PHOTOGRAPHY Submi&ed by-‐
Smri%
UG Tex0le Design 3rd Sem
What is photography? “WRITING WITH LIGHT”
During our discussions we came across different perspectives of photography. • Communication • Capturing the essence of a moment/ experience • Way of expression, point of view in the form of visual representation • Way of creating a point of interest • Capturing 3D on 2D surface • An alternative for sketching
Photography is the process, activity and art of creating still or moving pictures by recording radiation on a sensitive medium, such as a photographic film, or an electronic sensor. Light patterns reflected or emitted from objects activate a sensitive chemical or electronic sensor during a timed exposure, usually through a photographic lens in a device known as a camera that also stores the resulting information chemically or electronically. Photography has many uses for business, science, art and pleasure.
CAMERA • The Nikon FM2 is an advanced semi-professional, interchangeable lens, 35 mm film, single-lens reflex (SLR) camera. • It was manufactured by Nippon Kogaku K. K. (today Nikon Corporation) in Japan from 1982 to 2001. • The FM2 originally used an advanced Nikon-design, metal-bladed, bearing-mounted, vertical-travel focal plane shutter with a (then unheard-of) speed range of 1 to 1/4000th second plus Bulb, plus a fast flash X-sync of 1/200th second. • It has dimensions of 90 mm (height), 142 mm (width), 60 mm (depth) and a weight of 540 g.
1. Focus ring 2. Aperture ring 3. Rewind lever 4. Flash holder 5. Crank 6. Click button 7. Shutter ring 8. Depth of field lever 9. View finder
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6 7
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3
9
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SHUTTER In photography, a shutter is a device that allows light to pass for a determined period of time, for the purpose of exposing photographic film or a light-sensitive electronic sensor to light to capture a permanent image of a scene. A shutter can also be used to allow pulses of light to pass outwards, as in a movie projector or signal lamp.
SHUTTER SPEED In photography, shutter speed is a term used to discuss exposure time, the effective length of time a shutter is open; the total exposure is proportional to this exposure time, or duration of light reaching the film or image sensor. Slow shutter speeds are often used in low light conditions, extending the time until the shutter closes, and increasing the amount of light gathered Shutter speed is measured in seconds, but often marked in reciprocal seconds. • B – it is the initial reading. It is absolutely manual way of controlling the light. Till the time u don’t release the lever the film will be exposed to light. • 1/60- it’s the slow shutter speed. It does not register hand shake.
A photograph may be described as overexposed when it has a loss of highlight detail, that is, when the bright parts of an image are effectively all white, known as "blown out highlights" (or "clipped whites")
A normal exposure picture has correct light. Its denoted by (0) sign
A photograph may be described as underexposed when it has a loss of shadow detail, that is, the dark areas indistinguishable from black, known as "blocked up shadows"
APERTURE Â The aperture of an optical system is the opening that determines the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane.
Aperture is how wide the lens' iris opens. The wider it opens the more light gets in. It's exactly the same thing as the iris of your eye which opens as the light gets darker. The wider it opens for the same subject the shorter the shutter speed will be to get the correct exposure. This is because the camera chooses shutter speed based on how much light gets into the camera. A brighter subject or wider aperture lets in more light. Big apertures have smaller numbers, like f/4. Smaller apertures have bigger numbers like f/16. These are fractions, so 1/16 is smaller than 1/4. Big apertures like f/4 will tend to have just one thing in focus. A smaller aperture like f/16 will tend to have everything in focus. How much is in focus is called depth of field.
DEPTH of FIELD
The depth of field (DOF) is the portion of a scene that appears sharp in the image. Smaller stops (larger f numbers) produce a longer depth of field, allowing objects at a wide range of distances to all be in focus at the same time. The shutter speed does not effects the DOF but it does effect the aperture.
LENSES Lenses are a major portion of any camera. We have basically 3types of lenses: 1. Normal lens 2. Wide angle lens 3. Telephoto lens We also have another sets of lenses: 1.Zoom lens 2.Perspective correction lens
A normal lens is a lens that generates images that generally look "natural" to a human observer under normal viewing condiPons, as compared with lenses with longer or shorter focal lengths. Normal lenses are of 50mm-‐55mm
24mm
35mm
A wide-‐angle lens is a lens whose focal length is substanPally shorter than the focal length of a normal lens for the image size produced by the camera. It is used to shoot subjects along with a wide coverage of area around. These lenses give good depth of field.
85mm
105mm
135mm
A telephoto lens is a specific construcPon of a long focal length photographic lens in which the physical length of the lens is shorter than the focal length. In these lenses the opPcal centre lies outside of its physical construcPon, such that the enPre lens assembly is between the opPcal centre and the focal plane. It is used to shoot distant subjects.
A zoom lens is a mechanical assembly of lens elements with the ability to vary its focal length (and thus angle of view). Zoom lenses are o[en described by the raPo of their longest to shortest focal lengths. For example, a zoom lens with focal lengths ranging from 100 mm to 400 mm may be described as a 4:1 or "4×" zoom.
A perspective correction lens allows to control the appearance of perspective by reorienting the lens in relationship to the film or sensor. This type of lens is used mostly in architectural and other technical photography.
FILMS Â & Â FORMATS Â
Photographic film is a sheet of plastic (polyester, nitrocellulose or cellulose acetate) coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive silver halide salts (bonded by gelatin) with variable crystal sizes that determine the sensitivity, contrast and resolution of the film. When the emulsion is sufficiently exposed to light (or other forms of electromagnetic radiation), it forms a latent (invisible) image. Chemical processes can then be applied to the film to create a visible image, in a process called film developing.
120mm Length: 85mm Width: 56mm Hypotenuse: 101.7mm
Length: 35mm Width: 24mm Hypotenuse: 42mm
4x5 sheet film Length: 99mm Width: 125mm Hypotenuse: 160mm
ISO Â (ASA) Â
ISO (I.S.O.) is the abbreviation for the International Organization of Standardization, a governing body based in Europe that provides the standards for a wide variety of subjects. Earlier ISO was know as A.S.A- American Standards Association. In terms of photography ISO means film speed. It is the amount of light needed for proper exposure of film for getting a good image.
The lower the ISO number the more light it will require to penetrate the film for proper exposure. 800 ISO film requires a lot less light to expose your picture properly than film with an ISO of 200. ISO uses the term pixels for image formation in digital photography. When we use SLR grains on the film stripe comes into play. We have ISO ratings ranging from 50 - 800 in case of films. In case of digital photography it ranges from 100-4000 (also varies from camera to camera). ISO 100 is considered to be noise free mode.
ISO-‐ 100 (KODAK GOLD)
COMPOSITION
A composition in terms of photography means the relationship between background foreground and the subject.
While composing a frame we have to keep in mind the following keywords: 1. Point of interest 2. Simplicity 3. Contrast 4. Balance 5. Framing 6. Viewpoint 7. Diagonals 8. DirecPon of movements 9. Rule of thirds
Point of interest: identify a point of interest where u want to emphasize the most.
Simplicity:Be sure that only the things you want the viewer to see appear in the picture. If there are numerous objects cluttering up the background, your message will be lost. If you can’t find an angle or framing to isolate your subject, consider using depth of field control to keep the background out of focus.
Contrast: A light subject will have more impact if placed against a dark background and vice versa. Contrasting colours may be used for emphasis, but can become distracting if not considered carefully.
Balance: Generally, asymmetric or informal balance is considered more pleasing in a photograph than symmetric (formal) balance. In other words, placing the main subject off-center and balancing the "weight" with other objects (smaller or lower impact) will be more effective than placing the subject in the center.
Framing: A "frame" in a photograph is something in the foreground that leads you into the picture or gives you a sense of where the viewer is. The "frame" doesn’t need to be sharply focused. In fact if it is too sharply detailed, it could be a distraction. Viewpoint: one can often change a picture dramatically by moving the camera up or down or, stepping to one side. Diagonals: Linear elements such as roads, waterways, and fences placed diagonally are generally perceived as more dynamic than horizontals. Direc%on of movement: When the subject is capable of movement, such as an animal or person, it is best to leave space in front of the subject so it appears to be moving into, rather than out of, the photograph. Rule of thirds: in a composition the proportion of background : subject : foreground should be 2/3:1/3:1/3.
WORKING of SLR CAMERA
1 - Front-mount lens 2 - Reflex mirror at 45-degree angle 3 - Focal plane shutter 4 - Film or sensor 5 - Focusing screen 6 - Condenser lens 7 - Optical glass pentaprism (or pentamirror) 8 - Eyepiece
My Experience
On the first day we had to choose a subject and understand the exposures and angles. So I had chosen gates/doors as my subject. This picture went out of focus.
In this shot I wanted to emphasize on the glass door’s handles. Here I have shoot a low angle shot.
In this picture I have taken a top angle shot of the same door. But here due to the objects in the fore ground the emphasis is lost.
In this shot I have tried to show the gate in perspective. Here I have practiced the rule of thirds.
Market place