The method use in this research is qualitative method where the observation and result get from the research study and case study.The study showed that in a multi function and diverse habitant environment such as, lighting system design plays a major role for comfort of the patients, the critical visual requirements for hospital staff, the comfort and visual need of the visitors. In addition to these goals, energy cost savings through the careful design of lighting schemes used in such applications.In conclusion the research will conclude about an adequate light suitable for each space based on Malaysia standard , Guideline of Department of Safety and Occupational and based on some research.
Journal of Design + Built Study of lighting on Important Spaces In the Medical Building. (Aproposal Study : Student Health Center,UTHM) Study of Lighting on Important Spaces in the Medical Buildings (A Proposal Study: Student Health Center, UTHM) *Dayana Syakirah Binti MohdYaziz 1 Jabatan Seni bina, Fakulti KejuruteraanAwam danAlam Bina, UniversitiTun Hussein Onn Malaysia 2 Department ofArchitecture, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental , UniversitiTun Hussein Onn Malaysia *Correspondence e-mail: af190087@siswa.uthm.edu.my
INTRODUCTION
keyword :, lighting,medical building
Medical building aims to maintain or promote healthBy preventing, diagnosing, treating, minimizing, or curing disease, illness, injuries, and other physical and mental limitations in individuals Health professionals and other allied health areas provide healthcare Health care includes all health professions such as medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, occupational therapy, physical therapy, athletic training, and others It encompasses work done in the fields of public health, primary care, secondary care, and tertiary care The emergency department, the medical division, and other areas are among the most crucial ones in hospitals 1
This paper presents the study of lighting on important spaces in Medical buildings Focusing on the sufficient lighting from artificial space such as the treatment room, waiting area, operation room,hospital’s corridor and others Most healthcare settings are lit by a combination of daylight entering through windows,skylights and electric light sources It is important to understand how these two types of light sources differ to understand their relative impacts on human health and performance It is found important to have a starting point in healing architecture and create an environment with knowledge of users sensory and functionally needs and looks at how hospital wards can support patients’ and staff experience or maybe even have a positive influence on the recovery process
ABSTRACT
Hospital lighting not only serves a practical purpose but also enhances patient comfort
The fact that we require light to perceive and define a space as well as its many other characteristics, including chromaticity, dispersion, reflection, and amplitude appears to be disregarded when designing interior environments
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The majority of healthcare facilities, along with other structures, use a combination of electric light sources and sunshine that enters through windows and skylights To comprehend the relative effects of these two types of light sources on human health and performance, it is critical to understand how these two types of light sources differ Electromagnetic radiation at a wavelength that the eye's photoreceptors can absorb is sunlight With components in all regions of the visible wavelength range, sunlight offers a well balanced color spectrum. With latitude, weather, and seasons, the actual wavelengths of daylight change throughout the day (Boyce, Hunter, & Howlett, 2003; Edwards & Torcellini, 2002). The use of light in environments is referred to as "lighting." The 2
The objective of this study is to investigate whether lighting for a hospital impacts on staff to do the job and whether it has a significant impact on the health and emotions of patients
The hospital lighting specifications were needed to get the technical knowledge for implementation and selecting appropriate light fixtures Atmosphere and perception theory was needed in order to know how the visitor will perceive the room with the right selection of amount of light setting Next, To identify where the light is suitable for the spaces to reflect with the adequate lighting needed.
Introduction to lighting
Since different areas with their own distinct purposes have different lighting requirements, there are many different lighting applications in hospitals: ward areas, treatment areas, observation areas, exam rooms, waiting and circulation spaces, and operating rooms all have different lighting requirements and call for particular design criteria
Light is commonly added to interior designs after the physical surrounds have been formed, and little thought is usually given to how the light will interact with the surfaces of the materials in the area In these cases, it can be challenging to alter the end result using solely the lighting design, and this may finally lead to a compromised spatial design where the light may appear disassociated from the context in which it should play a crucial role
The human eye can distinguish hundreds of various colors within the visible light spectrum, which extends from 390 700 nanometers
According to research, controlled lighting and color have the ability to influence people who may be feeling nervous, overly emotional, or confused One of the causes is that people become agitated and rambling while they wait to see a doctor This affects several of the space lighting components because adequate lighting can reduce people's anxieties and worries. The priority of the use of light in a room should also be given attention to staff so that it is easy to do work and can be treated well.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Hospital environments are usually sterile, formal, and stressful A hospital visit for a patient, visitor, or relative is typically an emotional experience of some type; ambient lighting has the capacity to lessen emotions of tension
RESEARCHAND OBJECTIVE
Journal of Design + Built Study of lighting on Important Spaces In the Medical Building. (Aproposal Study : Student Health Center,UTHM)
a) Basic types of artificial lighting
Non uniform Table1 : Pattern Of Light In A Space Stimulate Psychology Response
Ambient (general lighting), task lighting, and accent lighting are the three fundamental types of artificial lighting that coexist General lighting, commonly referred to as ambient lighting, supplies an area with overall illumination It emits a pleasant degree of brightness 3
Work/ Casual Clarity wall lighting, cooler color tones, bright light on workplane with less light at the perimeter Uniform Spaciousness a bright environment with wall and possibly ceiling lighting uniform Privacy Low activity space lighting and minimal perimeter lighting and dark areas in rest of space
Psychological Impact Lighting effect Light distribution
of Design + Built
placement of the light, its relative intensities, and its direction can all significantly affect perception in addition to vision and visual comfort Not only may lighting alter perceptions of the area and its owner, but also the lighting equipment itself Therefore, lighting has an impact on social interaction, mood and atmosphere, sales, mood and task performance, safety, and security
Space perception: The pattern of light in a space can stimulate a psychological response (table 1 )
Tense direct, strong overhead lighting Non- uniform relaxed Warm color tones and lovely overhead lighting at the room's edge Non-uniform
Color
Focus: The brightest spot in the field of vision naturally draws the attention of the human eye We may create focal points, draw attention to them, and create a visual hierarchy in a space by casting a stronger intensity of light on specific things.
Artificial light studies
Journal Study of lighting on Important Spaces In the Medical Building. (Aproposal Study : Student Health Center,UTHM)
perception: A specific color must be present in both the object and the light source that is striking it for a thing to perceive it
2
Xenon lamps and
electric light sources According to
are
over
wavelengths figure 1 : spectrum light radiation b) Tabulation of typical lumens/watt values for different light sources Lamp Type Lumens /Watt Avg. Lumens/Watt CRI Life (Hrs) T5 Fluorescent 100 105 102 5 85 9000 Mercury 44-57 50 50 2400 HPS ( High pressure Sodium) 101 175 150 10 6000+ LED 75 200 137.5 98 50000+ Incandescent 8 18 14 100 1000 T12 Fluorescent 40 70 55 92 8000 T8 Fluorescent 60 80 70 85 6000 Table 2: Light Sources From the above tabulation it can be seen that the only light source which satisfies all the criteria in terms of Efficiency,Color Rendering Index( CRI) and Lamp Life is the LED light source . 4
to those
Journal of Design + Built Study of lighting on Important Spaces In the Medical Building. (Aproposal Study : Student Health Center,UTHM) without glare Additionally, task lighting makes it easier for you to complete specialized jobs like reading, cooking, etc As a last step in an interior design plan, accent lighting brings drama to a space by generating visual appeal It is used to draw attention to house plans, paintings, sculptures, and other priceless things
Additionally, there is light from the majority of man made electric light sources, such as cool white fluorescent and incandescent lights, which are composed of light wavelengths concentrated in specific regions of the visible light spectrum, such as the yellow to red end or orange to red end of the spectrum (Edwards & Torcellini, 2002) some filtered which have spectral contents that are similar of daylight do not change over time, are examples of full spectrum studies, performance is not necessarily improved by daylight artificial tasks in harmony with light
lighting Most visual
incandescent lights,
but
light
Journal of Design + Built Study of lighting on Important Spaces In the Medical Building. (Aproposal Study : Student Health Center,UTHM) c) Based on Guidelines Occupational SafetyAnd Health For Lighting, Malaysia ( 2018 ) ,recommended artificial Lighting Requirements for healthcare premises need to be followed by ( table 2) so that no untoward injuries or accidents occur Table 3: Recommended lighting by DOSH 5
Journal of Design + Built Study of lighting on Important Spaces In the Medical Building. (Aproposal Study : Student Health Center,UTHM) d) Recommended average illuminance lighting level by Malaysian Standard 1525 (2019) Table 4 :Recommended Lighting By Malaysian Standard 6
Performance on visual tasks gets better as light levels increase (Boyce, Hunter, & Howlett, 2003) The need for light increases as a function of age due to reduced transmittance of aging eye lenses There may be a need to critically assess the lighting provisions for different types of tasks performed by nurses and other staff The work environment for nurses and physicians in hospitals is stressful They are required to perform a range of complex tasks by charting, filling prescriptions, administering medication, and performing other critical patient care tasks. Inadequate lighting and a chaotic environment are likely to compound the burden of stress and lead to errors.
The most obvious effect of light on humans is in enabling vision and performance of visual tasks. The nature of the task, as well as the amount, spectrum, and distribution of the light, determines the level of performance that is achieved. Performance on visual tasks gets better as light levels increase. Besides,the work environment for nurses and physicians in hospitals is stressful. Another factor that affects performance on visual tasks is age,and the need for light increases as a function of age due to reduced transmittance of aging eye lenses .
Other than that, Light falling on the retina and being transmitted to the hypothalamus controls the body’s circadian rhythm (biological events that repeat themselves at regular intervals), which are responsible for synchronizing the body’s internal clock to 24 hours. If the internal rhythms do not match the workday rhythms, which is the case for many healthcare workers, staff can feel drowsy, tired, and distracted.
Figure 2: Human circadian system 7
3 How Lighting Impacts Human Health
Journal of Design + Built Study of lighting on Important Spaces In the Medical Building. (Aproposal Study : Student Health Center,UTHM)
Light impacts human health and performance by Enabling performance of visual tasks
4. Indoor lighting controls
SensaModular’s wide range of lighting options, which allow setting and retrieving three different views, would be advantageous in this situation bedroom and closet With Modular Sense energy connectivity features daylight saving and landscape setting features, natural daylight and artificial lighting are adjusted seamlessly to allow for a variety of activities
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Journal of Design + Built Study of lighting on Important Spaces In the Medical Building. (Aproposal Study : Student Health Center,UTHM)
Controls for indoor lighting in healthcare applications Energy saving reduces operating expenses while protecting the world’s resources. Waiting room and entrance Scene setting control along with dimmable luminaires have replaced conventional systems. Modular Sensa, in its most basic version, allows parts of the lighting to be dimmed or to emphasize and highlight specific areas for special events Areas for movement Never turn off lights completely in areas where patients, employees and visitors can walk In empty spaces, SensaModular dimmable luminaires with SwitchLite presence detectors limit light output to 10%; when someone enters a space, the output automatically increases Lighting can be dimmed but never completely turned off for some circulation areas using the corridor feature By doing this, for example, public circulation areas may become less congested at night However, this depends on the particular situation as many areas of the corridor can be turned off without any problems SLDMD Thorn Prism A useful energy saving option is a lane luminaire with an integrated high frequency sensor Clean rooms and operating rooms
An alternative to manual dimming is RotaryDim The lighting in this area, which is often used by employees and guests, must be adjusted adequately to accommodate events such as parties, music performances and film screenings Both Sensa Link and Sensa Advanced integrate various groups of dimmable luminaires, with Sensa Link providing six scene setting options and SensaAdvanced providing twenty In a hospital pantry or kitchen, a collection of digitally dimmable luminaires is controlled by a manual light level control called Rotary Dim. daily room in the hospital Again, depending on the type of daily room ward provided, this will vary by case. It’s not a good idea to “throw” patients in a regular daily room instead of a staff designated daily room, although many daily rooms can use the controls without any problems and treat mobile admissions reasonably. This space is intended to serve as a gathering place for residents of the care facility, giving them a place to socialize and enjoy themselves in safety and comfort with little supervision. Optional scene settings and presence detection with daytime linking are provided by Sensa Modular using multiple “look down” sensors.
Automatic balancing between natural and artificial light sources is provided through daylight touch. Polarity -free connections allow fast connections with fewer errors. The Sensa controller oversees the lighting system to make sure it works as intended.
Journal of Design + Built Study of lighting on Important Spaces In the Medical Building. (Aproposal Study : Student Health Center,UTHM)
SensaModular scene plate
Hospitals and other healthcare facilities by definition house the sick, the disabled, and those who provide for them. To assist in getting patients, staff, and visitors to a safe area in the case of an incident, emergency escape lighting will be required. Hospitals have devised a progressive horizontal evacuation policy in which patients are moved from high risk to low risk areas as emergencies are dealt with. Emergency exit lighting is essential between a power outage and the time the hospital generators can start up again.
Journal of Design + Built Study of lighting on Important Spaces In the Medical Building. (Aproposal Study : Student Health Center,UTHM)
5 Emergency lighting
Next, Cleanrooms and operating rooms In these high risk task areas, it is typical for low emergency lighting levels to reach 100% within 0 5 seconds of a mains failure Besides, operating theater, lamps are powered by central battery systems to assure continuation of illumination in the case of an emergency A secondary guaranteed supply or static inverter, frequently backed up by generators, should offer the primary emergency light levels
Next, bedrooms, treatment rooms, and wards These locations should have emergency exit signage that is readily visible and lighting that is 10% of the sustained illuminance levels. It is conceivable to use the maintained output of contemporary LED-based emergency luminaires to meet both needs if low-level night lights are needed.
Secondly, staircases and hallways In hospitals and other healthcare facilities, the minimum EU guideline for emergency lighting levels for primary escape routes is 1 lux. Authorities in charge of building codes and fires will anticipate a major improvement on this level. This can be accomplished by adding dedicated luminaires to emphasize exit doors, important dangers, and firefighting equipment to a level of 5 lux together with mains luminaire maintained emergency conversions.
Table 5: Image of mentioned tool in indoor lighting controls
Day rooms and communal spaces Rooms larger than 60 m2 are considered open spaces and need emergency exit illumination Prior to evacuation, they may also be designated as refuge locations for bedridden patients and should have a minimum of 5 lux of lighting 10
SensaAdvanced touch panel RotaryDIM, simple DSI dimmer
Firstly, the entrance and the waiting area, these areas, which are typically spacious open areas with designated escape routes, must meet the emergency escape light requirements for anti panic lighting, which must be at least 0 5 lux or 1 lux A number of maintained emergency conversions of the major lighting fixtures are strategically chosen and placed to do this To increase their effectiveness, emergency exit signs should be put in place and kept in the maintained mode
Journal of Design + Built Study of lighting on Important Spaces In the Medical Building. (Aproposal Study : Student Health Center,UTHM)
Parking lots and walkways
Covered parking lots and walkways should be handled as open spaces, with the proper vandal resistant emergency lighting and signage installed The Thorn Explorer Project test and control system will automatically notify any defects or damage in the event of vandalism as an added measure of security Lift vehicles Lift cars should have emergency illumination that operates at 50% of normal levels for at least an hour Before the generators start up again, lifts with transit bed capacity should maintain 100% of normal levels of power for an hour to account for the likelihood of patient suffering Control and plant rooms These rooms must have emergency lighting in order for workers to monitor and shut down processes, find and fix problems, run backup generators, and assist with e g p g y g g
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The new psychiatric hospital in Elsinore (Helsingor), Denmark, created by the architects PLOT deviates from tradition in both its design and lighting. The star-shaped structure has two primary functional areas: a base floor for living and an upper level, which is connected to the current hospital, for treatment. The heart of the building is where all of the different components come together. Long corridors and open common spaces are used to provide the need for supervision without making the patients feel watched over or cooped up, and lighting is provided to meet the needs of all residents. The luminaries create a bright, secure atmosphere for the patients and employees by achieving even lighting with good color rendering Special functional and safety criteria apply to the patient's dwellings For instance, built in LED wall lights that are level with the skirting board serve as nightlights Efficiency The architect made the best use of the available daylight to increase lighting energy efficiency
Journal of Design + Built Study of lighting on Important Spaces In the Medical Building. (Aproposal Study : Student Health Center,UTHM) 6 Case study : Elsinore (Helsingør) psychiatric hospital
The entire upper floor, which is distinguished by multiple passageways that run in different directions, was fitted with oblong fittings for architectural integration These give direction and move with the structure They are also designed for exterior use; when upright, they serve as a distinctive hybrid of low bollards and park lights, creating a strong connection between the interior and outdoor settings Classic glass fixtures are employed to highlight the directionlessness and openness of the huge rooms on the bottom floor The patients feel more safe thanks to the separate LEDs Overall, the lighting reflects the architecture's efforts to design a contemporary, practical hospital that doesn't give off a sterile medical vibe 12
All 48 of the single rooms have views of the hospital grounds thanks to the living area's landscaping, which is integrated into the hospital grounds To achieve low energy, all of the linear fluorescent luminaires used in the hallways, offices, treatment rooms, and center area use modern optics with T16 lights The LED lights are even more energy efficient and have a long operational life, making them perfect for the prolonged burning times
There is a lighting control system
Journal of Design + Built Study of lighting on Important Spaces In the Medical Building. (Aproposal Study : Student Health Center,UTHM)
The problem that is often encountered when designing a medical building is the insufficient amount of lighting in a space because each space needs to be studied for its use before we can decide the number and type of lighting that can be used In order for personnel to do their duties and for patients to feel comfortable, hospital lighting needs to be changed to meet two requirements Different recommendations are made for each section of the hospital since each location performs a different activity, and each activity requires a different level of lighting It has been discovered that hospital lighting is not ideal for enhancing patients' comfort while they are there. There have been reports of excessively dim hospital illumination (50 300 lux). The capacity of nurses to change the lighting in patient rooms according to their tastes may have negative effects on the patient. This is another aspect of hospital lighting. However, the nurse can also improve the patient's healing environment by properly regulating the light to the patient's benefit . Because nurses and doctors need sufficient illumination to do their duties irrespective of the current natural light in the area, it can be advantageous to utilize artificial lighting in hospitals. It is crucial that hospitals employ artificial lighting sources with hues that are as close to natural light as feasible. Artificial illumination, especially when utilized at night, could, however, be harmful to patients. It could disrupt a patient's sleep cycle, which could affect a number of health consequences, including diabetes, heart disease, and mood disorders . Another potential drawback of artificial lighting in a medical setting is that it only comes from a single or a small number of spots, which leads to insufficient illuminance uniformity.
A study proposal of Student Health Center,UTHM has been designed according to lighting standards based on the study and based on Malaysian standards 1525 and also followed by the Department of Safety And Health Department( DOSH) lighting guideline. The Aimed is to prove the inadequate lighting in every important space in the Medical Building.
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PROBLEMAND ISSUES
RESULTAND DISCUSSION
METHODOLOGY
The methodology of this research paper is by using a secondary type of data with qualitative methods where all the information gathered by research study and observation on a case study through some reading on the past investigation.
Journal of Design + Built Study of lighting on Important Spaces In the Medical Building. (Aproposal Study : Student Health Center,UTHM) 14
Journal of Design + Built Study of lighting on Important Spaces In the Medical Building. (Aproposal Study : Student Health Center,UTHM) Figure 7 Ground floor and first floor plan The floor plan above showed a few important spaces in the Student Health Center ,UTHM with the objective of lighting for each space.The spaces shown are theTreatment room, operating room, pantry, entrance, waiting area and the building’s circulation.This space requires adequate lighting. Based on the study, there are three chosen lights that are suitable and follow the lighting requirement the light are : Type of lamp lumens per watt average lamp in hour power density Incandescent 8-25 1000 - 2000 120 Fluorescent 60-600 10000 - 24000 66.04 LED 28 79 25000 100000 25 2 Table 6: type of lamp chosen To measure the light available at a particular point in the scene Illuminance analysis by software was carried out to visualize this quantitative value using a color scale that represents the amount of luminous flux WaitingArea WaitingArea Operation Room Treatment Room 15
LoungeArea Bed Room
16
CONCLUSION Light is essential to human functioning and can be very helpful for both patients and workers in medical facilities. Staff members in hospitals need adequate lighting to execute their visual duties, and low lighting can lead to mistakes. There is no question that illumination is crucial for the hospital's personnel, patients, and utility company. It supports both patients' efforts to recover quickly and hospital staff's ability to do their jobs. As a result, when designing the hospital lighting system, visual comfort and energy consumption must be taken into account. Health issues might result from visual discomfort brought on by certain lighting characteristics as glare, hum, and flicker They can cause eye strain, headaches, and eye irritation, which can result in fatigue and attention deficit Some conclusions can be drawn , first, each space needs to be studied properly because each space assigns a different role This relates to the use of the room and its users Therefore, the selection of lighting for each room is important Next, each room does not need to be placed with artificial lighting only but day lighting is also important to provide a balance of light in a space and artificial light one hundred percent will also have a negative impact on users Other than that, light is important in relation to mistakes made by nurses in the hospital Finally, artificial lighting may have a positive effect on a patient’s pain level, even during the day This effect appears to be smaller than the effect Some artificial lighting systems can be used in reducing pain levels, of which examples are bright light therapy, low level laser therapy and diode light therapy To conclude all the study, adequate lighting in every space in a medical building strictly needs to be studied and follow the requirement so as to be able to avoid any accidents at work and to be able to provide comfort to patients
Journal of Design + Built Study of lighting on Important Spaces In the Medical Building. (Aproposal Study : Student Health Center,UTHM)
Journal of Design + Built Study of lighting on Important Spaces In the Medical Building. (Aproposal Study : Student Health Center,UTHM) REFERENCES 1. Anonymous.“ImpactofLightonOutcomesinHealthcareSettings.” The Center for Health Design,30Oct.2010, Accessedwww.healthdesign.org/chd/research/impact-light-outcomes-healthcare-settings.26June2022. 2. Building for Everyone: A Universal Design Approach 2 Entrances and Horizontal Circulation 3. DiLouie,Craig.“IntroductiontoLightingDesign|LightNOW.” LightNOW | News and Opinion for Lighting People,18Mar.2016, www.lightnowblog.com/2016/03/introduction-to-lighting-design/.Accessed26June 2022. 4. Hospital Lighting and Patient’s Health.2018. Leccese,Francesco,etal.“QualityofLightinginHospitalEnvironments:AWide SurveythroughinSituMeasurements.” ResearchGate,unknown,29June2016, 2022.nvironments_A_Wwww.researchgate.net/publication/304574214_Quality_of_Lighting_in_Hospital_Eide_Survey_Through_in_Situ_Measurements.Accessed26June 5. Mehrotra,Sameer,etal.“EffectiveLightingDesignStandardsImpactingPatient Care:ASystemsApproach.” ResearchGate,ScientificResearchPublishing,2015, /download.s_Impacting_Patient_Care_A_Systems_Approach/link/5689009208ae051f9af739e0www.researchgate.net/publication/283833811_Effective_Lighting_Design_StandardAccessed26June2022. 6. New,Islamia.“LIGHTINGinHOSPITALS.” Slideshare.net,2017, www.slideshare.net/hamzaaaaaah/lighting-in-hospitals.Accessed26June2022. 7. Shaik,etal.“LightingAssessmentatResuscitationAreaofAccidentand EmergencyDepartment,UniversitiSainsMalaysia.” ResearchGate,unknown, Accessedon_Area_of_Accident_and_Emerwww2019,.researchgate.net/publication/325950735_Lighting_Assessment_at_Resuscitatigency_Department_Universiti_Sains_Malaysia.26June2022. 8. “TheImportanceofInteriorHospitalLightingPart1.” Simour Design,30Aug. 2015, Accessedsimourdesign.com/importance-of-lighting-in-hospital-interiors-part-i/.26June2022. 9 Mehrotra,S.,SunilBasukala,&ShivaDevarakonda.(2015).EffectiveLighting DesignStandardsImpactingPatientCare:ASystemsApproach.RetrievedJune26, 2022,fromResearchGatewebsite: tandards_Impacting_Patient_Care_A_Systems_Approachhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/283833811_Effective_Lighting_Design_S 10.Mehrotra,S.,SunilBasukala,&ShivaDevarakonda.(2015).EffectiveLighting DesignStandardsImpactingPatientCare:ASystemsApproach.RetrievedJune26, 2022,fromResearchGatewebsite: tandards_Impacting_Patient_Care_A_Systems_Approachhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/283833811_Effective_Lighting_Design_S 17
Journal of Design + Built Study of lighting on Important Spaces In the Medical Building. (Aproposal Study : Student Health Center,UTHM) 11. and,E.(2022,May10).MalaysianStandards:(MS)1525:2019–Energy EfficiencyandUseofRenewableEnergyforNon-ResidentialBuildings–SEDA Malaysia.RetrievedJune26,2022,fromSeda.gov.mywebsite: efhttps://www.seda.gov.my/pdfdownload/malaysian-standards-ms-1525-2019-energy-ficiency-and-use-of-renewable-energy-for-non-residential-buildings/ 12 I PREFACE.(n.d.).Retrievedfrom 2-guidelines-on-osh-forhttps://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/legislation/guidelines/industrial-hygiene-1/291-lighting-at-workplace/file 18
Both modern and traditional architecture have benefits that may be exploited to live a more ecologically friendly lifestyle. The goal of this research is to determine the differences between old and contemporary construction materials. After stone, wood is the second most common material used for human construction.Wood also has a lot of environmental benefits over other materials.It is easily machinable and can be fabricated into unlimited sizes and forms. Wood is one of the greatest building materials because of its high strength to weight ratio. Modern timber construction generates very little waste, but what it does generate can be burned for energy. Wood is generally non polluting or carbon neutral throughout its life cycle. Traditional buildings use more energy efficient materials than contemporary architecture. Structures like stone borders, for example, may last a thousand years or more with very little or no upkeep. Modern architectural designs often only last a generation or less before requiring significant upkeep. Traditional architecture is based on close interaction between the building and its surroundings. Traditional Malaysian houses are built using local materials such as wood, timber, and bamboo. The most significant differences between modern and traditional construction The materials were primarily found locally, and the structures were constructed in the traditional manner. Materials used in modern construction come from all around the world.Modern building materials are fundamentally an advance on old construction materials in that they are more diverse and durable in design. When working with modern materials, a lot of studies and resources are devoted to sustainability; this was not the case with traditional materials.
Building materials have evolved since humans first began to construct structures. The traditional materials demonstrate how we made do with what we had to construct a structure that would protect us from the elements. Advances in classic materials have resulted in modern materials in some ways.
Architecture is about more than just the aesthetics and design of a project; it's also about determining its function. And, as is customary, change is the only constant. The architectural realm is also the same. Architecture, like all other disciplines, has changed over time in response to changing needs. Every nation would have its own architectural traditions, which would be fundamental to its cultural, social, religious, and geographical identities. The truth
Timber, mud, clay, wood, and straw were among the traditional materials. Modern materials are concrete, bricks, steel, aluminum, and other materials that are comparable to modern materials. Many of the materials used in modern buildings are chosen for their appearance as well as their utility. Traditional materials were more about how they were used than how they looked.There has been a lot of study done to find the best materials that are sturdy and can handle a lot of stress and pressure. The materials used in the past were frequently of poor quality.
TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE IN MALAYSIA What Can We Learn from Them 1 ISBN 978-XXX-XXX-XXX-X UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN PUBLISHER 2021 THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND DURABILITY OF MODERN AND TRADITIONAL BUILDING MATERIALS USED IN MALAYSIA Dayana Syakirah Binti Mohd Yaziz 1 Student, Architecture Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Build Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn (UTHM) ABSTRACT
Keywords: Traditional and cotemporary, material 1.0 INTRODUCTION
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN PUBLISHER 2021
TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE IN MALAYSIA What Can We Learn from Them 2 ISBN 978-XXX-XXX-XXX-X
goal of this research is to determine the differences between traditional and modern construction materials in terms of efficiency and durability . The main difference between modern and traditional building material is that the traditional buildings were constructed with locally sourced material and there was no out sourcing of any sort. In its modern counterparts, the materials are both out sourced and locally found. It is important to choose the material that have more energy efficiency and durability because they provide cleaner combustion and greater ventilation than typical structures, energy efficient buildings minimise interior air pollution. They also reduce outdoor pollution by lowering the quantity of fossil fuel pollution produced by electricity generation since they require less energy. The good material also define when it can be long lasting for a generation to avoid waste and for the user safety purposed. Finally, material selection is critical for maintaining a building's material efficiency and durability. Material efficiency is a term or statistic that describes how much raw materials are used, integrated, or wasted in construction projects or physical processes as compared to prior metrics. Making a useful item out of thinner stock than the previous iteration improves the production process' material efficiency. Green building and energy conservation, as well as any other methods of incorporating renewable resources into the construction process from start to finish, go hand in hand with material efficiency.Material efficiency can also refer to a material's ability to withstand a specific stress, strain, or weight. Besides, it may be accomplished in a variety of ways, including the use of recycled materials, renewable energy based materials, and other methods. Other than that, it also can reduced energy use, reduced emissions and other environmental consequences of business, and increased national resource security are all reasons for material efficiency. Demand for material extraction and processing is expected to increase in the next 40 years due to rising population and income. The effects of the needed processing on the environment will become critical.
Durability refers to a product's capacity to survive for an extended period of time without noticeable degradation while requiring minimal maintenance. It is an important consideration when determining a material's long term viability. A long lasting material benefits the environment by conserving resources, reducing waste, and reducing the environmental impact of repair and replacement. Depending on where they will be exposed and what they will be used for, different buildings require varied levels of durability.
is that both modern and traditional architecture have benefits that may be exploited to live a more ecologically friendly lifestyle. Let's take a closer look at the advantages that each type provides. Every individual desires and is entitled to a secure and comfortable home. It is one of the most fundamental human rights, second only to food and access to clean water. The essential ingredients of construction materials may have changed in form, substance, and make up over time, but the end result stays the same: a safe haven. We can see how constructions transform the landscape of any location, from caves to cottages to modern day high rises.The
TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE IN MALAYSIA What Can We Learn from Them 3 ISBN 978-XXX-XXX-XXX-X UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN PUBLISHER 2021
Concrete and brick are perhaps the most well known materials. Concrete is made up of not only cement, but also gritty particles that add strength to the mix. Concrete can be moulded into a variety of shapes to meet the needs of the project, including columns, beams, foundations, and more. Concrete comes in a variety of forms, including plain or conventional, lightweight, high density, reinforced concrete, and so on. Using the right scaffolding, the compound may be readily moulded into the necessary shape, such as a column, beam, slab, or Bricksfoundationhave a similar function and are the most basic building materials available. They're typically employed in Asian and European countries, and they're made of baked mud that's held together with cement. Even though they don't have the same shape flexibility as concrete, they can still be utilised to create a variety of designs and buildings. Apart from that, steel, glass, and aluminium are the most common materials used in contemporary architecture Steel, aluminium, and wood are among the other materials employed. All of these materials are utilised to make beams, space frames, and other structures because they can sustain great pressure and stress. They also serve as the frames for windows and doors where glass can be installed. Glass is another material that is utilised to create stunning window panes and other decorations in modern buildings.
2.2 Modern material
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Traditional material
Natural materials such as mud, lumber, straw, stones, and clay are some of the oldest construction materials still in use today. Traditional building materials may be utilised as structural elements for load bearing construction. Mud is used to construct bricks, which are comparable to those seen in modern structures. Stones were also utilised for the same purpose in the past, especially when they were employed to build household structures and even pave highways. Timber and staw are two other classic materials that have been employed. It is very easy to work with, can be made into any shape or size, is very strong for its weight, is an excellent heat and electricity insulator, and is a renewable and biodegradable resource that can be used again and again Besides , Straw was used to construct shelters and dwellings because it was light, provided insulation, and was simple to work with. The greatest material for creating beams and frames for historic houses was timber or wood. All of them were locally available, thus there was no need for shipment, and as a result, structures in one geographic location differed significantly from those in another.Other than that, Slate, lead, copper, and even iron are some unusual materials. Roofing, pavement, and stair construction were all done with slate. One of the most common building materials is stone and wood. It's a long lasting, low maintenance construction material with plenty of thermal bulk. It can be used for floors, walls, arches, and roofs and comes in a variety of shapes, sizes, colours, and textures. Stone is a good match for the environment and can easily be used for future construction projects.After stone, wood is the oldest material used by humans for construction.
Furthermore, because wood has excellent insulation properties, wooden houses can maintain a comfortable climate throughout the year. As a result, information on thermal conductivity and the variables that affect it is particularly useful in terms of building insulation
3.1
3.0 Traditional materials are more durable and long-lasting compared to modern materials. Traditional building uses more energy efficient materials than contemporary architecture, which is one of the main reasons why it is favoured. It is often seen to be more long lasting than contemporary architecture. Structures like stone borders, for example, may last a thousand years or more with very little or no upkeep. Modern architectural designs often only endure a generation or less before requiring significant upkeep.Traditional building uses more energy efficient materials than contemporary architecture, which is one of the main reasons why it is favoured. It is often seen to be more long-lasting than contemporary
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Additionally, the ability of wood components to withstand tensile, compressive, and bending stresses is a distinguishing feature. Wood is one of the greatest building materials because of its high strength to weight ratio. In modern architecture, they use concrete, steel , aluminium and glass as the main material . and some of the material give bad impacts to the construction . For example , Aluminum's coefficient of thermal expansion is the primary reason why it is not used in reinforced concrete structures.The thermal expansion coefficients for different materials. The higher the thermal expansion coefficient, the quicker the related material expands to a given temperature. As a result, a concrete reinforcing material should have a thermal expansion coefficient that is closer to that of concrete for safety reasons Aluminum has a high thermal expansion coefficient. As a result, if aluminium is utilised, the reinforcements will expand first, leaving the concrete intact. This adds extra stress to the structure, causing it to collapse.
Traditional material have more energy effieciency compared to modern material
In general, traditional building materials are considered sustainable if they meet several or all of the following criteria which is renewability, low energy consumption, low CO2 emissions, local sourcing, reusable and recyclable materials, minimal waste, and non polluting. In this context, wood stands out as a fantastic option that meets all of these requirements. Wood also has superior physical and mechanical properties to other building materials, as well as a number of environmental advantages.Wood is main traditional building material and it is a renewable resource that contains a lot of solar energy, so it only takes a little fossil fuel to make. When burnt as wood biomass, it is also a self sufficient energy source. Wood is frequently sourced locally, and its responsible use promotes sustainable forest management in its native country. Meanwhile, Modern timber construction generates very little waste, but what it does generate can be burned for energy.Wood is generally non polluting or carbon neutral throughout its life cycle (Upton et al. 2008)
architecture. Structures like stone borders, for example, may last a thousand years or more with very little or no upkeep. Modern architectural designs often only endure a generation or less before requiring significant upkeep.
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Traditional architecture differs significantly from contemporary architecture in terms of building materials and processes, as well as their long term endurance. In the following respects, the materials are energy efficient materials. To begin with, unlike modern construction, materials are sourced from the soil, which requires very minimal polishing. secondly, in terms of their relative ease of acquisition and preparation for use in building. Aside from that, in terms of the energy necessary to transport them from their place of origin to the building site, as well as the energy required to maintain them. Furthermore, as previously said, traditional architecture, as opposed to contemporary architecture, is based on a close interaction between the building and its surroundings. In a more basic sense, unlike most contemporary construction, the walls of a traditional structure also support the structure. Structures were often composed of materials that were also part of the surrounding environment prior to the age of modern architecture, primarily mud, bricks, blocks, or stones stacked onto one another in compression owing to a lack of machinery. Modern architecture uses a steel or concrete structural frame, which is often less durable than traditional construction since the building's component pieces are not integrated. This feature of modern construction enables water to enter the building, weakening it over time. All of this, however, is insufficient to exclude contemporary building from the architectural environment. The utilitarian purpose of the building, as well as streamlined forms, are at the forefront of current architectural designs. In current architectural styles, minimalism is the thing to seek for. Angular frames, low profiles, geometrical and abstract inserts in fabrics, upholstery, and other elements characterise modern architecture. However, contemporary design does not rule out the use of natural materials entirely. Even in contemporary architecture, linen, leather, and teak wood are prevalent.
The Kutai House's original characteristics were a sago (rumbia) roof, bamboo walls, a sliding door, and several piles. The house was constructed entirely of natural materials present in the hamlet, such as wood and bamboo. A Kutai house's long roof and storage area on the top, known as the peran, or attic, is one of its distinguishing features (Halim & Hashim, 1994). Tunjuk langit, tracery (kerawang), grille (jerejak), octagonal pillars, and woven walls are some of the Kutai home decorations. All the decoration in Kutai House are mostly use the natural materials which is woods or timber .
A Kutai home has 12 or 16 pillars.The six primary components of the Rumah Kutai's construction are column components, beam to column components, floor and bendul components, roof components and finishes, wall components, and stairs and most of the construction using local material such as wood/timber , bamboo and others. The emphasis
4.1 Study of one traditional house in Malaysia which is Rumah Kutai that last for years because of the material and construction of the house.
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The Kutai House was built in the 1890s and is a traditional house. Kutai is a term used in the area to describe someone who is elderly or aged. According to Abdul Halim and Wan Hashim (1994), there were only 37 Kutai dwellings along the banks of the Perak River in their 1977 research. The Kutai House is no longer well recognised, and its numbers are falling, due to the scarcity of buildings of this style and the concentration of settlements in certain locations (Abdul Halim, 1988). The majority of existing Kutai houses are between 100 and 200 years old. The Kutai House was no longer built in Perak after the First World War ended in 1918, according to records
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There were a few buildings affected during the earthquake of 2015 in Ranau, Sabah area. And Smk Ranau was the one who was affected the most. The earthquake that happened at Philippine and Ranau Sabah only had a very small effect, but because of few problem of the building such as soft storey failure mechanism ,weak Column ,lack of confinement reinforcement in beams and columns ,short columns ,materials chosen, and inadequate type and size of aggregates. Because of the problem of the building,the building did not last long even in a moderate earthquake. Smk Ranau was built in the year of 2004. The structural building collapsed in 2015. The construction of this building lasted only 11 years
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4.2 The failure of modern building ( Ranau,Sabah )
on these components will be on the jointing method and the tanggam type employed in the construction. The home contains various art structural features that are lovely, basic, and serve their own purpose.Overall Rumah Kutai , is one of the example of malay traditional house that use wood as the main material from the basic and foundation of the construction until the decoration and art structural of the house and its long lasting until 100 to 200 years
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As demonstrated in figure above all of the case study buildings had concrete cover cracks and spalling as a result of the wrong size and type of aggregates used in the construction. Despite the fact that the damages occurred in existing structures, the overall fine and coarse aggregate size should be between 5 and 20 mm. In terms of grading, durability, particle form, surface texture, abrasion and skid resistance, absorption, and surface moisture, this aggregate does not meet the specifications. After the major shock, the impact of insufficient oversight during the building stage was evident when this river stone (smooth surface) did not bind properly with the concrete.Inadequate aggregate size was discovered in the column
To Date Proposed Strengthening Method for Beam Column Joints: 4.5 The majority of Ranau's badly damaged old RC structural structures could not be retrofitted, necessitating extensive destruction and replacement with a new seismic construction design. Malaysia's PWD has assumed complete responsibility for new building design and innovation. Apart from current soft storey structures, where only the beam column joints are impacted, a suitable strengthening approach is needed to extend the span in the column region rather than at the beam, resulting in a strong column weak beam mechanism. Nonetheless, a number of
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Secondly, by using recycled resource, the production of many building materials consumes a significant amount of energy. In the construction of building materials, employing recycled sources rather than non recycled sources results in significant raw material preservation as well as significant energy savings. Recycling building materials is essential for lowering embodied energy in structures; for example, recycled metal saves between 40 and 90 percent of energy when compared to natural resource based metal.
TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE IN MALAYSIA What Can We Learn from Them 10 ISBN 978-XXX-XXX-XXX-X UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN PUBLISHER 2021 well known government and non government organisations collaborated to help the PWD with a number of research. These studies should be able to correct the flaws in all current and future structural building designs in Ranau.In numerous afflicted nations with moderate to high seismic activity, several strengthening studies have been recommended. Nonetheless, these analyses were confined to the portion of beam column junctions 5.0 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Thirdly, Materials produced using low density industrial processes Building materials have an important influence in a building's energy efficiency. The manufacture of building materials consumes a considerable amount of the total energy utilised over the construction life cycle (especially embodied energy). Depending on the construction techniques, climate, and other factors, the proportion of energy spent in the fabrication of construction materials to the overall energy quantity consumed in the life cycle processes of a structure with a 50 year process of use ranges between 6 and 20% Industrialization has raised the intensity of energy consumption in the first of these phases for the manufacturing of buildings and their components Because heavy methods aren't used in the production process, less energy is consumed, resulting in materials that are more energy efficient. Energy consumption is reduced when established technologies, such as a heat recovery system, are used in industrial operations. In the cement production industry, for example, employing shaft furnaces instead of traditional rotary furnaces saves between 10% and 40% of energy. Similarly, in the steel sector, using an arc furnace instead of a rotating furnace saves around 50% of the energy [31].
Natural materials have more favourable features in the evaluation of the energy efficiency of the construction materials chosen in this study in terms of the criteria outlined above. Natural wood material has been shown to be beneficial in every way. But not all modern material cannot be used , there is many modern material that have it own beneficial . There is few recommendation can be done , firstly by using local materials, this is because , transportation of building materials to construction sites consumes a significant amount of energy, which has an impact on the construction's energy efficiency and cost. As a result, if building supplies are as close to the construction site as feasible, energy consumption in transportation will be reduced, and this reduction in transportation will offer the construction a significant ecological quality
In conclusion, the utilisation of resources like as wood, bamboo, stone, and other natural elements in traditional construction is excellent. Its endurance cannot be disputed; in fact, due of the extremely effective materials and little maintenance, several Malay buildings have lasted for decades. However, due of the passage of time and the rising number of people, the creation of tall structures is becoming more important. This research discovered that not all modern materials can survive only the perfect usage and installation, which may be learnt from traditional architecture. To summarise, contemporary development must focus material quality and employ materials that are both environmentally friendly and of good quality.
uctionnal_Building_Materials_for_the_Realization_of_Structures_by_Modern_Methods_of_ConstrBuilding_Materials_An_Overviewhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/281689803_Energy_Efficient_Sustainable_Lumpur.https://foyr.com/learn/traditionalarchitecturevsmodernarchitecture/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285674118_The_Use_Potential_of_Traditio
Other than that, use labor intensive materials which are using highly skilled labour in the fabrication of materials will eliminate industry specific procedures and, as a result, lower energy consumption. Materials made with renewable energy resources, particularly renewable energy resources (solar energy, wind energy, etc.), should be favoured as a major energy source in the manufacturing process over materials made with fossil fuels. The adobe brick, for example, is dried using sun energy after it is shaped Lastly choose the building materials with a high thermal insulation capacity: Choosing building materials with a high thermal insulation capacity reduces the amount of energy consumed by the structure throughout its use stage. Insulating materials that are opaque and translucent, for example, are examples.
6.0 CONCLUSION
7.0 REFERENCES Geoscience (2004). Newcastle Earthquake, Australia. Megawati, K., & Pan, T.C. (2010). Ground motion attenuation relationship for the Sumatran megathrust earthquakes, Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 39(8), 827 845. Pappin, J. W., Yim, P. H. I., & Koo, C. H. R. (2011). An approach for seismic design in Malaysia following the principles of Eurocode 8, IEM Jurutera Magazine, pp 22 Wan28. Teh, W.H. and A.H. Nasir, 1997. The Traditional Malay house, Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd,Shah Alam, Malaysia. Nasir, A.H., 1985. Introduction of TraditionalMalay House: Peninsular Malaysia. Darulfikir,Kuala
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TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE IN MALAYSIA What Can We Learn from Them 12 ISBN 978-XXX-XXX-XXX-X UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN PUBLISHER 2021 Designbuildings,structuresStandards60.Sabah09%3A_Modern_MaterialsAtoms_First_Approach/Unit_5%3A_States_of_Matter/Chapter_12%3A_Shttps://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Howard_University/General_Chemistry%3A_An_olids/Chapter_12.Ismail,R.,Adnan,A.,&Ibrahim,A.(2011).VulnerabilityofPublicBuildingsinSubjectedtoEarthquakebyFiniteElementModelling,ProcediaEngineering,20,54Zanina,P.,Yee,D.F.C.,&Muhammad,M.K.(2015).DevelopingMalaysianDesignforEarthquakeResistance,IEMJuruteraMagazine,pp611.StandardsMalaysia(2017).MalaysiaNationalAnnextoEurocode8:DesignofforearthquakeresistancePart1:Generalrules,seismicactionsandrulesforSIRIMBerhad,Malaysia.IzzetYüksekandTülayTikansakKaradayi(March2016),EnergyEfficientBuildingintheContextofBuildingLifeCycle
