CROS-SING by TAN WEI SHENG

CROS-SING How Can We Create a 24/7 Sustainable Transit Hub? The Cloud is where cities store and track their transportation network and store its all important data. We canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t ignore that we are being tracked at all times on where we are going and which modes of transportation are we using. With the amount of data being gathered there will be further advancement in how we could improve a city transportation network. With the technological advancement of transportation networks, is the built form in our cities able to cater to future transportation demands? Do we need to rebuild the city again during these change? Are we designing for the present or for the future? These questions are being researched in these research studio through thematic and design research. Excerpts from: Elon Musk, Founder of Tesla, Space X, Hyperloop.

CONTENTS

Thematic Research Historical View Transit in Sydney Bus Transit in Sydney Bus Systems Photovoltaic Systems Precedents Architectural Manifesto

1-5 6-18 19-23 24-28 29-32 33-48 49

Urban Strategies Opportunity and Constraint Site Access Solar Radiation Solar Access Traffic Analysis Urban Vision

54-55 56-57 58-59 60-61 62-63 64-65

Design Proposal Transportation Linkage Massing Study Plans Sectional Study

68-74 75-77 78-79 81-87

THEMATIC RESEARCH 3

Image of Circular Quay in 1945 Source: City of Sydney

Historical Overview Mass Transport in Sydney

1861

1874

During the early 1800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mass transit system in Sydney are primarily the tram and steam ferryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. The tram has evolved from horse carriages into a more sophisticated rail carriage which is also powered by horses.

During the late 1800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s with the advancement of electronics the mass transit system in Sydney are being electrified primarily the tram system. The ferry system has changed from steam propulsion to diesel engines providing a more reliable service.

Data Source: Atlas of Sydney

Historical Overview Mass Transport in Sydney

1954

2016

During the early 1900â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, heavy rail has been constructed throughout Sydney primarily the City Circle line which circulates around the city. The heavy rail system still runs today. The change is a move to the migration from tram to train and buses which is more cost effective.

Data Source: Atlas of Sydney

Today the mass transit system in Sydney consists of multiple networks of Ferry, Bus, Heavy Rail and Light Rail. This move of reintroducing the light rail on previous tram routes will increase the ground efficiency of the city.

Transport Scene in Sydney Percentage of Mass Transit Usage in Sydney CBD

The percentage of transportation usage in Sydney has grown significantly from 35% to 72%. This is attributed to the increment of gas and parking prices. Currently the heavy rail and buses are the main transportation mode to get in and out of the city. The reduction in personal vehicles is significant as the city vision of becoming more pedestrian friendly is being implemented.

Data Source: NSW Transport

Transport Scene in Sydney Demographics

Graph showing the increment of modes of transit in Sydney 2015

Demographics of bus users 7

Based on the data the percentage of increment in public transport has seen a significant jump. This is attributed to the population rise in Sydney. The data also showed the significant increment of usage of buses and rail networks. The demographics of bus users also shows that there are more women compared to men using the service partly attributed to safety and transparency of the bus services. As for the demographics the middle age class has the highest amount of public transport usage. Age and demographics of users Data Source: NSW Transport

Transport Network in Sydney Outer Ring Transportation Network

The Outer ring of transport network in Sydney is currently supported only by a network of disconnected rail services. The vision of Phillip Vivian for Sydney were to create a outer ring transport system which is connected by a heavy rail network and a inner ring system which is connected by metro line and a ground transport such as buses and light rail connecting different parts of the city together.

Data Source: Bates Smart, NSW Transport

Transport Scene in Sydney Inner CBD Transportation Nodes

The inner CBD of Sydney has 5 key transportation nodes connected mainly by the heavy rail and bus services. These nodes has a huge potential to become a transit hub for different modes of transit oriented development as it is connected well by different modes of transit. 9

Data Source: Bates Smart, NSW Transport

Transport Network Case Study Transit in Singapore

First Generation of Town

The Inner CBD of the town is connected by major transit oriented developments connected by pedestrian tunnels, walkway and the metro network

Northern, Eastern and Western Suburbs

The city consists of suburbs where major metro and bus stations are located. This connects residents into the CBD.

Data Source: NUS Transport

Transport Network Case Study Transit in Singapore

Metro Network

The metro network runs a loop in the city connecting the major nodal points together.

Data Source: NUS Transport

Inner Bus Transit Network

The bus transit network helps connect the major nodal point in the city to other parts of the city forming a efficient and integrated transport network.

Sydney a 24 Hour City Programmatic Study of Circular Quay

Circular Quay has a high percentage of office blocks followed by residences and hotel. The cultural precinct of the waterfront promenade is dominated by tourist attraction and cultural buildings.

Sydney a 24 Hour City Active areas in Circular Quay on the Weekends

The degree of activation is greatly reduced during the weekend as the areas activated mostly consists of the waterfront promenade and other major retail outlets. This is due to it being a public holiday.

Sydney a 24 Hour City Active areas in Circular Quay on the Weekdays ( Day)

During a normal working day Circular Quay is a active area filled with people grabbing lunch and travelling across the city due to the nature of the nature of the typical office working hours.

Sydney a 24 Hour City Active areas in Circular Quay on the Weekdays (Night)

On a typical night in Circular Quay, the amount of activation is very low with food and beverage outlets being the most activated zones. This is due the population of the city heading home after work. The idea of reactivating the city at night and forming a 24 hour city will help bring in diversity and liveability of the city.

Sydney a 24 Hour City Demographics and Social Analysis

For the city to achieve a 24 hour status, various convenience and a diverse programme needs to be implemented. This will help reduce the needs to travel beyond the city for various programmes the city does not have.

Sydney a 24 Hour City Demographics and Social Analysis

Sydney Visions A Connected City

The image by artist Robertson Emerson Curtis, speculated Sydneyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Cbd as a connected high density skyline with pedestrian bridges above ground and planes flying in the sky. His speculated vision did not happen until today, which makes one wonder how much Sydney has change through time, and how the society up kept the cities historical artefacts.

Image : Robert Emerson Curtis, Old Circular Quay in 1930 with Sydney in 2000 ( Source: Library NSW)

Data Source: Curating Sydney

Sydney Visions Density and Transportation Nodes

Image : Phillipe Vivian Density and Transport Nodes ( Source: Bates Smart)

Phillipe Vivians vision for Sydney in 2030 nevertheless bring back the vision of Robert Emerson Curtis, with the cities major transportation nodes being areas where density are being increased and the major height limits of Sydney being challenged. The Sydney skyline is being controlled by the idea that no buildings should be taller then the Sydney Tower. When we think of Sydney we think of the Opera House and The Harbour Bridge not the Sydney tower. We should move away from this pre modern ideology and increase the height limit in the city.

Data Source: Bates Smart

Circular Quay The Transit Interchange Circular Quay Transportation Mode

Image : Transportation Modes in Circular Quay ( Source: Porus)

Circular Quay The Transit Interchange Bus Transit Interchange

The main bus interchange station in Sydney is concentrated along Wynyard, Central and Circular Quay. The future alignment of the bus network meant that buses will stop at the AMP precinct loop. This meant that the future of the AMP precinct will we crowded with buses in the future.

Image : Bus Interchange in Sydney CBD

Bus Transit in Sydney Main Transport Interchange

With the future presence of light rail and increase in transit frequency in Circular Quay there will be a need for a interchange station in Circular Quay to handle the amount of pedestrian traffic in the area.

Image : Future Bus Nodal Intersections

Bus Transit in Sydney Inner CBD Transportation Nodes

With the current transport network in Sydney already at its capacity, the predicted rise in the usage of public transport meant that there will be a need of future increment of capacity. The proposed Bus Rapid Transit Network which connects the various suburbs into the city meant that there is a opportunity for the site to be a bus interchange station.

Graph : Predicted Bus Passenger Levels ( NSW Transport)

Graph : Bus Concentrarion Levels ( NSW Transport)

Bus Rapid Transit in Sydney

Bus Transit in Sydney Bus Rapid Transit

Data Source: Global BRT Forum

Bus Rapid Transit Global

Data Source: Global BRT Forum

Bus Transit in Sydney Future of Bus Systems

Data Source: Independent UK

Bus Transit in Sydney Emission Free Future

Data Source: Siemens Bus

Electric Bus Photovoltaic System

Data Source: UNSW Photovoltaic

Electric Bus Photovoltaic System

Data Source: UNSW Photovoltaics

Precedent Study 1 FKI Tower Korea - Photovoltaics

Image Source: CTBUH

Building Integrated Photovoltaic System The Facade System

Image Source: CTBUH

Precedent Study 2 Port Authority Bus Terminal New York

The Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York is the main gateway of interstate buses and intercity buses. The proposal to revamp the terminal has been won by ARCADIS. The overall urban plan were to incorporate a new bus terminal hub in between a high rise mixed use zone.

Image: Top View of Port Authority Bus Terminal ( Source: Port Authority)

Site Development Port Authority Bus Terminal New York

Image: Site Plan of Port Authority Bus Terminal ( Source: Port Authority)

Masterplan Concept Port Authority Bus Terminal New York

Image Source : Port Authority

Ground Floor Access Port Authority Bus Terminal New York

Bus Terminal Access Port Authority Bus Terminal New York

Sectional Study Port Authority Bus Terminal New York

Bus Terminal Organization Port Authority Bus Terminal New York

Image: ( Source: Port Authority)

Precedent Study 3 Penssylvania Train Station

PENNSYLVANIA TRAIN STATION Charles McKim’s ‘a place that once made travelers feel important’

“Until the first blow fell, no one was convinced that Penn Station really would be demolished, or that New York would permit this monumental act of vandalism against one of the largest and finest landmarks of its age of Roman elegance.” “One entered the city like a God,” the architectural historian Vincent Scully famously wrote of the original station. “One scuttles in now like a rat.” The New York Times

Image: Top View of Pennsylvania Train Station ( Source: Penn State)

Design Analysis Penssylvania Train Station

Design Analysis Pennsylvania Train Station

Image Source : PENN station Redevelopment

Precedent Study 4 Abeno Harukas Tower

Abeno Harukas is the tallest building in Japan. It is a significant transit oriented development where the train station located beneath the building accomodates up to 730,000 passengers per day. The building connects the metropolitan train network to various facilities in the district. The building is designed by Taneka Architects and Clarke Pelli architects.

Image: View of Abeno Harukas Tower and its surounding context ( Source: CTBUH Annual Awards)

Precedent PrecedentStudy Study4 4 Abeno Tower AbenoHarukas Harukas Tower

Sited in a high-density urban area, the shape of the large volumes comprising the tower were determined through various factors, such as impact of wind on the surrounding area, relation to the scale of the surrounding neighborhood, and circulation of occupants. The asymmetric structural megatruss, optimized to the program of the building, determines the void spaces, which offer space for vertical transportation as well as air circulation. Three volumes with different floor areas are shifted and stacked, drawing sunlight and wind to the center void between offices, creating three-dimensional, cascading gardens. 49

Drawing Source: CTBUH Annual Awards

Precedent Study 4 Abeno Harukas Tower

The high density complex has a diverse programme incorporating a department store, art museum, school, hospital,office, hotel, observatory, and rooftop gardens. About 140,000 people use this complex in in the daily basis.

Diagram: The diverse programme in the complex

Diagram Source: Abeno Harukas

Precedent Study 4 Abeno Harukas Tower

Programmatic, structural, and environmental imperatives all intersect productively in this design. The truss frame installed on the upper levels, inspired by the central pillar design of traditional Japanese pagodas, also stabilizes the tower to withstand a 2,000-year earthquake. The voids inside the building are useful for ventilation and heat exchange. The department storeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s void channels waste heat inside ceilings and sends the cooled exhaust air to the upper floorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cooling tower by way of a buoyancy ventilation system. Voids in the office area intake natural light and wind to the central core section

Image: View of Sky Garden ( Source: CTBUH Annual Awards)

Three volumes with different floor areas are shifted and stacked, drawing sunlight and wind to the center void between offices, creating three-dimensional, cascading gardens.

Image: View of the Central Void( Source: CTBUH Annual Awards)

Image: View of the Observation Deck ( Source: CTBUH Annual Awards)

Project Manifesto

The project aims to design a Sustainable 24 hour Transit Hub which acts as a catalyst to improve and reactivate the city of Sydney. 52

Programmatic Response

Programme Development

URBAN STUDY 57

Image of Sydneyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Skyline taken on 12th March 2017

Site Analysis - Circular Quay Opportunity and Constraint

Site Analysis - Circular Quay Existing Site Access

Site Analysis - Circular Quay Proposed Site Access

Environmental Analysis - Circular Quay Solar Access on Ground Level ( Summer Solistic)

Summer Solistic 9 am

Summer Solistic 12 pm

During the summer solestic the higher angle of the sun meant that the ground plane of the site receive ample amount of sun in the morning and throughout the afternoon the site receive less amount of daylight due to the overshadowing of buildings and infrastructure. PV panels could be installed on the eastern and northern side.

Summer Solistic 3 pm

Environmental Analysis - Circular Quay Solar Access on Ground Level ( Winter Solestic)

Winter Solistic 9 am

Winter Solistic 12 pm

During the winter solestic the low angle of the sun meant that the sun rays casted on the ground plane varied and the amount of sun receive in certain areas are greatly reduced.

Winter Solistic 3 pm

Environmental Analysis - Circular Quay Solar Access on Tower ( Summer Solistic)

Summer Solistic 9 am

Summer Solistic 12 pm

During the summer solestic, the entire tower receives considerable amount of daylight throughout the day. This meant that PV panels could be used on all facades but not the Southern facade.

Summer Solistic 3 pm

Environmental Analysis - Circular Quay Solar Access on Tower ( Winter Solestic)

Winter Solistic 9 am

Winter Solistic 12 pm

During the winter solestic, the lower angle of the sun meant that the amount of solar access on the facade is less. However more then 70% of the facade still receives a good amount of solar gain.

Winter Solistic 3 pm

Daylight Strategies OPTION 1

Option 1 : Heliostat The heliostat system has reflects light by having to reflector plane. However it requires a huge structure and creates a form which does not respond to the context

Daylight Strategies OPTION 2

Option 2 : Solar Reflector The solar concentrator is forms the mass of the building and reflects light to the ground plane by two reflector planes built perpendicular to each other.

Daylight Strategies OPTION 3

Option 3 : Facade System The reflector facade system consists of multiple reflectors which helps reflect light into the ground plane without creating a form which is driven by the system.

Traffic Analysis - Circular Quay Bus Access Strategies

OPTION 1

OPTION 2

Main route for the buses on Phillip street meant that there will be a separation between the two neighbouring street.

The approach to use the basement as the bus area, create a loop inside the site and a centralised boarding area.

Traffic Analysis - Circular Quay Bus Access Strategies

OPTION 3

OPTION 4

The two sided approach of the terminal meant that it will have a disconnection between the two opposing streets

Activating the two streets into ingress and egress meant that there will be less congestion and a better flow in the terminal.

Urban Vision The vision for the project were to bring the vision of a self sufficient city into reality. With the advancement in Photovoltaics and Mass transit system, there will be no need to rely on the existing coal powered grid system. The project forms a vision on how a high rise skyscrapper could be generous towards the environment as well as the city by providing a 24 hour transit hub which is aimed to reactivate the city. Also, the idea is to create a transportation network in the city which is powered by the energy generated by the skyscrappers in the city itself. With the city growing verticaly the amount of surface area that receives sunlight will increase as well.

Abstract Image of Sydneyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Skyline with the advancement of Photovoltaic Grid and Transportation System.

MASTERPLAN DEVELOPMENT 75

Image: View of Circular Quay taken from AMP Tower Observation Deck

Transportation Linkage - Option 1 Underground Connection

The underground connection will provide a smooth flow of pedestrian traffic in between modes of transport. However the spatial quality and sense of orientation, which is the inherent quality of the city will be lost.

Transportation Linkage - Option 1 Underground Connection

Transportation Linkage - Option 2 Ground Floor Connection

With the Ground connection pedestrians could experience the a better spatial and orientation quality. The street is where activities takes place and the idea of walking on the ground could enhace the loci of the connection between modes of transport. 78

Transportation Linkage - Option 2 Ground Floor Connection

Transportation Linkage - Option 3 Above Ground Connection

With the elevated pedestrian linkage, the ground plane is left undisturbed and a sense of transparency and orientation could be maintained. However, pedestrians will feel cut off from the street life from the complexity of the bridges. The simple pleasure of walking on the ground plane should be rediscovered.

Transportation Linkage - Option 3 Above Ground Connection

Transportation Linkage - Option 3 Above Ground Connection 3d Study

We jump out of our car to catch the train, take the train to catch a plane, rush down a metro to flag a bus and in the end we simply walk, the loci of these daily connections are often utilitarian. Pedestrians are forced to use overhead and underground connections to cross all kinds of highways and towns making it a even more complex and users even more confused. Does this typology of connections forms the identity of Sydney?

Massing Study - Options Photovoltaics Form Study

OPTION 1

OPTION 2

The form aims to direct the northern sunlight into the surface of the roof providing a huge surface area for photovolatics. This form however overshadows Macquarie park

The form aims to capture the shift of the sunlight from all angles into the surface of facade. Therefore the triangulation of the floor plates maximises the surface area for photovoltaics Installation.

Massing Study Twin Block Study

OPTION 1

OPTION 2

The form helps provide a separation between programmes while maintaining a distance between the heritage AMP building. The cut-out on the center reduces overshadowing on the western area of the site.

The twisting of the form from the upper levels improve solar access gains on the upper levels adding more surface area for photovoltaics installation.

Massing Study - Options Singular Block Study

OPTION 1

OPTION 2

The single block aims to maintain the current form of the building and adding a extension towards the northern side while integrating the building to the Loftus laneways.

The form increases its size to form a inverted tower in order to take advantage of the views and solar gains on the upper levels.

Spatial Study Residential Blocks

2. Internalization

1. Typical Residential Block

3. Photovoltaic Terraces

4. Order and Variety

Spatial Study Office Blocks

1. Typical Office Block

2. Internalization

3. Daylighting

Spatial Study 24 Hour Spaces

1. Typical Room Layout

2. Programme and Unprogramme

3. Circulation Space

24 Hour Hub Programme

Ground Plane Study Design Diagrams

1. Existing Site

2. Bus Access

3. Laneways

The existing site has various constraints which limits the movement of pedestrians and transportation.

The Bus Terminus is placed at the end of the site beside the AMP Tower to reduce the distance needed to travel between modes of transit.

With the existing laneways programme adjacent to the site, the connections are continued into to the proposed masterplan.

Ground Plane Study Design Diagrams

4. Programme

5. Public Spaces

6. Landscape

With the insertion of the laneways the building core program are inserted forming a seperation in the ground plane.

The public spaces present in the northern site are subdivided into various uses which forms the journey into the bus terminus.

The landscaping is increased in the masterplan to form a seperation between the public spaces.

Masterplan Sectional Study 1.0