The Face of Microfinance

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The Face of Microfinance A Documentary

“A way to change the world, one dollar at a time…”

http://thefaceofmicrofinance.org


Teach a man to fish‌ A microloan helped Klever Alfonso Romero Conforme purchase equipment, tubing, and metal plates to start a small business.

The first loan The Face of Microfinance, a Pepperdine student club, made its first loan in October 2010 to the entrepreneur featured above. Since then, the club has contributed to 26 loans spanning19 different countries around the globe.

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Table of Contents

Executive Summary..............................................................................3! A select History of Microfinance at Pepperdine.....................................5! Pepperdine Highlights in the Film..........................................................6! Locations .............................................................................................9! Budget, $21,750 ................................................................................11! Appendix! Calendar ............................................................................................... i! Interview Questions ............................................................................. vi! Shot List............................................................................................. viii! Notes: ................................................................................................. xi! About The Face of Microfinance club ..................................................xii! Current Loan Portfolio ........................................................................xiii! Contact Information............................................................................xiv!

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Executive Summary The Face of Microfinance is a documentary that will showcase the impressive collaboration of Pepperdine students, faculty and alumni in the field of microfinance and social entrepreneurship, shooting at Pepperdine and on-location at microfinance institutions in Argentina. The project is interdisciplinary, involving students, faculty, and alumni of Pepperdine’s Communication Division, journalism and media production majors, International Studies and Languages Division, International Programs, and the Business Division, all of whom can attest that microfinance has had a transformative impact on their lives.

Reach This documentary will premiere at REELSTORIES Filmfest 2012, and then be marketed nationwide to film festivals, churches, youth groups, philanthropic organizations, high schools, PBS affiliates, and other groups in hopes that pursuing these avenues will further educate people about microfinance and demonstrate how easy it is to get involved. Whether a fourth-grade class in Ohio, or a yacht club in New York, every size group with any wallet size can impact lives around the world.

Impact Pepperdine will be seen at the forefront of this powerful movement, gaining a reputation for cultivating global leaders who pursue service-oriented vocations. Funding such a documentary will generate for Pepperdine goodwill, positive public recognition, and a high benchmark for excellence.

Storyline The film will harness the connection between borrowers and lenders, showing the impact of microfinance in poverty-stricken areas in developing countries. We’ll follow the path of a dollar from the pocket of the investor — say, an average American college student — to the streets of Argentina where that dollar is working hard to elevate the quality and purpose of someone else’s life. We will play off of the common perceptions of bankers and investors as people wearing suits in tall buildings downtown—and show that even college students in T-shirts and flip flops can become investors.

Characters In addition to presenting microloan recipients and lending institutions on the ground, we will feature the work of Pepperdine alumni who have proven themselves ideal representatives of the “Waves of Service” mentality: Rob Stone founded the microfinance institution One for One, which is now aiding rural microfinance in Argentina; Fulbright scholar Devin Dvorak is currently conducting research in a slum in

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—the face of microfinance— Cordoba for a struggling microfinance institution; and graduating senior Rachel Williams, character and producer, founded the Face of Microfinance club that educates the Pepperdine community about microfinance and makes microfinance loans at their weekly meetings. The club has loaned over $5,000 to 26 groups in 14 countries.

The Documentary Don’t think “student film.” With the wisdom and support of seasoned professionals and faculty members like Craig Detweiler, Susan Salas, as well as Robert Radler’s documentary filmmaking class, we’ve been refining our storyline and learning valuable techniques. Our chosen equipment is the most cost-effective means of producing a high-quality film, with rich HD footage, crisp, clear sound, two cameras to provide more angles, and lighting solutions to get the most out of tight situations. The result will be a substantive documentary exhibiting the highest production values of storytelling and cinematography.

Students Involved Rachel Williams, a graduating senior, is the president of The Face of Microfinance Club, a producer on the documentary and a passionate advocate for microfinance. LeeAndrea Morton (executive producer) is a junior and the secretary for the Face of Microfinance Club. Becca Faulkner (producer) is a junior, vice-president of The Face of Microfinance club, and she will be interning at Grameen Bank in Buenos Aires this summer. Stan Parker (producer & director), a graduating senior, was the executive editor for the Graphic and the media coordinator for the 2008-2009 Argentina abroad group. Tim Heaphy (director of photography) is a film studies student at American University.

Production Duration The duration of the documentary journey will be 20 days long, beginning June 5 and ending June 25. Post-production will begin in July.

Support and Funding With travel costs, equipment and accommodations, the total cost of the movie is $21,750. Through the generosity of Devin Dvorak we have acquired free accommodations. We have also compiled most of the equipment from our own equipment lockers, the journalism program, and other sources. Guidance and shared enthusiasm has come from the Pepperdine grant office, International Programs, Pepperdine Argentina Program, the Communication Division and nearly everyone who has heard our story. Thus far, we have raised approximately $11,750 in in-kind gifts. This leaves a remaining balance of $10,000 to be raised, primarily for travel costs. 4


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A select History of Microfinance at Pepperdine One for One In 2008, three Pepperdine undergraduates established a microfinance foundation called One for One Foundation, which primarily focuses its efforts in Argentina. Since that time, they have gone on to become a 501(c)(3) public non-profit, and work closely with many Pepperdine students to expose them to the field of microfinance and the wonderful impact that it makes on the lives of people. The organization now has a goal of helping 5,000 families by 2012.

The Face of Microfinance In 2009, upon returning to the United States after being exposed to the work of the One for One Foundation in Argentina, a group of students took it upon themselves to educate the Pepperdine community about microfinance and to raise financial support for microfinance institutions through fundraising efforts on campus. The effort was named The Face of Microfinance, and is currently a very active club on campus. The club raised over $5,000 this year and has made over 26 microfinance loans to over 19 countries.

Devin Dvorak, Fulbright Scholar Pepperdine graduate Devin Dvorak is currently in Córdba, Argentina conducting field research on microfinance through the support of a Fulbright scholarship. Inspired with a love for finance, yet disillusioned with the Wall Street way of life, Devin found the perfect solution for his passion when he was first introduced to microfinance on a mission trip to South America.

Other Microfinance Initiatives Connected with Pepperdine Any time we share what we do, we are constantly hearing about other initiatives and people participating in microfinance at Pepperdine, such as the Palmer Institute in Los Angeles. We are excited to finally connect these students, faculty, and alumni together through the documentary as they pursue their passions in microfinance.

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Pepperdine Highlights in the Film International Programs Nearly all of the production crew and featured alumni received inspiration for their current work during their study-abroad experience in Argentina. This would further Pepperdine’s reputation as a university whose students’ lives become transformed by their international experiences.

Waves of Service The alumni appearing in the documentary have shown themselves to be dedicated to service during their time since graduation, and the film will show Pepperdine’s alumni base in this light.

Media Production The production of this documentary will bolster media programs at Pepperdine, providing an ambitious example for others to follow and also showing the world what Pepperdine students are capable of.

Service, Social Entrepreneurship The documentary is extremely service-oriented, highlighting the scholarly and nonprofit work of Pepperdine alumni and current students.

Leadership A common trend among Pepperdine students and alumni who are highlighted in the film is the fact that they saw a need for something that didn’t exist, and took it upon themselves to start something. Whether it’s the One for One Foundation, The Face of Microfinance, Devin Dvorak’s research program, or this documentary itself, Pepperdine students are proving themselves to be capable, international leaders with service on their mind.

Business & Finance Microfinance offers a unique opportunity for business-minded individuals to pursue their passions in a field of social consciousness. We’ll highlight such students and alumni during the documentary.

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Treatment Microfinance is about connecting people… …about providing a channel where people with a few bucks to spare can make small loans to hopeful entrepreneurs in developing countries. Those entrepreneurs are able to take these microloans and invest them in their businesses, providing them with tools to help them work their way out of poverty. The Face of Microfinacnce is a documentary that will harness that connection and drive it home. We’ll follow the path of a dollar from the pocket of the investor — say, an average American college student — to the streets of Argentina where that dollar is working hard to elevate the quality and purpose of someone else’s life. The narrative will begin simply, with Pepperdine University students educating each other about microfinance and making microloans with their own money. The question is then, what happens with that money? Where does it go? The documentary will transport the audience to the very places where their loan money might go. Microfinance provides a medium for a financial connection between people. This film will compliment that connection with a personal one. We are going to talk with recipients of microloans in their own homes and see how these investments have affected their lives. It probably didn’t mean nearly as much to the person who lent it as to the person who received it. Pepperdine has a rich connection with microfinance, and the film will explore two very different embodiments of microfinance, both in Argentina. One is the village of Adulam, which Pepperdine alumnus Rob Stone helps support with the One for One foundation he co-founded. The people that live here enjoy microloans to support their small businesses, and many Pepperdine students got introduced to microfinance here. Unfortunately, microfinance isn’t all just success stories. Microcredit institutions in Argentina, such as Fundación Rio Suena, have seen disappointing loan payback rates, frustrating the efforts of social entrepreneurs trying to get them out of poverty. We’ll have Fulbright Scholar Devin Dvorak show us his experiences doing research for the foundation, complimented by interviews from the lawyers who started the lending institution, movingly illustrated by interviews and talks with the borrowers themselves.

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About People Microfinance isn’t just about numbers and return on investment return. It’s about people. We’ll show how even $20 can go a long way towards helping someone climbing his or her way out of poverty. If we’re to follow the maxim about teaching a man to fish, then microfinance is about doling out fishing poles to those most in need. It’s a way to change the world, one dollar at a time. The fascinating story of microfinance is saturated with storytelling possibilities, from those in American universities soliciting investment capital from their fellow classmates to those in the most dangerous slums of Argentina putting that money to work in a positive way. Telling these stories on film will allow us to portray the people involved in microfinance from all points of the equation side by side, intercutting these relationships and juxtaposing the financiers and the recipients side by side. And the film will look very, very pretty. The equipment chosen has been selected because it is the most cost-effective means of producing a high-quality documentary on a minimal budget, with rich HD footage, crisp, clear sound, two cameras to provide more camera angles, and lighting solutions to get the most out of tight situations. The result will be a substantive documentary that holds to the highest principles of storytelling and cinematography. It will be an eye-opening vicarious adventure for all those who watch. An entrepreneur in Argentina will be able to see the other side of where their money is coming from. A college student in California will be able to see what it’s like for people on the receiving end of their support. The final takeaway will only be seen after the cutting process, but we foresee an inspirational tale that motivates people to get out and do some good in the world. After this movie, hopefully they’ll see it’s not that hard—and they’ll probably even get paid back.

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Locations Pepperdine Cafeteria Pepperdine’s Face of Microfinance Club sets up a table in the cafeteria each Wednesday where they tell other students about microfinance and allow them easy ways to make donations (i.e. the basket on their table). This location will provide a good chance to see a grassroots effort of how the ideas of microfinance are being spread on college campuses in the U.S. We will see that these “bankers” and “investors” do not wear suits and ties, but rather tank tops, flip-flops, hoodies, jerseys and whatever college students pull off the floor after dragging themselves out of bed. The idea will be to get some real interactions, as well as see education occurring and donations being made.

Face of Microfinance Meetings The Face of Microfinance practices a very democratic process when it comes to making loans. We want to show how they decide on loans, and even show them making one.

Fundación Rio Suena, Córdoba, Argentina This organization was set up by four Argentine lawyers several years ago to help the families of Villa el Nailon (see below). Shooting the foundation will be primarily a source of interviews about their efforts in getting a microfinance institution off the ground. We will talk to Devin Dvorak here, a Pepperdine graduate studying microfinance on a Fulbright grant. We will ask him how his research is going, and what his impressions of microfinance are.

Villa el Nailon, Córdoba, Argentina This will be the most graphic, dangerous, moving part of the film. This is where we will enter into the homes and home businesses of those who have received microcredits. We will see how it has affected their family, their way of life, their income, and their business. What challenges are they facing? Has this money been the gift from God that has liberated them from the grip of poverty? If not, then why? What could be done to help keep the promise of microfinance.

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Adulam, Provincia Buenos Aires, Argentina Adulam is a small, religiously affiliated community in the outskirts of Buenos Aires, whose mission is to provide a safe and healthy living environment for those seeking to escape from poverty. We will talk to Rob Stone, a Pepperdine graduate who co-founded One for One, a non-profit organization that supports Adulam and other microfinance institutions. Many of the people grew up in the “villa miserias,” — misery villages — and have come to the countryside for a supportive and happy community free from the drugs, crime and corruption that plague the inner-city life. Microloans help the villagers make artisan crafts to sell. Making these handiworks gives them a sense of purpose and a modest income to support a humble lifestyle. The community works together to build structures and form a supportive network for community members. Filming here will show a unique employment of microfinance monies, and show these people have truly been given a second chance at life, despite hardships of poverty.

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Budget, $21,750 Airfare, $5950.00 Rachel LeeAndrea Stan Becca (Bus) Tim

$ 1,400.00 $ 1,500.00 $ 1,400.00 $ 250 $1400

On-Site Transportation, $910.00 Car Rental (1 week) Bus Airport Taxi

$ $ $

500.00 250.00 100.00

Adulam Taxi

$

60.00

Accommodations, Communication $1150.00 Lodging, Provided (Valued at $1,000)

$0

Argentine Cell Phones, Provided (Valued at $250)

$0

Cell Phone Credit Food Petty Cash

$50 $ 1000.00 $100

Equipment, $2069.70 Media: SanDisk Extreme SDHC Class 10 (30 MD/s) 32GB HDD: Western Digital 1TB Hard Drive

2 x $97.95 2 x $99

Light: Bescor LED-60X 60W All-in-One LED Light

$195.90 $198 $69.95

AC Power: Canon ACK-E6 AC Adapter Kit Acc: Pearstone NM-4H26 4 AA NiMH Batteries with 4 Hour Charger (2600mAh, 110-240V)

$122.00

Pack: Lowerpro Fastpack 200 Backpack (Arctic Blue/Black)

$84.95

Reflector: Impact Reflector Disc White Tanslucent – 12”

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$18.95

$9.95


—the face of microfinance— Lens: Canon 24-105 USM IS or similar Filters: Light Craft 77mm Fader ND Mark II Filter - $125 Tiffen 77mm Linear Polarizing Filter - $21.11 Tiffen 77mm 812 Warming Filter - $28.23 Already Acquired: (Valued at ~$10500) Canon EOS 7D $1900 Canon EOS 1D Mark IV $5000 Canon EF 20mm f/2.8 $520 Tamron AF 17-50 f/2.8 $410 Canon EF 35mm f/2 $445 Canon EF-S 10-22mm f/3.5-4.5 $900 Canon EF-S 55-250 f/4.0-5.6 IS $245 Slik Pro 700 DX tripod $145 Zoom H4n $369 Sennheiser MS67 K6 Shotgun Mic $210 Sony ECM-44B x2 $380

$1195.00 $175.00

Total Cost of Project (including in-kind gifts)

$21,750

Amount acquired through personal property and in-kind gifts

($11,750)

Balance to fundraise:

$10,000

Security We will be conducting interviews in impoverished areas with expensive camera equipment. We have calculated the risk involved and will take every precaution, such as renting a car instead of walking and using public transportation. We have already secured local escorts from the church community and a local microfinance foundation that will be with us a majority of the time.

After filming After filming the documentary, the purchased equipment will be directed wherever the investor chooses. Possible options include donation to Pepperdine media programs, or being sold to fund more microloans.

Going Bigger In the event that we over-fundraise, we can improve our equipment budget by adding nicer lenses & filters, better lighting or greater protection for our equipment, including hard-sided, locking carrying cases with foam interiors.

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Personnel Rachel Williams, Producer Rachel, president and co-founder of Pepperdine’s Face of Microfinance club, is an International Business major and a graduating senior of Pepperdine’s class of 2011. A passionate advocate for microfinance, she first fell in love with the movement during her study-abroad year in Argentina. She spent time with the people of Adulam, a small, rural community in the province of Buenos Aires supported by microfinance. She returned again the following summer to do microfinance work in the village and teach English at the school there that One for One Foundation founded. She will be returning to Adulam this December, and plans to start her own microfinance institution for orphans.

Rebecca Faulkner, Producer Rebecca, vice-president and co-founder of The Face of Microfinance Club, is a junior at Pepperdine double majoring in Spanish and International Studies with an emphasis in Latin America. She will be taking over the role as president of the club next year. She was first introduced to microfinance while studying in Buenos Aires, Argentina her sophomore year and will be returning there this summer to intern at Grameen Bank during the filming of this documentary. She plans to make microfinance in Latin America a prominent part of her life’s work.

LeeAndrea Morton, Executive Producer LeeAndrea, secretary of the Pepperdine Face of Microfinance club, is a junior at Pepperdine majoring in Business Administration. She is inspired by the concept of social business and entrepreneurship and plans to pursue a socially responsible business career after graduate school. She has been a crucial part of the Face of Microfinance club’s development as well as in the planning of this documentary.

Stan Parker, Producer/Director Stan Parker is a graduating senior at Pepperdine with a double major in Journalism and Spanish. He has studied under seasoned documentarian Robert Radler and spent a full year as Executive Editor of Pepperdine’s student newspaper, the Graphic. His connection to Argentina comes from the time he spend working as the media coordinator for the 2008-2009 year of Pepperdine’s Buenos Aires program.

Timothy Heaphy, Director of Photography Timothy is a junior at American University in Washington D.C. majoring in Film and Media Arts. In 2008, he worked as an intern filming and editing for the 13


—the face of microfinance— Arlington Virginia Network. Timothy recently spent a semester in Prague directing and editing short films, and he is a close friend of Rebecca’s.

Susan Salas, Faculty Adviser Susan Salas is an associate professor of telecommunications and director of broadcasting at Pepperdine. She has been the primary mentor through the planning phase of this documentary. Her extended professional experience as a producer has been an invaluable help during the planning process.

Scott A. Miller, Faculty Adviser Scott Miller is a professor of finance at Pepperdine and serves as the faculty mentor for the Face of Microfinance club. His support has been fundamental in shaping the success of the club over the past year.

Craig Detweiler, Faculty Adviser Craig Detweiler is an accomplished writer, culture critic, filmmaker, scholar, and educator. His wisdom and documentary experience have been invaluable in helping with story structure, character development, tricks of the trade and much more.

Paul Reim, Professional Mentor in Business and Finance Paul Reim has served as a professional mentor and generous donor for the Face of Microfinance club. He was one of the first to graduate with a Finance degree from Pepperdine and continues to stay involved and invested in the Pepperdine community. He regularly attends meeting and his extensive career and knowledge of finance and investment makes him an excellent advisor for the club.

Rafael Martinez de Sanzo, On-Site Faculty Mentor Rafael Martinez de Sanzo, a native Argentine, is the founder and current director of Pepperdine’s international program in Buenos Aires. His career as a businessman, diplomat, lawyer and educator has left him well connected and an active member in the Pepperdine and Buenos Aires communities.

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Appendix

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Calendar ~ April 2011 ~

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Notes: Airline Tickets will be bought upon fundraising.

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July-December 2011 Edit/Finalize film, trailer and written story of the journey.

October 2011 Hold convocation program at Pepperdine and show trailer

February 2012 Premiere film at REELSTORIES Filmfest at Pepperdine University

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Interview Questions Questions to ask people making loans: Why do you believe in microfinance? Do you give to other charities? (Follow up) Do you make other financial investments? (Follow up) Do you really expect to get paid back? What message would you have to the person borrowing from you?

Questions to ask facilitators of microloans (Researchers, lending institutions) When did you first get involved in microfinance? When did you know that this was something you were really passionate about? Who was the first borrower you had ever made contact with? Does watching people default on their loans ever get discouraging? What is one remarkable success story? Have these borrowers also become your friends? How long do you think you'll keep doing this? How do you approach/find prospective borrowers? Did you have any mentors? What has changed in your methodology since you first began?

Questions to ask borrowers? When did you first find out about this opportunity? Are/were you nervous to take out your first loan?

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—the face of microfinance— Can you tell me about your family? Does your family help out with your business? Can you tell me about your business? What do you think about the lending institution? Do you understand where this money comes from? What message would you say to the people who lent money to you?

Questions to ask people learning about microfinance Have you ever heard of microfinance? What’s your view of charitable giving, in general? Well, (after explanation), what do you think of microcredit initiatives? Does that differ from your initial idea of what charity is, or what it could be? Would you be more willing to contribute to a microfinance initiative than to a charity?

Questions to ask Santa Barbara family Why did you leave your life to come down here? I mean, don’t you ever want to just pack up and go back? What’s the difference in the standard of living between here and Santa Barbara? How is your family going to benefit from this? How long do you expect to be here? What do expect to accomplish? Are there days that you regret being here? Do you ever get discouraged? And then, what about some of the most rewarding moments? Great successes? Or at least moments of promise?

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Shot List Montage •

List of faces, taken from all locations. Be sure to get lots of faces.

Pepperdine Cafeteria • • • • •

People being taught about microfinance Interviews with people learning/giving Wide/Establishing shot of people talking at the table Medium Shot of interaction at table Various close-ups o Money being put in the jar o Crafts from Adulam People looking at goods from Adulam

Microfinance Club Meeting • • • • • •

Wide/Establishing shot Someone describing a loan Reaction shots of audience members The voting process Showing choosing loans at the computer o Various close-ups, typing, using the mouse, etc. Advice from Paul Reim

Adulam •

People making crafts o 3-4 Entrances/Exits o Wide/establishing shot o Close-up of hands working Interview with people o About how funds help them o Relationships with Pepperdine students Kids in school o Entrances/Exits o Wide/Establishing Shot ! Front of Room ! Back of Room ! Side o Close Ups ! Reaction to teacher ! Writing viii


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• •

! Teacher talking ! Drawing ! Just cute little faces Kids playing o Wide/Establishing o Close-ups People building o Houses School People Eating o As a community o Smiles o Passing food around the table o Blessing the food o Putting food in their mouths o Wide/Establishing

Santa Barbara • •

Shots of normal, suburban-looking lifestyle homes People walking

Villa el Nailon •

Inside homes with people o Show the faces of the family o Kids playing/working/whatever they’re doing o Wide/Establishing o Just Spaces ! Eating ! Kitchen ! Sleeping ! Countertops ! Tables o Interview people about what their loans do o 3-4 Entrances and exits Working at their jobs o Wide/Establishing o 3-4 Entrances/Exits o Shot showcasing work while smiling for photo ! Take a still photo o Interview Explaining what they do ! Possibly sit-down, possibly as they do it ! Maybe both o Various Close-ups ! On their faces as they work ix


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! On their hands ! On the products themselves o The environment around them ! Are their families helping out? ! What does down the street look like ! From outside Showing poor living conditions o Establishing shots of cracked streets, shanty villages ! Show the blue tarps (hence “el Nailon”) o In car driving through o Poor faces o Could we get an interview with a random person asking them about life in the Villa? o Children playing o People

Fundación Rio Suena • • •

Interview with the lawyers who started it Entrances/Exits Shots of their day jobs and offices o Establishing shots of the office environment to later contrast with their jobs on the weekend.

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Notes:

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About The Face of Microfinance club As followers of Jesus Christ we believe in giving the impoverished the economic opportunity to transform their lives and communities. Our vision is to make Pepperdine University a provider of these opportunities through the sponsorship of Kiva and the One for One Foundation.

The Two Pillars of the Club The Face of Microfinance club seeks to educate the Pepperdine community about microfinance, and fundraises to provide loans to those in impoverished communities.

Club Activities Bi-weekly meetings where club members democratically vote on which entrepreneur to fund. Promoting & Educating in the cafeteria every Wednesday afternoon, to educate the Pepperdine community about microfinance, our club and opportunities to get involved. Fundraising events such as the Possibilities benefit concert to raise money to fund loans. Convocation to educate students on vocational opportunities in microfinance

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Current Loan Portfolio Total amount lent: $4,225 Total Number of Loans: 22 Default Rate: 0%

Kiva:

Total amount lent: $750 Total number of loans: 3 Default Rate: 0%

Opportunity International:

One for One Foundation (Argentina):

Total amount lent: $132 Total Number of Loans: 1 Leather Goods Sales: $286 Total Amount Lent: $5,107 Total Number of Loans: 26 Default Rate: 0%

Lending Portfolio Totals:

By Country

By Sector

* Charts for Kiva loans only xiii


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Contact Information Rachel Williams Cell: 702. 224.4846

E-mail: Rachel.N.Williams@pepperdine.edu

LeeAndrea Morton Cell: 214.914.458

E-mail: LeeAndrea.Morton@pepperdine.edu

Rebecca Faulkner Cell: 248.821.2327

E-mail: Rebecca.Faulkner@pepperdine.edu

Stan Parker Cell: 406.698.3060

E-mail: Stan.Parker@gmail.com

Susan Salas Cell: 805.231.5291

E-Mail: Susan.Salas@pepperdine.edu

Scott A. Miller Office: 310.506.4085

E-mail: Scott.Miller@pepperdine.edu

Rafael Martinez de Sanzo Phone: +54 11 4772 5969

E-mail: Rafael.Desanzo@pepperdine.edu

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