From the Desk of Shirley Duble
2016 TTREEE Report
2017 Winter Conference Photo Scrapbook
2018 Board of Directors
TURFGRASS TEXAS
4th Quarter 2017
TEXAS TURFGRASS PAST PRESIDENTS Seated (L-R) Daniel McCann, Roger Havlak, Jere Mills, Arthur Milberger, Shirley Duble, Quinton Johnson, Kent Potts, Pam Smith, Danny Smith, Travis Moore back room (L-R) Rick Parker, Terry Jungman, Bruce Burger, James F. Moore, Travis Sales, Craig Potts, Alan Hess, Jerry Roberts, Jon Stephenson, Rey Gomez
Texas Turfgrass Association P.O. Box 9928 College Station, Texas 77842
PERMIT No. 143 BRYAN, TEXAS 77801
PAID
PRESORTED STANDARD U.S. POSTAGE
GOLD GOLD SPONSORS SPONSORS
SILVER SILVER SPONSOR
BRONZEE BRONZ SPONSORS SPONSORS
G SPO
CONTENTS 4
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President’s Message.................................................................. 4 From the Desk of Shirley Duble............................................... 5 Congrats New CPTMs..........................................................6-7 2018 Board of Directors........................................................... 8 Welcome Katie Flowers, the New Executive Director............. 9 2016 TTREEE Report...................................................... 10-16 2017 TTA Winter Conference Photo Scrapbook.............18-22
ADVERTISERS All Seasons Turf Grass............................................................ 9 Barenbrug................................................................Back Cover Bowlin Consulting.................................................................... 5 Burnside Services................................................................... 11 King Ranch Turfgrass............................................................ 23 Thomas Turfgrass.................................................................. 11 Tri-Tex Grass......................................................................... 17 TTA Conference & Show Sponsors......................................... 2
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PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE Happy New Year to all. As we look back on 2017 we have to sit and wonder and the first thing that comes to mind is “Wow”. We had extreme drought in some parts of the state to record flooding in others; a hurricane that left a wide path of mass destruction along the Texas Gulf coast region; and then snowfall to areas that seldom see snow. Recently, while attending a Central Texas Superintendents Association meeting, I was visiting with a golf course superintendent from Port Aransas. He stated “Who would have ever thought that we would be hit by a hurricane and snowfall both in the same Year?” Mother Nature will always be our biggest challenge in our industry. We also ended 2017 with our annual Texas Turfgrass Conference in Arlington. Thank you to all our sponsors, exhibitors and members who attended. If you didn’t attend you missed a great opportunity. The education was “Top Notch”. A special thanks to all our presenters and to the committee that organized the event. Well done! We also finished 2017 by bidding farewell to Shirley Duble. Mrs. Duble’s last day was December 31, 2017. Mrs. Duble has been the Executive Director for over 35 years and has truly become the face of the TTA. Enough cannot be said of the leadership that she gave this great association, from our shows and conferences to the day to day operations of the TTA. We wish her and her husband the very best on their next journey. As we begin 2018 we are very excited about our new Executive Director Katie Flowers. Katie is very excited in her new position and is ready to begin filling the big shoes Mrs. Duble leaves behind. I would also like to thank Danny Smith for a great job last year as president. Under his leadership the organization continued to strive to be the greatest Association in the state. I look forward to serving you as President of the TTA along with working with the Board of Directors. Please share any comments or concerns with myself or any board member so that we can meet your needs and continue to grow our association. Please mark your calendars for the TTA Summer Conference which will be held at Hyatt Lost Pines Resort in Bastrop, July 15-17. Wishing everyone a great 2018 and Keeping Texas Green. Sincerely ,
Patrick Pankratz Patrick Pankratz MCPTM 2018 TTA President
OFFICERS __________________________________ President - Patrick Pankratz, MPTM 830.981.4658 First Vice President - Mike Chandler, MCPTM 254.681.0725 Second Vice President - Whitney Milberger-Laird 713.899.2844 Past President - Danny Smith, CPTM 817.994.4559 Executive Director - Katie Flowers (800) 830.8873 • Fax 979.690.1335 Advisors Dr. Hennen Cummings, Tarleton State University Dr. Joseph Young, Texas Tech University Dr. Ben Wherley, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Website.........................................www.texasturf.com DIRECTORS ________________________________ Region I Brian Noel, CPTM...........................806.341.2933 Scott Anderson..............................915.368.3551 Region II Rusty Walker, CSFM, CPTM...............817.229.0416 Raymond Miller.............................813.363.9059 Region III Corbett White...............................210.326.7091 Clark Wheatley, CPTM....................512.712.3161 Region IV Neal Iverson..................................972.207.2058 Phil Lozano. MCPTM........................972.317.7430 Region V Craig Potts, CSFM...........................979.862.5439 Russell Coe, MCPTM........................214.768.1290 Region VI Brad Bentsen, MCPTM.....................956.580.8760 Emory Thomas, MCPTM..................979.532.2593 Region VII Scott Walker..................................713.557.0279 Irene Gavranovic-Sipes..................281.375.7505
_______________________________________________ Published quarterly by the Texas Tur fgrass A s s o c i at i o n , I n c . S t at e m e n t s o f f a c t a n d opinion are made on the responsibility of the authors alone and do not imply an opinion or endorsement on the part of the officers and members of the Texas Turfgrass Association, Inc. For information on advertising rates contact Texas Turfgrass, P. O. Box 9928, College Station, Texas 77842. Email any questions to info@texasturf. com. Design and printing by AlphaGraphics, Bryan/ College Station, Texas, 979.779.1234
FROM THE DESK OF SHIRLEY DUBLE Shirley Duble
Executive Director - Texas Turfgrass Association Thank you... for the great honor you bestowed upon me at the recent conference. The A.W. Crain Diamond Award is something I will always cherish. I have known for years what this award represents and to receive it twice is something that I will never forget. It is such an honor. To the TTA boards... for the opportunity to serve as Executive Director of the Texas Turfgrass Association for 36 years. It has been a pleasure to have served with all of the board members through the years and to see the continued work to make this Association the best in the state. To the Presidents... As presidents of the Association, you dedicated yourselves to improvements in so many ways -- educational conferences are just one facet. Your behind-the-scenes work has never gone unnoticed by me. To the members... It has been inspirational to have known dedicated individuals such as you who work tirelessly to make sure that the turf in Texas is the best. I have watched as you continued to educate yourselves. You have learned through speakers who have shared their expertise at the conferences and vendors who have shown you new products/equipment through the years. More importantly, you have learned by sharing information with your peers on what has worked at your facility and what has not. Your sharing information is so important in this industry and you gain so much knowledge from it. You may have made new friends or even met new employers/employees along the way. It has been an honor to know each and every one of you. I know you will continue your support for the Texas Turfgrass Association and each other.
Shirley Duble
Stovy L. Bowlin, PhD TCEQ Licensed Texas Irrigator #LI0009265 IA Certified Irrigation Designer IA Certified Golf Irrigation Auditor (C) 512-560-0010 stovy@bowlinconsulting.com Collaborating to Bring You Turnkey Irrigation Design & Consulting Services New Construction & Renovation Projects; AutoCad Design; GPS Mapping; As-Built Drawings; Central Control Programming; Interactive Maps; Irrigation System Audits; Government Permitting; Water Demand and Water Use Analysis; Staff Training
Robert K. Larson (C) 903-244-8297 rlarson@larsongolfservices.com Kyle R. Larson TCEQ Licensed Texas Irrigator #LI0022226 TCEQ On-Site Sewage Facilities Installer I IA Certified Golf Irrigation Auditor (C) 830-275-3247 klarson@larsongolfservices.com Larson Golf Services Offers Comprehensive Golf Construction Services USGA Greens Construction; Laser Guided Tee & Bunker Shaping & Construction; Total Golf Course Renovations; Irrigation Repairs & Maintenance; GPS As-Builts & Mapping; Lake & Tank Construction
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CPTM’s…..
CONGRATS NEW CPTMs
Sarah Rodriguez City of Odessa
Kym Hughes City of Plano Parks Dept.
Wilton Stewart Round Rock I.S.D.
Randall Anderson City of Odessa
Kenneth Hurbough Greater Texas Landscape (Watauga)
Christopher Neeley City of Grapevine
R. Scott Bush Big Leagues Dreams (Mansfield)
Chuck Todd Garland I.S.D.
Cash Reed SSC Service Solutions @ TAMU (College Station)
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Juan Sanchez Juan Sanchez City of Farmers City of Farmers Branch Branch
Jaxon Bailey Jaxon Bailey Sports Field Sports Holding Field Holding (Benbrook) (Benbrook)
Jerri Pond Jerri Pond City of Odessa City of Odessa
David Ellison David Ellison City of Coppell City of Coppell
AND AND TO OUR TO OUR NEW NEW MASTER MASTER CPTM’S CPTM’S
Bruce Vento Bruce Vento Texas A&M Texas University A&M University
Dennis Sewell Dennis Sewell City Parks of Wylie Parks Dept. City of Wylie Dept. presentedpresented plaque byplaque by TTA President Danny Smith TTA President Danny Smith
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2018 BOARD OF DIRECTORS President
Executive Director
Past President
Directors Region 1
Patrick Pankratz, MCPTM Fair Oaks Country Club 7900 Fair Oaks Parkway Fair Oaks Ranch, TX 78015 830-981-4658 Patrick.Pankratz@ourclub.com Danny Smith, CPTM City of Forth Worth Golf 2341 Amyx Ranch Road Ponder, TX 76259 817-994-4559 golfdrs@yahoo.com
First Vice President
Mike Chandler, MCPTM Onion Creek 2300 Antelope Trail Harker Heights, TX 76548 254-681-0725 michandl7@aol.com
Second Vice President
Whitney Milberger-Laird Masuen Consulting, LLC 178 CR 166 Bay City, TX 77414 713-899-2844 wmlaird@masuenconsulting.com
Advisors
Dr. Ben Wherley Texas A&M AgriLife Research TAMU - Soil & Crop Sciences College Station, TX 77843-2474 979-845-1591 Ben-wherley@tamu.edu Dr. Hennen Cummings Tarleton State University Box T-0050 Stephenville, TX 76402 254-968-9223 hcummings@tarleton.edu Dr. Joey Young Texas Tech University Dept. of Plant and Soil Sciences, Box 42122 Lubbock, TX 79409 806-834-8457 Joey.Young@ttu.edu
Katie Flowers PO Box 9928 College Station, TX 77842 800-830-8873 katie@texasturf.com
Scott Anderson, CPTM City of Odessa Parks & Rec 1100 West 42nd Odessa, TX 79764 915-368-3551 sanderson@odessa-tx.gov Brian Noel, CPTM City of Canyon 301 16th Street Canyon, TX 79015 806-341-2933
Region 2
Rusty Walker, CPTM, CSFM City of Grapevine 501 Shady Brook Drive Grapevine, TX 76051 817.229.0416 rwalker@grapevinetexas.gov Raymond Miller Dow AgroSciences LLC 4020 Collinwood Avenue Fort Worth, TX 76107 813-363-9059 rcmiller2@dow.com
Region 3
Clark Wheatley, CPTM Greater Austin First Tee 8806 Oak Ledge Drive Austin, TX 7748 512-712-3161 cwheatley@firstteeaustin.org Corbett White Helena Chemical Co. 17353 Bell North Drive, Ste. 100 Schertz, TX 78154 210-326-7091 whiteco@helenachemical.com
Region 4
Neal Iverson Horizon Distributors, Inc. 11085 Denton Drive Dallas, TX 75229 897-207-2058 Neal.iveson@horizononline.com Phil Lozano, MCPTM City of Highland Village 1000 Highland Village Road Highland Village, TX 75077 972-317-7430
Region 5
Craig Potts, CSFM Texas A&M University Athletic Dept. 4724 River Wood Court Bryan, TX 77808 979-862-5439 CPotts@athletics.tamu.edu Russell Coe, MCPTM Sports Field Solutions 2031 Crestside Drive Carollton, TX 75007 214-768-1290 Russell@sporsfieldsolutions.com
Region 6
Brad Bentsen, MCPTM Mission Parks & Rec 721 North Bryan Road Mission, TX 78572 956-580-8760 bbentsen@missiontexas.com Emory Thomas, MCPTM Thomas Turfgrass 3931 County Road 154 Wharton, TX 77488 979-532-2593 Emory@ThomasTurfgrass.com
Region 7
Scott Walker GCSAA 26011 Penguin Street Magnolia, TX 77355 713-557-0279 jwalker@gcsaa.org Irene Gavranovic-Sipes All Seasons Turf, Inc. 32601 F.M. 529 Brookshire, TX 77423 281-375-7505 irene@allseasonsturff.com
WELCOME KATIE FLOWERS
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Howdy! My name is Katie Flowers and I feel so blessed and excited to be the new Executive Director for the Texas Turfgrass Association. I am originally from San Antonio but have resided in College Station for the past 15 years so I am happy to call Aggieland my home. I am married to Seth Flowers and have three beautiful children, Jack, Madeline, and Finley. My professional background has been in property management and student housing since I moved to College Station in 2002. I managed a student housing condominium community and then transitioned to a consultant in the industry. I was ready to make a professional and personal move when this opportunity arose and I couldn’t be more excited to lead the Texas Turfgrass Association. I believe this association has been perfected by Shirley Duble and filled with the best professionals in the turf industry. In addition, the members (both past and present), and board of directors (past and present) have truly made this educational association an honorable one. My vision for the Texas Turfgrass Association to expand and grow, not only the membership but the opportunities we provide for our members in the forms of education and networking with a vastly growing social network. This expansion and future will not happen overnight but I have the patience and drive to implement and work with members to meet and exceed our goals together. I want to help young and experienced professionals in all forms of the turf industry to embrace the TTA for their educational and networking needs. Together, we can help adjust in small ways that can lead our association to big success in the future. I look forward to meeting each and every member soon! God Bless!
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ARTICLE
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2016 TTREEE REPORT
2016 TTREEE Report
Effect of Surfactant and Fertilizer on Turfgrass Health and Water and Nutrient Retention Under Deficit Irrigation in Simulated Urban Lawns Ben Wherley, Jacqui Aitkenhead-Peterson, Baoxin Chang, and Richard White Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
Introduction
Loss of water and nutrients from urban lawns via surface runoff has received increased scrutiny in recent years due to increasingly limited water supplies, and the environmental damage associated with nutrient losses from some ecosystems. With tighter scrutiny on landscape water use across the U.S., the use of wetting agents for improving soil water infiltration and retention has become widespread on golf courses and sports fields, where sand root zones predominate. More recently, there has been growing interest by manufacturers in determining potential benefits of wetting agents on commercial and home lawns. Preliminary results from other universities as well as limited testing at the Texas A&M University Urban Landscape Runoff Facility has shown potential benefits of surfactant applications under reduced irrigation scenarios across a range of soil types. If these products show benefits in terms of increasing water infiltration/retention and/or reducing irrigation runoff losses from urban soils, this could have widespread benefits on the sustainability of turfgrass systems, especially where water availability is limited. Unfortunately, limited to no information is published concerning the effectiveness of surfactants on nutrient uptake efficiency and runoff volume reductions. The objectives of this study were to 1) Determine the effects of regular applications of a surfactant on reducing the volume of runoff emanating from simulated home lawns, and benefits to soil moisture content and turfgrass health and quality, and 2) Determine if the use of surfactant reduces nutrient losses in runoff under two irrigation regimes, specifically those of 60% x ETo (full replacement) and 30% x ETo (deficit level) irrigation.
Methodology
This study was conducted at the Texas A&M Turfgrass Field Laboratory in College Station, TX on the urban runoff research facility described by Wherley et al. (2014). The facility contains 24 plots, each 13ft wide by 26ft long with a 3.5% slope and individual irrigation control. All plots are established with four-year-old ‘Raleigh’ St. Augustinegrass atop a fine sandy loam topsoil. At the toe of each plot is a runoff collection trough which empties through a flume connected to automated flow measurement and sample collection equipment. This gives full documentation of the amounts of water lost to runoff as well as samples for measurement of the chemical composition of the runoff. Twenty plots (4 reps/treatment) were used for this study, which accommodated the following treatments:
Trt 1: 60% ETo irrigation, – Fertilizer, -Surfactant (control) Trt 2: 30% ETo irrigation, + Fertilizer + Surfactant Trt 3: 30% ETo irrigation, + Fertilizer - Surfactant
Trt 4: 30% ETo irrigation, - Fertilizer, + Surfactant Trt 5: 30% ETo irrigation, - Fertilizer – Surfactant
Plots receiving surfactant (Scotts Synergy) were treated at a rate of 3 oz./1,000 square feet every 4 weeks beginning July 21, 2016 and ending Nov.1, 2016. Plots receiving fertilizer received Scotts Southern Turf Builder at the label application rate of 0.916 lbs. N/1,000 square feet on July 21 and September 22, 2016. The experiment began on July 15 and concluded December 10, 2016. Water samples and flow rate measurements were taken for each naturally occurring rainfall event during the 16-week period. Collected runoff water samples were analyzed for pH, EC, nitrate-nitrogen, ammoniumnitrogen, total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and orthophosphate-P concentrations. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) were estimated for each sample by deducting NO3-N + NH4-N from TDN. Plots were irrigated every Wednesday morning to simulate home lawns being managed under “once per week” irrigation restrictions. Plots were visually rated for turf quality each Tuesday (1 day before irrigation) to evaluate quality under stressed (30% ETo) conditions. Moisture content for the upper 7 cm of soil in each plot was measured each Tuesday (1 day pre-irrigation) and Friday (2 days post-irrigation) morning using a hand held Spectrum Field Scout soil moisture meter. Digital light box images of representative areas within each plot were also taken every Tuesday to provide an unbiased estimate of percent green cover. Finally, it should be noted that water drop penetration time (WDPT) tests were conducted at the 1” depth in soil cores removed from plots during the study period, and indicated no evidence of hydrophobicity in soils within plots. At the end of the study, data were subjected to ANOVA with mean separation performed using Tukey’s HSD at P=0.05.
Results and Discussion Soil moisture content
Overall, the results showed little to no significant effects of surfactant applications on increasing soil moisture content within the 60% ETo (wellwatered) plots. When analyzing the effects of surfactant within only the deficit-irrigated (30% ETo) plots, significant effects from both surfactant and fertilizer on soil moisture content were also not found (Table 1). In addition, soil moisture content was also analyzed in more detail by splitting the data into Tuesday (1 day pre-irrigation) and Friday (2 Continued on page 12
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2016 TTREEE REPORT
Continued from page 11
Table 1. Results of ANOVA testing the effects of date, water surfactant (ws), fertilizer (Fert), and their interactions on soil moisture content, turf quality, turf percentage green cover, pH, EC, and runoff volume.
Source Date WS Fert date*ws date*fert ws*fert date*ws*fert
Moisture (Combine) ** NS NS NS NS NS NS
ANOVA (30% ET o Irrigation Level) Moisture Moisture Turf (Friday) (Tusday) Quality ** ** ** NS NS ** NS NS ** NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
*Significant at the 0.05 probability level.
%Green Cover ** ** ** NS NS * NS
pH ** NS * NS * NS NS
EC ** NS * NS NS NS NS
Runoff Volume ** NS NS NS NS NS NS
**Significant at the 0.01 oribability level. NS Not significant at the 0.05 probability level. day post-irrigation) measurements. In analyzing the data in this way, no significant effects from surfactant or fertilizer on soil moisture content were found for measurements taken 2-days post-irrigation. Surfactant application was also not found to increase soil moisture content in measurements taken 1 day pre-irrigation (Table 1). This was likely because of the relatively high amounts of precipitation during the study period. Regardless of surfactant or fertilizer treatment, soil moisture content was often always near field capacity (40%) (Figure 1). As a result, the benefit of surfactant on increasing soil moisture was not significant.
Turf quality
Both surfactant and fertilizer improved turfgrass health, as denoted by greater percent green cover and turf quality ratings (Figures 2-4). In addition, there was a synergistic effect detected between surfactant and fertilizer on plot percent green cover. Plots receiving surfactant and fertilizer showed increased percent green cover compared to those receiving only one or the other, or to untreated plots. The effects of fertilizer application on turf quality were not surprising, given the effects of nutrient applications such as N, P, and K on turf growth, and resulting effects on turfgrass growth and vigor. The mechanisms behind the enhanced turf quality from surfactant application, on one hand, may be related to increases in plant available soil water as discussed earlier. Additionally, surfactant may also have aided in the efficiency at which water was taken up or absorbed by plant roots. Finally, it should be noted that percent green cover of all plots was always greater than 70% during the study period, regardless of treatment. Even in deficit irrigated plots receiving no surfactant or fertilizer, drought stress was evident for only brief periods during the driest periods of the summer, due to the relatively wet weather conditions experienced during the 2016 season.
Runoff Figure 1. Effect of surfactant and fertilizer on Soil Moisture Content during 2016. Means with the same letter are not statistically different based on Tukey’s HSD at P = 0.05.
Runoff quantity and quality data were also analyzed across the 30% ETo irrigation level treatments. During the
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ANOVA (30% ET o Irrigation Level) Runoff Nutrient Concentration Total Nutrient Loss in Runoff Source NO3 NH4 PO3 TDN DOC DOC NO3 NH4 PO3 DOC TDN DON date ** ** ** ** ** ** NS ** NS NS * NS ws NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS fert NS ** NS * NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS date*ws NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS date*fert ** ** NS ** NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS ws*fert NS * NS * NS NS NS * * * * * date*ws*fert NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS Table 2. Results of ANOVA testing the effects of date, water surfactant (ws), fertilizer (Fert), and their interactions on runoff chemistry.
*Significant at the 0.05 probability level. **Significant at the 0.01 oribability level. NS Not significant at the 0.05 probability level. of runoff EC and pH were detected on 8/16/2016 and 9/24/2016 runoff events, which occurred within a few days of fertilization events.
Figure 2. Main effect of fertilizer on turf quality during 2016. Means with the same letter are not statistically different based on Tukey’s HSD at P = 0.05. study period, significant rainfall events occurred to generate 6 runoff events. The results showed that total runoff volumes were found more related to sampling date than any treatments applied (Figure 5). Due to relatively high amounts of precipitation during the study, the overall effect of surfactant on reducing runoff volumes was not significant (Table 1). Interestingly, runoff pH and EC were significantly affected by fertilization (Figure 6, 7). As such, higher EC and pH of runoff was detected from fertilized plots on 4 of 6 runoff events. Two peaks
Total nutrient losses were calculated by multiplying nutrient concentrations by runoff volume for each treatment and event. Results showed that there were significant interactions between surfactant and fertilizer on NH4, PO3, DOC, TDN, and DON losses in runoff during 2016 (Table 2). As such, the effects of surfactant in reducing nutrient losses was only found for fertilized treatments, using TDN losses as an example (Figure 8). Applying surfactant to unfertilized plots resulted in elevated TDN losses in runoff. However, applying surfactant on a fertilized plots led to reduced TDN losses. It is difficult to explain this response, however it may be related to aiding plant availability or solubility/uptake of the applied inorganic nutrients under fertilized conditions.
Conclusions
Based on these results, monthly surfactant (Scotts Miracle-Gro Synergy) applications, were found to produce slight to moderate improvements in plant health under 30% ETo deficit irrigation of St. Augustingrass lawn turf. However, we were unable to confirm that these benefits were due to effects on increased soil water availability, primarily Continued on page 14
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2016 TTREEE REPORT
Continued from page 13
due to the above-normal amounts of precipitation received during the study period. It is also important to note that WDPT testing indicated a lack of soil hydrophobicity at the site, which may have also been the reason no significant improvements on soil moisture were observed due to surfactant. Surfactant also improved turf quality, especially when combined with fertilizer. Runoff chemistry in this study showed little influence of surfacant applications. Instead, fertilizer application had the most significant impacts on runoff chemistry. Collectively, the results demonstrated that surfactant and fertilizer applications pair nicely to sustain optimal St. Augustinegrass lawn turf health during the summer months for situations in which moderate deficit irrigation is imposed. Had drier conditions been experienced during the study period, these benefits may have been even more pronounced.
Figure 3. Main effect of water surfactant on turf quality during 2016. Means with the same letter are not statistically different based on Tukey’s HSD at P = 0.05.
Figure 4. Effect of fertilizer and surfactant on percent green cover of plots during 2016. Means with the same letter in a given fertilizer treatment are not statistically different based on Tukey’s HSD at P = 0.05.
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Figure 5. Runoff volumes generated on each sampling date. Data are pooled across fertilizer and surfactant treatment.
Figure 6. Effect of Fertilizer on runoff pH during study period in 2016. * Indicates significant difference between treatments at P < 0.05. Continued on page 16
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2016 TTREEE REPORT
Continued from page 15
Figure 7. Effect of Fertilizer on runoff EC during study period in 2016. * Indicates significant difference between treatments at P < 0.05.
Figure 8. Total Dissolved N loss in runoff, as affected by fertilizer and surfactant during 2016. Means with the same letter in a given fertilizer treatment are not different based on Tukey’s HSD at P = 0.05.
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2017 WINTER CONFERENCE PHOTO SCRAPBOOK
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2017 WINTER CONFERENCE PHOTO SCRAPBOOK
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2017 WINTER CONFERENCE PHOTO SCRAPBOOK
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