Urban Greenhouse Challenge

TEAM USP - CORA Ana Victoria Silva Gonรงalves

Bachelor in Architecture and Urbanism > anavictoria.sg@usp.br

Beatriz Alcantara

Bachelor in Architecture and Urbanism > beatrizalcantara@usp.br

Camilla Grande Degaspari Bachelor in Agronomy > camilla.degaspari@usp.br

Gabriel Coneglian Barbosa

Bachelor in Agronomy > gabriel.coneglian.barbosa@usp.br

Guilherme Baldessin

Bachelor in Architecture and Urbanism > guilherme.baldessin@usp.br

Ingridth Sarah Hopp

Bachelor in Architecture and Urbanism > ingridth.hopp@usp.br

Matheus Motta Vaz

Bachelor in Architecture and Urbanism > matheus.motta.vaz@usp.br

Natalia Jacomino

Bachelor in Architecture and Urbanism > natalia.jacomino@usp.br

Juliana da Mata Santos

Fresh Graduate in Architecture and Urbanism > juliana.mata.santos@usp.br

CONTEXT ANALYSIS Vertical urban farm business models generally carry high maintenance costs and initial investments due to the equipment required. However, their benefits extrapolate the building’s scales and ensure the community’s well-being and an urban landscape that is economically immeasurable. In the social sphere, these types of constructions reconnect urban dwellers to the farming systems that are traditionally common in rural sites, creating an environment that issues environmental education for the urban population. Moreover, the population growth in large urban centers is causing an increase in regional food demand, which makes it extremely necessary to develop more efficient and productive systems that provide safe, healthy and sustainable food. As a result, the construction of urban greenhouses is a growing tendency all around the world.

The valuing of local production, the growing concern around sustainability, socio-environmental responsibility, and the appreciation of fresh food draw the current scenarios of the main market changes that are approaching. In China, this identification and response occurred even more quickly. In 2014, the public policy “Food Safety Credit System” already operated in favor of food security for Shanghai, creating incentives for companies to offer safe and quality food in a transparent and fair manner. Therefore, is it possible to see market’s need and desire for sustainable and innovative business models, with shorter productive and supply chains, in order to contribute to quality control and other precepts of the circular economy.

This is also important in the sense that food safety represents opportunities for developing public sanitary policy strategies for society to avoid events like a pandemic, such as the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak. This happens because of the strong connection between food and people will increase awareness around the food production chain, an aspect that can be extrapolated to benefit all neighborhoods, cities, country and, hopefully, the world.

FARMLAND

CORA BUILDING

FEATURE STOP

BINHAIWAN BAY AREA

RUNNING AND BIKING TRACK SPORTS RING

PARK’S MAIN ROAD VEHILE RING ROAD

PARK’S SUB ROAD NORMAL STOP

IRRIGATION CHANNEL WATER CHANNEL RUNNING AND BIKING TRACK SPORTS RING

EXPERIENCE 24 SOLAR TERM EVENTS CULTURAL EXPERIENCE RING

FISH POND ELEVATION MAP + higher altitude

- lower altitude

SINTEX MAP BINHAI VIEWING CORRIDOR WEIYUAN ISLAND FOREST PARK

CITY PARK CLIMATE MAP temperate/humidity

TAIPING WATERWAY ECOLOGICAL CORRIDOR

temperate MARINA BAY CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL PARK COMPLEX MODIE RIVER ECOLOGICAL CORRIDOR

MANGROVE WETLAND PARK

CLIMATE MAP tier 1 cities MAOZHOU RIVER

tier 3 cities

ECOLOGICAL CORRIDOR

tier 4 cities

source: all maps were made by the team.

ECO BELT

tier 2A cities

PROGRAM Cora is designed to embrace and stimulate city life while bringing food production closer to the city dwellers, nourishing healthy and sustainable habits. The program of our project seeks to embed the attributes of the area where the building will be located. Thus, the farmland and the construction design look towards the future while remaining grounded to Guangdong Province’s rich history, following the principle of “Tradition Meets Future”.

In this sense, the Marina Bay Center Agricultural Park Complex is an important cultural initiative to carry Dongguan City’s legacy and culture through architecture and landscape design.

The form was inspired in an opening hand gesture, symbolizing the movement of tradition towards the future: a wooden construction with high-tech solutions and food growing disconnected from the soil. In this matter, the Hakka Earthen Buildings came as an inspiration for our circular shape with atriums, as this traditional vernacular architecture acts as a small enclosed city that responds well to weather changes and even earthquakes. Furthermore, the mismatched slabs together with the ramp that surrounds the building refer to the eaves of traditional Chinese buildings.

The main functions of the building are food production and processing, social interactions, education, research, innovation, exercising, conscious consumption and sightseeing - a new approach towards a more sustainable future. In Cora, visitors will be able to start a unique journey and discover a great deal about food production from very close: laboratories, quality control room, sanitation, cooking rooms and the different growing technologies. The entrance ramps give access to the market and flexible spaces for classes, lectures, workshops, and physical activities. They can also enjoy a coffee on the terrace and interact with the structures attached to the façade where they are invited to leave their plant. The external ramps encircle the entire greenhouse, passing through the inner part of the building towards the outer part, facing the park. When arriving at the highest level, the final point is a public rooftop with a nice restaurant and a lookout post to the park and city.

The farmland, in turn, takes up concepts from the past in an innovative way.

The agroforestry system was inspired on ancient food growing in the forest, improving ecosystem functions and services. Furthermore, the treatment of dark and gray waters is a way of reframing what “waste” really is. Besides, it contributes to the absorption of water locally without overloading the urban water drainage system, treating water biologically and facilitating groundwater drainage.

STEADY AND FLOW

CIRCULAR SHAPE WITH CENTRAL ATRIUM

EXPANTION OF NUMBERS OF FLOORS The levels of the building were increased in order to improve the offered services available and, mainly, the food production, granting a more efficient harnessing of the space.

INSOLATION AND CIRCULATION

FINAL SHAPE MILESTONE 1

VERTICAL CIRCULATION The circulation between floors occurs in two ways: through interspersed ramps, placed from the ground up to the rooftop; and through the elevators shafts, a faster and more accessible way to arrive in the upper levels for both consumers and staff.

FINAL SHAPE MILESTONE 2

BUILDING UPLIFTING To guarantee a better permeability for the farmland and the park, the building was elevated from the ground through pilotis, which permits more fluid pedestrian flow.

WATER PATH

COLOR BY USES social production operations

ARCHITECTURE AND FARMLAND Cora’s Concept

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100m

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Our proposal is to create a complex and diverse system, integrating local culture, circular economy principles, food growing and social interactions. In this sense, the whole project aims to be a showroom of innovation and green initiatives whilst meeting contemporary demands of food production, as well as social and environmental sustainability. The main challenge, considering the previous studies about construction materials and the context analysis, was to develop a way to maximize the production of safe and healthy food indoors for local neighborhoods and markets in an efficient and viable way.

Therefore, the building’s design promotes natural light use and wind ventilation, which will allow the increase use of renewable energy resources.

In this sense, in the central atrium for example, there is a natural circular water treatment, and composting systems around the park help to provide natural solutions for enhancing the activities that take place inside Cora.

To highlight the view of the parks’ whole extension, the building is elevated from the ground, and visitors entering Cora will have two options:

going into the atrium or going up the entrance ramps. In the atrium, they will be able to discover different types of plants in wetland areas and experience a space of tranquility that is suitable for leisure. Alternatively, through the entrance ramps, users can access other building facilities, such as the market on the first floor, or go up the ramps to discover the food production floors.

Conceived to encourage social interactions, education and the maintenance of a healthy and sustainable lifestyle, Cora prioritizes common areas through its design, with large spaces for events, classes, workshops and physical activities. Also, the construction was thought to blend in with the landscape. In this sense, Cora’s wooden structure, the green area inside the atrium as well as the plants located on the façade and inside of building facilities, are some of the elements that bring nature closer to the users, no matter where they are.

One of Cora’s highlights is the rooftop, where individuals are able to reach the lookout post.

The idea is that when users reach the final part of the building and look out towards the beautiful skyline, they experience a sense of belonging and understand that the connection between urban life and nature is not only possible, it is real.

NORTH ELEVATION 0

5

10m

WEST ELEVATION 0

5

10m

10th FLOOR 9th FLOOR

AREAS: 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

1st FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1:500

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lift motor room lookout post restaurant laboratory insect production mushroom production food production coffee industrial kitchen primary processing room laboratory storage administration control room meeting room CoraCore auditorium hub CoraMarket CoraStore access to the market, classes and elevator educational area ludic area agroforestry system 1 agroforestry system 2 central square bamboo area water mirror banana drainage system wetlands cistern 1 cistern 2

8th FLOOR

7th FLOOR

6th FLOOR

5th FLOOR

4th FLOOR

3rd FLOOR

2nd FLOOR

4th FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1:500

N

1st FLOOR

GROUND FLOOR

public areas building facilities cultivation areas hydroponics aeroponics dryponics presence of water irrigation canal and rainwater dark water grey water clean water uv filtered water

CONSTRUCTION OF THE BUILDING ESTRUCTURAL DOUBLE WOOD GLAZING

WODEN INTERACTIVE FAÇADE WITH PLANTS

WOODEN DECK RAMP

Construction The choice of materials was carefully made considering its sustainable and circular aspects.

Thus, the building proposes an innovative structure with solid wood for simple elements, CLT (Cross Laminated Timber) floor panels, LVL (Laminated Veneer Lumber) inverted beams, and Glulam (Glued laminated timber) columns, beams and stud. The ramp that goes up surrounding the building is supported by a Glulam structural stud.

Concrete use is restricted only to the foundation, ground level and lift shaft to guarantee a better stability due to its 48.6m height. A few steel elements, columns, beams and cables, are specifically used in the entrance cantilever and are coated with wood for fire protection. Special attention was given where structural wood was exposed to water and sunlight, and thus a wood siding was adopted. Regarding the humid chinese climate and high humidity rooms inside the greenhouse, special protection layers are applied on wooden elements. It is recommended to investigate if wood treatment against xylophagous insects is needed in China according to the specifications of the chosen wood. The Glulam and CLT components will be made with certified chinese SPF (Spruce, Pine, Fir) woods that are treatable and have low density.

CONCRETE PILOTI

CLT PANELS

CONCRETE PANELS FOR IMPERMEABILIZATION

GREENWALL WITH BUILT-IN AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION

10 weeks 1st construction step concrete structure fondations ground level columns and beams lift shaft

2nd construction step 1st level wooden structure CLT slabs glulam columns glulam beams

3rd construction step 1st structure set CLT slabs glulam columns glulam beams

4th construction step 2nd structure set CLT slabs glulam columns glulam beams 1st façade set glulam structural façade 1st ramps set wooden deck and structure

5th construction step 3rd structure set CLT slabs glulam columns glulam beams 2nd and 3rd façade set glulam structural façade 2nd and 3rd ramps set wooden deck and structure

SCALE 1:125 plumbing 1 electrical system 2 baubuche beam 3 external passage 4 raised floor system 5 clt floor 6 transfer glulam beam 7 glulam column 8 glulam beam 9

DETAIL A SCALE 1:25 clt floor 1 glulam beam 2 glulam columns 3 stailess steel dowels 4 penpendicular-to-grain reinforcement 5 stainless steel threaded rod 6 steel plate 7 thin sealing band 8 sealing angle 9

DETAIL B SCALE 1:10 wood deck 1 rafter 2 breathable membrane 3 18mm osb board 4 glulam beam 5 wood ceiling 6 stainless steel dowel 7 galvanized steel plate 8 self-topping screws 9 façade stud 10

SECTION PLAN SCALE 1:250

Structure dimensions Cora’s ingenious shape with slabs and columns out of alignment was solved with glulam transfer beams.

The shear force diagram on the side shows the beams’ general diagram: high shear stresses and perpendicular to the grain compression. In order to reduce the stresses in these elements, it was decided to gradually reduce beams and columns going up in the structure. These choices provided economical, sustainable and structural gains.

columns diameter 70cm transfer beam 70x100cm secondary beams 35x50cm

sheer without reduction sheer force after reduction

columns diameter 45cm transfer beams 45x70cm secondary beams 30x45cm high perpendicular-to-grain compression high perpendicular-to-grain compression

perpendicular-to-grain compression

columns diameter 30cm transfer beams 30x45 secondary beams 30x30

DETAIL C SCALE 1:20 raised floor system 1 breathable membrane 2 clt floor 3 18mm insulated glass unit 4 metal drip 5 wood siding 6 stailess steel dowels 7 steel plate 8 perpendicular to grain reinforcement 9

FOOD PRODUCTION Food Production System on the 3rd floor

Food Production System on the 5th floor

Here is an area of 622,2m² for production of fruits and vegetables such as eggplant, chilli pepper, bell pepper, okra, tomato, cherry tomato and strawberry. This area is divided in 248.3m2 of natural light and 373,9m2 of artificial light. In the natural lighting side, the row spacing will be 1m, whereas for the artificial lighting side, the row spacing will be 0.8m with intra-canopy lighting to allow production in both sides of the row and increase yields dramatically. Since we are using grow slabs in our plant production systems, the spacing can be changed if a different crop needs to be grown based on demand. For plant pollination, we use forced ventilation and bees. Most plants in this system need to be trellised with a string fixed in the ceiling. The orientation production rows is always east-west to optimize natural light use efficiency. The type of substrate was selected because it has good agronomic characteristics, such as good aeration, nutrient supply, ease of disposal and footprint carbon 3 to 6 times less than Rockwool.

Here there is a total area of 464,95m2 that produce baby leaves and leafy. The food production system is divided into an area of 271,7m2 for leafy with hydroponics and 193,25m2 for aeroponic baby leaves.

Food Production System on the 6th floor Of a total growing area of 302,6m2, 52,2m2 were dedicated to aeroponics production of baby leaf crops like purple lettuce, lettuce, cabbage, kale, radish, carrot and mustard in artificial lights; 60,5m2 for dryponics microgreens such as leek, purple cabbage, arugula, kale, radish, carrot, and mustard in artificial lights; and 189.9m2 of NFT hydroponics for growing leafy greens that are produced only with natural light.

Food Production System on the 7th floor

Food Production System on the 4th floor

In this floor, there is an area of 162m2 for mushroom (Agaricus bisporus).

The first three phases are done inside the building, such as composting, pasteurization, and “seeding” in the laboratory at the same floor. The growth chambers are air-conditioned (temperature control, air humidity, CO2 and O2 control, level of aeration and air recycling). To avoid production peaks, there is a break between the beginning of the production cycles.

The total growing area is 622.2m where 161,77m was dedicated to microgreens production and 460,43m2 for leafy greens. The leafy greens are chard, watercress, lettuce, chive, cilantro, cabbage, arugula, kale, basil, and oregano. Microgreens are leek, purple cabbage, arugula, kale, radish, carrot, and mustard. Here there is an area of 275.9m2 for natural light and 346,3m2 for artificial light.

2

0.4m

0.8m

0.8m

2

AEROPONICS

DRYPONICS

This technology is similar to hydroponics with a slight change in the nutrient delivery method.

High-pressure nozzles create a fog of the nutrient solution that is sprayed across the roots of the plants, improving the use of water and making plants grow healthy by increasing the oxygenation in the root system and removal of physical impediment for growth.

Compared with hydroponics and aeroponics, dryponics systems are more water efficient and occupy much less space because of less weight. The system is basically a thin film made of hydrogel where the plants will absorb water from and and nutrients through nano-sized pores, like in tissue culture and grow.

0.4m

0.8m

0.8m

HYDROPONICS 0.3m

0.35m

0.5m

0.8m

0.25m

1m

We will have two different hydroponic systems, one by substrate with drip irrigation, and another one by nutrient film technique. For the drip irrigation system, the substrate contains a mix of coconut fibre and carbonized rice husk. These components are sourced locally and the proportion will vary depending on the culture.

The Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) system works for all leafy greens that will be grown in the building. This technique consists of a film of water loaded with nutrients that flows on a gutter that holds the plants.

0.4 m 0.4 m 1m

0.8 m

The food production systems were distributed on floors 3,4,5, 6 and 7 and divided into different modules by culture and growing techniques . The plant production includes a wide variety of vegetables, fruits, leafy, baby leaves, microgreens and mushrooms, with a total growing area of 2174 m² with production capacity of about 312 tons a year.

The whole building is controlled by computer equipped with sensors to measure humidity, air and leaf temperature, light intensity, CO2 concentration, and chlorophyll optimize the food production systems (from ISOTROM, for example). A central climate control system that collects data and controls the air circulation and atmosphere inside each module.

All data is processed by the software that actuate the climate control mechanisms (SENSAPHONE and HOOGENDOORN, for example). The intensive use of technology to control these parameters is essential to improve the use of energy and water. Natural air circulation is performed by opening the windows to promote passive cooling of the system. The software activate the forced ventilation system positioned on the floor and ceiling in the direction of the cultivation lines, offering a homogeneous distribution of air for plants and avoiding extreme microclimates inside the structures and supplement the passive cooling system in case this is not sufficient to maintain an optimal temperature in the building. The use of high pressure nozzles for evaporative cooling reduces the temperature at the same time that controls air relative humidity. The solar radiation is controlled in areas without artificial lighting by opening and closing the shade curtains systems. The system must maintain adequate values of ​​ relative humidity to improve water transpiration and absorption by plants..

Dehumidifiers are used to remove water from the air, making the water “lost” by evapotranspiration to return to the tanks.

In addition to the proposed technologies, enrichment with carbon dioxide in the production modules will provide higher photosynthetic rates for the plants. These values ​​should vary between 700 to 900 ppm, with higher levels between 08:00 and 10:00 a.m., and between 02:00 and 04:00 p.m., when there are peaks of CO2 absorption.

Different production floors will feature natural lighting systems and receive light supplementation with LED bars optimized for vertical growing systems to provide adequate light spectra for the plant’s development. Although the use of artificial light is unavoidable for the success of this project, we develop a map of sunlight input inside the system, which will promote an efficient investment on LED distribution. The architecture of the project was thought out to support greater entry of natural light through the use of diffuse glass to optimize the distribution of light inside the production systems and reduce the shading. The latitudinal positioning of the lines is also another way to maximize the use of natural light in the growing spaces.

Water and nutrient distribution for the irrigation system vary according to the floors and growing techniques. Water supply system will comprise pumps, a water tank on the last floor of the building, and cisterns outdoors. The project has a 2067m² rainwater harvesting system that, based on the meteorological data in the area, it has a collection capacity of 3,668,925L throughout the year.

In addition to the rainwater capture, water is collected from the fish culture tanks located at the north of the building, which might supplement nutrients like nitrogen and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers in the nutrient solution for the plants. Plants serve as a natural filter so that the water returns to the fish tanks with high quality.

The water used for irrigation is gravity filtered by screen filters and an ultraviolet cleaning system to kill pathogens present in the solution. For some pests and diseases that might appear during the growing cycle, the use of biological control will be the best alternative to prevent pathogen resistance to chemical treatments.

Food interaction

For this project, it is necessary 11 employers for labour in all food production systems that are responsible for crop handling, harvesting, cleaning infrastructure. The harvest will be semi-mechanized with trolley instead of mechanized to improve jobs in the region.

LIGHTING MAP

PRODUCTIVITY (KG)

Food Safety LEVEL OF NATURAL LIGHT high

low

MONTHS MONTHLY VINE PRODUCTION

strawberry

eggplant

bell pepper

chilli pepper

okra

cherry tomato

tomato

During the pre harvesting, all employees that eventually have contact with the food are trained in Best Practices for Food Safety. For the post-harvest process, the food that has been harvested will be conveyed to the processing room where it will be cleaned and packaged according to China food standards. The product will be traced so the consumers have information about the products that they consume, for example, what kind of system was used, growing period, site, etc.

Additionally, workshops and lectures about food safety will be provided to Cora’s community to ensure that consumers are aware of the importance of food safety at home. Thus, users will learn about the importance of cleaning, keeping raw foods separate, cooking and putting it in the fridge, in order to prevent food borne illnesses that can lead to serious health problems.

CIRCULARITY ASPECTS Organic waste

Energy and Air Management

Waste mawnagement will be carried out efficiently by the project according to the type of waste. The waste generated by the restaurant will be sent directly to the Black Soldier Fly production module, which has the capacity to remove 5kg of waste/m².day.

The volume of residues generated by food production was calculated considering that the dry biomass of vegetables is directly proportional to their reproduction, thus, 1 kg of tomatoes is equivalent to 1 kg of plant biomass. To produce hardwoods, in which the residues are only roots, the value used was 7.5% of the total weight of the hardwoods, therefore, 200g of surface generates 15g of residues. Thus, the project has a generation of 33.1 tons of vegetable waste/year, with an average of 90.7 kg/day.

In addition to organic waste, the 3rd floor contains the use of the substrate, which will be discarded at the end of the production cycles. To calculate substrate residue estimates, use of 7.14 kg of substrate / m² was used in the natural light modules and 13.7 kg of substrate / m² in the LED areas. It is worth remembering that the substrates will be changed over the production cycles, totaling 14.2 tons of substrate/year.

The project also contains bioreactors used for the degradation of organic waste. The system will have the capacity to transform the outputs of the food production system, such as plant remains, roots and substrates, into bio-based and renewable products. Biomass will be converted into an organic fertilizer with greater nutritional efficiency and CO2 for atmospheric enrichment of production systems. Besides, these systems emit CO2 and methane, fight soil erosion when compared to traditional sanitary water waste systems and are directly related to China’s circular economy and natural resource use models.

The main points of the building were thought out to optimize the use of solar, wind and geothermal energy.

Through natural lighting and passive cooling methods, a large cut back in the yearly electricity use is possible, which results in a reduction in the initial investment in the project. For example, the use of artificial and natural lighting is 53% and 47%, respectively. There are different passive methods, such as the use of wood, a high specific heat material with low thermal conductivity; white paint on floors and ceilings to guarantee high light reflection; insulated double-glazing system, assuring high light transmission and low thermal transmission; pivoting openings with low inflow and high air outflow, improving cross-ventilation; the external green wall, decreasing thermal amplitude during the day; and hemp curtains to shade the plants during days with excessive solar radiation.

The temperature, humidity, light and carbon dioxide controls inside the food production areas are comprised of a set of interconnected systems that respond according to the data provided by the control boxes inside the food production modules. When passive systems are not sufficient for temperature management, the software will trigger the active controls, which are expected to be working mainly during spring and summer months in China. Solar Panels and Energy Piles will be installed to ensure sustainability, efficiency, and energy savings from the power grid. The use of different temperature control systems are prioritized in this order: i) forced airflow by fans; ii)evaporative cooling high pressure nozzles, which works as relative humidity management; iii) air conditioning for removing from inside the building as well as humidity control.

Wood Circularity Considering that 30% of global CO2 emissions and 40% of global use of resources are related to civil construction, an important aspect of circularity in Cora is the choice of materials. On that account, the wood is a responsible option that actively contributes to environmental protection.

Wood combines two existing possibilities for reducing global CO2 emissions when compared to other traditional construction materials, as it increases the “carbon sinks” and reduces CO2 emissions in its productive chain. During its growth, CO2 is captured through photosynthesis and the material waste is minimized during manufacturing. The offcuts and sawdust are reused in smaller pieces or become biomass to the fabric equipment which allows a self-sufficient production in terms of energy use.

Considering that wooden elements are much lighter than conventional materials, its transportation and building erecting machines use much less energy. It also results in a lower overall weight construction structure, reducing the groundwork costs and concrete used in foundation.

In end of the building lifespan, wood elements can be reused, recycled or used as renewable source of thermal energy. To ensure its recycling or reusing, Cora project elements will not be treated with toxic products and the manufacturing glues shall present low hazard to the environment, such as PUR (polyurethane based adhesives) that are solvent and formaldehyde free.

The total volume of CLT and Glulam in the project adds up to about 2000m3. According to Softwood Lumber Board & Forestry Innovation Investment, the tree’s CO2 storage capacity in the wood is between 0.9 and 1 ton of CO2 per 1m3. Those CO2 emissions are reduced in 1.1 tons of CO2 to each cubic meter of wood chosen instead

Green Infraestructure of other materials, so 2 tons of CO2 are saved per wood cubic meter. That means, Cora’s wood project stored around 1800 tons of CO2 and cut down about 2200 tons of CO2 emissions, a total of 4000 tons.

Cora’s 2000m3 wood volume was obtained with design principles of material waste reduction. To do so, the choice was made to scale down structure dimensions going up the floors: each three levels have a different dimension set. This reduction resulted in a 600m3 wood economy, which means 40% less Glulam elements and a global reduction of 20% cubic meters considering Glulam and CLT wood volume. The Cora construction management, projects compatibilization and design utilizing BIM (Building Information Modeling) also contribute to optimize costs and avoid material wastes even more.

In addition to wood, all Cora materials were carefully chosen. The system will use hemp curtains to shade the plants when the sunstroke is excessive, which may cause injury to the crops. The selected materials are easily found on the Chinese market, allowing a reduction in price.

They have negative carbon footprint and regeneration capacity of impoverished soils, high resistance, and durability, in addition to being organic and antibacterial. The few steel components applied can be reused or recycled, the raised floor panels are made with recycled materials and the concrete has inert fillers in its composition reducing cement use.

Therefore, Cora building acts as carbon store, contributing significantly as a showcase of innovative uses of wood which helps to reduce carbon emission and mitigate climate change, choices that will lead to community sustainability and resiliency.

When it comes to green infrastructure, Cora was designed following permaculture principles, seeking to create a circular system that embraces water use and the residue destination inside the system with the intention of reducing the environmental impact as much as possible.

The dark water will go through the wetlands. Because of pathogens, it needs to go through a three-phase system so that the water can return to the building for use. The wetlands are three tanks of 1-meter depth approximately, connected one to the other. These tanks are impermeable and with macrophytes plants that act removing any pollution and promoting the proliferation of microorganisms that are able to degrade organic matter. The dark water enters the first tank and remains there for only a few hours, when the tank is full the reaction starts. During these first hours is when the pollution treatment really happens, the water goes through an anaerobic stage, where phosphor is biologically removed by a denitrification process. After the effluent goes under an aerobic stage throughout the injection of air microbubbles in the second tank, in which the elimination of organic matter and the nitrification stage happens, it is when grey water can be inserted as well. The effluent is recirculated within the tank during this stage. After a few hours of reaction, the system undergoes the sedimentation process on tank number three, when the solids in suspension sediment on the bottom of the tank. This solid is then removed and the clean water goes to the cistern or water mirror for storage.

Grey water from the building, will have two possible destinations: the banana drainage system or the third

water tank of the wetlands. The banana drainage system filtrates the water. The grey water enters the system from below ( 1 meter approximately) and then enters the circle that has dry grass and dry branches, so the banana trees absorb the nutrients and water (which is released through the plant’s transpiration), and the remaining organic residue are degraded by the living organisms on the soil.

The rainwater is harvested by the roofs and sent to the cistern for storage or drained by the banana drainage system and wetland. It is absorbed by the Cora farmland as well, which does not have any waterproof areas, allowing 100% of water absorption by the soil. In addition, the farmland has an irrigation channel that goes through the middle of the site, following the elevated path where visitors can circulate freely without causing any damage to the soil. This irrigation channel is normally dry, so the people see the indication on the ground made by different sized rocks, and during the rain period, this irrigation channel will have water flowing through them.

In the central square, this irrigation channel is enlarged with the intention to create a space where people can see the water flowing more vigorously and have an aesthetic experience with nature and its cycles. In this space the water goes under the elevated path as it continues until it connects with the Cora building.

The project has the intention of creating a water course that connects the building to the farmland and to rest of the park, showing users that water has many uses, and different aesthetic records, from the most artificial to the most natural.

BUSINESS MODEL Market Research

Urban Vertical Farms are innovative business models developed to rethink the way traditional agriculture works. Most of the global population today lives in urban areas, however food production is still closely linked to rural areas, which weakens people’s relationship with food. In addition, urban life and everything it does contribute to environmental impacts, such as global warming, monoculture and deforestation. As a consequence of this, there has been much discussion about the concepts of sustainability and circularity combined with economic advances.

Thus, we assume government incentives to implement urban greenhouse projects as a premise to have the preference for shorter and more efficient food chains, decreasing gas emission during transportation, and the increased preference towards fresh and healthy food are some of the characteristics of the entrepreneurial environment in China that should be strongly considered (Graphic 1). Nevertheless, the Chinese consumers still need easy and ready food to eat in their big metropolises, while also being able to create a gastronomic experience at home, but with simple preparation. Studies have detected a decrease in “eat-in” activities as well and increasing preferences to “home delivery” and “take away” (Graphic 2).

Canvas Model

Graphic 1 take away home delivery eat-in

Graphic 2 package food fresh food

Cora proposes a comprehensive diversity in the piece “customers segments” (CS). However, it considers Cora employees and collaborators as customers as well, as it deals with food production business model that covers the entire Dongguan community. Thus, the visitors, employees and collaborators of the project and the park are identified as customers for whom Cora building aims to reach and serve.

In view of the market analysis carried out, and the desire to create something new and of great social impact in the city of Dongguan, three segments of value propositions (VP) were chosen for the products and services offered. Firstly, to encourage healthy and sustainable living from a building that promotes not only food, but also a new lifestyle. The physical and digital transparency of the activities within Cora offer security to its consumers about management and quality, reinforced in details of the productive and commercial stages. Secondly, the social inclusion is another central concern to Cora, that aims to create a big impact in the lives of dwellers, independently of the range of incomes. For that reason, the building proposes, through practical and didactic training activities, to arouse interest and curiosity about this lifestyle in an innovative way. As an example, the Auditorium will be the environment for lectures and classes in environmental education, innovative cultivation techniques and more circular business models. CoraCore, a dynamic and adaptable environment, is able to receive practical activities that disseminate the same ideal of healthy and sustainable lifestyle. Aiming at education and development directly linked to the food

production system, Cora Lab will annually receive interns from recognized Chinese universities, as a key partnership (KP), that encourages more sustainable agricultural research and teaching of farming systems practiced in the farmland.

Considering social inclusion, Cora also looks at another key partnership with the local small producers, considering the dimension of the greenhouse produce, as well as the economic impact that it brings to these local small farmers. And, for this reason, a partnership that aims to commercialize the products of these local small producers that the building does not produce, for example onion. In addition, local farmers can order large-scale agricultural inputs at a lower price, creating an atmosphere of fairer production and competition, while boosting local production.

As the last value proposition, there is technological inclusion that will permeate all products, services and their respective chains, offering customers and workers state-of-the-art technology, with systematization of data and information from a didactic and inclusive digital network, which can be accessed with users’ personal data. For workers, this technological system will allow them to control over the cultivation systems anywhere in Cora, due to the high automation of the building in the areas of food production. For visitors, on the other hand, access to information about the project, products and services is accessed in a didactic and intuitive way through the CoraApp, a strategy that aims to encourage the customers to appreciate new emerging technologies.

Payments are made by reading a QR code through the CoraApp. In addition, thinking about the security and technological trend of the entrepreneurial market, all financial transitions are made using blockchain technology with digital currency, the CoraCoin.

More than the app, another communication channel (CH) of our business is Cora Market, the space for marketing Cora’s products. It is in this room that the consumer will be able to choose and buy the food and souvenirs in person that will strengthen and disseminate the Cora brand in the Dongguan community. Also, the market reading points to the preference for home-delivery and take away, which is way Cora provides the sale of Cora2Go, which are ready-made or semi-finished meals processed inside the building to a fair price, achieved by the economy in the purchase and displacement of raw and fresh food from building.

To make all Cora’s activities feasible, human resources and developers are as important as physical resources of the “key resources” (KR).

Human resources provide the intelligence and knowledge necessary to develop clever and quality activities, and developers make digital activities more didactic, innovative and accessible.

Regarding the piece “cost structure” in the model, as mentioned before, vertical farms are generally expensive models, both, in initial investment and in supply of water and energy, the main input productive resources of food production. In order to study the viability of the products in the market, it was important to save on travel costs and emission of polluting gases. For this reason, Cora unites the activities of production, processing, marketing/commercialization and distribution in the same building, a strategy that makes the prices of products and services more competitive and consistent, without losing the added value to them during the production stages.

Another major source of revenue (RS) is also related to the architectural value of the project: the rent of two privileged rooms in the building. On the first floor, facing the farmland landscape, Cora provides a space for startups that work with sustainability, circularity and/or healthy lifestyle, just as startups known as green accelerators in China.

On the ninth floor, there is space to accommodate a high class restaurant with healthy cuisine, which will also be one of the key partnerships to purchase food from Cora, such as microgreen, baby leaves and mushrooms, for example, at a competitive prices.

Table of Investment

Table 1

To achieve the values in table 1, a similar project in area, products and production technology was used as a reference. Based on the Vertical Farm 2.0 project, it was necessary to make some assumption such as: •The land is a non-refundable item, meaning that it is not considered in Cora’s cost; •The building area (m2) was adopted as a comparative unit to estimate the numbers presented (all areas were measured using the building’s virtual model); •Due to the size and the high complexity of building’s structure and the specificities of finishes items, it was adopted for the building construction cost a value 200% higher than the value used in the reference project; •The installation cost was considered as 10% of the building construction cost; •Considering that Cora´s constructions and installations particula rities will increase the building finish costs, it was adopted a safety margin of 150% in order to achieve the total building investment amount; The investment cost of each production floor was considered the same; •For the costs for vine crops and strawberries, tomato costs were used as a reference, and for the leafy, lettuce costs were assumed. Those costs were adapted according to the specificities of Cora´s production technologies, such as areas of natural light and artificial light; •The construction, installation and all the preparation cost for supporting the different activities were incorporated in the total value of € 68.611.800,00. For that reason, it was considered that all fixed costs from activities are already incorporated in this estimated value; •The cash balance on the starting date for CoraMarket and CoraCore of the urban greenhouse was estimated based on similar projects; •The cost of the encrypted currency includes development and tracking costs, and was estimated based on similar projects; •On Cora2Go, CoraLab and Coffee the value included the cash balance on the starting date and specifics installations costs, and were estimated based on similar projects; •The depreciation period for the project was considered 30 years.

Project Management

Economic Feasibility

A diversification strategy was thought to improve products and paid services to add to the food production.

Thus, the infographic 1 summarizes the main relationships between the various activities developed within Cora. It is possible to see that food production systems are also the main source of food for other Cora activities, such as Cora2Go, for example. Moreover, as the controlled food production system has a high and stable productivity, the supply risk for these activities are reduced, and offers great control and forecast to the management of such activities that came from the careful analysis of the market. Besides, within all activities in the building, the food loss in transportation and incorrect environment are not considered when building a business model with low food waste. In the infographic it is also possible to see the food flow coming from outside Cora, such as purchase from wholesale or small farmers.

Strategies

Infographic 1

The Cora project adopted three main strategies to develop a feasible business model:

1) The addition of other activities as a source of revenue other than food production, which itself already represents a great showcase of safe production for local consumers, using this grand and striking building as a way to attracts both tourists and visitors looking for products, services and leisure;

2) Optimized use of architectural transparency in food production floors, which allows for a reduction in energy cost and investments in artificial light, just as shown in the hydroponic system in graphic 7 that uses only natural light;

3) The choice of different types of crops in the food production aiming to serve different market niches, always seeking to maintain the economic viability project intact.

3.1) It is suggested, as another strategy of the economic viability of the project, the capitalization of the high initial investments through other digital currencies of the blockchain technology

Profit

CapEx

Table 2

OpEx

Natural light use was adopted as an economic strategy to reduced and optimized operational costs, it was calculated on 12 hours per day of artificial light use, so the cost of energy remains high just as it is shown in graphic 3. The logistics of allocating different crops in order to make the best use of cultivation needs was rigorously thought out, which resulted in floors with two or more cultivation systems (graphic 4). The air and thermal management costs inside the building will be lower because of the right management of crop cycle, growing phases, the outer green walls, cross ventilation, and so on.

An advantage of high technology and digital automation is that the necessity of human labor is lower, but it also requires skilled workers. This is the reason that the labor cost is in second place in the graphic 3.

Based on the estimated values of the investments, operational costs and total crop productivity within Cora, it is possible to calculate the price per kilogram or unit of products that must be sold for economic viability of the investment. However, to find the scenario that would allow the sale of products to be at a competitive market price, it was necessary to estimate the Cora´s sales price of the crops per kilogram or unit based on the selling price of similar competitors.

A analysis of the relation among variable costs, productivity, the cost price and sales price of different products allows an understanding of how the strategy of crop diversification has a compensatory relationship within the Cora Building. For example, the production cost of tomatoes, a product with low added value, is higher than the estimated sale price, generating an annual loss. Nevertheless, for other crop productions such as chilli pepper, considered in the same system, has high added value that can compensate the loss in tomatoes (Table 2). Situations like that emphasizes the complexity of the economic viability of the vertical farming business model. In this

scenario, Cora is able to sell different products at different prices ranges. This relation of compensations happens especially with vegetable and fruit crops, as in leafy productions there are baby leaves and microgreens that generate higher revenue than the cost value of its production, a result of the high added value of these products.

Therefore, the economic feasibility of the project is determined by: a) The determination of the cost value of the crops and the profits collected from the sale values, as shown in the Table 2; b) The payback for total investment on Cora´s project, in two different scenarios using 60% and 80% of annual estimated profit, as shown in the (graphic 8). It is important to emphasize that the project viability is also considered regarding extra-economic factors, as the Urban Greenhouse increases life quality in the region, boosts tourism, promotes food safety in an area of 250km2 estimated according to Dongguan density, reduces the ecological footprint of the city, and receives and manages the community’s organic waste.

Variable Costs

Graphic 3: General Variable Costs seedlings illumination labor

core horticulture procedures

air management and thermal

plant health monitoring nutrient delivery

Graphic 4: 3th Hydroponic System

seedlings labor

horticulture procedures

illumination

core

plant health monitoring nutrient delivery

air management and thermal Graphic 5: 4th Dryponic System

seedlings labor

Graphic 8 horticulture procedures

illumination

watering system

To study these predictions, some assumptions were made to facilitate the benefits analysis and feasibility of the proposed business model activities. It is assumed that all secondary activities (Cora Core, Coffee, Auditorium and Cora Market) have annual profits since the first year of functioning, and these numbers were estimated based on similar projects, making adjustments according to the variables of space dimension or capacity for simultaneous service.

Another assumption is about the value of two rents from the building, the restaurant and HUB room that are in Table 1. The last assumption is that the annual products bought from small farmers are in a quantity of 15% of Cora’s annual production, that represents 312 tons. All referenced projects are in the references

page.

The annual profits collected, after discounting the fixed and variable costs of theses revenues, show the centrality that Cora Market has within the project, representing more than 85% of Cora’s annual profit. Within the 85%, the cultivation inside Cora represents 90% of the profit. This representativeness of Cora’s crops demonstrates how the greater control that the uniform production, processing and distribution system has in the production chain inside the building, and how this unit promotes economic and quality benefits through shorter chain.

nutrient delivery air management and thermal Graphic 6: 5th Aeroponic System

seedlings air management and thermal labor

nutrient delivery plant health monitoring core horticulture procedures Graphic 7: 6th Hydroponic System

SOCIAL IMPACT

Education

Users are able to learn about technological solutions used to facilitate many aspects of life. The Technology building itself is intelligent. It is the result of a multidisciplinary effort to integrate and optimize building structures, systems, services and management to create productive, cost effective and environmentally approved domains for users. In this sense, the technology used in Cora serves as an introduction to innovation to all users, and a suitable place for discoveries and development.

As Cora values education, the CoraLaboraboratiories are thought to be a place of connection between universities and the community. In this sense, students can participate Cora’s internship programs to learn about food production in urban greenhouses, while practicing and developing useful skills for professional and personal life.

Users will learn all about food production, from traditional to high-tech techniques, and their ad- Food vantages and disadvantages. The social, financial and environmental impacts of the food produc- Production tion systems will be discussed to raise awareness concerning food consumption. Systems Cooking workshops will teach users a diverse set of recipes, while explaining about food safe- Healthy and ty measures, nutrients, balanced diets and waste reduction. Different types of health and fitness Sustainable classes and lectures will also take place according to user’s demand and compost systems placed Lifestyle in strategic places around the park aim to encourage users to separate and deposit their organic waste properly.

Interactions The building provides hybrid spaces for exploring, learning and keeping up with a healthy lifestyle Building while creating convenient spaces for social interactions by prioritizing common areas. Cora enables interactions of its consumers with the production and consumption of healthy and sustainable food through a café, market, restaurant, cooking workshops, fitness classes, guided tours and much more.

Guided tours enable an overall view of the food production inside and outside of Cora, allowing Food users to interact with specific parts of the growing area and learn about growing techniques. Production Partnerships with local growers aim to increase cooperation among farms to meet the demands for food production in Dongguan. The food grown in the surrounding areas, such as water spinach and Local rice, are partly sold in our market. Farmers CoraCommunity allows dwellers to support one another, interact, share life experiences and struggles. This can be done virtually by experience and skill sharing in CoraApp, or physically by Community the interaction among users during the many activities that take place in the building. Furthermore, CoraApp uses game design and mechanics to enrich diverse contexts, with the aim of instructing, influencing behavior and encouraging practical results. Through gamification, community engagement is encouraged through a mix of competition, rewards and fun, making certain everyday activities more attractive thanks to the playful environment available.

Access Income Products are affordable by a range of income. For those with a particularly low income, products

are sold for a special price or donated through charity events, and users are able to make the advance purchase of products or services for someone in need. Withal, Cora’s services are offered at a reduced price for students, teachers and elderly citizens.

Disability The building is accessible for people with reduced mobility. The totens around the whole Park

Complex contain ASL assistance and all staff is trained on basic etiquette and tips for successful communication with non-verbal individuals. Videos are always captioned for the deaf and hard of hearing. Finally, Cora is equipped with a tactile floor and accessible signage for the blind and visually impaired people.

Diversity Cora´s design is inclusive, responsive, flexible, accommodating, welcoming and realistic. The servi-

ces are accessible to everyone, no matter their background, and audio guides available in different languages. In the Park Complex, there is zero tolerance for disrespect, violence, sexual harassment or abuse of any kind.

Independence User Cora is committed to engage and empower users by increasing their enjoyment and encouraging Empowerment them to explore the site in-depth during and after the guided tours. To help users navigate, CoraApp has many features and guides on how to get the best out of the building and daily activities, while providing spaces for feedbacks and suggestions.

Inclusive Cora values hiring anyone of working age for paid work, especially vulnerable and disadvantaLabor Market ged people. Our priority is to hire and professionally train woman, low-skilled workers, young and elderly people to avail the talents of these underutilized groups so that they may participate and benefit from economic growth.

Online It is possible to buy, explore and learn from Cora even from home. CoraApp allows the dwellers Presence from Dongguan and the surrounding regions to receive fresh food by ordering items from Cora and partners. Non-edible products sold in the app like souvenirs from CoraStore can be purchased and delivered to other places in China by mail.

Community CoraCommunity strengthens bonds and seeks to build valuable relationships among its users, giving Nurturing them a deeper sense of belonging, empathy and cooperation. Civic engagement is encouraged through activities and contests, with the goal of creating a better and more inclusive place for everyone.

Culture of Cora’s main goal is to spread the culture of sustainability. This mindset works in different levels: Sustainability through the intrinsic links between biodiversity and cultural diversity, through its influence on consumption patterns, as well as through its contribution to sustainable environmental management practices as a result of local and traditional knowledge.

HEALTHY AND SUSTAINABLE LIFESTYLE What is Cora’s influence?

Market

In CoraMarket, there are many ways in which the pursuit of a healthy and sustainable lifestyle are made possible. Users can buy fresh products and meals produced on site or buy other types of groceries produced by local farmers. Inside CoraStore, there are many products to choose from: souvenirs, eco bags, utilities and much more. All products and packages are preferably made from reused or recycled materials.

Workshops

Cora’s Workshops aim to get participants fully involved in the learning process: small and medium group discussions, activities & exercises, opportunities to practice applying the concepts that are presented. They are a good opportunity to learn new skills and to familiarize yourself with a topic or skill you don’t know well.

Workshops are scheduled on demand with a different theme every month to spread the culture of sustainability and healthy lifestyles.

Health and Fitness Classes

Classes offered at Cora are focused on helping users maintain a healthy and active lifestyle. Just like the workshops, these classes are scheduled on demand and suggestions made by the CoraCommunity. It is also possible for fitness instructors to rent rooms for their classes such as yoga, dancing, martial arts, or workouts.

Events

Presentations, seminars, charity events, community gatherings, networking sessions, trade shows and expos, awards, competitions, festivals and speaking sessions are some of the many types of events that can take place in Cora. The objective of these events is to promote social and environmental awareness and ensure the culture of sustainability.

Guided tours

In Cora, we believe that knowledge is the key to independence. So, in the guided tours, users can learn how their food is produced, focusing on the growing techniques, food safety information and the impact of the food production chain. This way, we hope to raise users’ awareness when buying groceries, whether the product of interest is safe, how it was produced, and its social and environmental impact in the world.

Community

One of the keys to maintaining a healthy and happy life is through social interactions, for example, keeping in touch with friends, assisting those in need and celebrating achievements or the passage of time. By interacting with the Cora Community and sharing tips, insights, tricks and suggestions, everyone can learn together and help create a better society that cares for one another and the environment.

Building

Cora’s Plans prioritizes common areas, resulting in a great space for social interactions. The design was thought out to bring nature inside the building, so that outdoors and indoors merge into a totally new experience. Users are encouraged to use ramps instead of elevators, which maintains them active while exploring the building whenever they want to. Additionally, the atrium inside the building was designed to be a place for contemplation and interaction with nature, and relaxation.

Farmland

Just like the building, the farmland is accessible by users at all times without supervision. In the farmland, the agroforestry system stands out as a completely new and sustainable way of combining agriculture and forestry. Users are invited to walk and explore the landscape by following the paths that lead to different parts of the farmland.

There are some composting spots in the area for users to deposit in their organic waste and see how it is used to improve the soil and reduce waste.

Diet

Reduce food waste Eat more whole foods Eat clean, healthy food Cook your own food Avoid processed foods Eat less meat Eat more fruits Eat more vegetables

Self Care

Meditate Spend more time outdoors Care for your mental health Discover a new hobby Wash your hand often

Exercise

Do workouts Practice yoga Go for a walk Stretch often Use stairs or ramps

Social

Keep friendly relationships Keep in touch Connect with your community Volunteer

Sustainability

Buy locally grown Buy seasonal produce Composting Purchase recycle products Reuse your bags and jars Repurpose product packages Reduce plastic consumption

SOCIAL INNOVATION

What is the blockchain technology?

It is a reliable and decentralized network that allows the transfer of digital values, such as currency and data. Instead of the server being stored in one place, it is stored on the blockchain and is powered by many different computers / nodes.

This guarantees the immutability of the records, since after a transaction is confirmed, it is stored in the ledger and protected using encryption, and cannot be changed or deleted without group consensus. As it is a shared database, everyone is able to see all the details of the transactions within it, ensuring trust and transparency.

Blockchain and business model CoraCoin is a non-volatile currency. Its use ensures the control and management of liquidity and operational efficiency, removing geographical barriers and resulting in faster, cheaper and safer transactions. Since digital operations occur in the cloud, the sustainability of their use is attested. This ensures the ideals of reducing bureaucracy and empowering the client.

CoraTrack is a system aligned with the ideals of food freshness, food safety and food trust, since, by ensuring transparency to all members of the chain, it ensures the quality and origin of the sold items. In this way, waste, contamination and disease are mitigated, increasing confidence in the food ecosystem and improving credibility with customers. In addition, it identifies the inefficiencies of the production chain, making it possible to locate the causes of failures and take measures to repair them at the lowest possible cost. It also contributes to the technological and social inclusion not only of consumers, but also of minor actors, such as local farmers. Thus, awareness of sustainability opportunities and practices is increased during each stage of the chain.

However, the use of blockchain technology can bring some disadvantages, since it requires highly specialized professionals and a large processing capacity, it can result in a high operational cost.

CoraCoin In order to facilitate transactions and intern control in the park complex, and also considering security and technological tendencies on the market, an internal virtual coin was created to be used in the Marina Bay Agricultural Park. The virtual

Management adopted inside the property Volume of water used to produce a certain quantity of the product Existence of genetic manipulation Use of inputs and chemicals

LOCAL FARMERS PRODUCTION

Labor

Date and harvesting conditions

Volume of water used to produce a certain quantity of the product Planting and cultivation data Use of inputs and chemicals Date and harvesting conditions

CORA PRODUCTION

Boarding time and conditions Distance traveled Carbon dioxide emission

Existence of genetic manipulation

Storage temperature during transportation Time and condition of departure

TRANSPORTATION

coin is a unitary token with stable value, called CoraCoin, and based on the technology and confiability of Ethereum blockchain, on the standard ERC-20, paired in Yuan (one CoraCoin equals one Yuan). CoraCoin works as a kind of record created for the park’s ecosystem, with no intention of generating cash. There is no variation in purchasing power, given the promise of repurchase at a predetermined amount. The number of tokens issued is limited to one billion, originating from a single circulation, and it is not possible to issue more tokens later on.

For 1 token to come out of that wallet, the amount of 1 Yuan must be deposited in the company’s bank account. In this way, it is guaranteed that the tokens enter circulation after being purchased by users. Likewise, whenever a token is resold to the company, it must go out of circulation, returning to its original creation wallet. With this mechanism, the balance in the purchase and sale account(s) will always be equal to or higher than the quantity of tokens in circulation in the market, ensuring their solvency.

In CoraApp, there is a tab called “My Wallet” where the users are able to convert Yuan to CoraCoin, and see their consumer profile. It is suggested a partnership with Alipay app, that is largely used in China, so that CoraCoin purchase can be made from a Chinese bank account, credit or debit card, previously registered in Alipay app. After purchasing CoraCoins, the user will be able to enter the CoraApp on the tab “QR code reader” to make purchases in person. In case of online purchase, the purchase will be done using the CoraCoins balance in the digital wallet. Moreover, there will be totens around the whole park, where users are able to buy a wristband and add CoraCoins to its balance using physical money, or paying with international credit card. This wristband works like a normal debit card, and, in the end of the day you will be allowed to return the wristband in the totens, and the unused money will be refunded to the users’ bank account. This wristband strategy aimed at tourists to facilitate their inclusion as users in Cora and in the whole park.

CoraTrack Storage conditions

Process and products used

Beneficiation departure time

Product quality

Market entry day

PROCESSING AND REGISTER

Conditions of the place where the product is located

COMMERCIALIZATION

Traceability and transparency in productive chains are two concepts that are focusing consumer attention. Information about the productive process of the merchandise that is being bought are becoming decisive factors in the purchase, or not, of a product.

CoraTrack is a system for tracking the food production chain, created from the Hyperledger Grid blockchain. Through this technology, a decentralized system of network users is used, where everyone has the right to access the information presented and its sources, creating a scenario of transparency in Cora’s business.

In CoraApp, there is a tab called “QR code reader” where users are able to read the QR code fixed on the food, and have access to all informations about the food chain.

The interface is friendly, democratized and entuitive, both for Cora employees and users, fulfilling the ideal of technological and social inclusion in the entire project. In this way, quality, reliability and safety of the project purchase are guaranteed. The approximation between consumers and farmers through technology will allow new forms of consumption and relationship with food. Despite a variety of advantages of using blockchain technology, specially in terms of record standstill, the systems still have human error vulnerability and mischievous launches. These problems can be avoided using sensors, radars and intelligent contracts that have automated the process of creating transactions during the production chain, in addition to facilitating the use of the system.

IEO (Initial Exchange Offering) If necessary, blockchain technology can be used for one more purpose: collective financing or crowdfunding project investments, through an IEO. Thus, the fundraising will take place in the platform of a well-known exchange, in which users can buy tokens with funds directly from their own wallet. In this process, tokens represent investments contracts in an underlying investment asset, such as share of the Cora project. The existence of the exchange as an intermediary brings several benefits, since its reputation and reliability are at stake. Thus, it can be guaranteed that the cryptocurrencies offered in IEOs comply with several required standards and that price manipulation is prevented. In addition, a global reach is guaranteed in a less bureaucratic way, since after the initial offer is made, any investor who wants to support the project will be able to buy the tokens on the exchange.

CoraApp CoraApp cultivates the ideal of technological inclusion presented on the entire project. Through a friendly, fun, and didactic interface, the user has access to the whole Cora experience within the reach of a click.

Besides, information about the project, products sold at Cora (Fresh Foods, Cora2Go, and CoraStore Products) and services offered throughout the park’s ecosystem (such as events, classes, workshops, and technical guided tours) are easily found on the platform. Promoting a healthier and more sustainable urban lifestyle, CoraApp also seeks to build a relationship based on customer empowerment. In “My Wallet” tab, the user has complete control over the payments made, balance and last transactions carried out within the park, all with the confidence and security offered by blockchain technology.

Also, using the QR Code Reader, the customer accesses all the information about the food production chain, which enhances a closer and more transparent relationship between producer and consumer. Additionally, the App encourages collective experiences through the CoraCommunity, in which park users can interact through photos and comments on their Feed. This social interaction, added to the connection with the environment, such as bringing your garbage to be used in the composting, taking part in a class or reading a QR Code, is linked to the “Ranking”, a scoring system for the entire CoraCommunity, and a reward system using CoraCoin. Finally, CoraGroup allows the creation of a group with friends, resulting in an environment of positive encouragement and support for healthy and sustainable living.

The result? A pulsating, active, and connected community.

TECHNICAL INNOVATION

FOOD PRODUCTION INNOVATION

Agroforestry System

Varied Systems Two aspects were developed and introduced in the project’s operational system. The first one is based on the diversification of production systems to spread out risks while maintaining efficiency and sustainable production. The project looks at hydroponics, aeroponics and dryponics systems, which have been recently proved to be very profitable for high value-added products such as microgreens.

We will grow over 28 different crops within the project, which is going to make the CoraMarket very attractive and promote security for the project’s profitability.

The second aspect is based on the collaboration with small-scale producers and family farming in the neighborhood. Certainly, the insertion of an Urban Greenhouse with such scale may cause an imbalance in the regional market for agricultural products. Therefore, the following activities are proposed to increase competitiveness among local farmers: the market will have 15% of products sourced from local farming as to increase the diversity of products on the market.

A traceability system was developed for consumers to know who supplied that food, and everything about how the food was handled, processed and transported on its way out of the property by reading a QR code stamped on the product.

Registered growers will be able to receive orders for agricultural products. Cora will have contact with companies in the sector, making larger purchases, reducing prices, favouring the profitability of both.

Workshops and lectures will be provided at Cora to facilitate access to information on how to increase production efficiency, marketing strategies and control of production cost spreadsheets.

Eucalyptus Eucaliptus spp.

Cocoa

Theobroma cacao

Açai

Euterpe oleracea

Orange

Citrus sinensis

Lemon

Citrus limon

Apple

Malus domestica

Cereals and Pseudocereals Millet

Pumpkin

Eleusine coracana

Curcurbita spp.

Sorghum

Melon

Oats

Watermelon

Sorgo bicolor

Avena sativa

Coffee

Coffea arabica

Papaya

Carica papaya

Banana Musa spp.

Persea americana

Rice

Oryza sativa

Pyrus spp.

Citrullus lanatus

Tangerine

Citrus reticulata

Buriti

Wheat

Grape

Triticum spp.

Vitis vinifera

Quinoa

Herbal spiral

Chia

Composter

Linseed Linum usitatissimum

Earthworm

Chenopodium quinoa

Mauritia flexuosa

Cocos nucifera L.

Bean

Phaseolus vulgaris

Salvia hispanica

Pineapple

Ananas comosus

Agroforestry System Agroforestry Systems (AFS) are production models that associate trees with agricultural crops and, sometimes, animals simultaneously or sequentially. This cultivation technique emerged after the green revolution and became known as a science in the 1970s, after large studies began examining the role of trees in tropical soils. The adequate use of agroforestry techniques in agriculture results in businesses diversification for farmers at the same time that it favors the environment.

Growing trees within fields of agricultural crops can result in several benefits for ecosystem components, such as the soil, microorganisms, plants, and animals while guaranteeing a supply of wood for farmers’ own use or trade. In AFS, trees also have the potential to improve soils by influencing the quantity and availability of nutrients in the root zone of intercropped crops. This phenomenon is possibly due to the nutrient recovery below the root system of agricultural crops

Curcumis melo

Pear

Coconut Avocado

Educational Space

and pastures and reduction of nutrient losses from leaching and erosion. Thus, nutrient cycling is greater in agroforestry systems than conventional agricultural systems. In the specific case of the agroforestry system designed for the farmland in our proposal, we aimed to integrate it with the main building’s operation so that the many plants grown in the farmland can supply organic material to go into the bioreactor and generate a biofertilizer that contains a wide range of essential nutrients for the plants being produced inside the building, and the soil analysis carried out on site was also taken into account.

Successful modeling of an agroforestry system requires great interdisciplinary knowledge of botany, soil science, microfauna and microflora of soils, ecophysiological functions of the organisms that constitute the various strata, ecological succession and of plant physiology accompanied by a well founded knowledge in agronomy and forestry. For example,

one of the most important decisions in the establishment of silvopastoral systems is the determination of proper row spacing and tree arrangements, which ultimately dictates the light conditions for the growth of forages, from planting until the harvest of the trees. The greater the spacing between the tree rows, the greater the penetration of solar radiation into the forage substrate, favoring the accumulation of biomass.

However, the spacing between the tree rows cannot be too wide to the point of compromising the quantity and quality of the forest biomass grown per area, and the desired tree cover for the protection of animals and pastures.

Finally, the agroforestry system will have large tree species like eucalyptus, avocado, cocoa, orange, mandarine, lemon, apple, pear, buriti and açaí; medium-sized species such as coffee, papaya, banana, and dwarf coconut, and creeping; and small plants, such as pineapple, rice and pulses. Since the main approach of our project is “nothing goes to waste”,

Insects and bees hotel it will also produce shiitake mushrooms on decaying logs in the middle of the forest. Ultimately, we will spread bee hives around eucalyptus and fruits tree, specially orange ones, for honey production.

In the farmland upper area, alongside the building, a reinterpretation of the grass garden of the landscape designer Piet Oudolf was carried out, adapting the grasses as cereals and pseudocereals, and an educational area on the side that aims to enhance children’s connection to the rural site.

Cereals and pseudocereals plants are millet, sorghum, oats, wheat, quinoa, sizzles, and chia, an inspiration that came from English gardens. The plants for the educational area are pumpkin, melon, watermelon, grape, kiwi; and herbal spirals, insects and bees hotels, earthworms and composters.

STRUCTURAL INNOVATION A

The Cora Project has several structural innovations. The external ramp around the building is supported by a structural glulam façade.

Inverted LVL beams are used underneath the raised floor to overcome longer spans. The floors rotation to optimize natural light caused the slabs to diverge, being necessary to find common axes where columns and transfer beams could transfer the loads. In addition, the building main entrance structure was desired to be a preview of Cora’s innovative aspect, represented by a long and challenging cantilever.

Entrance Cantilever ORIGINAL PROJECT 484,28mm displacement

Inverted LVL Beam ORIGINAL PROJECT

REVIEWED PROJECT

Considering the 10 m width of the floors plus the variable lengths of the terraces, the spans to be overcome by the panels were too long. The chosen solution was to make the central portion of the slab stiffer using inverted LVL beams connected to both transfer beams and the CLT panels. This solution has a major structural contribution because it could reduce floor vibration and deflection, as shown in the image below (around 40% deflection’s reduction), and has also a big architectural contribution once it allows to keep big spans without extra visible beams.

SECTION A SCALE 1:100

REVIEWED PROJECT 135,92mm displacement

Prior to the compatibilization between the architectural project and the structural pre-dimensioning, the cantilever presented both torsion and bending, resulting in a displacement of 484,28mm. The displacement limit was taken as L/150. Therefore, for the 25 m cantilever, the displacement could not exceed 167mm. In order to solve the problem, it was necessary to make that region stiffer.

Among the various possibilities, such as façade triangulation, exoskeleton and steel cables connected to upper floors, the choice was made considering which one would interfere the least at the natural light in the production floors, prioritizing the initial concept of the project. The solution was to increase the height of two existing concre-

te columns to the 4th floor and also use steel beams and cables closer to the cantilever, as illustrated in the image below. The steel beams were covered with wood for fire protection.

Cora’s technical innovation is to understand the best that each material has to offer and to know how to reconcile them, always instigating and challenging professionals to seek for technical solutions that are increasingly smart, sustainable and responsible.

ANNEXES Natural Lighting and Ventilation

The choice of energy solutions and passive lighting and ventilation methods used in the Cora building were based on meteorological studies of the region. Cloudiness, precipitation, wind speed and direction and solar flow were studied from the “Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2” (MERRA-2), developed by NASA. The solar position data are based on the book “Astronomical Algorithms”,

by Jean Meeus.

Combined with these studies, a survey was carried out in relation to the most suitable solutions for vertical farms located in a subtropical climate. It was also considered that energy savings, good visual, psychological, and hygienic conditions are fundamental for Cora, especially in a pandemic scenario. Thus, it was adopted as a premise the intensification of the use of natural lighting and ventilation sources, providing the building with well-ventilated and airy places, including in the areas of food production.

Accordingly, Cora’s design studies are based on the works of Architect João Filgueiras Lima, found in the master’s dissertation of Jorge Isaac Péren Montero, and a solution that combines cross ventilation favored by areas of different pressure was adopted in this manner. The direction of the winds is oriented from the areas of high pressure, denser and colder, to the areas of low pressure, less dense and warmer. Soon, those areas were created in the Cora building, combined with the predominant south wind in the city of Dongguan, thus creating more efficient ventilation. In addition, the presence of vegetation and the water mirror were fundamental elements that contribute for the cooling of the winds.

Ground Source Heat Pump and Photovoltaic Panels

The solutions found, which work together with the active cooling and lighting systems, were, respectively, the Ground Source Heat Pump and the installation of Photovoltaic Panels. The first is located next to the building’s foundations. The viability of this technology was confirmed by a study by Thaise Morais and Cristina Tshua of the University of São Paulo in Brazil, a country with a tropical climate, on the Executive Aspects and Thermal Performance of Heat Exchanging Piles. Studies on the potential of Solar Energy in the city of Dongguan, on the other hand, were performed using Autodesk Software Insight.

Agroforestry System

In the AgroForestry System component, trees and shrubs cultivation will be integrated with agricultural crops, pastures and / or animals, aiming at multiple use of water and nutrients, thus constituting a viable option for the most efficient use of the soil, revert degradation processes of natural resources, increase availability of wood locally, and provide food and ecosystem services. These systems are classified according to the nature and arrangement of their components, namely: Silvofarmers, those consisting of trees and / or shrubs integrated with agricultural crops; Silvopastoral, growing of trees and / or shrubs with pastures and animals; and Agrossilvopastoral, growing of trees and / or shrubs with agricultural crops, pastures and animals.

Green Infrastructure

Wood Construction

Greenhouse Project

Casa San Salvador Sem Muros, São Paulo, Brazil, 2019 Based in permaculture principles, the project treats the construction as a living organism. Seeking to map out the available resources, and the location where the site is in relation with its surroundings, the project aims to reduce environmental impact from the initial concept to the daily life of its inhabitants. It seeks bioclimatic efficiency by taking advantage of the insolation and ventilation, tries to use the material available and from the existent vegetation to the construction, also offers a small scaled farm with area for a hen house, horticulture, orchard and an area for composting.

The grey water is used on the plants or back to the soil through banana drainage system. The dark water goes to the biodigestor that generates gas for the kitchen. From this project, the Cora project aims to create a circular system of water and waste using permaculture principles. Cora seeks to reduce as much as possible environmental impact as well as trying to be as autonomous as possible when it comes to water use.

Wood Innovation Design Centre Michael Green Architecture, Prince George, Canada, 2014 Designed by Michael Green Architecture, it is the world’s tallest all-timber office. The Centre gathers professionals researching new wood structures for a healthier and more sustainable civil construction practices. It was conceived to be an innovative showcase of mass timber products possibilities in higher rises structures that they search. The use of dry structures, glulam columns and beams, and CLT floor panels were some of the solutions incorporated into Cora project. Just like the Wood Innovation Design Centre, Cora aims to illustrate the benefits of wood construction and its alternatives to traditional steel and concrete constructions.

Greenhouse as a Home BIAS Architects, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, 2018 BIAS is an architecture and curating firm devoted to test and expand the boundaries of the architectural discipline. In this sense, “Greenhouse as a Home” represents of a modern high-tech greenhouse environment that fuses with the urban lifestyle and forms the prototype of future living.

Here, the human living space is intertwined with that of the plants and organized according to climatic zones, rather than traditional architectural areas. Greenhouses building materials and structures are arranged to separate climatic areas, while the distribution of water and energy flows is technologically managed. The main source of inspiration to Cora’s design was that the “Greenhouse as a Home” layout is organized so visitors can develop some sense for the interdependencies regarding climate, landscape, and activities. This is important to trigger and develop a culture of sustainability, namely one of the main objectives of Cora.

ANNEXES Blockchain

The booklet developed by the Getúlio Vargas Foundation (FGV) reflects on the importance of the concepts of transparency and trust for today’s society, pointing, for example, to the increase in demand for certified products. In this sense, blockchain technology emerges as a solution to facilitate certification at the stages of the production chain. In addition, there is great concern about the inclusion of minor players in this ecosystem, focusing on the attempt to overcome the difficulties of small farmers to join certified production. The booklet inspired the insertion of local producers in Cora’s food tracking project in order to create a fairer production and competition atmosphere and deliver a reliable and traceable product.

Cryptocurrency

Motivated by the massive existence of stablecoins based on currencies from other countries, such as dollar and euro, the referenced project proposes the creation of a virtual token with one to one parity (1: 1) with the Brazilian Real (BRL), called CryptoBRL or cBRL. The parity with foreign currencies tends to limit the use by Brazilians, since it causes uncertainties due to the risks of exchange variations. In this way, CryptoBRL seeks to facilitate the financial transactions of cryptocurrency users in Brazil. The premise is that this token will allow the facilitated movement of values between different exchanges, centralized or decentralized, national or international, P2P traders and any other supporters of cryptocurrencies use.

All this with low cost, privacy and without the intermediation of a financial institution, open 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The use of a stablecoin, democratization of access and empowerment were some premises that inspired the Cora project.

Food Trust

The IBM Food Trust uses blockchain technology to provide authorized users with immediate access to food supply chain data: from the farmer, processor, retailer, to the consumer. The solution establishes a reliable and authorized environment for food transactions, where all participants can collaborate in a safe and purposeful manner. The user thus has access to the complete history and the current location of any individual food item, as well as the accompanying information, such as certifications, test data and temperature data. The use of technology as a way to allow new levels of trust and transparency in the entire food ecosystem has inspired massively the food tracking project of Cora.

Vertical Farming

The Vertical Farm 2.0 project was used for comparative purposes, and because it presents a similar land area to the Cora Building site. The comparative parameters bring a greater approximation in relation to the mapping of the project’s investment values. In addition, the listing of equipment and their respective costs made it possible to adjust costs and equipment according to the particularities of Cora’s proposal, disregarding the price of land in the investment amount, for example. Although the square meter parameter was used as a comparison in the pricing, some adjustments were necessary in relation to our project, which, unlike Vertical Farm 2.0, proposes the purchase of the crop seedlings produced inside the building, a price obtained by an average value of €0.3 per seedling. It is also worth to consider only the LED pricing for the area that is expected to effectively use this feature, since the crop strips placed closest to the building’s facade will be powered by natural light, while the intermediate strip

by LED. For this reason, it is foreseen that the entire cultivation of the hydroponic system of the 6th floor will be fed by natural light, and in contrast, the cultures of the dry system of the same floor are fed by artificial light. This management and logistics model allows for considerable cost reduction without harming the system or crops, both operating satisfactorily. Another important contribution was the cost values of inputs such as energy and water, which allowed for greater independence in the calculations of Cora’s business model.

Productivity Calculation

Technologies in Food Production

The calculation of the estimated yield to produce leafy was performed based on the spacings adopted for each structure.

For the areas of hydroponic production in natural light, the spacing used between plants was 20 cm, totaling 5 plants per linear meter of the gutter. The structure has 18 gutters and occupies an area of ​​1.4 m², resulting in 64 plants per m² of floor area. It is worth noticing that the usable area is the result of subtracting the total area and social areas, such as elevators and other unusable areas. For artificial lighting areas, the spacing between plants considered was 17.5 cm and the structure comprises 44 gutters (11 layers with 4 gutters), totaling 157 plants per m² of usable area. Considering an average cycle of 45 days, the production of leafy greens results in 617,717.00 plants/year.

To produce vegetables, the following production values ​​per plant were used, considered for each crop according to high technological production. Tomato (11 kg/plant), Bell pepper (6 kg/plant), Okra (4 kg/plant), Cherry tomatoes (5 kg/ plant), Eggplant (15 kg/plant), Chili (2.5 kg/plant) and Strawberry (0.5 kg/plant). For naturally lit areas, the spacing used between plants was 35 cm, 2.86 plants per linear meter, with 1m corridors, totaling 2.3 plants per m² of floor area. For artificial lighting areas, the spacing between plants considered was 30 cm, with double lines and 0.80 m corridors, equaling 5.1 plants per m² of floor area. It is worth remembering that the structure for strawberry production comprises 22 plants per m² of floor area. To estimate monthly harvest, it was used the value of for the first and for the second month of harvesting the crops. The production cycles were distributed throughout the year to obtain greater homogeneity in product offer. Thus, the production of vegetables results in 38.4 tons/year.

For the baby leaves and microgreens analysis, it was used as a production reference of 2.5 kg per m² of the tray and an average cycle of 20 days, totaling 110.4 tons/year.

Water and nutrients: The water used for irrigation passes through gravitational filters using screens and an ultraviolet cleaning system, among the systems available on the market.

The use of UV light allows the destruction of pathogens present in the solution (fungi, bacteria and viruses), and has a lower environmental impact when compared to ozone and chlorine since its operation only uses electricity. Besides, this treatment does not affect the chemical quality of the solution, keeping the levels of nutrients, ph and electric conductivity stable. The nutrient solution control must be performed automatically by systems such as PRIVA NUTRI-LINE, which can adjust the concentration of nutrients, control the acidity and electrical conductivity of the solution, since water quality is an essential factor for the success of the production, and obtaining high values of ​​ productivity due to the greater efficiency of nutrient absorption by the roots.

Pest control: Although investments in protected cultivation techniques are high and drastically reduce the incidence of unwanted biotic agents, adopt pest scouting practices and, consequently, biological control in the most susceptible floors, such as the use of Encarsia formosa, Phytoseiulus persimilis, Amblyseius swirskii and Aphidius colemani to control whiteflies, mites, thrips and aphids (aphids), respectively.

QR Code This QR Code gives access to tables with the reference values used and variable cost margins adopted for the food production system.

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