~ Aravindh Subramanian. S, 3rd year, B.E. Geoinformatics

Archaeologists, familiar only with the traditional methods of collecting material with a shovel and trowel, are increasingly marginalized in this changing environment In today's environment of widespread ethics, non-invasive subsurface exploration and mapping methods are increasingly important. New geographic information technologies have recently had a transformative impact on landscape archaeology, particularly by facilitating the collection and analysis of high-resolution data over large areas

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a non-destructive electromagnetic (EM) geophysical technique that uses radio waves in the frequency range of 10MHz to 2GHz to map the earth's surface The working principle of GPR is simple A transmitter at the surface sends short, highfrequency pulses that "travel" along the earth's surface until it encounters a boundary of different materials and picked up by the receiving ante nother boundary, where it will be has absorbed all the energy *This properties of the surface materials ave low ground clearance because ks, etc should be removed from the over it, your GPR probably can't get res and highlight others. Noise is in sers to reduce or remove noise to h that it is severely limited by less-th nd silt) are often problematic becau or heterogeneous sediments can sca neous noise

Depending on the se GPR to help uncover several buried buildings and foundations, forgotten infrastructure underground tunnels and cavities, buried military equipment, bones of humans or other creatures, missing and unmarked graves, coffins, various cultural relics etc Ground-penetrating radar has been used to identify buried structures and tombs in the ancient UNESCO World Heritage city of Petra in Jordan It has been used to uncover buried stones and other objects around Stonehenge in England, providing new insights into the construction and use of Stonehenge. It has been used to explore the underground structures and tunnels at the Inca city of Machu Picchu in Peru, revealing the architectural and engineering methods used by the Incas It has been used to identify the underground structures and canals of the Angkor Wat temple complex in Cambodia. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) offers many advantages for assessing archaeological potential in frozen and semi-frozen environments in high latitudes and alpine regions These are just a few examples of the many archaeological sites identified using GPR This technique has proven to be an invaluable tool for archaeologists, allowing them to look below the surface and uncover new information about the past.

INDIAN REMOTE SENSING SATELLITES (Currently operational)

Satellite Launch date Sensors Application

EOS-04 Feb 14, 2022

Radar Imaging Satellite

Nov 07, 2020 Imaging microwave radars

EOS-1

Earth Observation, Applications such as Agriculture, Forestry & Plantations, Soil Moisture & Hydrology and Flood mapping

Earth Observation, Applications in agriculture, forestry and disaster management support.

RISAT2BR1

RISAT-2B

Dec 11, 2019

X-Band Radar Cartosat-3

Nov 27, 2019

Panchromatic camera, Multispectral VNIR

Earth Observation, Addresses the increased user’s demands for large scale urban planning, rural resource and infrastructure development, coastal land use and land cover etc

May 22, 2019

Synthetic Aperture Radar (X-band)

Disaster Management System, Earth Observation, Monitors the Earth day and night, in any weather conditions.

HysIS

Nov 29, 2018

Hyper Spectral Imaging Spectrometer

Earth Observation, Primary goal is to study the earth’s surface in the visible, near infrared and shortwave infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, particularly for vegetation processes

CartoSat-2F Jan 12, 2018

CartoSat-2E Jun 23, 2017

Panchromatic Camera, High-Resolution MultiSpectral, Event Monitoring Camera

CartoSat-2D Feb 15, 2017

CartoSat-2C Jun 22, 2016

CartoSat-2B Jul 12, 2010

Panchromatic Camera

Earth Observation, the imagery sent by satellite will be useful for cartographic applications, urban and rural applications, coastal land use and regulation, utility management like road network monitoring, water distribution, creation of land use maps, change detection to bring out geographical and manmade features and various other Land Information System (LIS) as well as Geographical Information System (GIS) applications

CartoSat-2B Jul 12, 2010

CartoSat-2A Apr 28, 2008

ResourceSat2A Dec 07, 2016

ResourceSat2 Apr 20, 2011

Panchromatic Camera

Advanced Wide Field Sensor,Linear Imaging Self-Scanning Sensor –4 , Linear Imaging SelfScanning Sensor - 3

Earth Observation,Resource Monitoring

INSAT-3DR Sep 08, 2016 Data Collection Service, Advanced Aided Search and Rescue, INSAT Imager, INSAT Sounder

INSAT-3D Jul 26, 2013

Climate & Environment, Disaster Management System

Saral

(Status: Orbit drifting) Feb 25, 2013

Advanced Data Collection System (also called "Argos-3")

Laser Retroreflector Array, Ka-band Altimeter, Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite, Laser Retroreflector Array

Climate & Environment, Earth Observation

OceanSat-2 Sep 23, 2009

OceanSat Scatterometer, Ocean Color Monitor, Radio Occultation Sounder of the Atmosphere

Climate and Environment, Earth Observation, Oceanographic applications

RISAT- 2 Apr 20, 2009

Synthetic Aperture Radar (X-band)

Earth Observation, Disaster Management applications

GEONEWS around the Globe: Recent advancements in Geoinformatics