i th som ebod y t h at w as f r ee f r om sl av er y. T h i s r ebel l i on gave w h i te p eo p l e a sm al l gl i m p se of w h at en sl aved p eop l e h ad gon e th r ou gh to w an t to k i l l t h em , gi v i n g a d i f f er en t p er sp ecti ve on sl av er y - f or som e, good an d f or ot h er s, bad .

I m p o r t an t Fact s: - N at T u r n er w as bor n i n 180 0 . - W h en N at T u r n er w as i n h i s ear ly 20 s, h e star t ed to get v i si on s. - N at T u r n er bel i eved i n God , an d th at i t w as God gi v i n g h i m th e v i si on s h e h ad . - T u r n er an d h i s cr ew star t ed th ei r r ebel l i on w i th h at ch ets, k n i ves, an d m el ee w eap on s, an d th ey stol e f i r ear m s f r om en sl aver s as th ey w en t. - T h er e w as a m i l i ti a of 3,0 0 0 p eop l e l ook i n g f or T u r n er an d ot h er en sl aved r ebel s.

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed dia nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt u labore et dolore magna aliquyam e sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et T h e A n ti - Sl aver y Soci ety m ad e m an y accusamthetatjusto dolores et ea cl ai m s. Gar r i son stated th eduo U .S. gubergren, n Con sti tu ti on w as rebum. u n ju stStetanclita d ikasd l l egal becau se i t d en i ed th e r i gh ts an d f r eesea takimata sanctus est Lorem ips d om s of A f r i can -dolor A msit er amet. i can s.Lorem T h ey ipsum dolor bel i eved th at n o on e h ad th e r i gh t to amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, s bu y an d sel l oth er h u m an bei n gs, an d nonumy tempor invid th at i t w as w r on g diam to sever ely eirmod p u n i sh ut labore an en sl aved p er son w i th et oudolore t a trmagna i al . aliquyam T h ey al so cl ai m ederat, th atsed andiam y l awvoluptua. s p r o- At vero eo

A n t i - Sl av er y So ci et y 1883 Written by Esme Cunningham Edited by M atthew Skarin For m an y y ear s, th e u n f or tu n ate acts of sl av er y w en t on , bu t, i n 1833, an or gan i zat i on cal l ed th e A m er i can A n t i - Sl aver y Soci ety f or m ed , ai m i n g t o abol i sh sl av er y. I t w as f ou n d ed i n N ew Yor k by W i l l i am L l oy d Gar r i son , T h eod or e W el d , A r th u r Tap p an , an d L ew i s Tap p an . T h ei r m ai n l ead er w as Gar r i son , an d th e soci ety ?s goal w as to i m m ed i at ely p u t an en d to sl av er y an d t o p r ove to w h i te A m er i can s th at sl av er y w as w r on g. T h ey al so d em an d ed a gov er n m en t th at p r oh i bi t ed sl av er y. T h e soci ety w as m ad e u p of a gr ou p of w h i te abo l i ti on i st s, as w el l as si x bl ack m em ber s. T h e A n ti Sl aver y Soci ety cal l ed f or i m m ed i ate abol i t i on t o sl av er y, an d bel i eved th at bl ack p eop l e d eser ved equ al r i gh ts to w h i t e p eop l e. Gar r i son i an acti on s i n cl u d ed bu r n i n g th e Con sti tu ti on as a p r o- sl aver y d ocu m en t. T h i s con vey ed t h at t h e w h i te abol i ti on i sts bel i eved t h at bl ack p eo p l e sh ou l d be equ al an d n ot d i scr i m i n ated agai n st by th e Con st i t u t i on . T h e A n t i - Sl aver y Soci ety m ai n ly p u bl i sh ed jou r n al s an d n ew sp ap er s, h el d m eeti n gs, an d gave sp eech es. T h ese w er e key com p on en ts f or att r acti n g n ew f oll ow er s. A n y on e w h o agr eed w i t h th e soci ety, con tr i bu ted m on ey, an d w as n ot an en sl aver cou l d joi n . W i t h Gar r i son as th e l ead er , th e or gan i zat i on at tr acted m or e th an 150 ,0 0 0 f ol l ow er s. T h ey p u b l i sh ed T he Emancipator, an abo l i ti on i st n ew sp ap er st ar t ed i n 1820 , an d T he AntiSlavery Society Standard, a n ew sp ap er p u bl i sh ed w eek ly f r om 1840 to 1870 . A f t er t w o y ear s, th e soci ety h ad 20 0 l ocal ch ap t er s an d i n f i ve y ear s th ey h ad 1,350 . T h ey took th ei r jou r n al s an d n ew sp ap er s ver y ser i ou sly, an d t h ey w er e ver y d evoted to th ei r w or k . 32

h i bi ti n g th e ed u cati on of en sl aved p eop l e sh ou l d be r ep eal ed , an d p l an ter s sh ou l d p ay w ages f or f i el d h an d s i n stead of bu y i n g en sl aved p eop l e. Bu t u n f or tu n ately, sl av er y ap ol i sts - p eo p l e w h o agr eed w i th sl av er y an d th e i d ea of i t - r eacted v i ol en tly to th i s. T h e A n ti - Sl aver y Soci ety sp l i t i n 1839 becau se th ey d i d n ?t agr ee on w h eth er or n ot w om en sh ou l d be i n cl u d ed i n th ei r m ovem en t. H al f f ol l ow ed Gar r i son to sh ar e th e or gan i zati on w i th w om en , an d th e oth er h al f f oll ow ed th e Tap p an s. A l l i n al l , th e A n ti - Sl aver y Soci et y d i d m an y th i n gs i m p acti n g oth er s? v i ew s on sl av er y. T h e soci ety w as th e bi ggest abol i ti on i st or gan i zat i on i n th e U .S., an d th ey at tr acted th ou san d s of al l i es to w or k i n th ei r or gan i zati on . T h e A n ti - Sl aver y Soci ety w as a tr u ly i n sp i r i n g or gan i zati on th at w as d ed i cated to cr eat i n g a m ovem en t f or equ al i ty i n A m er i can h i stor y.

"I am i n ear n est - - I w i l l n ot equ i vocate - - I w i l l n ot excu se - - I w i l l n ot r etr eat a si n gl e i n ch - - A n d I w i l l be h ear d ." - W illiam Lloyd Garrison

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

am ut erat,

a no sum sit sed dunt m os et

T his image is a scale with racially different people and how they were socially represented. Black people are represented to weigh more, because they were treated badly and like a burden, they had to work as slaves, and endure many life- threatening events. T he people from AASS are trying to lift black people?s social status and representation up to be equal with white people.

Fact s ab o u t t h e A m er i can A n t i - Sl av er y So ci et y : -

Fr ed er i ck D ou gl ass w as a l ead er of t h i s soci et y w h o con si sten tly sp oke at i t s m eet i n gs. T h e or gan i zati on w as f ou n d ed i n N ew Yor k Ci t y. T h e h al f of th e A n ti - Sl aver y Soci et y w h o d i d n 't f ol l ow th e w om en ?s r i gh t m ovem en t w as n am ed t h e L i ber t y Par ty of 1840 .

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed dia nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt u labore et dolore magna aliquyam e sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, n sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ips dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, s diam nonumy eirmod tempor invid ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eo

A n t i - Sl av er y Pu b l i cat i o n s an d T h ei r I m p act o n So ci et y Written by Risa Goldfeld Edited by Cleo Barowsky U n cl e T o m 's C ab i n H ow can on e book be seen i n m an y d i f f er en t w ay s? H ar r i et B eech er St ow e?s Uncle Tom?s Cabin w as h u gely p op u l ar w h en i t cam e ou t. I n i ts f i r st y ear , i t sol d 30 0 ,0 0 0 cop i es i n th e U .S., an d i t w as al so p u bl i sh ed i n Br i t ai n . I t w as on e of th e best- sel l i n g book s of t h e 19th cen tu r y, on ly ou tsol d by t h e B i bl e. Uncle Tom?s Cabin h as been t r an sl ated i n to m or e th an 70 l an gu ages. I t w as or i gi n al ly a col l ect i on of st or i es i n a n ew sp ap er , bu t i t becam e so p op u l ar i t w as m ad e i n to a book . H ow ever , th e book p r obably w ou l d n ?t h ave been so p op u l ar i f St ow e w asn ?t w h i te. St ow e?s goal w as to sh ow th e m or al w r on gs an d cr u el ty of sl av er y an d 34

br i n g m or e w h i te p eo p l e to th e abol i ti on i st cau se, an d sh e su cceed ed . H er book sh ow ed U n cl e Tom as m or al ly cor r ect an d d i gn i f i ed - an u n u su al r ep r esen tati on of en sl aved p eo p l e at th e ti m e. H e saved th e l i f e of a y ou n g gi r l n am ed L i t tl e Ev a, an d h er f ath er th en becam e h i s n ew en sl aver . O n h er d eath bed , Ev a asked h er f ath er to f r ee al l th e p eo p l e h e h ad en sl aved , an d h e agr eed bu t w as k i l l ed bef or e h e cou l d d o so. U n cl e Tom w as k i l l ed by h i s n ew en sl aver , an d h i s d eath r esem bl ed Jesu s Ch r i st?s, ap p eal i n g to a m ai n ly Ch r i sti an au d i en ce. W h i te r ead er s sy m p ath i zed w i th th e ch ar acter s i n Uncle Tom?s Cabin an d saw sl av er y i n a n ew l i gh t. I n th e 1860 p r esi d en ti al el ecti on , A br ah am L i n col n ?s cam p ai gn gave ou t 10 0 ,0 0 0 cop i es of th e book to tr y to get su p p or t f or Rep u bl i can bel i ef s, an d th i s m ay h ave been p ar t of th e r eason h e w as el ected . L an gston H u gh es cal l ed T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

am ut erat,

a no sum sit sed dunt m os et

Uncle Tom?s Cabin ?a m or al battl e cr y.? Life Among the Lowly. T h i s i m p l i es th at T h e book w as even ban n ed i n a good bl ack p eop l e ar e ?th e l ow ly,? w h i ch i s p or t i on of th e Sou th , l i kely becau se r aci st i n an d of i tsel f . T h e n i ck n am e t h e p eop l e w h o ban n ed i t saw i t as a ?U n cl e Tom ? h as al so becom e i t s ow n t h r eat t o t h ei r v i ew s. Sou th er n er s atster eoty p e, u sed to r ef er to som eon e t acked i t , say i n g as w eak , cow ar d ly, t h at St ow e h ad n o "For 228 y ear s h as th e an d su b ser v i en t. r i gh t to sp eak abou t sl av er y as a col or ed m an toi l ed over T h e book ?s m ean i n g w h i t e p er son . T h i s th e soi l of A m er i ca, u n d er h as ch an ged so cau sed h er to r ea bu r n i n g su n an d a m u ch over ti m e. It l ease A Key to Uncle star ted as a m ov i n g Tom?s Cabin i n 1853, d r i ver 's l ash - p l ow i n g, aster p i ece to w h i ch w as an exp l an t i n g, r eap i n g, th at th e m w h i te r ead er s th at t en si ve l i st of al l of m ad e th em d i sagr ee h er sou r ces, w h i ch w h i te m en m i gh t r ol l at w i th sl av er y. I t bew er e r eal p eo p l e?s ease, th ei r h an d s cam e a p l ay th at st or i es. u n h ar d en ed by l abor , p or tr ay ed U n cl e Tom as a w eak cow th ei r br ow s u n m oi st en ed Even t h ou gh th e ar d w h o w ou l d sel l by th e w at er s of gen i al book w as so i n f l u p eo p l e ou t f or f avor en t i al , St ow e w as toi l ..." f r om h i s en sl aver . st i l l a w h i t e w om an N ow Uncle Tom?s - Frederick D ouglass, T h e l i v i n g i n Con n ecti Cabin i s a r aci st book cu t . Sh e w as abl e to N or th St ar an d an i n su l ti n g r each a w i d e au d i n am e. I t i s tr u ly en ce of r ead er s as a w h i te p er son , bu t am azi n g h ow v i ew s can ch an ge so sh e cou l d n ot sp eak f r om f i r st- h an d m u ch over a p er i od of 170 y ear s, f r om ex p er i en ce. Stow e u sed of f en si ve Stow e?s p osi ti ve i n ten ti on to h er n egst er eot y p es i n h er book s, an d th ou gh ati ve i m p act, al l becau se of h er l i m t h ese m ay h ave been h el p f u l to con i ted k n ow l ed ge an d h er r ace. n ect w i t h w h i te r ead er s, th ey sti l l sh ou l d n ?t h ave been u sed . I n p r i vate T h e N o r t h St ar l ett er s, sh e u sed d er ogator y ter m s agai n st bl ack p eo p l e as w el l . Ad d i t i on al ly, St ow e sai d th at th e d eath of T he North Star w as a n ew sp ap er p u bh er 18- m on th - ol d son al l ow ed h er to l i sh ed by Fr ed er i ck D ou gl ass i n f eel t h e p ai n of en sl aved f am i l i es beRoch ester , N ew Yor k f r om 1847- 1851 i n g sep ar at ed , bu t sh e al so i m p l i ed bef or e m er gi n g w i th T he Liberty Party t h at t h e w or st asp ects of w h i te p eop l e Paper to becom e Frederick D ouglass? cam e ou t w h en th ey en sl aved p eo p l e, Paper. T he North Star w as sol d f or on ly cau si n g t h em to d o th i n gs th ey n ever $2 a m on th , i n th e W est I n d i es as w el l w ou l d h ave d on e oth er w i se. T h i s i s a as th e U n i ted States. T h e n ew sp ap er r i d i cu l ou s con cep t as th e en sl aver su p p or ted w om en ?s r i gh ts as w el l as chose t o en sl ave som eon e i n th e f i r st bl ack p eo p l e?s r i gh ts, an d th e m ot to p l ace! on th e l etter h ead w as ?Ri gh t i s of n o N ow ad ay s, Uncle Tom?s Cabin i s seen as a r aci st p or t r ay al of bl ack p eop l e. T h i s i s u n su r p r i si n g, con si d er i n g Stow e?s back gr ou n d an d v i ew s. Take th e f u l l t i t l e of t h e book : Uncle Tom?s Cabin; or, T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

sex - T r u th i s of n o col or - God i s th e Fath er of u s al l , an d al l m en ar e br eth r en .? Fr ed er i ck D ou gl ass w as an ex cel l en t w r i ter . H e h i m sel f w as f or m er ly en sl aved f r om a ver y y ou n g age. 35

D ou gl ass bel i eved th at i t w as of th e u tm ost i m p or tan ce th at bl ack p eop l e sp eak u p agai n st sl av er y as abo l i ti on i sts. I n t h e D ecem ber 3r d , 1847 ed i ti on of T he North Star, h e sai d , ??com m on sen se af f i r m s an d on ly f ol ly d en i es,? t h at t h e m an w h o h as su f f er ed th e w r on g i s t h e m an to d em an d r ed r ess t h at t h e m an str u ck i s th e m an to cr y ou t - t h at h e w h o h as en d u r ed th e cr u el p an gs of sl av er y i s th e m an to ad vocat e l i b er ty. I t i s ev i d en t w e m u st be ou r ow n r ep r esen tati ves an d ad vocat es, n ot ex cl u si vely, bu t p ecu l i ar ly n ot d i st an t f r om bu t i n con n ecti on w i t h ou r w h i te f r i en d s." T h i s qu ote sh ow s t h at D ou gl ass bel i eved th at i t w as ju st com m on sen se th at bl ack p eop l e sh ou l d sp eak u p f or th em selves. Even n ow, p eo p l e can see th e i m p or t an ce of D ou gl ass? n ew sp ap er . Ken n et h B. M or r i s, on e of D ou gl ass? d escen d an t s an d a co- f ou n d er of Fr ed er i ck D ou gl ass Fam i ly I n i ti ati ves, a n on - p r of i t t h at f i gh ts f or soci al ju sti ce t od ay, sai d , ?T he North Star w as a m ou t h p i ece f or th e en sl aved an d th e op p r essed . I t w as an op p or tu n i ty f or h i m t o sp eak f or th e voi cel ess. T h e i m p or t an ce of th at n ew sp ap er i n th at t i m e can n ot be over stated .? Fr ed er i ck D ou gl ass w as an ou tstan d i n g abol i t i on i st w h o sp en t h i s l i f e sp eak i n g ou t agai n st sl av er y, an d T he North Star w as on e of th e cou n tl ess w ay s h e d i d so. T h i s w as a n ew sp ap er of gr eat i m p or tan ce f or ever y on e f or bl ack p eo p l e to f eel h ear d an d f or w h i t e p eop l e to gai n u n d er stan d i n g. T h e L i b er at o r I t i s ex t r aor d i n ar y an d u n u su al w h en

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, sed dia a w r i ti n g w i th conconsetetur tr over si alsadipscing v i ew s i s elitr, a su ccess. Yet th i snonumy i s exeirmod actly tempor w h at invidunt u magna aliquyam e W i l l i am L l oy d Garlabore r i sonet ?s dolore T he Liberator w as. T h e n ew sp apdiam er , wvoluptua. r i t ten by a eos et sed At vero w h i te abol i ti on i st accusam an d p et u bl i sh ed i n justo duo dolores et ea Boston , w as p r i nrebum. ted f or n ear ly 35 Stet clita kasd gubergren, n con secu ti ve y ear s, f r om Jan u ar y 1, sanctus 1831 to D ecem ber sea 29,takimata 1865, i n cl u d i nest g Lorem ips dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor th r ou gh ou t th e Ci v i l W ar . I n total , consetetur sadipscing elitr, s 1,820 i ssu es w er e pamet, r i n ted . diam nonumy eirmod tempor invid ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam Gar r i son h ad ver y str on g v i ew s an d erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eo

ex p r essed th em th r ou gh h i s n ew sp ap er . H e th ou gh t th at th e U .S. gov er n m en t w as p er m an en tly f or cef u l , an d th at n ew sp ap er s w er e d em ocr acy w i th ou t th at f or ce - a w ay to be d em ocr ati c w i th ou t con stan tly bei n g p r essu r ed abou t w h at to bel i eve. H e w an ted ?i m m ed i ate em an ci p ati on ? of al l en sl aved p eo p l e i n th e U n i t ed States, w h i ch even oth er w h i te abol i ti on i sts at th e ti m e d i d n ot. Gar r i son al so f el t th at th e Con sti tu ti on w as a p r o- sl aver y d ocu m en t an d on ce p u bl i cly bu r n ed a cop y of i t becau se of th i s. I n ad d i ti on , h e bel i eved th at ?sl av er y an d f r eed om of th e p r ess can n ot ex i st togeth er ,? an d f r eed om of th e p r ess i s a r i gh t gu ar an teed i n th e Con sti tu ti on . H e f or m ed th e A m er i can A n ti - Sl aver y Soci ety, bu t h i s str on g bel i ef s th at w om en sh ou l d be al l ow ed to joi n an d th at th e gr ou p sh ou l d n ot get i n to p ol i ti cs sp l i t i t i n to th r ee sep ar ate f acti on s.

W h en Gar r i son cr eated h i s n ew sp ap er , ¾ of th e su bscr i ber s w er e f r ee bl ack p eo p l e. H e ex p r essed al l of h i s v i ew s an d op i n i on s i n i t w i th r el en t l ess f or ce, even l etti n g p eop l e w i th op p osi n g v i ew s ar gu e i n th e n ew sp ap er w i th h i m . I t i s r em ar k abl e th at, d esp i te Gar r i son ?s u n p op u l ar v i ew s an d h i stor y, T he Liberator l asted so l on g. A n d h i s bel i ef s n ever w aver ed .

Fact : A n or gan i zati on n am ed af ter an d i n sp i r ed by T he North Star w as r ecen tly cr eat ed t o r ep or t on cu r r en t even ts an d h el p el ev ate com m on ly u n d er r ep r esen ted voi ces. V i si t i t at th en or th star .com 36

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

am ut erat,

a no sum sit sed dunt m os et

T h e A m i st ad Reb el l i o n , C ase, an d I m p act Written by Cleo Barowsky Edited by Risa Goldfeld T h e A m i st ad r ebel l i on an d case m i gh t n ot be t h at w el l k n ow n , bu t i t h ad an i m m en se i m p act both on th e abol i t i on i st m ovem en t i n th e m i d - 180 0 s an d n ow. W i th ou t th e r evol t, th e A m er i ca of tod ay m i gh t h ave been ver y d i f f er en t. I n 1839, ever y th i n g w as n or m al i n M an i (p r esen t- d ay Si er r a L eon e). A 25- y ear ol d m an n am ed Sen gbe Pi eh , al so k n ow n by som e as Josep h Ci n qu e, w as w or k i n g i n a r i ce f i el d w h en h e w as cap tu r ed by tw o Sp an i sh m en . Jose Ru i z an d Ped r o M on tes w er e ?sl ave h u n ter s,? an d th ey p l an n ed t o take Ci n qu e an d m an y

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

oth er u n w i l l i n g A f r i can s to a p l an tati on i n th e Car i bbean . Soon af ter , Ci n qu e an d 52 oth er A f r i can s w er e su bjected to a cr u el i n sp ecti on th en p l aced on a Sp an i sh sch oon er , th e Amistad. Foll ow i n g w eek s of h or r i bl e l i v i n g con d i ti on s on boar d , accen tu ated by h ear tl ess jokes f r om th e cook an d br u tal p u n i sh m en ts, Ci n qu e h ad en ou gh . H e h el p ed th e oth er A f r i can s to p i ck th e l ock s on th ei r sh ack l es, an d th en th ey u sed can e k n i ves f ou n d on boar d to k i l l th e cap tai n an d cook . Ci n qu e an d th e A f r i can s sp ar ed Ru i z an d M on tes, on th e p r om i se th at th ey w ou l d sai l th em back to Si er r a L eon e. D u r i n g th e d ay, th e Sp an i sh m en f ol l ow ed th e A f r i can ?s or d er s an d sai l ed east. Bu t at n i gh t, Ru i z an d M on t es secr etly ch an ged cou r se, h ead i n g to A m er i ca i n stead . W h en th e Sp an i sh

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur th e case. Van Bu r en cal l ed Nsadipscing av y sh i pelitr, s sed dia to tr an sp or t th em nonumy , as h e eirmod th ou ghtempor t th e invidunt u A m er i can p eop l elabore w ouet l d dolore si d e magna w i th aliquyam e h i m . I n ad d i ti on tosed th diam i s, Spvoluptua. ai n w anAt t ed vero eos et cu stod y of th e A faccusam r i can s. etT justo h e Eu r oduo dolores et ea p ean cou n tr y sai d rebum. th at si Stet n ce clita Ru ikasd z an gubergren, d n M on tes w er e Sp an i sh , th e sh i p an d sanctus est Lorem ips th e cap ti ves w er e sea r i ghtakimata t f u l ly th ei r s. At dolor sit amet. Lorem dolor on e p oi n t i n th e case, ch ar ges w eripsum e consetetur elitr, s even d i sm i ssed anamet, d it w as r u l edsadipscing th at th e U .S. h ad n o judiam r i sd inonumy cti on over th e eirmod tempor invid m atter . Bu t w or d utoflabore th e et case sp rmagna ead aliquyam dolore f ast, an d soon , f or erat, m er sed p r esi d en t Joh n diam voluptua. At vero eo

Q u i n cy Ad am s h ad h ear d abou t th e p l i gh t of th e A f r i can s.

m en an d t h e A f r i can s ar r i ved i n L on g I sl an d , N Y, th e sh i p w as cap tu r ed by t h e U .S. N av y. T h e A f r i can s w er e sen t t o Con n ect i cu t, w h er e sl av er y w as i l l egal . A s soon as th e A f r i can s ar r i ved i n Con n ect i cu t , th ey w er e jai l ed on ch ar ges of m u r d er . Even th ou gh th e A f r i can s w er e tech n i cal ly n ot en sl aved , as i m p or tati on of en sl aved p eop l e f r om A f r i ca w as i l l egal th er e, f i gh t s over th ei r an d th e sh i p?s cu st od y en su ed i n th e cou r t case th at w ou l d ch an ge th e l i ves of m an y. T h e p r esi d en t at th e ti m e, M ar ti n Van Bu r en , w an t ed th e m en an d ch i l d r en to be sen t t o a p l an tati on i n Cu ba bef or e t h e abol i t i on i sts cou l d get i n volved i n 38

W i th th e h el p of sai l or Jam es Covey as a tr an sl ator an d N or th er n abol i ti on i sts, Ad am s ar gu ed h i s case i n f r on t of th e U .S. Su p r em e Cou r t , a m ovem en t taken to m ake a f i n al d eter m i n ati on on th e case. T h e f or m er p r esi d en t asser ted th at th e A f r i can s w er e i l l egal ly h el d i n sl av er y, an d even r ef er en ced th e U .S. Con st i tu ti on i n h i s ar gu m en t. Even tu al ly, h i s an d th e A f r i can s? w or k p ai d of f : I n M ar ch 1841, th e Su p r em e Cou r t agr eed w i th Ad am s an d th e A f r i can s, say i n g th at "...each of them are natives of Africa and were born free, and ever since have been and still of right are and ought to be free and not slaves..." Fol l ow i n g th e case, th e 35 A f r i can su r v i vor s, al on g w i th 5 m i ssi on ar i es w h o i n ten d ed to f ou n d a Ch r i sti an m i ssi on , sai l ed back to Si er r a L eon e. T h e A m i stad r ebel l i on an d case h ad m an y p osi ti ve af ter ef f ects, bu t alm ost n on e of th em w er e as si gn i f i can t as th e ef f ect th e case h ad on th e abol i ti on i st m ovem en t. At th e ti m e, th e m ovem en t agai n st sl av er y w as seen as a gr ou p th at w as tr ou bl e- m ak i n g, of f en si ve, an d u n l i k abl e. Bu t af ter th e A m i stad case, th e abol i ti on i sts h ad a cau se to r al ly ar ou n d . N ow, th e abol i ti on i st m ovem en t cou l d h ave a r eason to ad vocate agai n st sl av er y, as l ots of p eop l e h ad h ear d abou t th e p l i gh t of th ese A f r i can s. Ad d i ti on al ly, th r ee T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

am ut erat,

a no sum sit sed dunt m os et

abol i t i on i st s f or m ed th e A m i stad Com m i tt ee, w h i ch w as l ater k n ow n as t h e A m er i can M i ssi on ar y A ssoci ati on . T h i s associ ati on w as an abol i ti on i st soci et y, w h i ch , i n ad d i ti on to i ts m em ber s voi ci n g th ei r an ti - sl aver y op i n i on s, al so f ou n d ed sev er al sch ool s. W i t h ou t Josep h Ci n qu e an d h i s f el l ow A f r i can s, A m er i ca m i gh t h ave been ver y d i f f er en t. T h e A m i stad case h el p ed sol i d i f y th e abo l i ti on i st m ovem en t , an d th u s h el p i n g tod ay ?s A m er i ca t o f or m .

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

Artist's depiction of T h e A m i st ad 's capture

So j o u r n er T r u t h Written by Alexis D akin Edited by I sabella Escobar Sojou r n er T r u th w as bor n i n 1797 i n N ew Yor k . B or n w i th th e n am e I sabel l a Bom f r ee, T r u th w ou l d gr ow up to be on e of th e m ost accom p l i sh ed bl ack w om en 's r i gh ts act i v i st s an d abol i ti on i sts. Sh e w as bor n i n t o sl aver y al on g w i th th e r est of h er f am i ly an d w or ked as an en sl aved p er son w i th oth er m em ber s of h er f am i ly u n ti l sh e w as 9 y ear s ol d , w h en h er f am i ly w as sol d to d i f f er en t en sl aver s. Sh e w as sol d 4 t i m es as a sl ave. A f ter bei n g sol d so m an y t i m es, sh e f i n al ly settl ed i n on e p l ace. D u r i n g h er ti m e at som e of th e p l aces sh e stay ed l on ger , sh e f el l i n l ove m ultiple ti m es. Each n ew t i m e sh e w as t aken aw ay f r om th em . I n r ou gh ly 1818, sh e f el l i n l ove w i th a f el l ow en sl aved p er son n am ed Rober t . H er r el ati on sh i p w i t h Rober t r esu l ted i n a d au gh t er .

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed dia nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt u labore et dolore magna aliquyam e At d vero eos et O n ce sh e h ad sed th i sdiam sp ivoluptua. r i tu al an r el i gi ou s con n ectiaccusam on , sh eet star justoted duo to dolores et ea begi n h er w or k asrebum. an abol i ti on i st an d Stet clita kasd gubergren, n ad vocat e f or equ alsea r i gh ts. I n th e y ear takimata sanctus est Lorem ips 1844, sh e joi n ed an abol i t i on i st dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor or gan i zati on i n M assach u setts cal l ed amet, elitr, s th e N or th am p ton Aconsetetur ssoci ati onsadipscing of tempor invid Ed u cati on an d I n ddiam u str nonumy y. W or keirmod i n g f or th i s or gan i zat i on , ut shlabore e set etoudolore t on magna h er aliquyam car eer as a f i gh ter erat, f or sed equdiam al r i gh t s. At At vero eo voluptua.

th i s sam e or gan i zati on sh e m et m an y oth er f am ou s abol i ti on i sts su ch as Fr ed r i ck D ou gl ass an d W i l l i am L l oy d Gar r i son . T r u th d i ctated h er soon to becom e au tobi ogr ap h y to O l i ver Gi l ber t i n 1850 . L ater i n h er l i f e, sh e su r v i ved m ostly of f of th e sal es of th i s book . H er book w as p u bl i sh ed ar ou n d si x y ear s af ter sh e star t ed h er abol i ti on i st w or k . Sh e h ad al r ead y becom e w el l k n ow n f r om h er w or k , bu t th e book m ad e h er even m or e w el l k n ow n . D u e to h er am azi n g w or k , sh e got ch an ces th r ou gh ou t h er l i f e to m eet m an y w om en ?s r i gh ts acti v i sts an d even sp eak n ati on al ly. T h i s got star ted w or k i n g w i th T ruth hwer om en ?s r i gh ts.

?T r u th i s p ow er f u l an d i t p r ev ai l s.?

O n e of T r u t h 's en sl aver s p r om i sed t o f r ee h er by - Sojourner t h e y ear 1826. H e, n ot su r p r i si n gly, d i d n ot keep to h i s p r om i se. T r u th d eci d ed to r u n aw ay l at er t h at y ear . D u r i n g h er escap e sh e w as on ly abl e to r escu e h er i n f an t d au gh t er . A f ter h er escap e sh e star ted t o becom e m or e con n ected to r el i gi on an d f el t sp i r i tu al cal l i n gs. Bei n g sp i r i t u al ly con n ected , sh e f el t h er l i f e's p u r p ose w as to becom e an abol i ti on i st . T h i s sam e sp i r i tu al bel i ef l ed h er t o ch an ge h er n am e f r om h er bi r t h n am e, I sabel l a B om f r ee, to Sojou r n er T r u th i n 1843. T r u th ch an ged h er n am e becau se sh e cl ai m ed t h e ?sp i r i t cal l ed on h er to p r each t h e t r u th .? 40

Per h ap s Sojou r n er T r u th 's m ost f am ou s sp eech w as h er ?A i n ?t I A W om an ?? Sp eech . Sh e f i r st gave th i s sp eech i n 1851. T h i s sp eech sp oke f or bl ack w om en 's r i gh ts w h i ch becam e h er l i f e?s w or k . Sh e sti l l f ou gh t agai n st sl aver y i n h er l ater l i f e bu t w or ked m or e sp eci f i cal ly w i th bl ack w om en ?s r i gh ts. I n h er sp eech , sh e sh ow ed h ow bl ack an d w h i te w om en ar e n ot tr eated equ al ly. I n th at ti m e an d st i l l n ow, bei n g bl ack can be h ar d bu t bei n g a bl ack w om an can be h ar d er becau se of th e i n ter secti on al i t y of

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

am ut erat,

a no sum sit sed dunt m os et

op p r essed i d en ti ti es. T r u th w as both bl ack w h i ch at th e ti m e w as esp eci al ly h ar d as w el l as f em al e w h i ch w as al so ver y h ar d at th e ti m e. I n oth er w or d s sh e h ad t h e h ar d est of both w or l d s. Sh e becam e even m or e f am ou s f r om t h i s sp eech .

Quiz 1. W h at n am e w as Sojou r n er T r u t h gi ven w h en bor n ?

T r u t h 's ad vocacy w or k ex ten d ed i n to t h e Ci v i l W ar , as w el l . D u r i n g th e w ar , T r u t h w or ked al on gsi d e p eop l e l i ke H ar r i et T u bm an . T h ey w or ked to r ecr u i t bl ack sol d i er s an d su p p l i es f or bl ack t r oop s.

2. W as T r u t h set f r ee or d i d sh e escap e?

T r u t h p u t al l h er l i f e's w or k tow ar d s h el p i n g f r ee an d gi ve equ al r i gh ts to bot h en sl aved p eop l e an d bl ack w om en .

3. T r u e or Fal se: T r u th gave h er "A i n 't I A W om an " sp eech f or th e f i r st ti m e i n 1854.

Q u i z A n sw er s:

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

B l eed i n g K an sas Written by H enry Lush Edited by M aya Ferreira Bl eed i n g K an sas star ted i n 1854 becau se of a f ew th i n gs su ch as th e K an sas N ebr ask a Act, w h i ch w ou l d d et er m i n e w h eth er K an sas w ou l d be a f r ee st at e or a sl ave state. A l so Sen ator St ep h en D ou gl as, a p r o sl av er y su p p or t er , sai d th at sl av er y sh ou l d be vot ed on by th e set tl er s w h o l i ved t h er e, n ot am on g Con gr ess. H e sai d t h i s becau se h e w as tr y i n g to gai n sou t h er n su p p or t i n or d er to bu i l d a r ai l r oad bu t n eed ed sou th er n p ol i ti ci an s t o agr ee becau se h i s r ai l r oad w ou l d go t h r ou gh sou th er n ter r i tor y. W h en t h e K an sas- N ebr ask a Act p assed i n 1854, an el ecti on w as to be h el d i n K an sas to see i f K an sas w ou l d be a f r ee st ate or a sl ave state, bu t on ly p eop l e w h o l i ved i n K an sas cou l d vote on i t . N on eth el ess, h u n d r ed s of p r osl av er y p eo p l e p ou r ed i n to sw ay th e vot e t ow ar d sl av er y. T h ese p eop l e w er e cal l ed B or d er Ru f f i an s. Seei n g t h i s, an t i - sl aver y p eop l e al so cam e i n t o K an sas an d star ted vot i n g as w el l so t h at K an sas w ou l d be a f r ee state. Fi gh t s br oke ou t betw een an ti - an d p r o- sl av er y p eo p l e w h i ch l ater t u r n ed t o gu n s an d k n i ves. H u n d r ed s of p eop l e (som e of t h em n ot even su p p or ti n g a si d e) w er e k i l l ed i n t h e br u tal f i gh t i n g betw een t h e p r o- an d an ti sl av er y gr ou p s. A l ot of t h e p eop l e t h er e d i d n 't car e w h et h er K an sas w as a f r ee st at e or a sl ave st at e, bu t m ost 42

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed dia nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt u labore et dolore magna aliquyam e diam of th em got cau ghsed t up i n voluptua. i t an d d iAt edvero . eos et M ost of th e n or thaccusam er n er s etthjusto er e duo w erdolores e et ea n ot even abo l i ti onrebum. i sts bu t w er e i n a Stet clita kasd gubergren, n m ovem en t cal l ed sea "f rtakimata ee soi lsanctus ," w h i ch est Lorem ips w an ted to p r even t th e ex p an si on of dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor sl av er y. Bef or e th e f i gh t i n g even ocamet, sadipscing elitr, s cu r r ed , p eo p l e cam e toconsetetur K an sas to get eirmod tempor invid l an d an d f or somdiam e nnonumy i ce p eace an d qu i et. Bu t as K an sas got bi gger , m or e aliquyam ut labore et dolore magna p eop l e cam e to take con tr ol of voluptua. l an d so At vero eo erat, sed diam

th at ei th er th e n or th or sou th cou l d h ave i t on th ei r si d e.

D u r i n g Bl eed i n g K an sas, r u m or s w er e sp r ead i n g th r ou gh th e sou th th at th ou san d s of n or th er n er s w er e m ar ch i n g on K an sas to take th e p eop l e th ey en sl aved aw ay f r om th em . O n e of th e an ti - sl aver y p eo p l e w as Joh n Br ow n . Br ow n an d h i s son s d eci d ed to m u r d er a f ew p r o- sl aver y settl er s becau se of a p r ev i ou s r ai d th at k i l l ed h u n d r ed s of an ti - sl aver y p eop l e. W h en Br ow n got to K an sas, h e an d h i s son s k i l l ed th r ee p r o- sl aver y f am i l i es w i th sw or d s. A f ter th at Joh n Br ow n star ted to m u r d er m or e p r o sl av er y f am i l i es. A f ter a l ot of p eop l e w er e k i l l ed , th e p r o- sl aver y set tl er s m ad e a p l an to get r i d of Br ow n . T h e p l an f ai l ed , an d Br ow n escap ed an d bu i l t a saf e h ou se on top of h i s ol d h ou se so th at i f th er e w as ever an at tack , h e an d h i s f am i ly cou l d h i d e i n th e at ti c. L at er h e w as f ou n d an d sen t to cou r t. H e w as f ou n d gu i l ty of m u r d er an d w as sen ten ced to be h an ged on D ecem ber 2, 1859.

?H er e, bef or e God , i n th e p r esen ce of th ese w i tn esses f r om th e ti m e, I con secr ate m y l i f e to th e d estr u cti on of sl aver y.? - John Brown, 1837

A lth ou gh Br ow n k i l l ed m an y p eo p l e, h e w as r eal ly f i gh ti n g f or th e T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

am ut erat,

a no sum sit sed dunt m os et

r i gh t s of en sl aved p eo p l e, an d h e w as w i l l i n g t o d i e to l et th em go f r ee. I n ad d i t i on t o th e abo l i ti on i sts i n K an sas, f r ee st at e settl er s an d sl ave state sett l er s f ou gh t f or w h eth er K an sas w ou l d be a f r ee st ate or a sl ave state, m ean i n g w h et h er K an sas w ou l d be a state w i t h or w i t h ou t en sl aved p eop l e. A f t er si x y ear s of f i gh t i n g, K an sas f i n al ly d ecl ar ed th at th ey w er e go i n g to be a f r ee st ate an d th at l ed to an en d of a l ot of th e f i gh t i n g. T h e r eason w h y a l ot of p eo p l e f ou gh t to th e d eat h w as becau se th ey w er e w i l l i n g t o d i e so t h at K an sas w ou l d r ath er be a sl ave st at e or a f r ee on e.

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

Fact s: - Joh n Br ow n u sed to bar ge i n on p r o- sl aver y p eop l e cl ai m i n g h e w as th e N or th er n ar m y. - Joh n Br ow n w en t ban k r u p t at th e age of 42 becau se h e w as f ai l i n g at bu si n ess.

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed dia nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt u labore et dolore magna aliquyam e voluptua. At vero eos et w h i te m en , th r ee fsed r eediam bl ack m en , on e f or m er ly en sl avedaccusam p er son an dduo ondolores e et, justo et ea f u gi ti ve. I n th e sh op w er e th e gov er n rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, n m en t's w eap on s. Br ow n an d sanctus h i s m en sea takimata est Lorem ips k i l l ed th e m en th at w er e i n i t. H e h ad dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor h op ed en sl aved p eo p l e w ou l d beamet, consetetur elitr, s com e ar m ed i n th e sou th an d sadipscing take diam tempor invid back th ei r f r eed om , bunonumy t n on eeirmod joi n ed th e r ebel l i on w i th uthlabore i m . Het e dolore m ad emagna h i s aliquyam m ove on a boat therat, at w sed as car r y ivoluptua. n g en - At vero eo diam

H ar p er s Fer r y Rai d Written by M aya Ferreira Edited by H enry Lush Joh n Br ow n w as a w h i te 59 y ear ol d m an w h o p l an n ed a r ebel l i on i n th e sou t h t o t r y to aboli sh sl av er y i n 1859. I t d i d n ?t su cceed , bu t h e r eal ly car ed f or t h e r i gh ts of th e en sl aved . B or n i n Con n ect i cu t , r ai sed i n O h i o, B r ow n 's i d ea w as t o even tu al ly ar m al l 4 m i l l i on sl aves i n th e sou th so th ey w ou l d al l at t ack at on ce an d over p ow er th e en sl aver s. I n H ar p er s Fer r y, V i r gi n i a w as an ar m or y w i th th ou san d s an d t h ou san d s of gu n s an d w eap on s. Br ow n w as go i n g to steal th ose m u sket s an d gi ve th em to th e en sl aved p eop l e t o h el p th em r evol t. Br ow n r obbed th e w eap on s sh op i n H ar p er s Fer r y al on g w i th 21 m en - 16

sl aved p eo p l e bu t d i d n ot su cceed . H e on ly m an aged to get abou t f ou r en sl aved p eo p l e of f th e boat an d i n to f r eed om .

Br ow n an d h i s m en th en r etr eat ed to an en gi n e h ou se. W h en th e p ol i ce an d th e p eo p l e w h o ow n ed th e boat f ou n d ou t Br ow n w as i n th e en gi n e h ou se, th ey su r r ou n d ed th e bu i l d i n g an d cap tu r ed th e p eo p l e, i n cl u d i n g Br ow n . T h ey gave Br ow n a ch an ce to

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

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su r r en d er , bu t h e d i d n 't take i t. T h e r ebel l i on on ly l asted 36 h ou r s. Br ow n ?s t r i al w as a w eek l on g, an d at t h e en d h e w as f ou n d gu i l ty of h i s ch ar ges. H e w as sen ten ced to d eath an d h u n g i n Ch ar l es Tow n , V i r gi n i a on D ecem ber 2, 1859. N ot ever y on e agr eed w i th B r ow n 's v i ol en t act i on s bu t som e d i d agr ee w i th h i m on t h e abol i sh m en t of sl av er y.

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

W i th th i s r ebel l i on , h e w as h ear d al l over th e w or l d an d en d ed u p i n th e n ew sp ap er . O n e p er son w h o w r ot e an ar ti cl e abou t Br ow n sai d h i s acti on s ch an ged th e n ati on . T h e Ci v i l W ar , w h i ch star ted tw o y ear s l ater , w as m ostly abou t sl av er y, an d th i s ty p e of r ebel l i on w as a si gn of th e escal ati n g ten si on th at w ou l d l ead to w ar . Joh n Br ow n w as on e of th ose p eo p l e w h o h el p ed .

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed dia nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt u labore et dolore magna aliquyam e voluptua. col ep sy. Sh e begansed todiam h ave v i si on sAtofvero eos et f r eed om , an d som accusam e even say th ese v idolores et justo duo et ea si on s h el p ed h er rebum. as a con d u ctor on Stet clita kasd gubergren, n th e U n d er gr ou n d Rai l r oad . sanctus est Lorem ips sea takimata dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor amet, elitr, s D u r i n g th e Ci v i l W ar , consetetur T u b m an sadipscing w en t tempor invid on var i ou s sp y m diam i ssi onnonumy s i n theirmod e d eep sou th f or th e U n i on . T h er e, sh e col ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam l ect ed i n f or m ati onerat, abou t Con ed er ate At vero eo sed diamf voluptua.

T h e L i f e o f H ar r i et T u b m an Written by Rushi M urrow Edited by Aaron Bemis H ar r i et T u bm an i s k n ow n as a h er o t h r ou gh ou t U .S. h i stor y. Sh e w as a Ci v i l W ar h er o an d w or ked on th e U n d er gr ou n d Rai l r oad . D u r i n g h er t i m e i n t h e w ar , sh e tol d h er th r i l l i n g st or i es of escap e to th e sol d i er s, bl ack an d w h i t e al i ke. Sh e al so l ed th e Sou t h Car ol i n a bl ack vol u n teer sol d i er s i n t h e Com bah ee Fer r y r ai d s. Sh e even h i r ed p eo p l e to h i d e som e of h er abd u ctees d u r i n g th e w ar . A n d f or al l t h i s, sh e w as on ly p ai d ar ou n d $20 0 d oll ar s! Bef or e t h e Ci v i l W ar , T u bm an al so h ad m an y h er oi cs. W h en sh e w as ar ou n d t en or el even , sh e w en t sh op p i n g w i t h h er M om . A sl ave over seer asked h er t o bl ock th e p ath f or a r u n aw ay en sl aved p er son , bu t sh e d i d n ?t. To t r y an d stop th e r u n aw ay, th e over seer t h r ew a h u n k of m etal , bu t i n st ead , i t h i t T u bm an . A f ter bei n g h i t , sh e w as d i agn osed w i th n ar -

H arriet T ubman 46

tr oop p osi ti on s an d v u l n er abl e p l an tati on s f or th e U n i on ar m y to r ai d . W i th th i s i n f or m ati on , sh e l ed th e Com bah ee Fer r y Rai d s, w h i ch w er e i m p or tan t to h el p f r ee m an y en sl aved p eop l e an d p r ov i d e m or e sol d i er s f or th e U n i on . T h ese r ai d s took p l ace u p an d d ow n th e Com bah ee Ri ver i n Sou th Car ol i n a. Sh e alw ay s got i n f or m ati on f or th e r ai d s an d w h at th e Sou th w as p l an n i n g f r om f el l ow bl ack p eop l e, k n ow i n g sh e cou l d tr u st th em m or e th an a w h i te p er son . H er p u bl i ci ty ar ou n d th e N or th d i d n ot h el p w i th h er sp y i n g - m an y p eo p l e cou l d easi ly r ecogn i ze h er , m ean i n g sh e h ad to go u n d er cover ever y f ew h ou r s w h i l e sp y i n g. Bu t th e br ave p eop l e w h o gave h er i n f or m ati on f or th e r ai d s w er e gi ven f ood , m on ey, an d som eti m es even a tr i p to th e n or th . O ver al l , T u bm an 's br av er y h el p ed th e U .S. becom e a bet ter , m or e d i ver se an d equ al cou n tr y. Bu t w i th ou t a d ou bt sh e w as n ot p ai d ver y w el l . T h e ar m y on ly p ai d h er $20 0 f or r ai d i n g p l an tati on s, f r eei n g en sl aved p eo p l e, an d goi n g on d ead ly sp y m i ssi on s. A n d on ly af ter sh e d i ed d i d th ey p ay h er . Sh e d eser ves to be r ever ed as a h er o an d sh ou l d h ave been p ai d so m u ch m or e m on ey af ter th e w ar . M ost of th e en sl aved p eo p l e f r eed w er e becau se of h er . To h el p h er l egacy con ti n u e, w e can h el p p r eser ve l an d m ar k s su ch as stat u es an d objects. W e al so n eed to ed u cate p eo p l e on h er gr eat d eed s.

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

am ut erat,

Quiz

a no sum sit sed dunt m os et

1. T r u e or Fal se: T u bm an br ou gh t h er p ar en ts t o t h e N or th . 2. W as T u bm an d i agn osed w i t h n ar col ep sy or can cer as a ch i l d ? 3. H ow m an y d ol l ar s w as T u bm an p ai d af ter th e Ci v i l W ar ? A n sw er s:

T he Combahee Ferry Raids of June 1863 started around here in South Carolina. T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed dia nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt u labore et dolore magna aliquyam e voluptua. eos et cou l d p ass as w hsed i te.diam And w i th At th vero e justo et ea r i gh t d i sgu i se, shaccusam e cou l det p ass duo as dolores a w h i te m an . Becau se Cr afclita t wkasd as gubergren, a rebum. Stet n seam str ess, sh e sea sew ed h er ow n takimata sanctus est Lorem ips d i sgu i se. H er d i sgu i sesitwamet. as brLorem i l l i an ipsum t, dolor dolor f eatu r i n g m en ?s cl oth i n g, gl asses, an d consetetur sadipscing elitr, s ban d ages al l over hamet, er f ace to h i d e h er tempor invid f em i n i n e f eatu r es.diam Sh e nonumy p u t h ereirmod ar m i n a sl i n g so th at sh ut e labore w ou l det n ?dolore t h avemagna to aliquyam si gn an y th i n g becau sediam shvoluptua. e w as At vero eo erat, sed

El l en C r af t 's D ar i n g Escap e Written by Tavio M ares-Van Praag Edited by Jakoby Clarke El l en Cr af t p l ay ed a ver y i m p or tan t r ol e i n abol i sh i n g sl aver y. Sh e sh i f ted m an y p eop l e?s i d eas of w h at m ad e som eon e w h i te or bl ack by p assi n g as a w h i t e m an . Sh e m ad e a d ar i n g escap e f r om sl aver y, an d af ter h er escap e, sh e w as a bi g acti v i st f or abol i sh i n g sl aver y an d gi v i n g bl ack p eop l e equ al r i gh ts. Cr af t w as bor n th e ch i l d of a bl ack en sl aved w om an an d h er w h i te en sl aver . Sh e l ooked so m u ch l i ke h er f at h er (t h e w h i te en sl aver ) th at sh e w as som et i m es m i staken as a m em ber of t h e f am i ly. T h i s m ad e th e en sl aver ?s w i f e so m ad th at sh e gave Cr af t t o a f am i ly m em ber i n M acon , Geor gi a, as a ?gi f t?. I n M acon , Cr af t w as gi ven t h e r ol e of a l ad y ?s m ai d , w h er e sh e w ou l d cook , cl ean , an d sew. Sh e m et h er h u sban d W i l l i am i n M acon , w h o w as al so en sl aved . El l en an d W i l l i am w an ted to star t a f am i ly, bu t k n ew th at th ey cou l d n ?t r i sk h av i n g k i d s becau se th ey cou l d be st ol en an d sol d as to oth er en sl aver s. So t h ey st ar ted p l an n i n g th ei r escap e. El l en an d W i l l i am k n ew escap i n g w ou l d be h ar d , so th ey m ad e a p l an . Becau se El l en h ad l i gh ter sk i n , sh e

?Si n ce m y escap e f r om sl aver y, I h ave got ten m u ch bet t er i n ever y r esp ect t h an I cou l d h ave p ossi bly an t i ci p at ed .? - Ellen Craft 48

i l l i ter ate. W i l l am p r eten d ed to be en sl aved by h er , an d th ey acted as i f th ey w er e tr avel i n g to a h osp i tal to f i x al l h er w ou n d s. T h ey tr avel ed by tr ai n an d steam boat al l th e w ay to Ph i l ad el p h i a, a f r ee state. T h en th ey m oved to Boston , w h er e th ey set tl ed i n a f r ee bl ack com m u n i ty. I n Bost on , Cr af t becam e a str on g ad vocat e agai n st sl aver y. El l en an d W i l l am ?s stor y sp r ead qu i ck ly af ter th ei r ar r i val i n Bost on , m ak i n g Cr af t som ew h at a cel ebr i ty. Cr af t u sed th i s f am e to becom e an an ti - sl aver y acti v i st. Sh e tr avel ed al l over N ew En gl an d , gi v i n g sp eech es, atten d i n g con ven ti on s, an d even m eeti n g f am ed abol i ti on i st s l i ke Fr ed er i ck D ou gl ass an d W i l l i am W el l s Br ow n . Bu t i n 1850 , w h en th e secon d Fu gi ti ve Sl ave Act w as p assed , d i sast er str u ck . T h e Fu gi ti ve Sl ave Act p r ov i d ed l u cr at i ve r ew ar d s f or r etu r n i n g a f or m er en sl aved p er son to sl aver y. Becau se of th i s, m an y sou th er n er s w en t i n to th e n or th , i n sear ch of escap ed en sl aved p eop l e an d a f or tu n e. T w o m en by th e n am es of W i l l i s H u gh es an d Joh n K n i gh t h ad th i s ex act goal i n m i n d . A n d th ey w an ted to f i n d W i l l i am an d El l en . L u ck i ly f or El l en an d W i l l i am , th ei r com m u n i ty car ed f or th em a l ot, an d th ey m oved th e cou p l e ar ou n d th e ci ty to keep th e h u n ter s f r om f i n d i n g th em . Becau se of th i s, El l en an d T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

am ut erat,

a no sum sit sed dunt m os et

W i l l i am w er e saf e. Bu t th e cou p l e d i d n ?t f eel com p l etely saf e i n B oston , so t h ey m oved to En gl an d , w h er e t h ey st ay ed f or 18 y ear s. El l en an d W i l l i am con ti n u ed th ei r w or k as abol i ti on i st s i n En gl an d , tou r i n g al l over t h e cou n tr y gi v i n g sp eech es th at m oved au d i en ces to tear s. El l en al so gave bi r t h t o f i ve ch i l d r en i n En gl an d , as w el l as w r ote a book abou t h er escap e f r om sl aver y cal l ed Running a T housand M iles for Freedom. A f ter th e ci v i l w ar , El l en an d W i l l i am r et u r n ed t o B oston . I n Bost on , El l en an d W i l l i am f ou n d ed a sch ool to ed u cate n ew ly f r eed en sl aved p eop l e. U n f or tu n ately, t h e K K K bu r n ed th e sch ool d ow n . El l en an d W i l l i am at t em p ted to st ar t t h e sch ool agai n , bu t becau se of sl an d er f r om w h i t e op p on en ts, th e sch ool w en t ban k r u p t an d h ad to cl ose. A f ter th i s i n ci d en t , Cr af t settl ed d ow n an d l i ved ou t th e r est of h er l i f e i n p eace. I n 1891, Cr af t d i ed of ol d age. Sh e w as r em em ber ed by h er f am i ly an d f r i en d s, w h o w ou l d con ti n u e to t el l h er stor y. El l en Cr af t ?s d ar i n g escap e an d p ow er f u l sp eech es ch an ged th e w or l d , as w el l as i n sp i r ed m an y to ad vocate f or

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

?I h ad m u ch r at h er star ve i n En gl an d , a f r ee w om an , th an to be a sl ave f or th e best m an th at ever br eat h ed u p on th e A m er i can con t i n en t.? - Ellen Craft

ch an ge. Cr af t i n sp i r ed m an y p eop l e, an d sh e d ef i n i tely d eser ves m or e cr ed i t f or h er w or k .

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed dia nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt u labore et dolore magna aliquyam e sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusamJakoby et justo duo dolores et ea Created by: Angelina G. V., Esme Cunningham, I sabella Escobar, rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, n Clarke, M arisol Flaggert, M atthew Skarin, Sam Johnson, Tavio M ares-Van sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ips dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor Praag, Valentina Garcia Joseph amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, s diam nonumy eirmod tempor invid ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eo

T i m el i n e o f A l l Ev en t s

1770 - 1870

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a no sum sit sed dunt m os et

16 10 - 176 0

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed dia nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt u labore et dolore magna aliquyam e sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea Stet clita kasd gubergren, n andrebum. Zoe Flood sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ips dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, s diam nonumy eirmod tempor invid ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eo

T h e A d v en t Sch o o l C l ass o f 20 21 Au th or s Created by: Elio Kohn, Tavio M ares-Van Praag,

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

am ut erat,

a no sum sit sed dunt m os et

B i b l i o gr ap h y

?B en jam i n B an n eker Q u otes.? Benjamin Banneker Watches and Clocks, w w w.ban n eker stor e.com / n ew s/ ben jam i n - ban n eker - qu otes/ .

1778: Free African Society - Partnership for Progress, w w w.f ed p ar tn er sh i p .gov/ m i n or i ty - ban k i n g- ti m el i n e/ f r eeaf r i can - soci et y.

?B en jam i n B an n eker .? Benjamin Banneker H istorical Park and M useum, 19 Jan . 20 19, f r i en d sof ben jam i n ban n eker .com / h i stor y / ben jam i n - ban n eker - 2/ .

?1831 - N at T u r n er 's Rebel l i on .? AM ERI CAN H ERI TAGE, 1 D ec. 20 20 , w w w.am er i can h er i t age.com / 1831- n attu r n er s- r ebel l i on .

?B en jam i n B an n eker .? Biography.com, A & E N etw or k s Tel ev i si on , 23 Ju n e 20 20 , w w w.bi ogr ap h y.com / sci en ti st/ ben jam i n - ban n eker .

?A Beacon of Resi l i en ce an d L ove: H ar r i et T u bm an .? National Park Foundation, w w w.n at i on al p ar k s.or g/ con n ect/ bl og/ beacon - r esi l i en ce- an d - l ove - h ar r i et - tu bm an .

?B en jam i n B an n eker .? Encyclopædia Britannica, En cy cl op æd i a B r i tan n i ca, I n c., 5 N ov. 20 20 , w w w.br i tan n i ca.com / bi ogr ap h y / B en jam i n - Ban n eker .

?A bol i t i on .? Emerging America, em er gi n gam er i ca.or g/ ex h i bi ts/ r ad i cal - equ al i ty / back gr ou n d / abol i ti on . A br ah am , A r t h u r . T he Amistad Revolt an H istorical Legacy of Sierra Leone and the United States. U n i ted St at es I n f or m ati on Ser v i ce, 1998. Ad m i n . Each Story Told, 10 Feb. 20 19, each st or y t ol d .com / 20 19/ 0 2/ 10 / p h i l l i s- w h eatl ey - p oem - f or - geor ge - w ash i n gt on - w ash i n gt on - r esp on se- an d - l etter - r est- of - stor y / . African Americans and the End of Slavery in M assachusetts, w w w.m assh i st.or g/ en d of sl aver y / i n d ex .p h p ?i d =57. ?A f r i can M et h od i st Ep i scop al Ch u r ch .? Encyclopædia Britannica, En cy cl op æd i a B r i t an n i ca, I n c., w w w.br i tan n i ca.com / t op i c/ A f r i can - M eth od i st- Ep i scop al - Ch u r ch . ?A f r i can s i n A m er i ca/ Par t 1/ Bacon 's Rebel l i on .? PBS, Pu bl i c Br oad cast i n g Ser v i ce, w w w.p bs.or g/ w gbh / ai a/ p ar t1/ 1p 274.h tm l .

?B en jam i n B an n eker .? W H H A (En- US), w w w.w h i teh ou seh i stor y.or g/ ben jam i n - ban n eker . B l ack Past. H istoric African American Churches, w w w.bl ack p ast .or g/ sp eci al - f eatu r es/ h i stor i c- af r i can - am er i can - ch u r ch es/ . B l akem or e, Er i n . W hy America's First Colonial Rebels Burned Jamestown to the Ground. 2 Au g. 20 19, w w w.h i stor y.com / n ew s/ bacon s- r ebel l i on jam estow n - col on i al - am er i ca. ?B l eed i n g K an sas (A r ti cl e).? K han Academy, K h an Acad em y, w w w.k h an acad em y.or g/ h u m an i ti es/ u s- h i stor y / ci v i l - w ar - er a/ secti on al - ten si on - 1850 s/ a/ bl eed i n g- k an sas. ?B l eed i n g K an sas.? PBS, Pu bl i c B r oad casti n g Ser v i ce, w w w.p bs.or g/ w gbh / ai a/ p ar t4/ 4p 2952.h tm l . B r ock , Jar ed . ?T h e Stor y of Josi ah H en son , th e Real I n sp i r ati on f or 'U n cl e Tom 's Cabi n '.? Smithsonian.com, Sm i th son i an I n st i t u t i on , 16 M ay 20 18, w w w.sm i th son i an m ag.com / h i stor y / stor y - josi ah h en son - r eal - i n sp i r ati on - u n cl e- tom s- cabi n - 180 9690 94/ .

?A f r i can s i n A m er i ca/ Par t 2/ Ban n eker 's L et ter to Jef f er son .? PBS, Pu bl i c B r oad casti n g Ser v i ce, w w w.p bs.or g/ w gbh / ai a/ p ar t2/ 2h 71.h tm l .

Cl ai r e Ber kow i tz an d K ar en Boar d M or an . ?A m er i can A n t i - Sl aver y Soci ety.? W W H P, w w w.w w h p .or g/ Resou r ces/ Sl aver y / aass.h t m l .

?A f r i can s i n A m er i ca/ Par t 2/ Cr i sp u s At tu ck s.? PBS, Pu bl i c Br oad cast i n g Ser v i ce, w w w.p bs.or g/ w gbh / ai a/ p ar t2/ 2p 24.h tm l .

?Com p r om i se of 1850 .? Encyclopædia Britannica, En cy cl op æd i a B r i tan n i ca, I n c., k i d s.br i tan n i ca.com / stu d en ts/ ar ti cl e/ Com p r om i seof - 1850 / 273762.

?A f r i can s i n A m er i ca/ Par t 2/ Fou n d 1st A f r i can Bap t i st Ch u r ch Sv n h .? PBS, Pu bl i c B r oad cast i n g Ser v i ce, w w w.p bs.or g/ w gbh / ai a/ p ar t2/ 2p 30 .h tm l .

?Com p r om i se of 1850 Facts f or K i d s.? W ikt:Runaway, k i d s.k i d d l e.co/ Com p r om i se_ of _ 1850 .

?A f r i can s i n A m er i ca/ Par t 3/ N at T u r n er 's Rebel l i on .? PBS, Pu bl i c Br oad cast i n g Ser v i ce, w w w.p bs.or g/ w gbh / ai a/ p ar t3/ 3p 1518.h tm l .

?Com p r om i se of 1850 Facts, W or k sh eets & Key Even ts For K i d s.? KidsKonnect, 19 Sep t. 20 20 , k i d skon n ect.com / h i stor y / com p r om i seof - 1850 / .

A l ex an d er , Ker r i L ee. ?El i zabeth Fr eem an .? National Women's H istory M useum, w w w.w om en sh i st or y.or g/ ed u cat i on - r esou r ces/ bi ogr ap h i es/ el i zabet h - f r eem an .

Contribution to H istory and Literature, w w w.p h i l l i s- w h eatl ey.or g/ i n f l u en ce/ .

American Anti- Slavery Society American Abolitionists and Antislavery Activists, am er i can abol i t i on i sts.com / am er i can - an ti - sl aver y - soci ety.h tm l .

?Cr eated Equ al : H ow Ben jam i n B an n eker Ch al l en ged Jef f er son on Race an d Fr eed om .? Facing H istory and Ourselves, w w w.f aci n gh i stor y.or g/ n obi gotr y / r ead i n gs/ cr eated - equ al .

?A m er i can A n t i - Sl aver y Soci et y.? American Anti- Slavery Society - Ohio H istory Central, oh i oh i st or y cen t r al .or g/ w / A m er i can _ A n ti - Sl aver y _ Soci ety.

?D i gi tal Com m on w eal th .? Search - D igital Commonwealth, w w w.d i gi tal com m on w eal th .or g/ sear ch ?f %5B col l ecti on _ n am e_ ssi m %5D %5B %5D =A n ti - Sl aver y +%28Col l ecti on +of +D i sti n cti on %29% 2CL i ber ator .

?A m er i can A n t i - Sl aver y Soci et y.? Encyclopædia Britannica, En cy cl op æd i a B r i t an n i ca, I n c., w w w.br i tan n i ca.com / t op i c/ A m er i can - A n ti - Sl aver y - Soci ety.

?El i zabeth Fr eem an .? Elizabeth Freeman Center, w w w.el i zabeth f r eem an cen ter .or g/ w h o- w e- ar e/ el i zabeth - f r eem an / .

?A m er i can Ci v i l W ar .? D ucksters Educational Site, w w w.d u ck st er s.com / h i st or y / ci v i l _ w ar / joh n _ br ow n _ an d _ th e_ h ar p er s_ f er r y _ r ai d .p h p . ?A m i st ad M u t i n y.? Encyclopædia Britannica, En cy cl op æd i a Br i tan n i ca, I n c., w w w.br i t an n i ca.com / even t / A m i st ad - m u ti n y. ?A Ri f l e Fr om Joh n B r ow n 's Rai d At H ar p er s Fer r y.? JustCollecting, w w w.ju st col l ect i n g.com / f i r ear m s/ a- r i f l e- f r om - joh n - br ow n s- r ai d - at - h ar p er s- f er r y. Atlas M ap: T he Compromise of 1850 and Kansas- Nebraska Act of 1854, w p s.abl on gm an .com / w p s/ m ed i a/ objects/ 1676/ 171630 9/ atl as/ atl _ ah 3_ m 0 0 9.h t m l . ?Bacon 's Rebel l i on i n V i r gi n i a i n th e Year s 1675 & 1676.? Virginia M useum of H istory & Culture, 21 Sep t . 20 20 , w w w.v i r gi n i ah i st or y.or g/ n od e/ 2292. Bass, Sh ar on L . ?T h e A m i stad Revol t : 'A Tal e of T r i u m p h ' (Pu bl i sh ed 1989).? T he New York T imes, T h e N ew Yor k T i m es, 22 O ct . 1989, w w w.n y ti m es.com / 1989/ 10 / 22/ n y r egi on / t h e- am i st ad - r evol t - a- t al e- of - t r i u m p h .h tm l .

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

?El l en Sm i th Cr af t: Geor gi a W om en of Ach i evem en t.? Georgiawomen, w w w.geor gi aw om en .or g/ el l en - sm i th - cr af t. Encyclopædia Britannica, En cy cl op æd i a B r i tan n i ca, I n c., k i d s.br i tan n i ca.com / k i d s/ ar ti cl e/ A m i stad / 384640 . ?Fi sk U n i ver si ty H i stor y.? Fisk University, w w w.f i sk .ed u / abou t/ h i stor y / . ?Fou n d er s O n l i n e: To T h om as Jef f er son f r om Ben jam i n B an n eker , 19 Au gu st 1791.? N ati on al A r ch i ves an d Recor d s Ad m i n i str ati on , N ati on al A r ch i ves an d Recor d s Ad m i n i str ati on , f ou n d er s.ar ch i ves.gov/ d ocu m en ts/ Jef f er son / 0 1- 22- 0 2- 0 0 49. ?Fr ee A f r i can Soci ety.? Encyclopædia Britannica, En cy cl op æd i a B r i tan n i ca, I n c., w w w.br i tan n i ca.com / top i c/ Fr ee- A f r i can - Soci ety. ?Fr eed U .S. Sl aves D ep ar t on Jou r n ey to A f r i ca.? H istory.com, A & E Tel ev i si on N etw or k s, 2 M ar . 20 10 , w w w.h i stor y.com / th i s- d ay - i n h i stor y / f r eed - u - s- sl aves- d ep ar t- on - jou r n ey - to- af r i ca. ?Fu gi ti ve Sl ave Acts.? Encyclopædia Britannica, En cy cl op æd i a B r i tan n i ca, I n c., w w w.br i tan n i ca.com / even t/ Fu gi ti ve- Sl ave- Acts.

?Geor gi a St or i es.? PBS, Pu bl i c Br oad casti n g Ser v i ce, 1 Jan . 1996, w w w.p bs.or g/ v i d eo/ geor gi a- stor i es- stor y - w i l l i am - an d - el l en - cr af t/ . Geor gi n i , Sar a. ?'T h e N or t h St ar ' A m p l i f i ed Bl ack Voi ces. H ow a 20 19 Reboot of Fr ed er i ck D ou gl ass' Pap er H op es to D o th e Sam e.? Smithsonian.com, Sm i t h son i an I n sti t u ti on , 14 Feb. 20 19, w w w.sm i t h son i an m ag.com / h i stor y / f r ed er i ck- d ou gl ass- n or th - star am p l i f i ed - bl ack- voi ces- r eboot - n ew sp ap er - h op i n g- d o- sam e180 97150 0 . Gl ass, A n d r ew. ?Con gr ess En act s Fi r st Fu gi ti ve Sl ave L aw, Feb. 12, 1793.? POLI T I CO, 12 Feb. 20 14, w w w.p ol i t i co.com / stor y / 20 14/ 0 2/ t h i s- d ay - i n - p ol i ti cs- con gr essen acts- f i r st- f u gi t i ve- sl ave- l aw - f eb- 12- 1793- 10 3375. ?Gl obal Con n ect i on s . L i ber i a . H i st or y.? PBS, Pu bl i c Br oad casti n g Ser v i ce, w w w.p bs.or g/ w gbh / gl obal con n ect i on s/ l i ber i a/ essay s/ h i stor y / . Gr een sp an , Jesse. ?H ow th e A m i st ad Rebel l i on , an d I ts Ex t r aor d i n ar y T r i al , U n f ol d ed .? H istory.com, A & E Tel ev i si on N et w or k s, 2 Ju ly 20 14, w w w.h i st or y.com / n ew s/ t h e- am i stad - sl ave- r ebel l i on - 175- y ear s- ago. ?H ai t i an Revol u ti on Facts f or K i d s.? H aitian Revolution Facts for Kids, k i d s.k i d d l e.co/ H ai ti an _ Revol u ti on . ?H ai t i an Revol u ti on Facts, W or k sh eets & Back gr ou n d For K i d s.? KidsKonnect, 9 D ec. 20 19, k i d skon n ect.com / h i stor y / h ai t i an - r evol u ti on / .

K l ei n , Ch r i stop h er . ?Sol om on N or th u p A f ter H i s ?12 Year s a Sl ave.?? H istory.com, A & E Tel ev i si on N etw or k s, 28 O ct. 20 13, w w w.h i stor y.com / n ew s/ sol om on - n or th u p - af ter - h i s- 12- y ear s- a- sl ave. ?L i ber i a? Si er r a L eon e Rel ati on s.? W ikipedia, W i k i m ed i a Fou n d at i on , 25 Ju n e 20 20 , en .w i k i p ed i a.or g/ w i k i / L i ber i a%E2%80 %93Si er r a_ L eon e_ r el ati on s.

?H ar r i et B eech er St ow e - U n cl e Tom 's Cabi n .? Ushistory.org, I n d ep en d en ce H al l A ssoci at i on , w w w.u sh i stor y.or g/ u s/ 28d .asp .

Lift Ev'ry Voice, 1830- 1860 . H ei n em an n , 20 0 4.

?H ar r i et T u bm an an d th e En d of Sl aver y.? Constitutional Rights Foundation, w w w.cr f - u sa.or g/ i m ages/ p d f / gates/ H ar r i et-T u bm an En d - of - Sl avey.p d f .

M ack , Fel i ci a. Solomon Northup (180 8- ?), 25 Feb. 20 20 , w w w.bl ack p ast.or g/ af r i can - am er i can - h i stor y / n or th u p - sol om on 180 8/ .

?H ar r i et T u bm an .? Biography.com, A & E N etw or k s Tel ev i si on , 23 Ju n e 20 20 , w w w.bi ogr ap h y.com / acti v i st / h ar r i et- tu bm an .

?M assach u setts Con sti tu ti on an d th e A bol i ti on of Sl aver y.? M ass.gov, w w w.m ass.gov/ gu i d es/ m assach u setts- con sti tu ti on - an d - th eabol i ti on - of - sl aver y.

?H ar r i et T u bm an .? Encyclopædia Britannica, En cy cl op æd i a Br i tan n i ca, I n c., 17 D ec. 20 20 , w w w.br i tan n i ca.com / bi ogr ap h y / H ar r i et-T u bm an . ?H ar r i et T u bm an .? PBS, Pu bl i c Br oad casti n g Ser v i ce, w w w.p bs.or g/ w gbh / ai a/ p ar t4/ 4p 1535.h tm l . H i ggi n s, A bi gai l . ?M eet El i zabet h Fr eem an , th e Fi r st En sl aved W om an t o Su e f or H er Fr eed om - an d W i n .? H istory.com, A & E Tel ev i si on N et w or k s, 22 M ar . 20 19, w w w.h i st or y.com / n ew s/ el i zabet h - f r eem an - sl aver y - case- d r ed - scott- f r eed om . H i st or y.com Ed i t or s. ?Bl eed i n g K an sas.? H istory.com, A & E Tel ev i si on N et w or k s, 27 O ct . 20 0 9, w w w.h i st or y.com / top i cs/ 19th - cen tu r y / bl eed i n g- k an sas. H i st or y.com Ed i t or s. ?Fu gi ti ve Sl ave Acts.? H istory.com, A & E Tel ev i si on N et w or k s, 2 D ec. 20 0 9, w w w.h i st or y.com / top i cs/ bl ack- h i st or y / f u gi ti ve- sl ave- acts. H i st or y.com Ed i t or s. ?Sojou r n er T r u t h .? H istory.com, A & E Tel ev i si on N et w or k s, 29 O ct . 20 0 9, w w w.h i st or y.com / top i cs/ bl ack- h i st or y / sojou r n er - tr u th . ?H i st or y.? Encyclopædia Britannica, En cy cl op æd i a Br i t an n i ca, I n c., w w w.br i tan n i ca.com / p l ace/ L i ber i a/ H i stor y. ?H ow ar d U n i ver si ty.? Encyclopædia Britannica, En cy cl op æd i a Br i tan n i ca, I n c., w w w.br i tan n i ca.com / t op i c/ H ow ar d - U n i ver si ty. H ow H aiti Saved the United States, w w w.soci al st u d i esf or k i d s.com / ar t i cl es/ u sh i st or y / h ai t i an r evol u ti on 2.h tm . H u gh es, A m an d a. ?A m an d a H u gh es.? Constituting America, A m an d a H u gh es h t t p s:// Con st i t u ti n gam er i ca.or g/ W p - Con ten t/ U p l oad s/ 20 17/ 0 7/ l ogo_ w eb_ 360 x 80 .Pn g, 3 A p r . 20 20 , con st i t u t i n gam er i ca.or g/ au gu st- 21- 1831- th e- n attu r n er - sl aver ebel l i on - begi n s- gu est - essay i st- d an i el - a- cotter / . I n sp i r i n gqu ot es.u s. ?Top 17 Q u ot es of Sol om on N or th u p Fam ou s Q u ot es an d Say i n gs: I n sp r i n gqu ot es.u s.? I nspiring Quotes, w w w.i n sp i r i n gqu ot es.u s/ au th or / 3374- sol om on - n or th u p . ?I n ven t i n g B l ack an d W h i te.? Facing H istory and Ourselves, w w w.f aci n gh i stor y.or g/ h ol ocau stan d - h u m an - beh av i or / ch ap ter 2/ i n ven t i n g- bl ack- an d - w h i t e. JakeS Ju ly 26, an d JakeS. ?T h e L i ber ator .? Boston Public Library, w w w.bp l .or g/ bl ogs/ p ost/ t h e- l i ber ator / .

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed dia John Brown and the H arpers Ferry Raid, w w w.w vcu l tu r e.or g/ h i stor y / ar ch i ves/ jn obr ow n .h tm l . nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt u ?Joh n Br ow n 's Rai d on H ar p er s Fer r y.? H istory.com, A & E Tel ev i si on labore eti s-dolore magna aliquyam e N etw or k s, 13 N ov. 20 0 9, w w w.h i stor y.com / th d ay - i n - h i stor y/ joh n - br ow n s- r ai d - on - h ar p er s- f er r y. sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et ?Ju r y D eci d es i n Favor of El i zabeth .? American Optical Celebrates 150th accusam justo dolores et ea Anniversary, w w w.m assm om en ts.or g/ m om en t- et d etai l s/ ju r y duo - d eci d esi n - f avor - of - el i zabeth - m u m - bett- f r eem an .h tm l . rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, n ?K an sas- N ebr ask a Act Facts, I n f or m ati on & W or k sh eets: K i d s Stu d y takimata sanctus est Lorem ips Gu i d e.? KidsKonnect, 19 Sep t. 20 20sea , k i d skon n ect.com / soci al - stu d i es/ k an sas- n ebr ask a- act/ . dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor ?K an sas N ebr ask a Act.? United States H istory for Kids, Si teseen amet, sadipscing elitr, s L i m i ted , 9 Jan . 20 18, w w w.am er i can - h i storconsetetur am a.or g/ 1850 - 1860 secessi on - er a/ k an sas- n ebr ask a- act.h tm . diam nonumy eirmod tempor invid K i ger , Patr i ck J. ?8 T h i n gs W e K n ow A bou t Cr i sp u s Attu ck s.? utk s,labore H istory.com, A & E Tel ev i si on N etw or 3 Feb. 20et 20 ,dolore magna aliquyam w w w.h i stor y.com / n ew s/ cr i sp u s- attu ck s- am er i can - r evol u t i on erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eo boston - m assacr e.

M i ch al s, Ed i ted by D ebr a. ?H ar r i et T u bm an .? National Women's H istory M useum, w w w.w om en sh i stor y.or g/ ed u cati on - r esou r ces/ bi ogr ap h i es/ h ar r i et- tu bm an . M i ch al s, Ed i ted by D ebr a. ?Sojou r n er T r u th .? National Women's H istory M useum, w w w.w om en sh i stor y.or g/ ed u cati on - r esou r ces/ bi ogr ap h i es/ sojou r n er - tr u th . M i l l er , A . G. ?A T i m el i n e of B l ack Ch r i sti an i ty B ef or e th e Ci v i l W ar .? Christian H istory | Learn the H istory of Christianity & the Church, Ch r i sti an H i stor y, 1 A p r . 1999, w w w.ch r i sti an i ty tod ay.com / h i stor y / i ssu es/ i ssu e- 62/ bl ack- ch r i sti an i ty - bef or e- ci v i l - w ar - ch r i st i an h i stor y.h tm l . ?M i ssou r i Com p r om i se.? Encyclopædia Britannica, En cy cl op æd i a Br i tan n i ca, I n c., k i d s.br i tan n i ca.com / stu d en ts/ ar ti cl e/ M i ssou r i Com p r om i se/ 275870 . ?M i ssou r i Com p r om i se Facts, W or k sh eets & H i stor i cal I n f or m at i on For K i d s.? KidsKonnect, 19 Sep t. 20 20 , k i d skon n ect.com / h i stor y / m i ssou r i - com p r om i se- f acts/ . ?M i ssou r i Com p r om i se: Pr i m ar y D ocu m en ts i n A m er i can H i st or y : I n tr od u cti on .? Research Guides, gu i d es.l oc.gov/ m i ssou r i - com p r om i se # :~:tex t=I n %20 1854%2C%20 th e%20 M i ssou r i %20 Com p r om i se, p r oh i bi t%20 sl aver y %20 i n %20 th e%20 ter r i tor i es. ?M i ssou r i Com p r om i se.? United States H istory for Kids, Si teseen L i m i ted , 9 Jan . 20 18, w w w.am er i can - h i stor am a.or g/ 180 1- 1828evol u ti on / m i ssou r i - com p r om i se.h tm . M om od u , Sam u el . T he Amistad M utiny, 1839, 14 Au g. 20 20 , w w w.bl ack p ast.or g/ af r i can - am er i can - h i stor y / am i stad - m u ti n y - 1839/ . M or gan , T h ad . ?T h e D ar i n g D i sgu i se T h at H el p ed O n e En sl aved Cou p l e Escap e to Fr eed om .? H istory.com, A & E Tel ev i si on N et w or k s, 28 Feb. 20 20 , w w w.h i stor y.com / n ew s/ sl aver y - escap e- w i l l i am el l en - cr af t. ?M u m B ett.? Biography.com, A & E N etw or k s Tel ev i si on , 8 N ov. 20 20 , w w w.bi ogr ap h y.com / acti v i st/ m u m - bett. N Cpedia, w w w.n cp ed i a.or g/ an ch or / n attu r n er s- r ebel l i on . N egassa, Sem h ar . Freetown, Sierra Leone (1792- ), 6 Feb. 20 20 , w w w.bl ack p ast.or g/ gl obal - af r i can - h i stor y / f r eetow n - si er r al eon e- 1792/ .

T h e Ad ven t Sch ool

am ut erat,

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N i el sen , Eu el l A . Fi r st A f r i can Bap t i st Ch u r ch , Sav an n ah , Geor gi a (1773- ), 6 Feb. 20 20 , w w w.bl ack p ast.or g/ af r i can - am er i can - h i stor y / f i r st - af r i can - bap ti st - ch u r ch - savan n ah - geor gi a- 1777/

?T h e A m i stad Case.? National Archives and Records Administration, N ati on al A r ch i ves an d Recor d s Ad m i n i str ati on , w w w.ar ch i ves.gov/ ed u cati on / l esson s/ am i stad .

?N or t h w est O r d i n an ce.? Northwest Ordinance - Academic Kids, w w w.acad em i ck i d s.com / en cy cl op ed i a/ i n d ex .p h p / N or th w est_ O r d i n an ce. ?N or t h w est O r d i n an ces.? Encyclopædia Britannica, En cy cl op æd i a Br i tan n i ca, I n c., w w w.k i d s.br i tan n i ca.com / stu d en ts/ ar t i cl e/ N or t h w est - O r d i n an ces/ 331583.

?T h e B l ack Ch u r ch .? PBS, Pu bl i c Br oad casti n g Ser v i ce, w w w.p bs.or g/ w gbh / am er i can ex p er i en ce/ f eatu r es/ god i n am er i cabl ack- ch u r ch / . ?T h e Com p r om i se of 1850 .? United States H istory for Kids, Si teseen L i m i ted , 9 Jan . 20 18, w w w.am er i can - h i stor am a.or g/ 1850 - 1860 secessi on - er a/ com p r om i seof - 1850 .h tm .

?Peace Q u ot e.? Levellers, 22 A p r . 20 0 7, l evel l er s.w or d p r ess.com / 20 0 7/ 0 4/ 22/ p eace- qu ote- 6/ .

?T h e Con sti tu ti on an d Sl aver y.? Constitutional Rights Foundation, w w w.cr f - u sa.or g/ bl ack- h i stor y - m on th / th e- con sti tu ti on - an d sl aver y.

?Ph i l an th r op i c Ach i evem en t of th e W eek : A m er i can A n ti - Sl aver y Soci et y.? Alliance for Charitable Reform, 27 Au g. 20 15, w w w.acr ef or m .or g/ p aw / p h i l an t h r op i c- ach i evem en t- of - th e- w eekam er i can - an t i - sl aver y - soci ety / . ?Ph i l l i s W h eat l ey.? Biography.com, A & E N etw or k s Tel ev i si on , 23 Sep t. 20 20 , w w w.bi ogr ap h y.com / w r i ter / p h i l l i s- w h eatl ey. ?Q u ot es by Jean - Jacqu es D essal i n es: A- Z Q u ot es.? A, w w w.azqu otes.com / au th or / 41722- Jean _ Jacqu es_ D essal i n e. ?Revol t .? Legal I nformation I nstitute, L egal I n f or m ati on I n sti tu te, w w w.l aw.cor n el l .ed u / back gr ou n d / am i stad / r evol t.h tm l . Ri ck s, M ar y K ay. ?W h o Fou n d ed L i ber i a?? Slate M agazine, Sl ate, 3 Ju ly 20 0 3, sl at e.com / n ew s- an d - p ol i ti cs/ 20 0 3/ 0 7/ w h o- f ou n d ed l i ber i a.h t m l . Ri t t m an , Em i ly. ?B l ack H i st or y M on th : Joh n Br ow n an d 'B l eed i n g K an sas'.? KCT V Kansas City, 28 Feb. 20 20 , w w w.kct v 5.com / n ew s/ bl ack _ h i st or y _ m on th / bl ack- h i st or y - m on th - joh n - br ow n - an d bl eed i n g- k an sas/ v i d eo_ ca2d a9f 4- 3521- 523a- 858e- 8eb32ebcd 183. h tm l . Sh ah i d , Fu r qan . ?Fam ou s Poet s an d Poem s of 18th Cen tu r y : 18th Cen t u r y Poet r y.? Write a Writing, 10 N ov. 20 14, w w w.w r i t eaw r i ti n g.com / w r i te/ gr eat est- p oets- 18th - cen tu r y. ?Si er r a L eon e.? Slavery and Remembrance, sl aver y an d r em em br an ce.or g/ ar t i cl es/ ar ti cl e/ ?i d =A0 140 . Si m ba, M al i k . T he T hree- Fifths Clause of the United States Constitution (1787), 17 Sep t . 20 19, w w w.bl ack p ast.or g/ af r i can - am er i can - h i stor y / t h r ee- f i f t h s- cl au se- u n i t ed - st at es- con sti tu ti on - 1787/ . ?Sl aver y, t h e Con st i t u ti on , an d a L asti n g L egacy.? Explore H istory At Our H ouse, 1 A p r . 20 19, w w w.m on tp el i er .or g/ l ear n / sl aver y con st i t u t i on - l ast i n g- l egacy. ?Sl aver y an d t h e M ak i n g of A m er i ca . T h e Sl ave Ex p er i en ce: L egal Ri gh t s & Gov 't : PB S.? Slavery and the M aking of America . T he Slave Experience: Legal Rights & Gov't | PBS, w w w.t h i r t een .or g/ w n et/ sl aver y / ex p er i en ce/ l egal / d ocs2.h tm l .

?T h e D ecl ar ati on of I n d ep en d en ce.? PBS, Pu bl i c B r oad casti n g Ser v i ce, w w w.p bs.or g/ w gbh / am er i can ex p er i en ce/ f eatu r es/ ad am s- d ecl ar ati on - i n d ep en d en ce/ . ?T h e Excep ti on al L i f e of B en jam i n B an n eker - Rose- M ar gar et Eken g- I tu a.? T ED , T ED - Ed , ed .ted .com / l esson s/ th e- excep ti on al l i f e- of - ben jam i n - ban n eker - r ose- m ar gar et- eken g- i tu a. ?T h e L i ber ator .? Encyclopædia Britannica, En cy cl op æd i a B r i tan n i ca, I n c., w w w.br i tan n i ca.com / top i c/ T h e- L i ber ator A m er i can - n ew sp ap er . ?T h e L i ber ator .? Omeka RSS, am er i can an ti qu ar i an .or g/ ear ly am er i can n ew sm ed i a/ ex h i bi ts/ sh ow / n ew s- i n - an tebel l u m am er i ca/ i tem / 17. ?T h e L ost M u seu m A r ch i ve.? T he Constitution of the American Anti- Slavery Society, w w w.l ostm u seu m .cu n y.ed u / ar ch i ve/ th econ sti tu ti on - of - th e- am er i can - an ti sl aver y. ?T h e N or th Star .? Encyclopædia Britannica, En cy cl op æd i a B r i tan n i ca, I n c., w w w.br i tan n i ca.com / top i c/ T h e- N or th - Star A m er i can - n ew sp ap er . ?T h e Stor y of Si er r a L eon e's K r i o Peop l e - i n Pi ctu r es.? BBC News, BB C, 4 O ct. 20 19, w w w.bbc.com / n ew s/ w or l d - af r i ca- 49726461. ?T h e U .S. Con sti tu ti on .? Junior Scholastic M agazine, ju n i or .sch ol asti c.com / i ssu es/ 20 17- 18/ 0 90 417/ 5- m i n u te- gu i d e- toth e- u s- con sti tu ti on .h tm l . ?T h r ee- Fi f th s Com p r om i se.? Encyclopædia Britannica, En cy cl op æd i a B r i tan n i ca, I n c., w w w.br i tan n i ca.com / top i c/ th r ee- f i f th s- com p r om i se. ?Tod ay i n H i stor y - N ovem ber 9.? T he Library of Congress, w w w.l oc.gov/ i tem / tod ay - i n - h i stor y / n ovem ber - 0 9/ . ?Tou ssai n t L ou ver tu r e Q u otes.? BrainyQuote, X p l or e, w w w.br ai n y qu ote.com / qu otes/ tou ssai n t_ l ou ver tu r e_ 751570 .

?Sojou r n er T r u t h .? Biography.com, A & E N et w or k s Tel ev i si on , 24 Ju n e 20 20 , w w w.bi ogr ap h y.com / acti v i st / sojou r n er - tr u t h .

?T w elve Year s a Sl ave.? Book by Solomon Northup, D olen Perkins-Valdez | Official Publisher Page | Simon & Schuster, 37 I n k , w w w.si m on an d sch u ster .com / book s/ T w elve-Year s- a- Sl ave/ Sol om on - N or th u p / 9781476767345.

?Sol om on N or t h u p .? Biography.com, A & E N etw or k s Tel ev i si on , 24 Sep t . 20 20 , w w w.bi ogr ap h y.com / w r i t er / sol om on - n or th u p .

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?Sol om on N or t h u p .? Encyclopædia Britannica, En cy cl op æd i a Br i tan n i ca, I n c., w w w.br i tan n i ca.com / bi ogr ap h y / Sol om on - N or th u p .

?U n cl e Tom 's Cabi n .? H arriet Beecher Stowe Center, w w w.h ar r i etbeech er stow ecen ter .or g/ h ar r i etbeech er - st ow e/ u n cl e- tom s- cabi n / .

St ear t , Jef f er y C. 10 0 1 T hings Everyone Should Know about African American H istory. Gr am er cy Book s, 20 0 6. Su m m er s, Ju an a. ?H ow ar d U n i ver si t y Sh ap ed K am al a H ar r i s' Path To Pol i t i cal H ei gh t s.? N PR, N PR, 19 Au g. 20 20 , w w w.n p r .or g/ 20 20 / 0 8/ 19/ 90 3716274/ h ow ar d - u n i ver si t y - sh ap ed - k am al a- h ar r i s- p ath t o- p ol i ti cal - h ei gh t s. Tam bu r i n , Ad am . ?6 Fi sk U n i ver si t y A l u m n i You Sh ou l d K n ow A bou t.? T he Tennessean, T h e Ten n essean , 27 Feb. 20 16, w w w.t en n essean .com / stor y / n ew s/ ed u cati on / 20 16/ 0 2/ 27/ 6- f i sku n i ver si t y - al u m n i - y ou - sh ou l d - k n ow / 80 851198/ . T ED Ed u cat i on . ?T h e El ect r i f y i n g Sp eech es of Sojou r n er T r u th D ai n a Ram ey B er r y.? YouT ube, YouT u be, 28 A p r . 20 20 , w w w.y ou t u be.com / w atch ?v =0 sn 8CU y v G2k . ?T h e A f r i can A m er i can s: M an y Ri ver s to Cr oss w i t h H en r y L ou i s Gat es, Jr .? PBS, Pu bl i c Br oad casti n g Ser v i ce, w w w.p bs.or g/ w n et / af r i can - am er i can s- m an y - r i ver s- to- cr oss. ?T h e A f r i can A m er i can s: M an y Ri ver s to Cr oss.? PBS, Pu bl i c Br oad cast i n g Ser v i ce, 29 O ct . 20 13, w w w.p bs.or g/ v i d eo/ af r i can am er i can s- m an y - r i ver s- cr oss- cl assr oom - f u gi ti ve- sl ave- act/ .

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U.S. D epartment of State, U .S. D ep ar tm en t of State, w w w.h i stor y.state.gov/ m i l eston es/ 1784- 180 0 / h ai ti an - r ev. ?W i l l i am an d El l en Cr af t (1824- 190 0 ; 1826- 1891).? New Georgia Encyclopedia, w w w.geor gi aen cy cl op ed i a.or g/ ar ti cl es/ h i stor y ar ch aeol ogy / w i l l i am - an d - el l en - cr af t- 1824- 190 0 - 1826- 1891. ?W i l l i am L l oy d Gar r i son an d T h e L i ber ator .? Ushistory.org, I n d ep en d en ce H al l A ssoci ati on , w w w.u sh i stor y.or g/ u s/ 28a.asp . ?W i l l i am L l oy d Gar r i son .? PBS, Pu bl i c Br oad casti n g Ser v i ce, w w w.p bs.or g/ w gbh / ai a/ p ar t4/ 4p 1561.h tm l . W i l l i am s, Yoh u r u . ?W h y T h om as Jef f er son 's A n ti - Sl aver y Passage W as Rem oved f r om th e D ecl ar ati on of I n d ep en d en ce.? H istory.com, A & E Tel ev i si on N etw or k s, 29 Ju n e 20 20 , w w w.h i stor y.com / n ew s/ d ecl ar ati on - of - i n d ep en d en ce- d el eted an ti - sl aver y - cl au se- jef f er son . Yee, Sh i r l ey. Free African Society of Philadelphia (1787- ?), 11 O ct. 20 19, w w w.bl ack p ast.or g/ af r i can - am er i can - h i stor y / f r eeaf r i can - soci ety - p h i l ad el p h i a- 1787/ .

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