notes 1. See, e.g., Steven A. Epstein, Speaking of Slavery: Color, Ethnicity, and Human Bondage in Italy (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2001), 107–12, for a description of 357 white slaves in late fourteenth-century Florence. 2. Kate Lowe, “La place des Africains sub-sahariens dans l’histoire européenne, 1400–1600,” in Dieudonné Gnammankou and Yao Modzinoum, eds., Les Africains et leurs descendents en Europe avant le XXe siècle (Toulouse: MAT Éditions, 2008), 71–82, at 75–80. 3. K. J. P. Lowe, “The Stereotyping of Black Africans in Renaissance Europe,” in T. F. Earle and K. J. P. Lowe, eds., Black Africans in Renaissance Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 17–47 at 44–47. 4. Giovanna Fiume and Marilena Modica, eds., San Benedetto il moro: Santità, agiografia e primi processi di canonizzazione (Palermo: Città di Palermo, 1998); Giovanna Fiume, “Il processo ‘de cultu’ a Fra’ Benedetto da San Fratello (1734),” in Giovanna Fiume, ed., Il santo patrono e la città: San Benedetto il Moro: culti, devozioni, strategie di età moderna (Venice: Marsilio, 2000), 231–52; and Nelson Minnich, ‘The Catholic Church and the Pastoral Care of Black Africans in Italy,” in Earle and Lowe, eds., Black Africans, 280–300 at 298–99. 5. Kate Lowe, “Visible Lives: Black Gondoliers and Other Black Africans in Renaissance Venice,” forthcoming, Renaissance Quarterly [2013]. 6. Paul H. D. Kaplan, “Italy, 1490–1700,” in The Image of the Black in Western Art, 3: From the “Age of Discovery” to the Age of Abolition, part 1: Artists of the Renaissance and Baroque, ed. David Bindman and Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (Cambridge Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2010), 93–190 at 94–96; and Lowe, “Visible Lives.” 7. Theodor Hampe, Das Trachtenbuch des Christoph Weiditz: Von seinen Reisen nach Spanien (1529) und den Niederlanden (1531/31) (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1927), pls. xlvii, lxiii, lxiv, lxv, lxvi for slaves wearing anklets. The inscription is on pl. xlvii. 8. William G. Thalmann, “Some Ancient Greek Images of Slavery,” in Richard Alston, Edith Hall, and Laura Profitt, eds., Reading Ancient Slavery (London and New York: Bristol Classical Press, 2011), 72–96 at 78–86. 9. Moriz Thausing ed., Dürers Briefe, Tagebücher und Reime (Vienna: Wilhelm Braumüller, 1872), 114: “Ich habe mit dem Stift seine Mohrin porträtiert,” after 17 March and before 6 April 1521.
10. See below, note 64. Antwerp is in Brabant, and it is not absolutely clear if the Grand Conseil’s jurisdiction included Brabant at this date or if it was exempt. The Grand Conseil took no appeals from Brabant after 1491, and Brabant’s exemption was confirmed in 1530. However, the law relating to slavery is very likely to have been uniform throughout the Low Countries. 11. Paul H. D. Kaplan, “Titian’s Laura Dianti and the Origins of the Motif of the Black Page in Portraiture,” Antichità viva 21:1 (1982): 11–18 at 11–12, and 21:4, 10–18 at 13–14; P. H. D. Kaplan, “Isabella d’Este and Black African Women,” in Earle and Lowe, eds., Black Africans, 125–54 at 154; and Kaplan, “Italy, 1490–1700,” 107–10 and fig. 44. 12. Annemarie Jordan, “Images of Empire: Slaves in the Lisbon Household and Court of Catherine of Austria,” in Earle and Lowe, eds., Black Africans, 155–80 at 175–79 and fig. 45. 13. A. Luzio and R. Renier, “Buffoni, nani e schiavi dei Gonzaga ai tempi d’Isabella d’Este,” Nuova antologia di scienze, lettere ed arti, 3rd series, 34 (1891): 618–50, and 35 (1891): 112–46 at 141; Kate Lowe, “Isabella d’Este and the Acquisition of Black Africans at the Mantuan Court,” in P. Jackson and G. Rebecchini, eds., Mantova e il Rinascimento italiano: Studi in onore di David S. Chambers (Mantua: Sometti, 2011), 65–76 at 70. 14. Jorge Fonseca, Escravos e senhores na Lisboa Quinhentista (Lisbon: Colibri, 2010), 88–100. 15. Os Negros em Portugal—Secs. XV a XIX, exh. cat., Mosteiro de Belém (Lisbon: Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses, 1999), 104–7; Lowe, “The Stereotyping of Black Africans,” 29 and figs. 3, 4, and 9; and the entry by Vitor Serrão in Jay A. Levenson, ed., Encompassing the Globe: Portugal and the World in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Reference Catalogue (Washington, D.C.: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, 2007), 21–22. 16. Debra Blumenthal, Enemies and Familiars: Slavery and Mastery in Fifteenth-Century Valencia (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2009), 82n8. 17. Sergio Tognetti, “The Trade in Black African Slaves in Fifteenth-Century Florence,” in Earle and Lowe, eds., Black Africans, 213–24 at 223–24. 18. Jordan, “Images of Empire,” 73.
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