ABOUT BINGHAMTON RESEARCH
NEW YORK STATE CENTER OF EXCELLENCE Small Scale Systems Integration and Packaging Center (S3IP) Director: Bahgat Sammakia ORGANIZED RESEARCH CENTERS Center for Advanced Information Technologies (CAIT) Director: Victor Skormin Center for Advanced Microelectronics Manufacturing (CAMM) Director: Bahgat Sammakia Center for Advanced Sensors and Environmental Systems (CASE) Director: Omowunmi Sadik Center for Applied Community Research and Development (CACRD) Co-Directors: Pamela Mischen and Allison Alden Center for Cognitive and Psycholinguistic Sciences (CaPS) Director: Cynthia Connine Center for Computing Technologies (CCT) Director: Kanad Ghose Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience (CDBN) Director: Norman Spear Center for the Historical Study of Women and Gender (CHSWG) Co-Directors: Kathryn Kish Sklar and Thomas Dublin
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Center for Integrated Watershed Studies (CIWS) Director: John Titus
Center for Writers (CW) Director: Maria Mazziotti Gillan Center on Democratic Performance (CoDP) Director: Michael McDonald Clinical Science and Engineering Center (CSEC) Director: Kenneth McLeod Institute for Materials Research (IMR) Director: M. Stanley Whittingham Institute for Primary and Preventative Health Care (IPPH) Director: Gary James Institute of Biomedical Technology (IBT) Director: John G. Baust Integrated Electronics Engineering Center (IEEC) Director: Bahgat Sammakia Linux Technology Center (LTC) Director: Merwyn Jones Public Archaeology Facility (PAF) Director: Nina Versaggi Roger L. Kresge Center for Nursing Research (KCNR) Director: Gale Spencer
Center for Interdisciplinary Studies in Philosophy, Interpretation, and Culture (CPIC) Director: Maria Lugones
INSTITUTES FOR ADVANCED STUDIES Fernand Braudel Center for the Study of Economies, Historical Systems, and Civilizations (FBC) Director: Richard E. Lee
Center for Leadership Studies (CLS) Director: Francis Yammarino
Institute for Asian and Asian Diaspora Studies (IAADS) Director: John Chafee
Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies (CEMERS) Director: Karen-edis Barzman
Institute for Evolutionary Studies (EVOS) Director: David Sloan Wilson
Center for Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education (CSMTE) Director: Thomas O’Brien
Institute of Global Cultural Studies (IGCS) Director: Ali Mazrui
Center for the Teaching of American History (CTAH) Director: Thomas Dublin
Watson Institute for Systems Excellence (WISE) Director: K. Hari Srihari
Editorial Staff
Binghamton University
Editorial Team Susan E. Barker, Rachel Coker
,OIS " $E&LEUR President
!RT $IRECTION AND $ESIGN Martha P. Terry
Gerald Sonnenfeld Vice President for Research
0HOTOGRAPHY Jonathan Cohen, Wayne Hansen, iStock Images
-ARCIA 2 #RANER Vice President for External Affairs
Contributing Writers Susan E. Barker, Rachel Coker, Merrill Douglas, Katherine Karlson, Bridget Meed, Amy Roach Partridge, Kevin Wright
3USAN % "ARKER Executive Director, Research Advancement
#OPY %DITING John Wojcio, Katie Ellis
Binghamton Research is published annually by the Division of Research, with cooperation from the OfďŹ ce of University Communications and Marketing.
Illustrations iStock Images Cover: Martha P. Terry
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