Latin Water Week 2015 Water Footprinting and ISO 14046 (Nueva ISO 14.046 para la medici贸n de Huella H铆drica) Sebastien Humbert LCA expert and Scientific director, Quantis; ISO water footprint convenor; (sebastien.humbert@quantis-intl-com, +41 79 754 7566)
With the contribution of: Samuel Vionnet; Simon Gmuender (Simon.Gmuender@quantis-intl.com, +57 314 818 22 73)
Correo electr贸nico expositor
2
Petrol-base plastic or bio-based plastic?
? vs
Petrol-base plastic or bio-based plastic?
? vs
etc.
etc.
Amount of salt and freshwater on the earth
•
Fresh water in all its states makes up only 2.5% of the total hydrosphere, of which 1.7% is in the ice sheets of the
Antartic and the Artic and in mountain glaciers
Agenda
• Global water challenges and growing demand for information • Why ISO 14046? • What is ISO 14046? • How water footprinting (according to ISO) can changed the behaviors of public policies and companies? • Application
Reflecting on the global water challenges and growing demand for information
Companies (and specific products) at risk and under pressure?
WEF Global Risks Report 2015
Water is the risk with the highest impact, and in the top ten in term of likelihood
Issues making water a challenge!
Increase of demand
Different environmental issues
Key ressource
Unequal repartition
Cultural issues
A global issue to be addressed locally
Issue around intra- and inter-year variations
Water issues in sustainability policies • Global awareness raising around sustainability of organizations and products – What are the environmental impacts caused by different companies? – What are the environmental impacts associated with a specific product?
• Labeling initiatives, in particular in Europe • Water footprint is part of it
Examples of environmental communication/labelling (pilots)
Corporate view
How is water implicitely included in the upcoming European Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) (or Organization Environmental Footprint (OEF))?
How is water implicitely included in the upcoming European Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) (or Organization Environmental Footprint (OEF))?
Outputs Pesticide PM2.5 Cu CO2 Phosphate … Inputs Water well Arable land Crude oil Iron ore … And hundreds more…
Carbon footprint (kg CO2-eq) Resource depletion – mineral, fossil (kg Sb-eq) Ozone depletion (kg CFC11-eq) Human toxicity – cancer (CTUh = cases) Human toxicity – non-cancer (CTUh = cases) Ionizing radition HH (kBq U235-eq) Respiratory inorganics (kg PM2.5-eq) Photochemical ozone formation (kg NMVOC-eq) Land transformation (kg carbon deficit) Terrestrial eutrophication (mole N-eq) Marine eutrophication (kg N-eq) Freshwater eutrophication (kg P-eq) Freshwater ecotoxicity (CTUe = PAF.m3.day) Acidification (mole H+-eq) Ionizing radition E (CTUe = PAF.m3.day) Resource depletion – water (m3-eq)
A few examples of upcoming challenges • The following industries might consider that the most relevant impact categories for their products (where communication about it may be mandatory) are: – For the Dairy industry and products: – Climate change – Water depletion – Freshwater eutrophication
– For the Coffee industry and products: – Climate change – Human toxicity – Freshwater ecotoxicity – Particulate matter – Land use
– Etc.
A few examples of upcoming challenges • The following industries might consider that the most relevant impact categories for their products (where communication about it may be mandatory) are: – For the Dairy industry and products: – Climate change – Water depletion – Freshwater eutrophication
Water « consumption »
(and whether it is in a place with water stress or not)
– For the Coffee industry and products: – Climate change – Human toxicity – Freshwater ecotoxicity – Particulate matter – Land use
– Etc.
Water pollution!
Why ISO 14046?
Which is the correct value?
Water Footprint Network
French labelling
Humbert et al.
0.3 liters equivalent
What is ISO 14046?
Starting in 2009
≈ 100 experts-delegates (from all continents)
10 working meetings
(Sweden, Mexico, Switzerland, Norway, Brazil, Thailand, Italy, Bostwana, Panama, Switzerland)
to deliver
a consensual International Standard on « water footprinting »
ISO 14046 Water footprint
Article from Quantis on the new ISO 14046: http ://www.environmentalleader.com/2014/08/05/iso-water-footprint-standard-crash-course-part-i/ http://www.environmentalleader.com/2014/10/20/iso-water-footprint-standard-crash-course-part-2/
ISO 14046 Water footprint International effort • 5 years • 9 major working sessions worldwide • 58 countries and 22 non-governmental bodies representing some 300 contributors (many more stakeholders involved through consultations)
• This work would not have been possible without the support of many organisations, including the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, Nestlé, Holcim, Geberit, IAI, the Swiss Federal Office for Agriculture and the Swiss Federal Office for Environment
ISO 14046 Water footprint Summary
• Should be life-cycle based • Could be “stand-alone” or part of a full Life Cycle Assessment • Results should include impact assessment (volumes not sufficient) and address regional issues • Both quantity and quality should be considered •
Comprehensive impact assessment related to water (not only water use but all impacts related to water)
• Can result in one or several indicators (a “profile”)
Article from Quantis on the new ISO 14046: http ://www.environmentalleader.com/2014/08/05/iso-water-footprint-standard-crash-course-part-i/
ISO/TR 14073 – Upcoming!
Starting from accounting for water flows and pollution Water consumption Water evaporated ďƒ Water scarcity footprint Water incorporated in the product ďƒ Contributes to water scarcity footprint too
Water withdrawal surface water
Water withdrawal groundwater
Polluted water
Polluted water Grey water footprint Water degradation footprint
Considering direct and indirect water use Water evaporated
Green water footprint: evapotranspirated
Turbine water
Indirect water footprint through electricity production
Indirect water footprint from raw ingredients
Polluted water Grey water footprint Water degradation footprint
ISO 14046 specificities Impact oriented A water footprint is a measure of the environmental impacts related to water and includes relevant geographical and temporal dimensions Not yet a ISO water footprint metric Water withdrawal / consumption (e.g. 10 m3)
A water footprint metric Impact on ecosystems (e.g. species affected)
ISO 14046 specificities Considers both quantity and quality
Quantity – related impacts
Quality – related impacts
Going from Inventory to Risk and Impacts Emissions generating water pollution
Water input
Inventory (water use and affected)
Surface water
Ground water
Turbined water
Water output
Surface water
Impact (risk assessment)
Thermally polluted water
Pollution
Resource Eutrophication Water stress
Acidification
(Eco-)toxicity
Water consumed
Thermal pollution Radiations
Impact (damages; area of protection) Human health
Ecosystem quality
Resources
A single number? • A water footprint is not a single number • Water issues are complex and obviously information would be lost if it would be represented by a single number • ISO 14046 defines several types of indicators depending on which water issue you want to look at: a single indicator might be used, but is not recommended for a comprehensive water footprint • Main situation is to have a set of indicators (a water footprint « profile ») to capture all issues related to water
Water footprint or complete life cycle assessment? Do you intend to communicate externally?
No
Yes
A critical review and a complementary life cycle assessment is welcomed but not necessary
Do you intend to do a comparative assertion?
No
Yes
A critical review and a complementary life cycle assessment is recommended but not mandatory
You need to do a full life cycle assessment and a critical review
How the water footprint (according to ISO) changed the behaviors of companies?
Water footprint of Intel: Case study of an early adopter
(ml-eq)
(ml)
Water footprint of Intel: Importance to assess risk / impacts instead of simply amount of water use
Danone – The water footprint of bottled water • Four different production sites assessed in this project
Water Stress Index map per country (Pfister et al. 2009)
Fully life cycle of 1 L bottled water
© Please contact Quantis before citing any results from this study.
Results •
Packaging
•
Energy used at bottling plant
•
Bottling plant
•
Distribution and use
•
End-of-life (packaging)
Life cycle
For 1 L bottle: • About 5 L withdrawn • Only 1.4 L consumed • Of which « only 40% » is causing « stress » to other users!
Engage with stakeholders to reduce water footprint (watershed level) • Reducing water pollution using waste water treatment plants – Reduction of 2’600’000 m3 of polluted water at Evian watershed per year – Engage with local villages and towns inside the watershed to support the creation of waste water treatment plant
• Reducing water pollution through a change in agricultural practices – Prevention of 400’000 m3 of polluted water per year at the Evian site through label (organic production) and best practice agriculture
• Improvement of ecosystem quality through wetlands and ecosystem maintenance – Benefit for the biodiversity app. 400’000 PDF·m2·y at Evian watershed per year
© Please contact Quantis before citing any results from this study.
Therefore water footprint can be a very usefull tool but‌
be carefull!
• Do not overuse of a good thing! • Water footprinting is not the answer for every questions related to sustainability!
?
Other tools and initiatives
Etc. Water footprinting (according to ISO) is a component / building block / an input for all of them
GRACIAS! PREGUNTAS? Sebastien Humbert LCA expert and Scientific director, Quantis Convener ISO water footprint (sebastien.humbert@quantis-intl.com +41 79 754 75 66)
Simon Gmuender (Simon.Gmuender@quantis-intl.com, +57 314 818 22 73)
Latin Water Week 2015 Water Footprinting and ISO 14046: Application (Taller pratico) Sebastien Humbert LCA expert and Scientific director, Quantis; ISO water footprint convenor; (sebastien.humbert@quantis-intl-com, +41 79 754 7566)
With the contribution of: Samuel Vionnet; Simon Gmuender (Simon.Gmuender@quantis-intl.com, +57 314 818 22 73)
Correo electr贸nico expositor
Inventory modeling
Definitions
Off-stream water use
Consumptive use In-stream water use
Process
Withdrawal
Borrowing or degradative use
Water scarcity footprint Green water footprint
Blue water footprint
Grey water footprint
Assessing water at the local level Water consumption Water evaporated ďƒ Water scarcity footprint Water incorporated in the product ďƒ Contributes to water scarcity footprint too
Water withdrawal surface water
Water withdrawal groundwater
Polluted water
Polluted water Grey water footprint Water degradation footprint
Considering direct and indirect water use Water evaporated
Green water footprint: evapotranspirated
Turbine water
Indirect water footprint through electricity production
Indirect water footprint from raw ingredients
Polluted water Grey water footprint Water degradation footprint
Building a unit process/dataset Flows from the economy
Flows from the nature
Unit process
Flow(s) to the economy (ÂŤ the output Âť!)
Flows to the nature
Building a unit process/dataset Let’s imagine the following process that we would like to model: producing a plastic container, using plastic granulates and electricity as well as water for cooling and cleaning. The definition of a unit process should follow the rules of life cycle assessment and water footprint assessment (full life cycle or cradle-to-gate).
1 kWh electricity
40 litres - Surface water (for cooling) 5 litres Groundwater (for cleaning)
1 kg plastic granulates
Unit process
41 litres - Water to surface (with level of pollution) 4 litres - Water to air (evaporated)
Plastic container
Building a unit process/dataset Inventory structure defined by the database used. Here the structure uses a very simplified water balanced structure.
Secondary data coming from a database.
Water input
Economic flows
Water output
Water consumed
1 kWh electricity
50
49
1
1 kg plastic granulates
4
2
2
40 litres - Surface water (for cooling)
40
-
-
5 litres Groundwater (for cleaning)
5
-
-
Water to surface (with level of pollution)
-
41
-
Water to air (evaporated)
-
-
4
99
92
7
Flows from/to nature Primary flows coming from measurement at the company producing the plastic containers.
Inventory – Plastic container
Final unit process, aggregated inventory result, for a plastic container in this case.
Building a unit process/dataset + information of WHERE this water use occurs Inventory structure defined by the database used. Here the structure uses a very simplified water balanced structure.
Secondary data coming from a database.
Water output
Water consumed
Colombia 50
49
1
4
2
2
40
-
-
Water input
Economic flows 1 kWh electricity
40 litres - Surface water (for cooling)
India Medellin
5 litres Groundwater (for cleaning)
Medellin
5
-
-
Water to surface (with level of pollution)
Medellin Medellin
-
41
-
-
-
4
99
92
7
1 kg plastic granulates
Water to air (evaporated) Flows from/to nature Primary flows coming from measurement at the company producing the plastic containers.
Inventory – Plastic container
Final unit process, aggregated inventory result, for a plastic container in this case.
Data sources – Overview Type of data
Primary data
Secondary data
Scope
Strategies of data collection
Direct (owned by the company)
Company direct operations (measurement) Typically by getting access to measurements
Indirect (supply chain and downstream (use and end of life) of products)
It is in general complex and time consuming; Just for a few key suppliers? Typically throiugh questionnaires
Direct
For what is not measured at the site (e.g. non-measured emissions); using data or modeled based on what is available for similar process / factories; Typically from literature
Indirect
For supliers and downstream that are very generic, less important, or where primar data would not be accessible; From literature and especially «background» databases
Example of source of data for irrigation of coffee
Data sources and databases (examples)
+ Other publications
Tools to manage those data
ETC…
• In several tools, regionalization is not yet operationalized • To be done by “hand”
Water scarcity footprint
UNEP-SETAC – WULCA group
•
WULCA - Water Use in Life Cycle Assessment
•
Group of international expert in the topic of water and/or LCA
Objective: Guide the scientific development of a consensual and operational method which shall be in line with both the ISO 14046 and the LCA principle
•
http://www.wulca-waterlca.org/
Experts and observers are welcome to follow/take part to the initiative:
Water stress: a typical way to look at it
Water scarcity
≈
Industries
+
Communities
+
Available water
Agriculture
A global issue to be addressed locally
ďƒź A water stress is related to different issues
Different ÂŤ versions Âť available
Water Footprint Network
+ Many mores
Issue around regionalization and country indices Average Water Stress Index value per country
! e l p m a Ex Pfister et al 2009 - Water in LCA - SI.pdf
Issue around intra- and inter-year variations
Annual average water stress
Monthly water stress
! e l p m a Ex
Water Impact Index (WIIX - Veolia) W (m3)
R (m3)
Water Impact Index = ( W ×Q w ×WSI w ) − ( R ×Q R ×WSI R ) Cref p Q = min p 1; C p
Ecological standard (e.g. Environmental Quality Standard environmental target) Concentration in the actual flow
Veolia Environnement Recherche & Innovation
Tools to help you combine inventory data with impact assessment methods (« characterization factors »)
ETC…
• In several tools, regionalization is not yet operationalized • Also, several tools do not integrate water footprint methods yet (at least not more detailed than at the country level) • To be done “by hand”
Electricity production: case study
How to calculate its water footprint?
Simplified example for teaching purpose
Water use (withdrawal and consumption)
4L
2L On a per kWh basis
50 L
48 L
10 L
?where?
6L
Simplified example for teaching purpose SO2
Water pollution (e.g. with acidification)
SO2
H2SO4
On a per kWh basis Coal based electricity: 6 g SO2-eq/kWh Natural gas based electricity: at least 10x less!
?where?
Simplified example for teaching purpose
Capitalizing this info in a database
Coal based electricity (per kWh) Without cooling tower
With cooling tower
Water withdrawal
50 L
10 L
Water consumption
2L
4L
6 g SO2-eq
6 g SO2-eq
Acidification
Case study on coffee
Coffee as an example of a life cycle
1 cup of coffee at home
Greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O, etc.) emissions
CO2 CH4
N2O CFC
Water use/impacts
Assessing the water footprint of green coffee Electri- Fertilizers: Tap Herbicide: 100 kg N water: Diesel: city: 10 m3 100 L 200 kWh 50 kg P2O5 1 kg paraquat
Surface water (for irrigation): 600 m3
Unit process (e.g. a coffee farm of 0.7 ha that produces 1 t of green coffee per year)
1 t of green coffee, at the farm gate
Etc.
305 m3 - Water to groundwater 305 m3 - Water to air (evaporated) 110 kg NO3- - to surface water 2 kg PO43- - to surface water 900 g para. - to soil 100 g para. - to surface water
Etc.
Assessing the water footprint of green coffee Electri- Fertilizers: Tap Herbicide: 100 kg N water: Diesel: city: 10 m3 100 L 200 kWh 50 kg P2O5 1 kg paraquat
Surface water (for irrigation): 600 m3
Unit process (e.g. a coffee farm of 0.7 ha that produces 1 t of green coffee per year)
1 t of green coffee, at the farm gate
Water withdrawal for electricity: 200 kWh/t * 50 L/kWh (if coal) = 10 m3 = to tap water for cleaning!
Etc.
305 m3 - Water to groundwater 305 m3 - Water to air (evaporated) 110 kg NO3- - to surface water 2 kg PO43- - to surface water 900 g para. - to soil 100 g para. - to surface water
Etc.
Assessing the water footprint of green coffee Electri- Fertilizers: Tap Herbicide: 100 kg N water: Diesel: city: 10 m3 100 L 200 kWh 50 kg P2O5 1 kg paraquat
Surface water (for irrigation): 600 m3
Unit process (e.g. a coffee farm of 0.7 ha that produces 1 t of green coffee per year)
1 t of green coffee, at the farm gate
Etc.
305 m3 - Water to groundwater 305 m3 - Water to air (evaporated) 110 kg NO3- - to surface water 2 kg PO43- - to surface water 900 g para. - to soil 100 g para. - to surface water
Etc.
Per kg of green coffee: « Direct » water consumption, due to irrigation = 300 L « Direct » water consumption, due to cleaning = 5 L « Indirect » water consumption, due to electricity = 0.4 L (0.2 kWh/kg * 2 L/kWh (assuming coal)) « Indirect » water consumption, due to XXX = YY L …etc…
Assessing the water footprint of green coffee Electri- Fertilizers: Tap Herbicide: 100 kg N water: Diesel: city: 10 m3 100 L 200 kWh 50 kg P2O5 1 kg paraquat
Surface water (for irrigation): 600 m3
Unit process (e.g. a coffee farm of 0.7 ha that produces 1 t of green coffee per year)
1 t of green coffee, at the farm gate
Etc.
305 m3 - Water to groundwater 305 m3 - Water to air (evaporated) 110 kg NO3- - to surface water 2 kg PO43- - to surface water 900 g para. - to soil 100 g para. - to surface water
Etc.
Per kg of green coffee: « Direct » water pollution, water eutrophication due to N fertilizers = 110 g NO3--eq « Direct » water pollution, water eutrophication due to P2O5 fertilizers = 2 g PO43--eq « Direct » water pollution, water ecotoxicity due to paraquat to water = 0.53 CTUe « Direct » water pollution, water ecotoxicity due to paraquat to soil = 0.006 CTUe « Indirect » water pollution, acidification due to electricity = 1.2 g SO2-eq (0.2 kWh/kg * 6 gSO2-eq/kWh (w/coal)) « Indirect » water pollution, ZZZ due to XXX = YY … …etc…
Freshwater ecotoxicity (USEtox)
http://www.usetox.org/
Simplified example for teaching purpose
Capitalizing this info in a database
At the inventory level Water withdrawal
One kg of green coffee, at farm gate, country XX >620 L
Water consumption
>305.4 L
Phosphate to water
>2 g PO43-
Nitrate to water
>110 g NO3-
Paraquat to water
0.1 to water
Paraquat to soil
0.9 g to soil
SO2 to air
>1.2 g SO2
Etc.
‌
At the impact score level
One kg of green coffee, at farm gate, country XX
Water scarcity footprint, associated with withdrawal
>310 L-eq (assuming a WSI of 0.5 for country XX)
Water scarcity footprint, associated with consumption
>152.7 L-eq (assuming a WSI of 0.5 for country XX)
Water eutrophication (P-limited)
>2 g PO43--eq
Water eutrophication (N-limited)
>110 g NO3--eq
Freshwater ecotoxicity
>0.536 CTUe
Acidification
>1.2 g SO2-eq
Etc.
‌
Environmental Footprint of Coffee
Environmental Footprint of Coffee
im
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Cl
Environmental Footprint of Coffee
100% End-of-life
Use stage
Distribu on
50% Manufacturing
Packaging supply
Coffee supply
0%
-50%
(do not circulate or reuse without contacting the main author (sebastien.humbert@quantis-intl.com))
DRAFT RESULTS
Cl im Hu at m Hu e an O ch zo m t an ox an ne ici to de g e xic ty, ca ple ity nc ,n on er on e -c an ffec ce t Pa re s r ffe cu Io ct Io la n t s ni izi e z ng m in Ph a g r ot er oc rad adia ia he o m ica on E n H H lo ( zo inte ne rim fo Te rm ) r re a A st on ria cid Fr ifi es le ca hw ut r on at e r op h ica e M a r u t ro on in ph e i e c Fr e s u t ro a o hw n ph a i c t M a er in on ec er ot W al , ox fo ate ici rr ss ty il & es L an o ur re ce d u s n re s o de p e ur l ce e o n de pl e on
Environmental Footprint of Coffee
100% 90% Deforesta on
80% 70% 60% Land occupa on
Direct emissions
50% 40% Process water
Energy consump on
30% 20% 10% Irriga on
Pes cides inputs
0% Fer lizers and other addi ves inputs
(do not circulate or reuse without contacting the main author (sebastien.humbert@quantis-intl.com))
DRAFT RESULTS
Overview of the NescafĂŠ LCA-Communication tool, water indicators presented in addition to carbon and other indicators
http://nescafe.outil-acv.com/
Overview of the NescafĂŠ LCA-Communication tool, water indicators presented in addition to carbon and other indicators
http://nescafe.outil-acv.com/
Overview of the NescafĂŠ LCA-Communication tool, water indicators presented in addition to carbon and other indicators
http://nescafe.outil-acv.com/
GRACIAS! PREGUNTAS? Sebastien Humbert LCA expert and Scientific director, Quantis Convener ISO water footprint (sebastien.humbert@quantis-intl.com +41 79 754 75 66)
Simon Gmuender (Simon.Gmuender@quantis-intl.com, +57 314 818 22 73)