THE TRUTH ABOUT PACKAGING 2020
W
www.snell.co.nz
Environmental issues The state of the environment is a constant headline at the forefront of media and public attention recently. Carbon dioxide levels are at a record high, sea levels are rising, and the appropriate removal of our waste is an incredibly important issue.1 Dealing with waste in New Zealand is a hot topic as we look to find a solution that will help us develop our waste management capabilities. There is a lot of public confusion around what terms mean, how materials work and what items are actually environmentally friendly. While these items may seem better due to their ability to biodegrade or compost, they are in some cases adding to the problem. Snell has a social responsibility to ensure we are looking after the community and environment that we are in. We also have a responsibility to our customers to ensure they are provided with all the information that they need to make a decision on a solution best suited for their business.
The aim of this document is to help educate you and allow you to make an informed decision that fits your business, customers and the environment. As we look to stay up to date with this consistently changing issue, we will be regularly updating this document to ensure it is as accurate as possible. Accurate as of March 2020
Commonly used terminology When referring to environmentally safe packaging, buzzwords and terms can often be thrown around. Having a true understanding of what these terms mean and how they relate to the New Zealand environment is key to making sure you are able to make informed decisions.
Greenwashing: This is when a superficial or insincere display of concern for the environment is shown by an organisation2. This is often used to conceal or gloss over the environmental damage that is caused.3 Buzzwords can be used to give this impression. Some of these words commonly used are featured below. Biodegradable: Biodegradable means the material is “eaten” by naturally occurring microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and algae to produce water, carbon dioxide, and biomass. The process of biodegradation is hugely dependant on the environment.4 Recyclable: This refers to waste or materials that can be processed and used again.5 This process can also help reduce consumption of fresh raw materials, energy usage, air pollution (from incineration) and water pollution (from landfilling) by decreasing the need for “conventional” waste disposal.6 Reusable: When something is reusable it can be used more than on time.7 With regards to packaging, these items are usually made from durable materials and designed for multiple trips or extended life.8 Plastic containers, woven groceries bags and drink bottles are just a few items that can be re-used.
Compostable:
Fragmentation:
Composting involves the breakdown of biological material such as green waste from garden clippings of food scraps into humus9 (soil that comes from dead or decaying plant or animal matter)10. Currently New Zealand have no standard for compostable plastics.
This refers to the process or state of breaking or being broken into fragments.17 Secondary microplastics are plastics originating from the fragmentation of larger plastic items.18
Cornstarch:
Bamboo:
Cornstarch is the starch derived from corn grains.11 This is a common food ingredient and has a wide variety of uses such as an adhesive in paper products.
Bamboo is one of the world’s fastest growing plants deriving from the grass family.19 When harvested Bamboo fibres can be used to create textile-based products such as bags and clothing.
PLA:
rPET:
Polylactic acid (PLA) is made from lactic acid, which is usually produced by fermenting sugar or starch from vegetable sources such as corn and then is processed to form a polymer.12 Products made from PLA include food packaging and coffee cups (which may use PLA for the lid or cup lining).13 PLA based plastics can be broken down by microbial action.14
Related to PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) rPET refers to a product being made from recycled PET plastic.20 This is commonly used on products to display its base materials recycled nature.
Degradable: Degradable means something can “break down� and includes all types of plastic that can break into little pieces, either over time, by mechanical cutting, shredding or from exposure to environmental forces and ultraviolet light (from the sun).15 Most material will degrade or deteriorate given sufficient time and exposure to the right conditions but in some cases this can take hundreds or thousands of years.16
Circular economy: A circular economy is an alternative to the traditional linear economy in which we keep resources in use for as long as possible, extract the maximum value from them whilst in use, then recover and regenerate products and materials at the end of each service life.21
New Zealand’s infrastructure In New Zealand we have access to quite a few options of packaging that can be recycled or composted to reduce the impact on the environment. Yet this is one of the larger issues we are facing. Composting and recycling biodegradable products is currently a difficult task with a lack of infrastructure and facilities. This means that much of this packaging ends up in landfills.22 The extent to which a biodegradable compostable plastic will break down in a landfill depends on the amount of air, water and microbial activity. Digestion occurs at highly variable rates and sometimes not at all.23
There are a variety of different facilities that New Zealand has: Composting: There are 98 composting facilities across New Zealand. These plants usually collect organic waste from businesses that deal with food or beverages and can often take yard waste from nurseries or landscaping companies. What a 2017 survey found out was that amongst the 27 composting facilities included, many of them were having trouble dealing with processing food packaging.24 Some of the issues included confusion with oil-based polyethylene coated cups and other conventional plastics, length of processing time, the need for items to be shredded finely and the issue of some brands packaging not breaking down. This has led to them needing to adapt their processes while some have simply stopped processing this waste. There are currently 10 commercial composting facilities accepting compostable packaging and food serviceware.25
Recycling: Recycling in New Zealand can be done through various means and if done properly 140,000 tons of waste can avoid landfill in Auckland alone.26 Curbside recycling is the easiest option for domestic waste as it is collected from your house and sorted into separate types of materials. What you are able to recycle is dependent on what facilities your council has available. Check your local council’s website for more information. At a commercial level Reclaim can collect paper, board, plastic and glass from businesses. They sort them and then have the products recycled either locally or internationally.27 Visy recycling, Green Gorilla, Envirowaste and Waste Management are other major operators that collect and sort waste. Landfill: Many people believe that items will eventually breakdown if they are left out in the weather for a long enough time. When rubbish is out of sight it is often no longer deemed as a problem for the public. But your items could be going to landfill where a variety of materials are left to breakdown. Even if your biodegradable or compostable items make it here they will most likely not have the right environment to break down. The extent to which a biodegradable or compostable item will break down is reliant on the amount of air, water and microbial activity.28
Challenges & FAQs
ONLY
0.3%
OF ALL LITTER IS MADE UP OF PLASTIC SHOPPING BAGS ACCORDING TO A 2018 SURVEY.33
Why is this so important now? Essentially the international market for recycled materials has collapsed because China is no longer accepting the quantity of material for recycling that they used to.29 Historically China has been the largest buyer for this material and purchased over 50% of all the world’s recyclables.30 Environmental issues are huge in China and so they have made the decision to restrict 24 types of material from being imported. New Zealand can process approximately half of the paper and cardboard that is collected here but only a small proportion of the plastic - with no significant local processing of 3-7 plastics.31 As a result of this we are now needing to find alternative ways we can deal with our own waste.
Regulations: One of the key factors affecting infrastructure in New Zealand is the lack of regulations. With no regulations around what constitutes a compostable or biodegradable product, this has led to people working to different standards. Currently there are commercial and home composting standards from Australia, Europe and America.32 New Zealand are yet to follow one of these or create our own. Once this is set it could help in developing infrastructure to deal with what we deem to be compostable or biodegradable appropriate. Carbon Footprint: Every item of packaging whether that be paper, cardboard, plastic or reusable has a carbon footprint and an impact on the environment. What is often forgotten is that every single product no matter what it is made of has to be created, shipped, bought, taken home and then used or disposed of. All of these parts build up to create a carbon footprint. These vary depending on the item and as a result understanding and reducing the whole carbon footprint is what needs to be taken into regard.
What happens when biodegradable or compostable waste enters landfill? Landfills are not designed to promote biodegradation, biodegradable or compostable plastics placed in a landfill may be broken down via anaerobic digestion, in the same way that other organic waste is. However, it is unclear if this always happens or how long it may take.34 This can lead to materials breaking into smaller pieces, chemicals leaching into the environment or simply objects not breaking down at all. Can I recycle my biodegradable waste? Some types of biodegradable waste can be recycled but not others. This is because they can cause problems for recyclers by contaminating the items that are only suitable for recycling.35 Can I put my compostable packaging in my personal compost? There are two types of composting, commercial and home composting. Both of these provide a different environment breaking down specific materials at different rates. In New Zealand we have no composting standard but do recognise the Australian and European home composting standards.36 Is using biodegradable and compostable packaging the only way to help? Moving to biodegradable or compostable packaging is not the only option for consumers. Recycling requires energy and composting doesn’t necessarily break down in landfill. Reducing your use of products or trying to re-use these as much as possible can help. This reduces the total amount of waste entering the environment and landfill. Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover Energy Landfill / Waste
All about Board The use of cardboard is all around us. It is mainly used as protective packaging for products but is becoming more commonly used in food packaging. It allows for people to neatly organize oddly shaped items into an easy to maintain shape. Board is a lot more rigid than paper, but cannot hold the same amount of weight as plastic due to its rigid nature. Most board can be recycled and so is seen as environmentally friendly but there is more to this than many are aware of.
Benefits of Board packaging: • Board can be easily recycled in New Zealand with approximately half of collected board being recycled here.37 • It provides a rigid option for protecting products while in transit. • Provides a platform for marketing your brand and product.
Common board products:
Cardboard boxes
Cardboard cups
Cardboard bowls & plates
Cardboard straws
Issues around the use of Board packaging: • Ensuring that it is disposed of appropriately is key. Although easy to do, some people are still unaware of the correct options. • Some board options can have plastic liners, laminates and coatings included which can make these unrecyclable without being separated.38
Board recycling in New Zealand: There are a variety of options for disposing of your board in New Zealand. The most common option is for your board to be put into curbside recycling. Commercial operations are also available to collect larger quantities of board from businesses. Onshore recycling in New Zealand is running at full capacity with significant investment from the government coming in a five to six year timeframe.39 Oji Full Circle provide collection of board products so that they can return these materials back into more products. They are closing the loop on this material to reduce the need for virgin material.40
Board products can be:
Recyclable
Biodegradable
Compostable
Degradable
All about Paper Paper is a useful material that we encounter on a day to day basis. Whether that be in your office, at your home or packaging your food, it has a wide reach. The general thought is that paper is more environmentally friendly as it can be recycled and will eventually break down due to its basic elements.
Issues with Paper packaging:
What people often don’t take into regard is the combined carbon footprint and environmental impact of this material.
Paper recycling in New Zealand:
Benefits of Paper use: • If sourced properly paper bags can be made from sustainably farmed forestry. • Approximately half of the paper and cardboard waste collected is processed here in New Zealand.41 Check your local council for guidelines around what paper is acceptable in your bins.42
Common paper products:
Paper bags
Paper cups
Paper bowls & plates
Paper Voidfill
• The energy used to create a paper bag is more than 4 times than that of a plastic bag.43 • Paper bags generate 70% more air pollutants and 50 times more water pollutants than plastic bags.44 • The process to recycle paper is extensive as you need to collect it, sort it, wash it, purify, flatten, dry, colour and bleach it before the paper can be packaged and sent out again.45 • Paper packaging is not useful for jobs that involve heavy or sharp products and can wear and tear due to moisture and tensile strength.
Paper collection is done by curbside collection or commercial businesses collecting a business’s waste. These items are then sold to make other products. Some of New Zealand’s recyclable waste is dealt with here but most of it must be shipped overseas to be dealt with. This increases the carbon footprint to a material that is often perceived as environmentally friendly. As referred to on the “All About Board” page, heavy investment is needed to increase onshore recycling capabilities.46
Paper products can be:
Recyclable
Biodegradable
Compostable
Degradable
All about Plastic Since the 1950s plastic has been a part of our everyday life. We see plastic products everywhere as they have become an essential part of how we currently live. There is a lot of information currently circulating about plastic, but what is the truth behind this staple of modern life?
Benefits of plastic packaging: • UK based research shows that it takes 91% less energy to recycle plastic than it does paper.47 • A plastic bag can carry 2,500 times its own weight and is resistant to changes in the weather. Hot, cold, wet and dry temperatures won’t damage plastic as much as it will paper or cardboard.48 • The use of plastic packaging can help improve the life cycle of food. Individually packaged products can mean less food is wasted and as a result a reduced carbon footprint for that product. Plastic is still the best way to reduce food wastage.49 • Plastic products are often more re-usable than their paper alternatives.
Issues around the use of plastic packaging: • Plastics that fall under the degradable category can leave residual plastic particles in the environment.50 • Plastics 3-7 are difficult to process in New Zealand with councils struggling to process them.51
Plastic recycling in New Zealand: Your curbside bins are the most common form of plastic recycling while businesses can have their plastic recycling picked up commercially. Items like pallet wrap and plastic film can be collected by Reclaim and Waste Management with bins and cages available for use.
Common plastic products:
Plastic cutlery
Plastic bags, liners and wrappers
Plastic containers
Beverage bottles
Plastic cups
Plastic plates and bowls
Currently Auckland, Hamilton and Wellington have access to The Soft Plastics Recycling Initiative. With more than 60 participating stores in these regions their aim in 2020 is to start collections in Northland during March 2020.52 Through this grocery bags, bread bags, bubble wrap, plastic liners, plastic wrappers of products such as biscuits, chips or anything you buy that has a soft plastic sheath is recycled.53 These items are then recycled into innovative fence posting, buckets, ducting, slides and plastic sheets.54 In New Zealand some common plastics can be recycled. Your packaging should have a plastic identification code printed on it to help the user understand what type of plastic has been used. Recycling capabilities vary depending on what council you are a part of. To get a better understanding of what plastic you can recycle, refer to your local council’s website.55
Plastic products can be:
Recyclable
Compostable
Reusable
For more information go to https://www.recycle.co.nz/ symbols.php56
50% Oxo-fragmentable
Degradable
UP TO 50 PERCENT OF THE POPULATION NOW HAS ACCESS TO SOFT PLASTICS COLLECTIONS.57
Your decision Having a wider understanding of how we affect the environment and what we can do to change that is crucial to working our way to a cleaner, greener New Zealand. At Snell reducing our impact on the environment is an issue that we are continually trying to positively affect. We see this as a responsibility and we want our customers to have the same chance to do so.
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Sales@snell.co.nz HEAD OFFICE & DISTRIBUTION: AUCKLAND 6-10 Goodman Place, Penrose, Auckland Ph: 09 622 4141 Fax: 09 622 4146 BRANCHES HAMILTON 2 Maui Street, Te Rapa, Hamilton Ph: 07 850 1077 Fax: 07 850 1022 WELLINGTON 133 Gracefield Road, Gracefield, Wellington Ph: 04 566 9456 Fax: 04 566 9457 CHRISTCHURCH 2 Gerald Connolly Place, Sockburn, Christchurch Ph: 03 344 1995 Fax: 03 344 1997
Ensuring that our customers are provided with a wide range of information is important to us as we want you to be able to make the most informed decision for your business. If you would like to learn more about how Snell can help you, your business and the environment please use the below details to contact us. Snell have been reviewing our environmental systems since 2009.
Reference List Introduction: (1) Morton J. (2018, April 12). ‘Urgent action’ needed after NZ’s emissions rise 20%, New Zealand Herald. Retrieved from: https:// www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_ id=1&objectid=12031080
Terms: (2) Greenwash, Collins Dictionary. Retrieved from: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/ english/greenwash (3) Greenwash, Collins Dictionary. Retrieved from: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/ english/greenwash (4) Wasteminz. (2019, April 1). It’s Complicated: A Guide to Biodegradable & Compostable Plastic Products and Packaging. Retrieved from: https://www.wasteminz.org.nz/wp-content/ uploads/2019/03/Its-complicated-guideFinal-2019.pdf (5) Recyclable, Collins Dictionary. Retrieved from: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/ english/recyclable (6) Recycling. (2020, February 23). Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling (7) Reusable, Collins Dictionary. Retrieved from: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/ english/reusable (8) Reusable. (2020, January 21). Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reusable_packaging (9) Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. (2018, July). Biodegradable and compostable plastics in the environment. Retrieved from: https://www.pce.parliament.nz/publications/ biodegradable-and-compostable-plastics-in-theenvironment/biodegradable-and-compostableplastics-in-the-environment (10) Biology Online. Retrieved from: https://www. biology-online.org/dictionary/Humus (11) Cornstarch. (2020, February 18). Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_starch (12) Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. (2018, July). Biodegradable and compostable plastics in the environment. Retrieved from:
https://www.pce.parliament.nz/publications/ biodegradable-and-compostable-plastics-in-theenvironment (13) Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. (2018, July). Biodegradable and compostable plastics in the environment. Retrieved from: https://www.pce.parliament.nz/publications/ biodegradable-and-compostable-plastics-in-theenvironment/biodegradable-and-compostableplastics-in-the-environment (14) Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. (2018, July). Biodegradable and compostable plastics in the environment. Retrieved from: https://www.pce.parliament.nz/publications/ biodegradable-and-compostable-plastics-in-theenvironment/biodegradable-and-compostableplastics-in-the-environment (15) Wasteminz. (2019, April 1). It’s Complicated: A Guide to Biodegradable & Compostable Plastic Products and Packaging. Retrieved from: https://www.wasteminz.org.nz/wp-content/ uploads/2019/03/Its-complicated-guideFinal-2019.pdf (16) Wasteminz. (2019, April 1). It’s Complicated: A Guide to Biodegradable & Compostable Plastic Products and Packaging. Retrieved from: https://www.wasteminz.org.nz/wp-content/ uploads/2019/03/Its-complicated-guideFinal-2019.pdf (17) Fragmentation, Lexico. Retrieved from: https:// www.lexico.com/definition/fragmentation (18) Wasteminz. (2019, July). Plastics in the environment: Te Ao Hurihuri – The Changing World. Retrieved from: https://www.wasteminz. org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Plastics_ Royal-Society_Paper.pdf (19) Bamboo. (2020, February 17). Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo (20) Heritage Paper. (2017, May 26). Understanding PVC and RPET. Retrieve from: https://www. heritagepaper.net/understanding-pvc-and-rpet/ (21) Ministry for the Environment. Circular economy Ōhanga āmiomio. Retrieved from: https://www. mfe.govt.nz/waste/circular-economy
Infrastructure: (22) Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. (2018, July). Biodegradable and compostable plastics in the environment. Retrieved from: https://www.pce.parliament.nz/publications/ biodegradable-and-compostable-plastics-in-theenvironment/biodegradable-and-compostableplastics-in-the-environment (23) Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. (2018, July). Biodegradable and compostable plastics in the environment. Retrieved from: https://www.pce.parliament.nz/publications/ biodegradable-and-compostable-plastics-in-theenvironment/biodegradable-and-compostableplastics-in-the-environment (24) The Packaging Forum. (2017, June). The Availability of New Zealand Compost Facilities Process Compostable Coffee Cups and Food Packaging. Retrieved from: https://www.recycling. kiwi.nz/files/2015/0051/3024/TPF_CCC_June_17_ Compost_Facilities.pdf (25) Wasteminz. (May, 2019). Where Can Commercially Compostable Packaging and Serviceware be Processed in New Zealand?. Retrieved from: https://www.wasteminz.org.nz/sector-groups/ compost-nz/new-zealand-facilities-that-acceptcompostable-packaging-and-food-serviceware/ (26) Auckland Council. (2019, May 1). Visy Recycling Educational Video | Auckland Council. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=IFuD4V0-2fo&t=59s (27) Reclaim: Serious About Recycling. Recycle Products Retrieved from: https://www.reclaim. co.nz/recycling-services (28) Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. (2018, July). Biodegradable and compostable plastics in the environment. Retrieved from: https://www.pce.parliament.nz/publications/ biodegradable-and-compostable-plastics-in-theenvironment/biodegradable-and-compostableplastics-in-the-environment (29) Wasteminz. (2018, May). Rebooting Recycling: What Can Aoteraoa Do? A discussion paper presented by The Waste Management of New Zealand (WATEMINZ) Retrieved from: http://www. wasteminz.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/
Rebooting-Recycling.-What-can-Aotearoa-doFINAL.pdf (30) Wasteminz. (2018, May). Rebooting Recycling: What Can Aoteraoa Do? A discussion paper presented by The Waste Management of New Zealand (WATEMINZ) Retrieved from: http://www. wasteminz.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/ Rebooting-Recycling.-What-can-Aotearoa-doFINAL.pdf (31) Wasteminz. (2018, May). Rebooting Recycling: What Can Aoteraoa Do? A discussion paper presented by The Waste Management of New Zealand (Wasteminz) Retrieved from: http://www. wasteminz.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/ Rebooting-Recycling.-What-can-Aotearoa-doFINAL.pdf (32) Wasteminz. (2019, March 1). It’s Complicated: A Guide to Biodegradable & Compostable Plastic Products and Packaging. Retrieved from: https://www.wasteminz.org.nz/wp-content/ uploads/2019/03/Its-complicated-guideFinal-2019.pdf (33) The Packaging Forum. (2018, June). National Litter Survey Litter Field Count 2017/2018 summary of results. Retrieved from: https://www.recycling. kiwi.nz/files/5315/3023/4734/2nd_National_Litter_ Survey_June_2018_publication.pdf (34) Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. (2018, July). Biodegradable and compostable plastics in the environment. Retrieved from: https://www.pce.parliament.nz/publications/ biodegradable-and-compostable-plastics-in-theenvironment/biodegradable-and-compostableplastics-in-the-environment (35) Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. (2018, July). Biodegradable and compostable plastics in the environment. Retrieved from: https://www.pce.parliament.nz/publications/ biodegradable-and-compostable-plastics-in-theenvironment/biodegradable-and-compostableplastics-in-the-environment (36) Wasteminz. Compostable Packaging. Retrieved from: https://www.wasteminz.org.nz/projects/ compostable-packaging/?accordion=standardsfor compostablepackagingandfoodserviceware
Reference List CONTINUED
All about board:
(37) Wasteminz. (2018, May). Rebooting Recycling: What Can Aoteraoa Do? A discussion paper presented by The Waste Management of New Zealand (WASTEMINZ) Retrieved from: http://www.wasteminz. org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/RebootingRecycling.-What-can-Aotearoa-do-FINAL.pdf (38) Auckland Council. (2018, May 31) 4 recycling mistakes you might not know you’re making. Retrieved from: http://ourauckland.aucklandcouncil. govt.nz/articles/news/2018/5/4-recycling-mistakesyou-might-not-know-youre-making/ (39) Niall, T. (2019, May 10). More waste recycling needs to be done onshore in New Zealand, Government says, Stuff. Retrieved from: https://www.stuff.co.nz/ environment/112566958/more-waste-recyclingneeds-to-be-done-onshore-in-new-zealandgovernment-says (40) Oji Fibre Solutions. Fullcircle: About Fullcircle Recycling. Retrieved from: https://www.ojifs.com/ about-fullcircle/
All about paper:
(41) Wasteminz. (2018, May). Rebooting Recycling: What Can Aoteraoa Do? A discussion paper presented by The Waste Management of New Zealand (WASTEMINZ) Retrieved from: http://www.wasteminz.org.nz/wp-content/ uploads/2018/05/Rebooting-Recycling.-What-canAotearoa-do-FINAL.pdf (42) Recycle.co.nz. Council Guides. Retrieved from: http://www.recycle.co.nz/page. php?ref=Regional%20Solutions (43) Bell, K. & Cave, S. (2011, February 23). Comparison of Environmental Impact of Plastic, Paper and Cloth Bags. Retrieved from: http:// www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/ raise/publications/2011/environment/3611.pdf (44) Bell, K. & Cave, S. (2011, February 23). Comparison of Environmental Impact of Plastic, Paper and Cloth Bags. Retrieved from: http:// www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/ raise/publications/2011/environment/3611.pdf (45) ReuseThisBag.com. (2018, February 12). The Truth About Paper Bags. Retrieved from: https:// www.reusethisbag.com/articles/the-truth-aboutpaper-bags/ (46) Niall, T. (2019, May 10). More waste recycling needs to be done onshore in New Zealand, Government says, Stuff. Retrieved from: https://
www.stuff.co.nz/environment/112566958/morewaste-recycling-needs-to-be-done-onshore-innew-zealand-government-says
All About Plastic:
(47) Bell, K. & Cave, S. (2011, February 23). Comparison of Environmental Impact of Plastic, Paper and Cloth Bags. Retrieved from: http://www.niassembly.gov. uk/globalassets/documents/raise/publications/2011/ environment/3611.pdf (48) Bell, K. & Cave, S. (2011, February 23). Comparison of Environmental Impact of Plastic, Paper and Cloth Bags. Retrieved from: http://www.niassembly.gov. uk/globalassets/documents/raise/publications/2011/ environment/3611.pdf (49) Aspalter, K. (2015). Denkstatt. How Pacakging Contributes to Food Waste Prevention. Retrieved from: https://www.save-food.org/cgi-bin/md_interpack/ lib/all/lob/return_download.cgi/3_Interpack_2017_ denkstatt_Packaging_Food_Waste_Prevention_ V1.0.pdf?ticket=g_u_e_s_t&bid=5684&no_mime_ type=0 (50) Plastics New Zealand. (2008). Frequently Asked Questions Degradable Plastics. Retrieved from: https://www.plastics.org.nz/images/documents/ PDFs/PNZ_Degradables_FAQs.pdf (51) Wasteminz. (2018, May). Rebooting Recycling: What Can Aoteraoa Do? A discussion paper presented by The Waste Management of New Zealand (WASTEMINZ) Retrieved from: http://www. wasteminz.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/ Rebooting-Recycling.-What-can-Aotearoa-doFINAL.pdf (52) The Packaging Forum. (2020, March). The Wrap Up. Retrieved from: https://www.recycling.kiwi.nz/ newsletter (53) The Packaging Forum. Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved from: https://www.recycling.kiwi.nz/ solutions/soft-plastics/faqs/#questions13 (54) The Packaging Forum.Products. Retrieved from: https://www.recycling.kiwi.nz/solutions/soft-plastics/ products/ (55) Recycle.co.nz. Council Guides. Retrieved from: http://www.recycle.co.nz/page. php?ref=Regional%20Solutions (56) Recycle.co.nz. Identifying Recyclables. Retrieved from: https://www.recycle.co.nz/symbols.php (57) The Packaging Forum. (2020, March). The Wrap Up. Retrieved from: https://www.recycling. kiwi.nz/newsletter
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HEAD OFFICE & DISTRIBUTION:
BRANCHES
AUCKLAND
HAMILTON
6-10 Goodman Place, Penrose, Auckland Ph: 09 622 4141 Fax: 09 622 4146
2 Maui Street, Te Rapa, Hamilton Ph: 07 850 1077 Fax: 07 850 1022
E
Sales@snell.co.nz
WELLINGTON
133 Gracefield Road, Gracefield, Wellington Ph: 04 566 9456 Fax: 04 566 9457
CHRISTCHURCH
2 Gerald Connolly Place, Sockburn, Christchurch Ph: 03 344 1995 Fax: 03 344 1997