Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in HIV Patients A Prospective Cohort Analysis among HIV Patients on Non Protease Inhibitor Based Antiretroviral Therapy A.A.I.N Jayasekara
A.A.I.N Jayasekara A.V.S.N.D Ranasinhe Neushka Herath H.A.C.W Hathurusinghe L.N Siriwardena D.M.M.P.K pathiraja M.K.S.H Jayasena N.D.V N Jayasuriya DACL Dalugama K.A.M Ariyarathne Senior Registrars, Post Graduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka 2. Medical Intern, National Hospital Sri Lanka 3. Consultant Venereologists,National STD/AIDS Control Programme, Sri Lanka
Introduction
In Sri Lanka Percentage of all deaths due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) in 2008 - 29.6 %
The recent estimates for mortality from CVD for Sri Lanka was 524 deaths per 100,000 which is higher than that observed in many high-income countries
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in Sri Lanka while stroke is the third cause of death
For comparison, CAD accounts for only 17% of deaths in the US and UK
Between 2005 and 2010 and beyond, significant increase in hospitalization is projected for three diseases: HD 29%, DM 36%, and HT 40%
The CAD risk factors are high and increasing: DM 7%, HT 27%, obesity 18%, high cholesterol 17%, and abdominal obesity 50% Median body mass index (BMI) was 20 units smoking was very high at 58%
A large national study in Sri Lanka has demonstrated that living in urban areas is associated with 2-3 fold rate of physical inactivity, obesity, and diabetes
Reference : Allender S, Wickramasinghe K, Goldacre M, Matthews D, Katulanda P. Quantifying Urbanization as a Risk Factor for Noncommunicable Disease. J Urban Health. Jun 3 2011
Objective
To estimate the emergence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) adverse events among HIV-infected persons who are on non PI based ARV regimen
Methods
Baseline data from 120 subjects enrolled, a prospective cohort study initiated in 2012
Assessment of CVD risk factors and calculation of the Framingham score was done as a baseline
Cohort was followed up for 30 months to see any development of adverse cardiovascular outcomes
Data was collected based on following variables
Age and sex ART regimen and duration CD4 counts Height/ weight and BMI Lipid profiles History of CVA History of gycemic control Treatment history … Hypertension, DM, Statins.. Alcohol and Smoking
Measured CVA outcomes were 1.
2. 3. 4.
Coronary heart disease (CHD): Myocardial infarction (MI), angina pectoris, heart failure (HF), and coronary death
Cerebrovascular disease, stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) Peripheral arterial disease, intermittent claudication and significant limb ischemia
Aortic disease: Aortic atherosclerosis, thoracic aortic aneurysm, and abdominal aortic aneurysm
Calculated the Framingham Score for all the patients to estimate risk of CVD in 10 years. (updated version of Framingham General Cardiovascular Risk Score 2008) Following parameters were assessed 1. Dyslipidemia 2. Age range 3. Hypertension treatment 4. Smoking 5. Total cholesterol
Framingham Risk Score for Women
Age: 20–34 years: Minus 7 points. 35–39 years: Minus 3 points. 40–44 years: 0 points. 45–49 years: 3 points. 50–54 years: 6 points. 55–59 years: 8 points. 60–64 years: 10 points. 65–69 years: 12 points. 70–74 years: 14 points. 75–79 years: 16 points Total cholesterol, mg/dL: Age 20–39 years: Under 160: 0 points. 160-199: 4 points. 200-239: 8 points. 240-279: 11 points. 280 or higher: 13 points. • Age 40–49 years: Under 160: 0 points. 160199: 3 points. 200-239: 6 points. 240-279: 8 points. 280 or higher: 10 points. • Age 50–59 years: Under 160: 0 points. 160-199: 2 points. 200-239: 4 points. 240-279: 5 points. 280 or higher: 7 points. • Age 60–69 years: Under 160: 0 points. 160-199: 1 point. 200-239: 2 points. 240-279: 3 points. 280 or higher: 4 points. • Age 70–79 years: Under 160: 0 points. 160-199: 1 point. 200-239: 1 point. 240-279: 2 points. 280 or higher: 2 points. If cigarette smoker: Age 20–39 years: 9 points. • Age 40–49 years: 7 points. • Age 50–59 years: 4 points. • Age 60–69 years: 2 points. • Age 70–79 years: 1 point. All non smokers: 0 points
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL: 60 or higher: Minus 1 point. 50-59: 0 points. 40-49: 1 point. Under 40: 2 points Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg: Untreated: Under 120: 0 points. 120-129: 1 point. 130-139: 2 points. 140-159: 3 points. 160 or higher: 4 points. • Treated: Under 120: 0 points. 120-129: 3 points. 130-139: 4 points. 140-159: 5 points. 160 or higher: 6 points
10-year risk in % for Females Under 19 points 20 points 21 points 22 points 23 points 24 points >25 points
<10 11 14 17 22 27 Over 30
Framingham Risk Score for Men
Age: 20–34 years: Minus 9 points. 35–39 years: Minus 4 points. 40–44 years: 0 points. 45–49 years: 3 points. 50–54 years: 6 points. 55–59 years: 8 points. 60–64 years: 10 points. 65–69 years: 11 points. 70–74 years: 12 points. 75–79 years: 13 points
Total cholesterol, mg/dL: Age 20–39 years: Under 160: 0 points. 160-199: 4 points. 200-239: 7 points. 240-279: 9 points. 280 or higher: 11 points. • Age 40–49 years: Under 160: 0 points. 160-199: 3 points. 200-239: 5 points. 240-279: 6 points. 280 or higher: 8 points. • Age 50–59 years: Under 160: 0 points. 160-199: 2 points. 200-239: 3 points. 240-279: 4 points. 280 or higher: 5 points. • Age 60–69 years: Under 160: 0 points. 160-199: 1 point. 200-239: 1 point. 240-279: 2 points. 280 or higher: 3 points. • Age 70–79 years: Under 160: 0 points. 160-199: 0 points. 200-239: 0 points. 240-279: 1 point. 280 or higher: 1 point. If cigarette smoker: Age 20–39 years: 8 points. • Age 40–49 years: 5 points. • Age 50– 59 years: 3 points. • Age 60–69 years: 1 point. • Age 70–79 years: 1 point. All non smokers: 0 points
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL: 60 or higher: Minus 1 point. 50-59: 0 points. 40-49: 1 point. Under 40: 2 points Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg: Untreated: Under 120: 0 points. 120-129: 0 points. 130-139: 1 point. 140-159: 1 point. 160 or higher: 2 points. • Treated: Under 120: 0 points. 120-129: 1 point. 130-139: 2 points. 140-159: 2 points. 160 or higher: 3 points
10-year risk in % for Males
Under 11 points 12 points 13 points 14 points 15 points 17 points or more
<10% 10% 12% 16% 20% over 30%
Estimated Risk levels
Low risk (<10% 10-year risk) Intermediate (10–20% risk)
High risk category (≧ 20% risk)
Results
The mean age of the study cohort was 46.9 years 25% of the study population was at an age where there is an appreciable risk of CVD 53.2% were males and 46.8% were females
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 20-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-70 >70
Male
Female
Results cont..
All on NRTI plus NNRTI based regimen over a mean 6.8 years (range 2-13 yrs) with SD 2.89 Yrs
60 50 40
79 on AZT, 29 on TDF and 1 on ABC based NRTIs 97 on EFV & 12 on NVP as NNRTI
30 20 10 0
Mean baseline CD4 count was 600 cells/mm ( median 569) and that was not statistically significant after 30 months (mean 674 cells/ql, median 635 cells/ql p=0.4)
2 Years 2-4 Years 4-6 Years 6-8 Years 8-10 10-12 >13 Years Years Years
Total cholesterol level (p= 0.32), triglycerides (p= 0.94), HDLs (p= 0.22) and LDLs (p= 0.91) were not subjected to change over a period of 30 months The baseline BMI (mean 22.6) was not significantly different after 30 months (mean 22.4, p= 0.66) 41.8% were cigarette smokers
Results…
Thirty two individuals were started on lipid lowering drugs and all of them were belongs to the above 55 age group 21 ( 19%) Diagnosed HT & on medical management
34% were physically inactive and they were regularly advised on diet and exercise
Results…
Only one person developed a myocardial infarction Two (1.8 %)persons developed diabetes
Thirteen (11.92%)developed unstable angina and currently under medical management
None were reported with CVA, peripheral arterial disease or aortic diseases
Results…
FRS identified majority of individuals as low risk (<10% 10-year risk) i.e. before 81 % /after 79% 13% Vs 12% with intermediate (10–20% risk) 8% belongs to the high risk category after the intervention (≧ 20% risk)
We lost 11 patients during this follow up. All deaths were not related to CVA events
Results …
The lady who developed a MI had an intermediate risk
Almost all the patients who developed UA were belongs to very low risk category at the time of enrolment All the patients who categorized as high risk were put on statins during this follow up None developed CV adverse events
Conclusionâ&#x20AC;Ś
Although the cohort exhibited multiple known risk factors for CVD the incidence of developing an adverse cardiovascular event is low during this follow up period
Limitations..
Small sample size
Need further follow up
Need a control to compare the effects of non PI based ART regimens among HIV cohort
FS is validated for HIV patients, but there is a HIV specific prediction tool (Not validated yet)
Acknowledgement
Dr. Kulasiri Budhakoraka Consultant Venereologist, Ex. HIV care coordinator
Dr. Lilani Rajapakse Consultant Venereologist HIV care coordinator, NSACP, Sri Lanka HIV Clinic staff, NSACP, Colombo
Thank you