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True/False Questions 1. The actual federal income tax currently taxes all income irrespective of its source or use at the same tax rate. 2. Comprehensive income excludes unrealized capital gains. 3. Under a comprehensive income tax, transfer payments received by Social Security recipients would be fully taxable. 4. Homeowners earn rental income-in-kind from their home that would be taxable under a comprehensive income tax. 5. A comprehensive income tax is a lump-sum tax. 6. A comprehensive income tax will result in a divergence between gross wages paid by employers and net wages received by workers. 7. A comprehensive income tax will always reduce work effort by taxpayers. 8. The substitution effect of a tax-induced decline in wages always leads workers to work less. 9. The market wage elasticity of labor is zero. If this is the case, the excess burden of a tax on labor income will also be zero. 10. Points on a compensated labor supply curve are always more elastic than points for corresponding wage levels on a regular labor supply curve. 11. Comprehensive income is the sum of annual consumption and the change in net worth. 12. A tax on interest income does not prevent credit market from efficiently allocating resources. 13. If an individual is subject to a 30-percent income tax, then the net interest on a certificate of deposit yielding 5 percent would be 3.5 percent after taxes. 14. Because a tax on interest income results in income and substitution effects, it is not possible to predict the effect it will have on saving. 15. Most empirical studies indicate that the interest elasticity of supply of savings is close to zero. 16. Income tax became a permanent fixture in the United States starting in the early nineteenth century. 17. The Haig-Simons definition of income is different from comprehensive income. 18. Comprehensive income equals consumption plus the change in net worth. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Comprehensive income: a. is the sum of annual consumption and realized capital gains. b. is the sum of annual consumption and changes in net worth. c. excludes corporation income.
d. is the sum of annual consumption and net worth. 2. A tax on labor income: a. results only in an income effect that always decreases hours worked per year. b. results in a substitution effect that always decreases hours worked per year. c. results in an income effect that increases hours worked per year if leisure is a normal good. d. both (a) and (b) e. both (b) and (c) 3. The market supply of labor is perfectly inelastic. Then it follows that: a. the substitution effect of wage changes is zero. b. the income effect of wage changes is zero. c. leisure is a normal good and the income effect of wage changes exactly offsets the substitution effect. d. the excess burden of a tax on labor income will be zero. 4. The compensated labor supply curve: a. will always be vertical. b. will always be upward sloping. c. will always be downward sloping. d. reflects both the income and substitution effects of wage changes. 5. Using a regular labor supply curve instead of a compensated supply curve to calculate the excess burden of a tax on labor income will: a. result in an accurate estimate of the excess burden. b. overestimate the excess burden. c. underestimate the excess burden. d. accurately estimate the excess burden only if the market supply of labor is perfectly inelastic. 6. Most empirical research indicates that the market supply curve of labor hours by prime-age males is: a. very elastic. b. almost perfectly inelastic. c. always upward sloping. d. perfectly elastic. 7. A flat-rate tax on labor income will: a. always reduce hours worked per year. b. always increase hours worked per year. c. either increase or decrease hours worked per year. d. never have any effect on the amount of leisure hours per year. 8. A tax on interest income: a. causes the gross interest rate paid by investors to exceed the net interest rate received by savers. b. will always reduce saving. c. will always increase saving. d. is equivalent to a lump-sum tax. 9. If the market supply curve of savings is upward sloping, a tax on interest income will: a. increase the amount of saving.
b. increase the market rate of interest. c. decrease the market rate of interest. d. have no effect on the market rate of interest. 10. If the supply of labor is perfectly inelastic, then the incidence of a payroll tax levied entirely on employers will be: a. borne by employers as a reduction in profits. b. split between workers and employers. c. paid entirely by workers. d. shifted forward to consumers. 11. Which of the following is true about comprehensive income? a. Only labor income is included. b. Only capital income is included. c. Capital gains are not included. d. Both realized and unrealized capital gains are included. 12. Which of the following will increase a person’s comprehensive income? a. an increase in the market value of the person’s home b. a decrease in the value of the person’s stock portfolio c. a decrease in labor income d. a decrease in consumption 13. A tax on labor income will: a. increase the net wage received by workers. b. decrease the net wage received by workers. c. cause that net wage received by workers to decline below the gross wage paid by employers. d. both (b) and (c) 14. If the return to savings, r, is subject to taxation at rate t, then in equilibrium a saver’s marginal rate of time preference will equal: a. r b. t c. (1 + r) d. [1 + r(1 – t)] 15. The higher the compensated elasticity of supply of savings, a. the lower the excess burden of a tax on capital income. b. the higher the excess burden of a tax on capital income. c. the higher the excess burden of a tax on labor income. d. both (b) and (c) 16. The Haig-Simons definition of income: a. is the sum of annual consumption and realized capital gains. b. is the sum of annual consumption and changes in net worth. c. excludes corporation income. d. is the sum of annual consumption and net worth. 17 Comprehensive income: a. includes realized capital gains, but not unrealized capital gains
b. includes both realized and unrealized capital gains. c. excludes cash from the sale of assets. d. excludes increases in the value of assets. 18. Income-in-kind: a. is exemplified by nonpecuniary returns. b. is generally non-taxable because there is no monetary transaction. c. is generally taxable. d. both (a) and (b). 19. An example of a nonpecuniary return is: a. job satisfaction. b. unemployment benefits. c. employer contributions to a retirement plan. d. both (b) and (c). 20. Income from labor services (wages) account for what percentage of gross income in the U.S.? a. 90% b. 75% c. 60% d. 50% More Questions are Included
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