1 YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj ksoyia p;=ri%h" fld<U 07'
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2 Online
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3 ` Y%jHudOHfhauqøs;y`v f,djuqøs;m%ldYkw;roS¾>ld,hlam%uqLia:dkh.;a News Week i`.rdj o India Today The Week we;=`M iuia; f,dalfha fndfyda m%ldYk o we;eï Penguin .%ka: o úoHq;a udOHhg mßj¾;kh jQ miq mßYS,lhka msßi oyia .Kkska jeäùu tla w;lska w¾nqoh ksid ,;a fjiaj,d.;awdYS¾jdohls'mdßißlw¾nqoksid ygf.k ;sfnk lvodis w¾nqohg .;yels tluúi÷ufuf,iúoHq;am%ldYkj,gt<öuhs'zy`vZi`.rdjoúoHq;am%ldYkhlaf,i t<soelaùug wm l< lsÍfïúoHd¾Òkag;a"fhdackdjgiNdm;sjrhdf.awkque;sh,eìKs'oyjeksfY%aKsfhaisgikaksfõokúIhyodrkmdi,aYsIHYsIHdjkag;aWmdêuÜgñkaydämaf,dauduÜgñkaikaksfõokhyodrkfiiqmdGlm%cdjg;azy`vZm%ldYkhfkdñf,amßYS,khwjia:djfïiu.Wodfõ' Online
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4 cd;sfha ikaksfõolhd The National Broadcaster YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation
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5
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mKaä; .=Kj¾Ok wdkkao iurfldaka i¾ ndfrdka ch;s,l fÊ'ã'ta' ú,auÜfmf¾rdta' fmf¾rd cQ,shia o ,ekfrda,a tia't,a'î' lmqfldgqj wd§ka fkdoek isáhd hehs is;sh fkdyelsh' cd;sl wNs,dIhka iuDoaO lr.ekSu wrnhd" Tjqka wêrdcH .=jka úÿ,sh foaYShlrKh lsÍfï ls%hdj,shg wj;S¾K jkafka Wla; ixl,amfha wdfõYfhka úh hq;=h'
6 l;=jelsh (me/Ks;u - mßK;u cd;sfha ikaksfõolhd úoHq;a udOH ixialD;sfha mqfrda.dñhdh' cd;shl ixialD;sl wNs,dIhka ì|jeàu" tu cd;sfha wd;auh úkdYhg m;aùuhs' cd;shl ks¾udmlhd jQ l,S Ñrka;kj jevqKq ffki¾.sl nqoaê uysuhhs' ;ukag wdfõKsl ixialD;sl iïNjfhka úfhda jk cd;shla ish fm!reIh;a" wkkH;dj;a jkid .kS' túg tu cd;sh ksielfhkau n,f,daNSkaf.a f.dÿrla njg m;a fõ' ì%;dkH wêrdcHjd§ka YS% ,xldfõ wmrEmSh ixialD;shla ks¾udKh lf<a ta wruqKska h' úYaj ixialD;sl m%d{hl= jQ rùkaøkd;a ;df.da¾;=udf.a mQ¾fjdala; ixl,amh uydpd¾h .=Kmd, u,,fialr tÈßùr irÉpkaø rUqlaje,af,a isoaOd¾: ysñ uqo,s÷ B'ta' wfífialr hQ'Ô'mS' o is,ajd kS;s{ pd,aia vhia mS'à'
7 zf¾äfhda isf,dakaZ to;a wo;a cd;sfha ikaksfõolhd jkafka YS% ,dxflah ixialD;sh /l.ekSu Wfoid;a fmdaIKh lsÍu Wfoid;a mqrd wkQmia jirla l< woaú;Sh fufyjr ksidfjks' cd;sl .=jka úÿ,sh iriaj;shf.a wdYS¾jdoh me;=jd ñi" ,CIañhf.a wkq.%yh me;=fõ ke;' b;sydih úiska wmg ysñlr § we;s m%uqLia:dk .Kkdjls' tajd wm yUd f.dia ,nd.;a m%uqLia:dk fkdfõ' wfma W;=ï wruqKq ksid wmg ksrdhdifhka ysñ jQ ì%;dkHm%uqLia:dkhkah'hg;aúð;hl wdrïN lrkq ,enQ m%:u .=jka úÿ,sh njg m;aùu wdishdkq l,dmfha wdrïN lrkq ,enQ m%:u .=jka úÿ,sh ùu iuia; YS% ,xldj tlu O¾u uKavmhla njg m;a flfrk tlu udyeÕs O¾udikhla mekùu ls;=kq yskaÿ bia,dï ne;su;=kag ish ksji foajia:dkhla fldaú,la m,a,shla njg m;a lrf.k ne;s is;a Wmojd .ekSug uÕ ie,iSu mdi,a ore oeßhkag f.or isg isma i;r bf.kSug ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajh iemhSu bka lvbï lsysmhla muKs' cd;sfha ore mrmqrg nd, ì,s÷ wjÈfha isgu oekqu fidhd hkakg" .S;h;a ix.S;h;a riú¢kakg yqremqreÿ lf<a cd;sl .=jka úÿ,shhs' isß whshdf.a <ud msáfhka iriaj;S uKavmh ñKs lsxlsKs álsß iskd/<s <ud rx. mSGh fukau fjf<| fiajfha iqukd ch;s,lf.a zy|ududZ <uhska yeÿfõh' jevqfõh' tÈßùr irÉpkaøf.a fh!jk iudch <ud msáfhka fh!jkhg m%úIag jk mrmqr idys;H l,d fiajkhg fhduq lf<ah' Ydia;S%h ix.%yfhka idys;Hfha úpdrfha ix.S;fha .eUqre biõ lrd Y%jlhd /f.k .sfhah' nqoaê uKav,h Brain Trust nqoaê uKavmï isxy, fou< uqia,sï n¾.a¾ ck;djg nqoaê m%odkh lf<ah' fn!oaO foaYk ú,dihka iy Y%jH ixialD;shla wmg ;snqKq nj ienEh' tfy;a wkNsuqL Y%djlhka weu;Sula w;S;fha ;snqfKa ke;'
8 furg Y%jH udOHhg ksfõol mrmqrla ã'weï' fld<Uf.af.ka wdrïN úh' ksfõÈld mrmqrla m%Nd rK;=x.f.ka wdrïN úh' Y%jH udOHhg fhda.H ksfõok l,djl iudrïNh th úh' Y%jH udOH ixialD;shlg fhda.H NdId rgdjl yd Bg WÑ; ßoauhl iudrïNh o t;ekh' wo ish¨ Y%jH oDYH udOHj, ksfõok rgdjg moku wdrïN jQfha o t;eksKs' ix.S;{ weï'Ô' fmf¾rdf.ka ix.S;{ mrmqrla ìysúh' foajd¾ iQßhfiak,d wdkkao iurfldaka,d .dhl mrmqrla ìys l<y' ta Tiafia wÈis .dhl .dhsld mrmqrla Y%djlhka Èkd .;af;ah' tâúka iurÈjdlrf.a m%uqL;ajfhka m%;sIaGdms; ks;H jdoH jDkaoh;a iu. isxy, ix.S;h;a .S;h;a mßfmdaIKh úh' ix.S; m¾fhaIK Tiafia cd;sl ix.S;hlg uxfm;a ilia úh' ta iu.u m%nqoaO .dhk Ys,amS mrmqrla o ckms%h iqmsß ;re fmdl=rla o ìyslr cd;sfha ijka idCIr;djmskùh'we;s ke;s f.dúhdg f.ú,shg ëjrhdg w;alï f.;a;ïlrejdg fjf<÷kag jHdmdßlhdg uys,djg .DysKshg Èú uÕ ire lrk uÕ fmkakd ÿkafkah' fmdaIHodhS wdydr rgdj fi!LHdrCIl Wmdh ud¾. f.j;a; ire lrk yeá we÷ï me,÷ï ieleiSu lshd § iqn isoaêh ie,iqfõh'wfma ft;sydisl mqrd jD;a; jxY l;d u.ska cd;sldNsudkh Woa§mkh lf<ah' úoaj;a foaYk Tiafia nqoaê m%fndaOh we; lf<ah' l=re¨ neoao uqjkame,eiai lsjqf,a l=Uqr Èhks,af,a rd< fukau" f¾äfhda rÕu`v,ska wekagka fpfldama fykaßla bíika n¾kdâ fIda we;=¿ úYaj kdgHlrejka y÷kajd ÿkafkah'
9 fndÿ ls;=kq yskaÿ bia,dóh oyu m%p,s; lrñka cd;sfha ixjrYS,h;a YslaIdldó;ajh;a /l.;af;ah' YS% ,xldjg foaYmd,k ksoyi w;a jQ od isg cd;sl mrudêm;Hh ;yjqre lrñka rfÜ Ndrldr;ajh .kakd md,l msßi" rfÜ;a cd;sfha;a Wkak;sh m;d Èh;a lrkakdjQ ixj¾Ok ls%hdj,sh iún, .ekajQfhah' fojeks t,sifn;a uy /ðk bkaÈhdkq w.ue;s mKaä;a cjy¾,d, YS% fkare tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha m%:u iNdm;skS úch,CIaó mKaä;a ue;sksh mdma jykafia wd§ m%N+kag ã' weia' fiakdkdhl weia' ví,sõ' wd¾' ã' nKavdrkdhl isßudfjda nKavdrkdhl fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok wd§ ck kdhl kdhsldjkag cd;sh weu;Sug .=jka úÿ,sh jdylhla úh' 1976 YS% ,xldfõ meje;s ft;sydisl fkdne¢ cd;Skaf.a iuq¿j 1955 iQ¾h.%yKh 1969 kS,a wdïiafg%daka.a i| u; md ;eîu ckdêm;sjrK uy ue;sjrK cd;sflda;aij wd.ñflda;aij fukau ckdêm;s w.%dud;H moú m%dma;s YS% ,xldj ls%lÜ f,dal Y+r;dj ch.ekSu wdÈh ms<sn| ft;sydisl úia;r m%pdr rg yuqfõ ;enqfõh'Y; j¾Ihlg wdikak ld,hla" ta lshkafka jir 95 la YS% ,dxflah cd;shg foaYhg ck;djg ixialD;shg l< wkqmfïh fufyjr wdj¾ckhg;a wkd.; .ukg fhda.H oelau meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug;a fhda.H fufyd;hstfiaufï'.=jka úÿ,s udOHhg wo fmr fkdjQ úrE n,hla o w;am;a ù ;sfí' tod tla f.orl tlla ne.ska ;snqKq .=jka úÿ,s hka;%h wo ziaud¾Ü f*daakaZ tl;a iu. yeu fokdf.au idlal=jg tla ù ;sfí' tod N+f.da,Sh iSudjlg fldgq jQ .=jka úÿ,s úldYkh wo wka;¾cd,h Tiafia úYaj jHdma; ù ;sfí' kj
10 ;dCIKfh uysufhka ,enqKq fï wiydh n,h iu. wmg meyenr n,dfmdfrd;a;=jla cks; ù ;sfí' fkduÕ .sh wrefudaiï úoHq;a kd,sld ksire jev igyka u.ska Y%djlhd rjgoa§" wms ienE yrj;a jev igyka úiqrejd yßuq' tajdfha laIKsl wdl¾IKh wvq úh yelsh' tfy;a wmg fmfkk i;Hh kï" fndfyd kd,sld jgu .syska f.gu tkakd fia" wm wkdÈu;a ld,hla bÈßm;a l< yrnr ixialD;sl jev igyka wdlD;shg msh Tijk njhs' Tjqkaf.a fndfyda jev igyka wfma idïm%odhsl jev igyka wdlD;sfhau fjk;a uqyqKqjrla njhs' wms yrj;a iïm%odhg .re lruq' ksire yKñá ks¾NS; f,i neyer lruq' kj Ñka;kh kj ;dCIKh weoje<| .ksuq' wkd.;jd§ fjuq' tfy;a Ys,amdêm;s iriaj;S m<jd yer ,CIaó irK fkdhuq' iriaj;S iu. ,CIaó le|jd .ekSfï jHdhduhla iu. wms ishji fj; .uka wrUuq' —cd;sfha ikaksfõolhd jYfhka wmg mejÍ ;sfnk nrm;< j.lSfï ;ru wms f;areï f.k isáuq' cd;sh iq/lSfï;a cd;sh f.dvkeÕSfï;a rcfha m%h;akfha § furg iqjyila ck;dj fjkqfjka wms Èú ysñfhka lem ù isák njg im: lruq'˜ ▄
11 xld .=jka úÿ,sh weröu ì%;dkH wjYH;djls' wm rfÜ .=jka úÿ,s fiajdjla wdrïN lrk f,ig ,dxflah b,a,Sula fkdù h' ,xld .=jka úÿ,sh wdrïN lsÍfï mqfrda.dóhd f,i ie,flk úÿ,s ixfoaY bxðfkare tâjâ ydm¾ uy;d Y%S ,xldjg meñK we;af;a .=jka úÿ,shla wdrïN lsÍfï wruqK we;sj fkdfõ' 1922 fkdjeïn¾ 24 fjks Èk msysgqjd.;a ,xld wdOqksl .=jka úÿ,s iudcfha uqLH wruqK jQfha ,xldfõ .=jka úÿ,s fiajhla wdrïN cd;sllsÍuhs'.=jka úÿ,sfha ixialD;sl fufyjr i,ld ne,Sfï oSs wjfndaO lr.;hq;= uQ,sl lreK jkafka" ixialD;sl hkafkka w¾: .ekafjkafka l=ulao hkakhs' tfiau udOH ixialD;sh" udOH iy ixialD;sh w;r we;s in|;djhs' ikaksfõokh iy ixialD;sh úIh oyrd folla fkdj tlla f,ig ye|skaùu flfrys idOl rdYshla bosßm;a l< yels nj uydpd¾h iqkkao ufyakaø zixialD;sl ikaksfõokh iy ks¾udKZ lD;sfhys i|yka lrhs ^2010 (11&' lsishï iudchlhg úfYaI jkakd jQ;a" tys .;s ,CIK yeáhg ie,lsh yelald jQ;a oek W.;a m%;spdrhkays ixúOdkd;aul tl;=jla f,i ixialD;sh w¾: oelafõ (Linton,1957:29). ixialD;sh fmdÿ p¾hdjlg jvd Ñka;kh yd ne÷Kq ls%hd l,dm weiqßka y÷kd.; hqla;ls' ixialD;sh tla wdldrhlg O¾u;djls' ixialD;sh ms<sn| udkj úoHd;aulj we.ehSï l< ue,sfkdúials ( 1884 1942 ), ,
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12 ( 2002 ), ud.%Ü ñâ ( 1901 1978 ) we;=¿ iudc udkj ms<sn| wOHhkhla lrñka thska y÷kd.; yels fmdÿ ,CIK y;rla úuiqug ,lalr ;sfí' os¾>ld,Sk wLKav;ajh" ft;sydisl bf.kqï ls%hdj,sh" iudc iïnkaO;d cd,h iy iudc wka;¾ ls%hdldß;ajh hkq tu lreKq y;rhs ^kdkdhlaldr" 2015( 52 53&' cd;sl .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ fufyjr úuiSfï oSs wmg by; i|yka lr we;s p;=¾úO ixialD;sl ,laIK Ndú; l< yels h' YS% ,xld iudch iïnkaOj .=jk úÿ,sfha fufyjr fuu tla tla lreKq yd tu lreKqj, wka;¾ iïnkaO;d weiqßka f;areï .; yels h' jir wkQmyl ld,hla ;siafia" YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,sh úiska bgqlrkq ,en we;s oejekaa; ixialD;sl odhl;ajh fujeks ,smshlska újrKh l< fkdyels h' th YS% ,xld iudch fj; uqodyßk ,o ixialD;s m%jdyhls' tu m%jdyfha iajNdjh;a" ld¾hNdrh;a ta ta hq.j, iudc wd¾:sl foaaYmd,k m%jK;djkag wkqj fjkia h' 1990 oS fm!oa.,sl .=jka úÿ,sh wdrïN jk f;la tys fufyjr iy .; jQ jir 30 we;=<; YS ,xld iudch w;aú¢k ixialD;sl lïmk i,ld ne,SfïoS" cd;sl .=jka úÿ,sfha wkkH;dj jgyd .; yels h' nyqudOH iudc mßirhl .=jka úÿ,sh muKla yqol,d fldg w¾:l:kh l< yels fkdfõ' wm cd;sl .=jka úÿ,sfha ixialD;s fufyjr úuish hq;af;a" fuu ixls¾K iudc miqìfuys isáñks' tys ilS%h fyda wfmaCIs; ls%hdldrlï bgqlr .ekSug t,a, lrk wNsfhda. iudc wd¾:sl foaYmd,k ixialD;sl n,fõ.j, fuum%;sM,hls'iajNdjh
úoHd{hkaf.a u;
f¾uka m¾;a
1901
idOl /ila Tiafia ú.%y l< yels h' tu ú.%h isÿ lrkafka ixialD;shl ls%hdldß;ajh isÿjk wdldrhkag wkqj h' ixialD;sh ks¾ñ;hls Y%S ,xld cd;sl .=jka úÿ,sh 1920 oYlfha iuld,Sk iudc wd¾:sl foaYmd,k ixialD;sfha ks¾udKhls' th l,ska l, úúO iudc ixialD;sl n,fõ. weiqßka j¾Okh ù ;sfí' tkï .=jka úÿ,sfha iïNjh iy mßKduh ixialD;sfhau ks¾ñ;hls'
13 ixialD;sh ord .ekSu yd .nvd lsÍu miq.sh jir 95 ld,h muKla fkdj YS% ,xld ck iudcfha jir oyia .Kkl iudc wd¾:sl foaYmd,kh ixialD;sl oekqu ixúOdkh lrñka ord isáñka Y%e;sf.dapr wdldrhg .nvd lr ;sfí' <ud" ;reK" ldka;d" Ydia;s%h" lS%vd jevigyka ck .S" lú" kdv.ï" kQ¾;s" hd;= l¾u" .S; kdgl" kdgH" úlg cjksld tfia .nvd lr we;s iuyrls' lùkaf.a" .dhlhkaf.a úúO .dhkd" ix.S; y~" úYajfha úúO iajdNdúl Yío ks¾udKh lr.;a Yío wd.ñl cd;sl kdhlhkaf.a l:d" cd;sl cd;Hka;r úfYaI wjia:d Yío má" ;eá" ixhqla; ;eá yd kùk ;dCIKh hgf;a .nvdlr ;sfí' Ys% ,xld .=jka úÿ,sfha iqNdIsks o is,ajd zy~Z i.rdjg ,shd we;s wdldrhg ( is,ajd" 2014 :68-69 ) isxy, ;eá 22500" isxy, má 28260" isxy, ixhqla; ;eá 6721" fou< ;eá 41466" fou< má 13470" fou< ixhqla; ;eá 1761" bx.%Sis ;eá 65414" bx.%sis má 7769" bx.%Sis ;eá 3362 yskaos ;eá 26763" yskaos má 800" yskaos ixhqla; ;eá 830 thg we;=<;a h' fuu ,smsh ,shQ 2014 isg wo olajd jir yhl ld,h ;=< fuu ixLdj ;j;a j¾Okh ù we;' fuh cd;sl jYfhka muKla fkdj" úYaj ixialD;sl odhdohls' fuu oekqu ck u;lhg tlafldg mrmqfrka mrmqrg f.k hdug i,iajñk bgqlr we;s ixialD;sl fufyjr n,j;a jQjls' ixialD;sh m%j¾Okh lsÍu wmg wfõKsl ixialD;sh m%j¾Okhg úúO jevigyka m%pdrh lrñka odhl;ajh ,nd oS ;sfí' wm isß;a úß;a y÷kajdoSug fjk;a ixialD;skaf.a isß;a úß;a yd wjfndaOh j¾Okh lsÍug ord we;s W;aidyh m%n, jQjls' úúO wOHdmk WmfoaYk" lDIs" .eñ ixialD;sl fi!LH oekqu" m%j¾Ok jevigyka" w.h lsÍï iy iyNd.s lr .ekSï we;=¿ úúO Wml%u Tiafia ixialD;sl m%j¾Okhg odhl ù ;sfí' kj ixialD;sl rgd m%p,s; lsÍu iy wka;¾ ixialD;sl fm<Uùu ixialD;sh tla;ekl k;r ù mj;skakla fkdfõ' fjkia ùu tys iajrEmhhs' úúO kj ixialD;ska wm rfgys ixialD;shg wkq.; lrñka wjfYdaIKh lr .ekSug m%n, odhl;ajhla ,nd oS ;sfí' úúO cd;Ska iy wd.ï we;s rfgl ixialD;sl rgd fmdÿ ms<ss.ekSug ,lafjk wdldrhg bosßm;a lr ;sfí'
14 wdrïNfha isgu jd¾.sl iu.sh we;s lsÍug lghq;= lr we;s nj y÷kd .; yelsh' ixialD;sfha úúO;ajh úkaokSsh f,i ú|.ekSug wjia:d i,id oS ;sîu jeo.;a lreKls' ta i|yd .S;" kdgH" i`.rd" jd¾;d we;=¿ uQ,sl iy ixlS¾K jevigyka wdlD;s odhl lrf.k ;sfí' úúO ixialD;sl wdl%uK wiïu; NdId Ndú;h isÿjk úg wkkH;dj /l .ekSug fm<Uùu WodyrKhls' rfgys ixj¾Ok m%jdyhg m%cdj odhl lr .ekSug olajk Wkkaÿj o tjekakls' ye;a;Ej oYlfha ixj¾Ok .S; WodyrKhla f,i oelaúh yels h' wka;¾ ixialD;s iïnkaO;d fmdaIKh l< uOHia:dkhla f,i lghq;= lsÍu .=jka úÿ,sh wka;¾ ixialD;sl iïnkaO;d fmdaIKh l< uOHia:dkhls' tla tlA ixialD;sl wx. tla lrñka jevigyka bÈßm;a lr ;sfí' úúO ixialD;sl Wreuhka" kdo rgd iy .dhk úfYaI weiqßka ks¾udK bosßm;a lrñka ixialD;sl wjfndaOh m%j¾Okh lr ;sfí' tlu ixo¾Ykhl úúO ixialD;sl wx. bosßm;a lrhs' fï weiqßka ixialD;sl wjfndaOh m%p,s; l< w;r ta tla tla jevigyka i|yd myiqlï imhk uOHia:dkhla f,i o ls%hd;aulhs' úúO m¾fhaIK weiqßka jev igyka fmdaIKh lr ;sfí' ixialD;sl wOHdmkfha mqfrda.dñfhls úúO jevigyka ;=<ska ixialD;sl wOHdmkh ,nd oSug YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,sh lghq;= lr ;sfí' mdi,a b,lal lr .;a udOH wOHdmk jev igyka bosßm;a lsÍu tla fufyjrls' ixialD;sh ms<sn| m%cd wOHdmkh ,nd oSfuka mqfrda.dó fufyjr bgqlr ;sfí' th ixialD;sl úIu;d wju lsÍug bgqlrk ,o fufyjrls' iuia; .=jka úÿ,s jevigyka úuiSfuka tys wOHdmksl ,laIK úu¾Ykh l< yels h' iudc ixialD;sl l%u úldYkfha ixfla;hls cd;sl .=jka úÿ,sh" cd;sl ixialD;sfha wkkH;d ixfla;hls' cd;sl Wreufha ixfla;hls' tys ksfõok ffY,sh" WÉpdrK ú,di thg wdfõKsl ,CIKj,ska iukaú; h' NdIdj yeisrùu ;=<ska mrudo¾Y imhhs' th udkj jxY' ixialD;sl l%u úldYkfha iqúfYaIs fufyjrls' úúO ixialD;sl m%jdyhka we;s jqjo rgg
15 foaYhg wdfõKsl wkkH;dj /l .ekSu i|yd fufyjrla lr we;af;a m%n, wNsfhda. uOHfha h' ckms%h ixialD;sl ,CIK ksjerosj Wlyd .ekSug W;aidy lrñka ixialD;sl l%u úldYkh ils%h lr ;sfí' kQ¾;s" kdv.ï" flda,ï bkaoSh iïNjhlska hqla;h' nhs,d mD;=.sis Wreuhls' rElv .S; kdv.ï weiqßka j¾Okh ù ;sfí' tfy;a fï ish,a, foaYSh Wreufha fldgia jYfhka wjfYdaIKh lr .ekSug wm ixialD;sh m%n, ù ;sfí' tysoS .=jka úÿ,sfha ixialD;sl fufyjr Wmldß ù ;sfnk wdldrh ksÍlaIKh l< yels h' fuu ixialD;sldx. fmdaIKh ù ck.; jQfha .=jka úÿ,sh ksid h' l¾Kdgl" yskaÿia:dks ix.S; foaYSh ix.S;h we;=¿ úúO iïm%odhka ngysr ix.S; wdNdihka lKavdhï .S we;=¿ úúO ixialD;sl wx. foaYSh ckhdf.a riúkaokhg uekúka Ndú; fldg ;sfí' ,xld ck iudchg" ck ixialD;shg m%n, n,mEula we;s l< .=jka úÿ,sh ì%;dkH wêrdcHjdoS m%;sm;a;s ia:dms; lsÍfï foaYmd,k fuj,ula f,i fhdod f.k fkdue;s nj meyeÈ,s h' fuu moku ,xld ck ixialD;shg wisßu;a fufyjrla lsÍfï miq;,h ks¾udKh lr we;s nj ksÍlaIKh l< yels lreKls'Y%S,xldfõ .=jka úÿ,s b;sydih m%Odk wÈhr ;=kla hgf;a ú.%y l< yels w;r th ixialD;sl fufyjr y÷kd.ekSfï § ufydamldß fõ' ,xld .=jka úÿ,sfha wdrïNfha isg 1948 fmnrjdß 4 jkod ksoyi ,nd .kakd f;la mej;sfha hg;a úð; .=jka úÿ,s wjêhhs' 1948 isg újD; wd¾Ólh werfUk 1977 f;la ld,h Y%S ,xld .=jka úÿ,sfha ixjD; wd¾Ól wjêh f,i;a" 1977 isg wo olajd ld,h újD; wd¾Ól wjêh f,i;a w¾:l:kh l< yels h' fuu ld, mrdi w;r isÿ jQ úfYaI ixisoaëka" iudc m%.uk" ;dlaIKsl n,mEï" foaYmd,k u;jdo m%j¾Okh ixialD;sl fufyjr flfrys isÿ lr we;s n,mEï úúO iajrEm .kS' cd;sl .=jka úÿ,sfha ixialD;sl fufyjr yqfol,d f,i ú.%y l< fkdyels h' th iuld,Sk iudc" wd¾Ól" foaYmd,ksl n,mEu iu. ;=,kd;aulj úuiñka y÷kd.; hq;= h'
16 ì%;dkH cd;slhkag ,xldfõ .=jka úÿ,s fiajdjla wdrïN lsÍfï wjYH;djla mej;s neõ meyeÈ,s h' ud¾fldaks .=jka úÿ,sh jHdma; jQfha uyd ì%;dkH flakaø .; lrñks' j¾;udk fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh rgj, .=jka úÿ,sh wdrïN lr we;s wjëka ms<sn| ú.%yfha § fuu fiajdj jHdma; lsÍug mej;s wêrdcHjdÈ woyi y÷kd.; yels h' ,xldfõ .=jka úÿ,shla wdrïN lsÍug Wkkaÿ jQ ì%;dkH cd;Ska lSm fokd hg;a úð; md,kh úiska Èßu;a lr ;sfí' 1922 fkdjeïn¾ 24 jkod ,xld wdOqksl .=jka úÿ,s iudch wdrïN fõ' tu iudcfha uQ,sl wruqK ù we;af;a Èjhsfka .=jka úÿ,s fiajdjla weröu h' fuh ud¾fldaks .=jka úÿ,sh weußldfõ iy hqfrdamfha ;u jHdma;sh wrUñka isá wjêhls' m%xYh" c¾uksh" Ökh' ´iafÜ%,shdj" iaùvkh" fvkaud¾lh" fn,aðhu" cmdkh" bkaÈhdj jeks f,dj m%n, rgj,a /ilg m%:u wm rfÜ .=jka úÿ,s werfUkqfha fï ksid h' .=jka úÿ,sh kue;s wisßu;a fuj,u ms<sn| w;aoelSï iys; ì%;dkH ks,OdÍka th ,xldfõ wdrïN lsÍug ord we;af;a m%n, WfoHda.hls' 1924 fmnrjdß 2 jk Èk ;reK l%sia;shdks Yd,dfõ § m%o¾Yk úldYhla isÿ lsÍfuka fuh úoHudk h' ,xld hg;aúð; md,kh .=jka úÿ,s úldYkhla wdrïN lsÍug yels jk wdlrhg 1908 ,xld úÿ,s ixfoaY mk;g" 1923 cQ,s 15 jk Èk ixfYDaOk bÈßm;a lr ;sfí' m%o¾Yk úldYh isÿ lsÍug;a m%:u 1924 ckjdß 31 jk Èk .=jka úÿ,s n,m;% ,nd .ekSug yels jk fia kS;suh myiqlï ilia lr ;sfí' m%o¾Yk úldYh mj;ajd udi ;=kla Èk folla .; jk úg ,xldfõ .=jka úÿ,s fiajdjla wdrïN lsÍug we;s yelshdj ms<sn|j lñgqjla m;a lr tu úldYkh meje;aúh hq;= wdldrh ms<sn| lñgq ks¾foaY ,nd .ksñka hg;aúð; f,alïjrhdf.a iy wdKavqldrjrhdf.a wkque;sh ,nd § ;sfí' by; lñgqjg m;a lr we;af;a o .=jka úÿ,sh wdrïN lsÍug Wkkaÿfjka lghq;= l< ta flfrys lemùulska lghq;= l< ks,OdÍka
h' .=jka úÿ,s fiajdj wdrïN lsÍu ms<sn| hg;úð; reÑl;ajh iy ´kElu fï wkqj meyeÈ,s h' Y%S ,xldj ixialD;sl jákdlïj,ska wkQk rdcHhls' jir 2500 lg wêl ,sÅ; b;sydihla wm rg i;=h' ixl%uK" wdl%uK" rdc ¥; fufyjr" fjf<| in|;d we;=¿ lreKq /ila ksid mq¿,a jYfhka bka§h iy hqfrdamSh n,meï fhduq jQ
17 rdcHhls' Ökh" ;dhs,ka;h iy ñhkaud¾ rcH ixialD;sl ,laIK wm ixialD;sh yd ñY% ù ;sfí' iS;djl hq.fha yd lkao Wvrg rdcHfha wjidk ld,fha uqia,sï n,mEu hï muKlg mej;s nj y÷kd .; yels h' tfy;a mq¿,a ck ixialD;sl yd flakaøSh jákdlï wkqj foaYc Wreuh u.ska fuu ixialD;sl n,mEu rgg .e<fmk wdldrhg ilia lr .ekSug iu;a ù ;sfí' jir 443 l ngysr cd;Skaf.a n,mEu mej;sh o fn!oaO" yskaÿ iy bia,dï fuka u ngysr ixialD;sl ,laIKj,ska iukaú; ixialD;shla j¾;udkh jk úg f.dv ke.S ;sfí' wms th ,dxflah ixialD;sh jYfhka y÷kajuq' ;u ;ukaf.a úYajdi iy ,íëkag wkqj ixialD;sh ú| .kakd kuqÿ wkkH ixialD;Ska flfrys iykYS,s;ajhlg wjldY ,nd §u Y%S ,xld ixialD;sfha yÿkd.; yels ,laIKhls' fjka fjka jYfhka y÷kd .ekSug fkdyels wdldrfhka ñY%s; ixialD;sl iïm%odhka o mj;S' fuu l%shdldrlï flfrys .=jka úÿ,sh m%n, f,i n,md we;s nj ifya;=lj i|yka l< yels h' .=jka úÿ,sh weröu wm ixialD;sl Ndú;fha yerjqï ,laIHhls' hg;aúð; hq.fha .=jka úÿ,s md,kh ì%;dkHhka i;=j mej;shls' 1818 iy 1848 ck;d wr., u¾okh l< wdldrhg yd 1832 fld,anDDla m%;sixialrKj,ska miqj uqvqìï mk; u.ska iajfoaYslhkaf.a N+ñh meyer.;a wêrdcHjdÈ jdKsc t<Uqu yd .=jkaúÿ,s fufyhùu w;r meye=È,s fjkialï yÿkd.; yels h' hg;aúð; .=jka úÿ,sh wm ixialD;sl m%j¾Okhg ,nd § we;af;a odhl;ajhls' fujeks ys;jdÈ iykYS,s md,khla f.k hdu flfrys n,mE idOl rdYshls' 1917 reishdkq úma,jh wêrdcHjdohg tfrys ck;d fm<.eiauls' iudcjdÈ rdcH f,dj úúO foaYj, we;s úh' fuh m%.;sYS,s u;jdo n,d;aul lsÍuls' wêrdcHjdoh m%;slafIam lsÍuls' hqfrdamd ;reK m%cdj ;=<" úYajúoHd, ;=< fuu u;jdo me;sr .sh w;r" hg;aúð; iajdëk;dj ,nd .ekSu i|yd f.k .sh wr., i|yd fuu lKAvdhïj, idOkSh u;jd§ n,mEula úh' Y%S ,xldfõ jdudxYsl jHdmdr wdrïN l< kdhlhka fuka úúO rgj, wêrdcH úfrdaê kdhl;aj f.dv ke.=Ks' fuu hqfrdamSh úYaúúoHd, ;=<ska j¾Okh jQ m%jK;djl m%;sM,hls'
18 fuu u;jdo úYajúoHd,j,ska ìys jQ isú,a fiajlhka" ffjoHjreka" bxðfkarejreka we;=¿ úúO jD;a;slhka ;=< mej;=Ks' hg;aúð; md,khg iïnkaO jQ by; jD;a;slhka tu rdcHj, ft;sydisl Wreuh .fõIKh lrñka f,djg fy<s lr ;sfí' wêrdcH w;yer hdug jk nj;a hg;aúð; ;j ÿrg;a mj;ajd .; fkdyels nj;a j¾Okh fjñka mej;s u;hls' mD;=.Sis iy ,kafoais NdId ms<sno m%ùK f,aLlhka Y% ,xld iudcfhka ìys fkdjQ ;rï h' fuhg idfmalaIj bx.%Sis W.;a uOHu mx;shla ìys jQfha ñIkdß mdi,a moaO;sfha w;=re n,mEula jYfhks' bx.%Sis NdIdj bf.k .ekSu bx.%Sis idys;H mßYS,kh l%ufhka j¾Okh jQ w;r hg;aúð; md,lhka yd in|;d meje;aúh yels W.;ayq wm iudcfhka ìys jQy' ta w;r mQcH mlaIh fukau isú,a W.;=kao ixLHd;aulj j¾Okh fjñka mej;=Ks' tu m%jK;dj, hg;aúð; fj; n,h mejÍfï wjYH;dj u;=fjñka mej;=Ks' wm ixialD;shg ys;lr wdldrhg .=jka úÿ,s fufyhùu yd iu.dój foaYSh mrmqrlg ndr §u werUqfKa fuu moku ;=< wirKh' irK irKxlr ysñhkaf.a wd.ñl mqkreofhka f.dvke.=K m%dÖk NdId oekqu .=jka úÿ,sh wdrïNl wjêh jk úg rg ;=< mq¿,aj mej;=Ks' fï hgf;a j¾Okh jQ msßfjkaj, m%dÖk m%;sÖk NdId ms<sn|j m%dudKsl W.;=ka ìys jQ w;r cd;sl;ajh" iajdëk;dj ms<sn|j ksoyia wr.,h f.dvkef.ñka mej;=Ks' mdkÿrdjdofhka miqj wdrïN jQ foaYSh Ñka;kh;a" wk.dßl O¾umd,;=uka" j,sisxy yßiapkaø;=uka we;=¿ foaYSh wNsudkh wjê l< kdhlhkaf.a Wkkaÿj;a 1900 isg m%j¾Okh jQ iajdëk;dj Èkd .ekSu ms<sn|j ,sÅ; idys;Hh n,mEu;a m%n, idOl f,i jefvñka mej;=Ks' isxy, fn!oaOhd" isxyf,a jeks mqj;am;a" 1912 wuoHm jHdmdrfha cd;sldNsudks fufyjr mq¿,a ck iyNd.s;ajh f.dvk.d ;snqKs' .=jka úÿ,sh wdrïN jk wjêh jk úg rg ;=< mej;s úúO jd¾.sl lKavdhï ksoyia igk ms<sn| fõÈldfõ tld fukau lghq;= lrñka isáfhda h' l=udr;=x. uqksodi m%uqL fy< yjqf,a NdId m%fndaOh;a" fld<U jeäysá lú mrmqf¾ l%shdldÍ;ajh;a Y%S ,xld kjl;d wjê l< iajfoaYSh;ajh;a" jdudxYsl jHdmdrfha msì§u;a 1930 jk úg j¾Okh fjñka mej;s iudc n,fõ.h' fuu n,fõ. iu. iykYS,sj lghq;= lsÍfï wjYH;dj ì%;dkH md,lfhda f;areï
19 .;ay' .=jka úÿ,sfha ixialD;sl fufyjrg fuu idOl m%n, n,mEula we;s lf<a h' foaYmd,k fmr<sh f.dvke.=fKa NdIdj mokï lr.;a foaYdkqrd.hla Y%S;=<h',xldfõ ixialD;sl mqrdúoHd Wreuh ft;sydisl mßKduh ms<sn|j mq¿,a m¾fhaIK isÿ lrkq ,en we;af;a ngysr cd;Ska úiska h' Èjhsfka m<d;a /il fiajh l< yshq fkú,a ck ixialD;sh ms<sn|j wOHhk /ila l< úoajf;ls' fyf;u tu lreKq úúO wka;¾cd;sl i`.rdjkays m< lf<a h' yshq fkú,af.a ì%;dkH fl!;=ld.drfha ;ekam;a lr we;s Y%S ,xldfjka f.k .sh mqiafld< ixLHdj 2332 la nj tu fmd;a wdY%fhka Y%S ,xldfõ foú foaj;djqka iy hlaIKshka ms<sn| lD;shla m< lr we;s uydpd¾h ;siai ldßhjiï uy;d m%ldY lr ;sfí ^ldßhjiï" 1992' iv&' 1897 ú,afy,aï .hs.¾ úiska ,shk ,o z,xldjZ (Ceylon) lD;sh úúO ck fldgia ms<sn| lreKq olajhs' 1911oS jeoaoka ms<sno iúia;rd;aul m¾fhaIK .%ka:hla fi,s.audka úiska bÈßm;a lr ;sfí' fi,s.audka hqj<f.a fuu wOHhkh Y%S ,xldfõ udkj Wreuh ms<sn|j o lreKq fy<s lrhs' (Seligman and Seligman, 1911) tÉ' mS' iS' fn,af.a mqrdúoHd;aul .fõYK úoHd;aul mokul Y%S ,xldfõ ft;sydisl Wreuh wjê lr ;sfí' iS' ví,sõ' ksfld,ia úiska rÑ; mqrdK yd uOH;k ,xldfõ ft;sydisl N+ ,laIK ^Historical Tomography Ancient and MedievalCeylon lD;sh W;=re kef.kysr m<df;a fn!oaO Wreuh ms<sn| oekqj;a lr ;sfí' ,xldfõ kgnqqka k.r ms<sno .fõIKh lrñka fykaä% ví,sõ flaõ úiska m< lrk ,o ,xldfõ kgnqqka k.r (The Revines Cities of Ceylon) lD;sh wka;¾cd;sl ms<s.ekSug ,la jQjls' Íia fâúia mäjrhd úiska ,shk ,o zfn!oaO b;sydih yd idys;Hhz (The History and Literature of Buddhism) lD;sh ì%;dkH md,lhka úiska mßYS,kh lrk ,o .%ka:hls' .hs.¾ uydjxYh bx.%Sishg mßj¾;kh lsÍu u.ska tu N+ñfha ft;sydisl Wreuh f,djg újr úh' zwkqrdOmqr mQckSh k.rhZ ^The Sacred Sity of Anurdhapura) kue;s j,sisxy yßiapkaø;=uka úiska rpkd lrk ,oafoa wkqrdOmqr k.rfha mqckSh nj úfoaYslhkag wjfndaO lr,Su i|yd h' 1930 jk úg ,xldfõ kgnqka k.r y÷kajd §fï jevigyka ,xld .=jka úÿ,sfhka úldYkh lsÍu wrUd ;snqKs' fï i|yd n,mE lreK jkafka wm ixialD;sl
20 Wreuh ms<sno ì%;dkH .=jka úÿ,s md,lhka ;=< mej;s wjfndaOhhs' ^O¾umd," 2012( 24 25&' tfiau th î'î'iS' .=jka úÿ,s m%;sm;a;shg wkq.; jQjls' fykaß mdl¾ zmqrd;k Y%S ,xldjZ ^Ancient Ceylon) lD;sh u.ska Y%S ,xld Wreuh ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ila fy<s lrhs' ta'tï fyda¾ldÜ o<od ueÿr ms<sn| ,shd we;s lD;sh mqrdúoHd;aul jákdlula we;s lD;shls' ã' tï' ã' fldâßkagka" tÉ' iS' mS' fn,a" fvdaka iaà,a" f,kdâ jq,a*a iajlSh m¾fhaIK w;aoelSï bÈßm;a lrkqfha iudc miq;,h ms<sn| wjfndaOhlsks' ´gdl¾ m¾fgda,aâ hd;= l¾u ms<sn|j;a fykaä%la fudkaÜ iy fykaß ¨ldia fjia uqyqKq ms<sn|j;a fmda,a ù¾ia l;r.u foaj úYajdi iy f,v frda. iqj lsÍfï Ydka;sl¾u ms<sn|j;a ;u m¾fhaIK lD;s m< lr we; ^r;akmd," 1995( 9 17&' ckY%e;s wOHhkhkays fhÿKq hqfrdamSh W.;=kaf.a ld¾hh i|yka lrñka fuu lD;s" f,aLk uekúka jxY úoHd;aul jeo.;alulska hqla; nj uydpd¾h pkaøisß m,a,sh.=re uy;d i|yka lr ;sfí ^ 2005( 9&' bx.%Sis NdIdj W.;a YS% ,dxlsl NslaIQka jykafia fukau W.;=kaf.a m¾fhaIK hg;aúð; md,lhka ;=< wjfndaOh wjÈ lf<a h' yslalvqfõ iqux., ysñ iy n,xf.dv wdkkao ffuf;%h kdysñ WodyrK fia oelaúh yels h' wdkkao fla' l=udriajdñ úiska iïmdokh lrk ,o zuOHld,Sk isxy, l,dZ ^Medieval Sinhalees Art& isxy, ck iudch ms<sn| mq¿,a wjfndaOhla ckkh lr ;sfí' isxy,hka ,dxlsl jeishka jk w;r ,xldfõ ish,af,da isxy, fkdjk nj o fyf;u i|yka lrhs (Coomaraswamy, 1908:1). nyqcd;sl ixialD;sl t<Uqulska jevigyka bÈßm;a lsÍug hg;aúð; .=jka úÿ,shg fuu W.;=kaf.a wOHhk n,mEula úh' Y%S ,xldfõ W.;a iudch" uOHu mka;sh fukau by< Okm;s mka;sfha idudðlhka ì%;dkHfhda yd iqyo in|;d mej;ajQy' mej;s in|;d u.ska ,kafoais" mD;=.Sis cd;Skag jvd 1922 jk úg Y%S ,dxflah ì%;dkH md,lhka ;=< j¾Okh fjñka mej;=Ks' idlaIr;dj me;sr hdu" uqøK Ys,amh l%ñlj j¾Okh fjñka mej;Su" m<uq f,dal hqoaOfhka miqj j¾Okh fjñka wd wka;¾cd;sl iïnkaO;d fï flfrys n,mEfõ h' fï ish¨u lreKq l%shdjg m;aùu flfrys ì%;dkH .=jka úÿ,s ixl,amh m%n, n,mEula úh'
21 ì%;dkH .=jka úÿ,sh" fmdÿ fiajd .=jk úÿ,s ixl,amh hgf;a l%shd;aul jQ w;r weußldfõ th l%shd;aul jQfha jdKsc mrud¾: iu`. h' ,dN ,nd .ekSfï wruqfKka .=jka úÿ,s uOHia:dk wdrïN lsÍfï ;r.h 1930 jk úg weußlfõ .=jka úÿ,s ixLHd; ms<sn| w¾nqohla ks¾udKh lf<a h' ì%;dkHhka iajlSh hg;aúð; i|yd fhdod .;af;a fmdÿ fiajd .=jka úÿ,s ixl,amhhs' hg;aúð; md,lhkag .=jka úÿ,sh ,dN Wmhk wdh;khla fkdù h' tfia u j¾;udkh fuka ;u meje;au i|yd ;ud úiska u uqo,a Wmhk wdh;khla o fkdù h' .=jka úÿ,sh rcfha fomd¾fïka;=jla f,i rdcH uqo,ska mj;ajkq ,enqfha mqyqKq mßmd,lhka úisks' th î'î'iS' wdh;kh úiska rdcH taldêldrfhka úhqla; iajdëk md,khla ,xld .=jka úÿ,shg we;s fldg ke;' úúO cd;Skag wjYH ixialD;sl fufyjr isÿ lr we;s w;r tu y`v má iqrlaIs; lr .ksñka jevigyka fmdaIKh lsÍug lghq;= lr ;sfí' fuys uQ,sl moku fmdÿ fiajd .=jka úÿ,s ixl,amhhs (Public Service Broadcasting Concept) tu ixl,amh 1920 oYlfha uyd ì%;dkHfha Wm; ,enQjls' th cks; jQfha;a j¾Okh jQfha;a .=jka úÿ,s udOH weiqfrks' 1927 rdclSh m%{a{ma;sh u.ska ks, jYfhka m%ldYhg m;a úh' fmdÿ fiajd .=jka úÿ,s ixl,amh iuld,Sk iudc m%jK;djkag wkq.; fjñka j¾;udkh olajdu l%shd;aul lsÍug î'î'iS' wdh;kh iu;a ù ;sfí' wmg jeo.;a jkafka fuu ixl,amSh moku ;=< úúO ckfldgiaj,g wh;a ixialD;Ska m%j¾Okhg .=jka úÿ,sh úiska isÿ lrk ,o fufyjrhs' ì%;dkH .=jka úÿ,sfha mqfrda.dóka fmdÿ fiajd .=jka úÿ,s ixl,amh hgf;a iajhx md,k whs;sh mj;ajd .ekSfï wjYH;dj wjfndaO lr f.k ;sfí (Gerber, 2002: 12)' î'î'iS' wdh;kfha m%:u wOHlaI ckrd,ajrhd jQ fcdaka Í;a úfkdaodiajdoh" wOHdmkh yd f;dr;=re iïmdokh hk Y=oaO ;%s;aj lreKq u; .=jka úÿ,sh m%cd;ka;%jdÈ iudchla meje;afï úpdrlfhl= f,i lghq;= l< hq;= nj i|yka lr ;sfí ^Scannell and Cardiff, 1987: 159)' fuu moku l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd mQ¾K foaYmd,ksl iy jdKsc md,khlska f;dr iajhxfmdaIK md,khla mj;ajd .ekSug î'î'iS' wdh;kh lghq;= lr ;sfí' úúO iq¿ cd;sl ck lKavdhïj,g wh;a ixialD;ska flfrys o wjOdkh fhduq lrñka tajd m%j¾Okh lr we;af;a fuu mq¿,a moku hgf;a h'
22 ì%;dkH .=jka úÿ,sfha m¾fhaIK wxYh i|yka lrk wdldrhg úYAùh fmdÿ ,laIK yd Wmfhda.s;dj flfrys m%uqL wjOdkh fhduq lrhs' th .%dyl wjYH;d u; isÿ jkakkls' iq¿ cd;sl ck fldgia flfrys wjOdkh fhduq jQ w;r" fmdÿ ck wOHdmkh flfrys bvm%ia;dj ,nd §u mq¿,a mrdihla lrd me;sr hkakls' fujeks jevigyka flfrys mj;sk Wkkaÿj kxjd,Su wruqKls' jevigykaj, by< .=Kd;aulnjla we;s lsÍfï ;r.ldÍ;ajhla ks¾udKh lsÍu wfmalaIs;h' uyck llaIh n,d;aul lsÍu fmdÿ fiajd .=jka úÿ,sfha wruqKls (Burnes,2010). m%dfoaYSh fiajd wOHdmkh m%p,s; lsÍu flfrys hg;aúð; .=jka úÿ,sh l%shd;aul ù we;af;a fuu ixl,amSh moku u; h' .=Kd;aul jevigyka meje;aùu i|yd Y%S ,xld .=jka úÿ,sfha ks,OdÍka mqyqKq lsÍu ì%;dkH úiska isÿ lr ;sfí' m%jD;a;s m%ldYk bÈßm;a lsÍfï ffY,sh" úYajikSh;ajh j¾Okh jk wdldrhg isÿ lrkq ,eî h' fmdÿ fiajd .=jka úÿ,sh m%cd" m%dfoaYSh l,dm iy cd;sl jYfhka fiajd i,ihs' miqld,Skj m%cd yd m%dfoaYSh .=jka úÿ,s fiajd ìys ù we;af;a fuys m%;sM,hla jYfhks' Y%S ,dxflah m%cd yd m%dfoaYSh .=jka úÿ,s uOHia:dk úiska bgq lr we;s mq¿,a ld¾hNd¾fhys ixialD;sl fufyjr wOHhkh lsÍu iqúfYaIS ld¾hhls' ta ms<sno idlÉPd lsÍu fuu ,smsfha wruqK fkdjqj;a ixialD;sl m%j¾Okh i|yd fuu .=jka úÿ,s wdh;k bgq lr we;s udye`.s ld¾hNdrh fjfiiska w.h l< hq;= h' rcrg fiajh" reyqKq fiajh" uykqjr fiajh" f;kav%,a øúv fiajdj oekg jid oud we;s uyb¨lam,a,u" fld;auf,a .=jka úÿ,s fukau úúO wmyiq;d uOHfha l%shd;aul jk .srd÷refldaÜfÜ ^oUdk m%cd .=jka úÿ,sh& W!j m%cd .=jka úÿ,sh" jhU m%cd .=jka úÿ,ssfha fufyjr we.hSug ,la úh hq;= h' .=jka úÿ,s rdcH iïudkj,§ úYsIag jevigyka bÈßm;a lsÍug m%dfoaYSh iy m%cd .=jka úÿ,s fiajd olajd we;s l=i,;d m%uqL t<Uqu cd;sl iïNdjkdjg m;aj ;sfí' miqld,Sk ixj¾Ok wjYH;d ksid ìys jqj o fuu wdh;kj, l%shd;aul jQfha fmdÿ fiajd .=jka úÿ,s ixl,amhhs'
23 ls;=kq jevigyka .=jka úÿ,s fufyjr u.ska m%cdj oekqj;a lsÍfuka Tíng f.dia Tjqka n,d;aul lsÍu;a iqN idOk fufyjr l%shd;aul lsÍu;a úfYaIs; ck lKavdhïj, cd;sl wjYH;d bgq lsÍu;a u.ska fmdÿ fiajd .=jka úÿ,s ixl,amfhka woyia flfrkqfha ck;d Wkkaÿj n,d;aul lsÍu h' Tjqkaf.a iqN idOkh n,d;aul lsÍug" fmdÿ fiajd .=jka úÿ,sh fmdÿ ck;djg j. lshkq ,nk w;r" jdKsc fyda foaYmd,k wjYH;d fjkqfjka fmkS fkdisà' uyck uqo,ska kv;a;= jk w;r jdKsc wruqKq idOkh fkdlrhs (Elcco,2011: 85-86)' hg;aúð; .=jka úÿ,sh fuu ixl,amSh moku ;=< l%shd;aul jQ neúka ish¨ wd.ñl ck lKavdhïj, wjYH;d fukau ixialD;sl m%.ukh i|yd il%Sh odhl;ajhla imhd ;sfí' 1928 me,EfK jðr{dk ysñfhda uq,au O¾u foaYkh meje;ajQy' tfia u fjk;a wd.ñl jevigyka i|yd o wjia:dj Wod úh' b;d mq¿,a f,i fn!oaO jev igyka bÈßm;a lsÍu l%ñlj j¾Okh úh' mehl O¾u foaYkd bÈßm;a lsßu .=jka úÿ,sh úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,oaols' uq,au wd.ñl jevigyk f,i m%pdrh jqfha ls;=Kq jevigykls' 1926 wf.daia;= 08 jeks Èk th m%pdrh jQfha fld<U .d¨ uqjfodr ls%ia;= foajia:dkfha isg h' 1927 foieïn¾ 24 jeksod k;a;,a foaj fufyh" Ydka; uhsl,a foajia:dkfha isg úiqrejd yer ;sfí' 1927 jk úg ls;=Kq ne;s .S .=jka úÿ,sh u.ska m%pdrh lr ;sfí' fuys uq,a .dhkd bosßm;a lr we;af;a fudysoska fn.a iy fckÜ o is,ajd úisks' 1932 jk úg lf;da,sl iNdj iy ls%ia;shdks uKav,fha ksfhdað;hkaf.ka ls;=Kq jevigyka WmfoaYl uKav,hla m;alr ;sfí' ls;=Kq úuiqu" is; fhda.h" ^O¾u iNdj), foajia:dkj, jevigyka wLKavj m%pdrh lr we;s cqí,s ux.,H úldYkh lr ;sfí' w;sW;=ï tâuka mSrsia fudaIsia fmf¾rd" u¾i,Ska chfldä ysñmdKka we;=¿ ks¾udKYs,s mQcl mrmqrla ta ta foajia:dk W;aij" k;a;,a i|yd ks¾udKh lrk ,o .S; .=jka úÿ,sh u.ska m%pdrh lr we;s w;r" kj ls;=Kq .S wdrla ks¾udKh lsÍug .=jka úÿ,sh iu;a ù ;sfí ( whsjka" 2017:161-164 ).
24 bia,dï jev igyka tia' tï' i,dyq§ka uy;d Y=oaO l=rdkh ms<sn| i;sm;d úkdä 15l .=jka úÿ,s l;djla mj;ajd we;s w;r" 1939 ud¾;= 12jk Èk XIV fcdaka mshqia mdma jykafiaf.a wNsfIal ux.,Hh j;sldkqfõ isg fcdaka laùkaiagka msh;=ud úiska bÈßm;a lr we;af;a tieK m%pdrhla f,isks' th úfoaYhl isg lrk ,o m%:u tieK úia;r m%pdrhhs' tu j¾Ifha fkdjeïn¾ 23 od rejkaje,s uyd iEfha fld;a jykafia me<oùfï tieK .=jk úÿ,s m%pdrh bÈßm;a lr we;af;a uydpd¾h .=Kmd, u,,fialr iy ,S,dkkao l,afoard uy;d h' ish¨ wd.ï fukau ixialD;sl lghq;= flfrys wjia:j ,nd §u fukau iqÿiq mqoa.,hka f;dard .ekSug lghq;= lr we;s wdldrh fï wkqj meyeÈ,s h' lreKdr;ak wfífialr uy;d jeks m%ùK ksfõolfhl= uydpd¾h u,,fialr uy;df.a ksfõok weiqfrka l=i,;d wjÈ lr.;a nj i|yka h' fuhska meyeÈ,s jkafka úúO wd.ñl cd;sl ixialD;sl W;aij bÈßm;a lsÍu ms<sn| ksfõok ld¾hhfha ixialD;sl t<Uqu ms<sn| uQ,O¾u hg;aúð; .=jka úÿ,s ;=<ska f.dvke.S we;s njhs' toji ck wjOdkhg ,laj ;snQ fld<U lúh m%p,s; lsÍu i|yd o .=jka úÿ,s ixialD;sl fufyjrg odhl ù ;sfí' wêkS;s{ hQ' ta' tia fmf¾rd lúhd ^isß whshd& uykqjr wei< fmryer ux.,Hh lúfhka bÈßm;a lr jd¾;djla ;nd ;sfí ^O¾umd," 2012( 27& ' isß whshdf.a <ud msáh hQ' ta' tia' fmf¾rd uy;d úiska fufyhjkq ,enQ .=jka úÿ,s <ud msáh idys;H ixialD;sl m%j¾Okhg fya;= úh' .=jka úÿ,s ixialD;sl fufyjr yd mßmd,k ld¾hh n,j;a l< mqoa.,hka /ila rgg odhl lrkafka hg;a úð; iufha wdrïN lrk ,o fuu jevigyfkks' lreKdr;ak wfífialr" Ñ;%dkkao wfífialr" uvj, tia' r;akdhl" fyakaß chiak" ;,x.u fm%auodi" Wmq,a rxð;a úfÊr;ak" fcda¾Ê f,ia,s rKisxy" ßÊfõ ;s,lr;ak" ,,s;a tia' ffu;%Smd," fvda,agka w,aúia" fodia;r yâika is,ajd ta w;ßka lSm fofkls'
25 1941 uehs 16 jeks osk ksl=;a lrk ,o lkaohshd ffjoHkdoka .=jka úÿ,s fldñifï ks¾foaY w;r ixialD;sl fufyjr n,d;aul lrk fhdackd we;=<;a h' tjeks fhdackd bosßm;a lsÍug n,mE miqìu wjfndaO lr .ekSu wjYH jkakls' .=jka úÿ,s wdrïNfha uq,a oYlh ;=< m%uqL;dj ,enqfKaa bx.s%is wikakka fjkqfjks' WodyrKhla f,i wd¾ wekav¾ika m%:u bx.S%is ksfõolhd f,i m;afjkafka" 1927 Tlaf;dan¾ 18 jeksodh' 1934 Tlaf;dan¾ 01 jeksod ã'jhs'ã ?kalsx iy whs'î'lSÜi¾ m;a fõ' isxy, ksfõolhd f,i ã'tï' fld<Uf.a uy;d m;ajkafka 1937 ckjdrs 01 jeksod h' 1930 oYlfha uq,a wjosh jk úg .=jka ld,fhka 90] fjkalr ;snqfKa bx.S%is jevigyka fjkqfjks' isxy," fou<" yskaÿia:dks jevigyka i|yd fjka jqfha 10] .=jka ld,hls' (Abayasekara,1963:34 )' fï jk úg .=jka úÿ,s n,m;a ixLHdj 2250 la jQ w;r th j¾Okh jQfha ukao.dójhs' iS't,a'cS' .=Kj¾Ok uy;d i|yka lrk wdldrhg .=jka úÿ,s WmfoaYl iNdj idudcslhka 10 fofkl=f.ka iukaú;h' 1932 fkdjeïn¾ ui /iajQ fuu WmfoaYl iNdfõ idudcslhska 10 fofkl=f.ka 7 fofkl=ka ì%;dkH cd;slhka h' 1935 uehs 06 jeks oskg fhoS ;snq ì%;dkH miajeks fcda¾Ê rc;=udf.a rsoS cqì,sh ieuÍug fooskl ish¨ jevigyka wj,x.= lr ;snqKs' úldYkh jQfha ì%;dkHfha isg bosßm;a jQ jevigyka muKls ( Gunawardana, 1990 : 18). fuu lreKq muKla yqfol,d fldg oelSfuka zì%;dkH wêrdcHjdoS ,CIK wm ixialD;sh fkdi,ld lghq;= lrk wdldrh oelsh yelshZ hk u;hla iuyre W.;=ka w;r mj;S' 1936 wfma%,a 06 osk ;eme,am;s fÊ'wd¾' fjda,ag¾ia tjlg .=jka úÿ,sh Ndrj isá rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ uyd ud¾. iy m%isoaO jev ldrl iNdfõ ^weu;s& fÊ't,a'fld;,dj, uy;dg ,smshla ,shñka okajd we;af;a" ;u ujqniska m%pdrh fkdjk ksid ì%;dkH .=jka úÿ,s jevigyka flfrys iajfoaYslhka leue;a;la fkdolajk njls' ^kdkdhlaldr" 2012 ( 19 &' ffjoHkdoka fldñiu fld;,dj, uy;d m;alrkafka fujeks miqìul h' 1938 jk úg .=jka úÿ,s hka;% n,m;a 5679 la mej;s w;r b,a,d isá ish¨u n,m;%OdÍka fj; jevigyka úia;r ;eme,a lr heùug 1939 isg lghq;= fhdod ;snqKs' foajd¾ iqßhfiak uy;d tu
fya;=
.ekSug ckhdg l%h Yla;sh fkdjqKq neúks' Y%djl wjldY mD:q, lsÍu ixialD;sl m%j¾Okhg fya;= jQjls' 1950 jk úg .=jka úÿ,sfha m%Odkshd f,i lghq;= lf<a fcdaka ,emaika uy;dh' jevigykaj, .=Kd;aulNdjh j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd isxy," fou<" ngysr mdi,a" .%dóh" fn!oaO" yskaÿ ls%ia;shdks" uqia,sï yd fmdÿ WmfoaYk lñgq oyhla m;alr ;sfí' fuu lñgq iEu uilu /ia ù jevigyka m%.;sh ms<sn| idlÉPd l< w;r iEu fouilg jrla lñgq iNdm;sjreka wOHCIl ckrd,ajrdhd iy idlÉPd lsÍug kshñ;j ;snqKs' ,emaika uy;d ì%;dkH .=jk úÿ,sh ksfhdackh l, w;r" lñgq m;alsÍu ms<sn| Tyqf.a fhdackd ksoyia YS% ,xldfõ
fuu fhdackdj
26 j¾Ifha ck ix.S; jevigykla má.; l< nj jd¾;d fõ' tfia u isxy," fou<" bx.%Sis iy yskaÿia:dks .dhsl .dhsldj f;dardf.k ;snqfKa mÍCIKhla u.sks' 1936 fojeks rdc uka;%K iNdj m;a ù ;snqKs' tys ldrl iNd y;la mej;s w;r tu iNdm;sjreka ^weu;sjreka& y;a fokd u iajfoaYslfhda h' ck ix.S; jev igyka .=jka úÿ,s b;sydih iuld,sk m%jK;d weiqßka úuiSu wjfndaO lr.; yels lreK jkafka foaYSh ixialD;sl m%j¾Okh flfrys ì%;dkHhka ;=< úfrdaOhla fkd;snQ njhs' ffjoHkdoka fldñifï jd¾;d" fhdackd" rdcH uka;%K iNdj úiska wkqu; lsÍu ;=<ska th meyeos,s h' fldñifï ks¾foaY w;r" m%.;s.dó m%;sm;a;shla we;s l< hq;=hsZ hkafkka woyia lr we;af;a YS% ,xld ixialD; keUqrej n,j;a lsÍuls' tu jevigyka i|yd fjkal< hq;= uqo,a m%udK jeäl< hq;=h hkak fldñifï ks¾foaYhhs' fï jk úg isxy," fou<" yskaÿia:dks jevigyka ks¾udKh ms<ssn| m%n, Wkkaÿjla úh' foaYSh ck ix.S; jevigyka flfrys wjOdkh ,lafjñka mej;=Ks' jevigyka i|yd jeämqr uqo,a fjka lsÍu fuu ixialD;sl jevigyka m%j¾Okhg fya;= jQjls' fldñifï fhdackdjla jQ g%dkaiaóg¾ n,d;aul lsÍu Y%jK l,dmh mq¿,a lsÍug fya;= jQjls' tu.ska rg ;=< mq¿,a .%dyl msßilg wduka;%Kh lsÍug wjia:dj Wodúh' .eñ ixialD;sl wx. j¾Okhg l=i,;d m%j¾Okh" Y%jK .%dyl lsÍug jQjls' m%cd Y%jK uOHia:dk lsÍug fhdackd .=jka úÿ,s hka;% ñ,oS
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27 úiska ms<sf.k ;snqKs' fuh wka;¾ iyfhda.h ms<sn| WodyrKhls' YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,sfha fcHIaaGhka mqyqKq lrkq ,enqfõ o ì%;dkH .=jka úÿ,sh u.sks' fuu m%ùKfhda iajlSh wka;¾ cd;sl mqyqKqj foaYSh ixialD;sl m%j¾Okhg Wmfhda.S lr .;ay' m%úK udOHfõoSka jQ f;aúia .=ref.a tÉ'tï' .=Kfialr" ;s,l iqo¾uka o is,ajd WodyrK f,i oelaúh yels h' .=jka úÿ,sh idys;H fufyjrla bgqlrk nj w¾: oelaúh yels h" ,sÅ; idys;H lreKq ñksia y~ ix.S;h ndysr Yío iys; .=jka úÿ,s NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lrhs" úYajfha we;s iuia; Yío .=jka úÿ,s NdIdfõ fldgila jk neúka msgm;la we;sj fyda ke;sj jevigykla ksIamdokh hkq Yío ixl,khls' .=jka úÿ,sfha idys;H fufyjr mq¿,a ;,hl y÷kd.; hq;=h' .=jka úÿ,s .S;hla kdgHhla Yío idys;Hhg we;=<;a lrkq ,enQjls' .=jka úÿ,sfha idys;H fufyjr úuiSfïoS ,sÅ; idys;Hh ld¾hh úu¾Ykhg Ndckh l< yelsh' .=jka úÿ,sh ms<sn| ,sÅ; idys;Hh lafIa;% lsysmhla Tiafia y÷kd.; yels h' .=jka úÿ,s i.rd" .=jka úÿ,s jevigyka" wdY%s; m%ldYk .=jka úÿ,s m¾fhaIK lD;s mßj¾;k mqj;am;a ,sms podcasting idys;Hh hgf;a j¾.SlrKh l< yels h' .=jka úÿ,s i`.rd ixLdfjka wgls' m%:u .=jka úÿ,s i.rdj 1939 oS werô Radio News l=vd nq,àkhhs' tys wka;¾.; lr we;af;a .=jka úÿ,s bxðfkare ld¾hh kj w;ayodne,Sï ms<sn| f;dr;=re h' ^ymqwdrÉÑ" 2014(97 110&' jQfha udOHfhka muKs' 1941 m%ldYhg NdIdfjka jev igyka úia;r tys m< úh' f¾äfhda i.rdj 1945 isxy, NdIdjg uq,a;ek foñka NdId;%fhka m< úh' foi;shl jev igyka yd f;dr;=re tys we;=<;a úh' 1953 .=jka úÿ,s iÕrdj .=jka úÿ,s i.rdj isxy, NdIdfjka m<jq uq,au i.rdjhs' foi;shl bx.S%is fou< jev igyka úia;rhlao Bg we;=<;a úh' wdrdê; ,sms .=jka úÿ,sfhka m%pdrh jQ f;dard.;a kdgH úÑ;%dx. lú rpkd wdÈh tys m< úh' ;rx.kS i`.rdj ìysjkafka 1953 wfm%a,a udifha h' th vhscia m%udKfha i`.rdjls'
m;a Radio Times bx.%Sis
2009&'
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28 jevigyka msgm;a úfYaI ,sms m<úh' jev igyka úia;r fjk fjku m<jQfha ke;' úúO l,dlrejka .=jka úÿ,s Ys,amSka ms<sn| f;dr;=re we;=<;a jQ fuh idys;H jákdlulska hqla; jQjls' iq.;md, o is,ajd iy md,s; fmf¾rd ixialrKhg tla jQ w;r lreKdr;ak ùruka" Ñ;%dkkao wfífialr" ir;a úu,ùr" ,,s;a tia' ffu;%Smd," iS o tia' l=,;s,l" iqcd;d .=Kj¾Ok" fk,aika chùr" ohdr;ak rK;=x." Ydka;s Èidkdhl" wu,a rfKamqr iy u,a,sld iñ;odi ixialrKhg odhl ù we;' YS%md,s jhuka" uyskao w,a.u" iuka wd;djqofyÜá ixialrKhg odhl jQfhda h' zY%jHjdysksZ 1993 wf.daia;= ui ksl=;a jQ idys;Huh jákdlulska hq;a .=jka úÿ,s i`.rdjls' fk,aika chùrf.a ixialrKfhka iqukd ch;s,l" úu,a msá.," foaúld fifkúr;ak" ir;a úu,isß" kkaofiak ,shkmgneÈ" fidaud reøs.=" fla' m%ekaisia tys ixialdrljreka f,i lghq;= lr ;sfí' z;rx.z i`.rdj ksl=;a jkafka iqks,a ir;a fmf¾rd .=jkaúÿ,s ixia:dfõ iNdm;sjrhd jYfhka lghq;= l< wjia:dfõh' yrj;a ,smsj,ska iukaú; idys;Huh w.hlska hq;a fuu i.rdj m%ldYhg m;a ù we;af;a tlajrla muKs' zy~Z i`.rdj wdrïN jkafka yâika iurisxy uy;d Y%S ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ iNdm;sjrhd jYfhka lghq;= l< 2009 j¾IfhaoS h' fcHIaG mqj;am;a l,dfõoS mqj;am;a l;=jrfhl= jQ ;s,lr;ak l=reúg nKavdr uy;d fuys ixialdrljrhd h' wo olajd ilS%hj mj;sk fuu i`.rdj b;d by< idys;H w.hlska hqla; .=jka úÿ,sh ms<sn| ft;sydisl f;dr;=re ks¾udKYS,s m%ùK udOHfõoSka ms<sn| úia;r úúO úIh lafIa;% ms<sn| lreKq uekúka bÈßm;a lrk i`.rdjls' 2009 oS wdrïN jk i.rdjg mKsúvhla ,shk iNdm;s yâika iurisxy uy;df.a m%ldYkfha wka;¾.;j we;af;a fmdÿ fiajd .=jka úÿ,s ixl,amh yd jdKscjdoS n,mEu ms<sn| zfi!kao¾hh"ú.%yhls'NdIdj" ixialD;sh" kùk úoHdj" foaYmd,kh fuka u úYaj Y%djl iuQyhd fhduq lsÍfï yelshdj y~ ;=<ska wfmalaId muKla yUd hñka ish¨ idrO¾u ta fjkqfjka .ekj;a fkd;ld ye,afï ÿjk .=jka úÿ,s m%jdyhla ueo isxy ke.S isák YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,sh ish iajrh úYajh i¾jld,Sk y~la jkjd ksielh ^iurisxy"
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29 .=jka úÿ,s udOHfõoSka úiska m< lrk ,o lD;s rdYshls' iqkkao ufyakaø z.=jkska kqjKg ^2009&" Yío udOHh iy YS% ,xldfõ .=jka úÿ,sh ^1975&" .=jka úÿ,s kdgH y;la ^1982& we;=¿ lD;s rdYshla m<lr ;sfí' fld,ska chùr zm%cd .=jka úÿ,sh ^2013& kñka lD;shla m<lrhs' z.=jka úÿ,s ikaksfõokZ ^1990& lD;sh fk,aika chùrf.a h' m%oSma ùrisxy zm%cd .=jka úÿ,shZ ^2012& lD;sh o úoHq;a ud¾f.damfoaY ú.%yhZ ^2007& iqks,a ir;a fmf¾rd o rpkd lrhs' pkaok ;s,lr;ak zl;dfjka Èkk u. ^2013& yd iqukd ch;s,l m%ùK udOHfõÈksh ms<sn| y| kekaod ^2016& oS m< lrhs' ;ukaf.a fõÈld kdgH" .=jka úÿ,s kdgH jYfhka m%pdrh l< uydpd¾h irÉpkaø f¾äfhda kdgH lD;shla o ;siai ldßhjiï uy;d z.=jka úÿ,s kdgH myla ms<sn| lD;shla o m<lr ;sfí' .=jka úÿ,s iNdm;sjrfhl= jYfhka lghq;= l< wdp¾h kkaok lreKdkdhl uy;d z60 jirl .=jka úÿ,shZ Radio Broadcasting in Sri Lanka lD;s u.ska .=jka úÿ,s b;sydih ixlaIsma;j bÈßm;a lrhs' .=jka úÿ,sh yd ikaksfõok wruqKq ^2017& tardkkao fyÜáwdrÉÑ uy;df.a lD;shls' .=jka úÿ,s b;sydih ZNdú;h iy ikaksfõokh ms<sn| th yrj;a úuiquls' .=jka úÿ,s úßÿ jev igyka .=jka úÿ,sfha uq,a wjÈfha úßÿ bÈßm;a lrkq ,en we;af;a wdkkao lúr;ak úisks' ;ud bÈßm;a l< úßÿ jev igyka w;=ßka z.=jka úÿ,s úßÿZ ^1950& m%ldYhg m;alr we;af;a .d,af,a Ô' tï mshodi lúhd úisks' moHdj,sh jevigyk weiqßka .=jka úÿ,s lú ^2002& rpkd lr we;af;a .d,af,a mshodi lúhd h' wdkkao isßfiak kdgH wgla zjeiai mdhd we;Z ^2007& lD;sfhka bÈßm;a lr we;' ud,l foajms%h zud¾fldaks weú;aZ hk lD;sh iy .=jka úÿ,sh ms<sn| lD;s lsysmhla m< lr we;s .=jka úÿ,s udOH m¾fhaIlfhls' Tyq rcrg fiajh Tiafia m%pdrh jQ kdgH" leiÜ mg folla u.ska o m%pdrh lr ;sfí' m%ùK udOHfõÈfhl= jQ fm%aulS¾;so w,aúia uy;d zrcrg ó ì÷Z lú jev igyk wdrïN lf<a 1980 j¾Ifha h' ,s,S jvqf.a ksIamdoljßh fuu jev igyk fufyh jQ 2004 j¾Ifha ksIamdok lKavdhu yd ldjH rplhkaf.a iyNd.S;ajfhka zó ì÷Z kñka ks¾udK mokula f.dv k.d .ekSug iu;a úh' jev igykg tjQ lú w;ßka f;dard.;a zwlv irZ ^2015&" fmdl=Kq ir ^2018&
ms<sn| m< jQ mqj;am;a ,sms ixLHd;aulj
30 uqøKh lr ;sfí' fuu lD;s ixialrKh l< wíÿ,a fla' idÿlska uy;d rcrg fiajfha ndysr Ys,amsfhls' rcrg fiajfha ldka;d jevigyka iïmdolfhl= jYfhka lghq;= lrk wjÈfha zu,a msh,sZ kñka ldka;d jevigyklg tjQ lú m< l< w;r th ixialrKh lf<a lreKdr;ak ch;s,l uy;d h' rfÜ uq,af,a uqokakdhl uy;d iajlSh .=jka úÿ,s moHdj,s ksIamdok jevigyka w;=ßka lD;shla rpkd lr ;sfí' úoaj;=kaf.a wjOdkh iagqjÜ fõj,aaf.a z.=jka úÿ,s Ys,amhZ lD;sh isxy, NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lrk ,oafoa tÉ' tï' .=Kfialr uy;d úisks' iq.;md, o is,ajd uy;df.a zyv k¿jZ .=jka úÿ,s kdgH rpkh ms<sn| m%dfhda.sl lD;shls' zrcrg kdgH l,d iólaIdZ ^1999& uydpd¾h fiak kdkdhlaldr uy;d úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o rcrg kdgH ms<sn| m¾fhaIK .%ka:hls' uydpd¾h fiak kdkdhlaldr uy;d iy uydpd¾h lu,a jf,afndv uy;d .=jka úÿ,s udOH ms<sn| jeäu lD;s rpkd l< wdpd¾hjreka jYfhka ye|skaúh yels h' ixialD;sl fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ixialD;sl WmfoaYl uKav,h 2017 "2019 iy 2020 z.=jka úÿ,s iólaIdZ kñka Ydia;S%h lD;s ;=kla m< lr ;sfí' ks¾udKd;aul m%dfhda.sl fuka u ft;sydisl f;dr;=rej,ska iukaú; fuu lD;s m%ùK ixialdrl uKav,hla úiska ixialrKh flßKs' úu,a wfíiqkaor uydpd¾h tÈßùr irÉpkao uydpd¾h iqkkao ufyakaø we;=¿ m%ùKhka úiska .=jka úÿ,s udOH ms<sn| ,shd we;s ,sms iy lD;s tl;=j .=jka úÿ,s ixialD;sl fufyjr n,j;a lrhs' isxy, ls%lÜ úia;r m%pdr meje;aùfï mqfrda.dñfhl= jQ m%ùK udOHfõoS md,s; fmf¾rd uy;d we;=¿ udOHfõoSka ms<sn| ksl=;a l< lD;s ;sfí' .=jka úÿ,s udOH úYd, .=jka úÿ,s Èkh yd ;sfí' úYajúoHd,j, .=jka úÿ,s udOH isÿlrk ,o .%ka: rdYshla ;sfí' .=jka úÿ,sh ms<sn| ,shk ,o ish¨ lsÍu w;HjYH lreKls' lrk ,o .=jka úÿ,s isxy, WmfoaYl iNdfõ iNdm;sjrhd W.f;l= jQ uqo,s÷ B' ta' wfífialr uy;dh' fiiq idudðlhka
ms<sn|
,sms iy f,aLk kdudj,shla ilia
úúO ieureï wdY%s;j fuu ,sms m< lr
h' f,dal
jkafka m%dudKsl
m¾fhaIK
1946 m;a
1977
1953 wfma%,a 04 jeks od m;a l< ta'B'
1960 ir;apkaø
31 jkafka uydpd¾h Ô' mS' u,,fialr" foajd¾ iQßhfiak" tia'ta o ùrisxy foaj.e;s;=ud iy ,hk,a tÈßisxy uy;dh' fï w;ßka ,hk,a tÈßisxy iy foajd¾ iQßhfiak uy;=ka bkaÈhdfõ Ydka;s ksfla;kfhys rùkaøkd;a ;df.da¾;=udf.a fijfKys mqyqKq jQfjda h' lñgq f;dard .ekSfï § iqÿiq mqoa.,hka f;drd .ekSug lghq;= lsÍu u.ska ixialD;sl fufyjr n,j;a lr we;s wdldrh meyeÈ,s h' YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,sfha fldñIka iNd iy lñgq ks¾foaY úuiqug ,la lsÍfï oS ixialD;sl fufyjr flfrys m%uqL wjOdkh fhduq fldg ;sfí' ùriqßh fldñiu" lñgqj" yq¨.,a, fldñiu" fldñiu' à'î'tï' fldñiu" jcsr nqoaê ysñhkaf.a m%Odk;ajfhka m;a l< fldñiu" 1985 ir;a fmf¾rd fldñiu" 2010 uydpd¾h fldaa,s; Ndkq fldñiu jd¾;d bosßm;a lr ;sfí ^fyÜáwdrÉÑ 2017(45 58&' fuu iEu fldñika jd¾;djlskau ixialD;sl fufyjr ms<sn| lreKq olajd ;sfí' fuu jd¾;d weiqßka y÷kd.; yels m%Odk;u idOlh jkafka jevigykaj, .=Kd;aulNdjh j¾Okh lsÍu" Wiia ix.S;h m%pdrh lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu iy jevigyka i|yd myiqlï iemhSfï wjYH;djhs' fuu fldñika iNd jd¾;d úuiSfuka meyeos,s jk lreKla jkafka" jevigykaj, .=Kd;aulNdjh wNsfhda.hg m;afjñka we;s njls' fï i|yd n,mE lreK ms<sno úuiSu ldf,daÑ; wjYH;djls' .=jka úÿ,s .S; kdgl .=jka úÿ,s kdgH wdl¾IKh Èkd.;a jev igyka Ydkrhls' uq,a u .=jka úÿ,s kdgH ì%;dkH kdgH msgm;a weiqßka bx.S%iS udOHfhka bÈßm;a lr ;sfí' miqld,Skj gj¾fyda,a kdgH Ys,amSkaf.a kdgH .=jka úÿ,sh u.ska m%pdrh lr ;sfí' 1939 rejkaje,s iEfhys fld; ksrdjrKh lrñka bx.S%is udOHfhka flá kdgH ;=kla m%pdrh ù we;' 1948 ksoyia Èkh weiqßka fmnrjdß udih ;=< kdgH 6 la m%pdrh ù ;sfí' 1950ka miqj .=jka úÿ,s kdgHj, m%fndaOhla oelsh yels h' úYaj idys;Hfha iïNdjkdjg ,la jQ úfoia lD;s kdgH f,i m%pdrh lr ;sfí' foaYSh idys;Hlrejkaf.a Wiia lD;ska wdY%h lr .ksñka kdgH rpkd lr we;s w;r taldx. kdgH fjkqjg kjl;d yd iqm%lg idys;H lD;s kdgH
1970 úriqßh
1981 mQcH fyáguq,af,a
talkdhl
1965
32 f,i m< lr ;sfí' ud¾áka úl%uisxyf.a zfrdaysKSZ zf.ïfmr<shZ zúð;dZ iy f,kdâ jq,a*af.a zneoafoa.uZ wd¾' tia' iamsÜ,af.a zjk irKZ" zuelS .sh ovuxZ fodia;r ÆIka is,ajdf.a zfoaj ls%hdz zpKavd, ia;s%hZ mshodi isßfiakf.a zch;siai iy frdi,skaZ kjl;dj fukau à' Ô' ví,sõ o is,ajdf.a zjeÈ nKZ .=jka úÿ,s kdgH ksIamdokh lr ;sfí ^kdkdhlaldr" 2007(100&' .=jka úÿ,s r`.uv," úYaj idys;Hfhka kdgH Y%djl ri úkaokh by< ;,hlg Tijd ;sfí' iq.;md, o is,ajd .=jka úÿ,s kdgH ksIamdokhg msúiSu .=jka úÿ,s kdgH ñksia Ôú; lshjk l,djla njg Tijd ;eîug iu;a ù ;sfí' uydpd¾h irÉpkaøf.a fõÈld kdgH reila uq,a jrg m%pdrh jQfha .=jka úÿ,sfha h'
YS% pkaør;ak udkjisxy" úu,a wfíiqkaor m%ùK .S; kdgl rplfhda h' uydpd¾h iqkkao ufyakaø ziqidk f.damsldZ iy z;, wyqrZ kñka .S; kdgl folla ks¾udKh lr we;' zlvqmq,a WhkZ iqks,a wdßhr;ak úYajúoHd, YsIHfhl=j isák wjÈfha Tyq úiska ,shk ,o m%:u .S; kdgHhhs' fm%auisß flauodi" fidauodi we,aúá., .S; kdgH i|yd ix.S;h iemhQ m%uqLfhda h' zl=re¨ neoaoZ" zÈh ks,af,a rd<Z" zlsjqf,a f.orZ zuqjkame,eiaiZ myka is¿jZ .=jka úÿ,s kdgH jYfhka muKla fkdj ixj¾Ok mKsúv ck.; lsÍug fya;=úh' fmdaod kdgH" ls;=kq kdgH fukau uqia,sï fiajh m%pdrh l< kdgHj, ixialD;sl fufyjr n,j;a lr ;sfí' u¾úka fiakdr;ak rpkd l< ziq.kaÈldZ ^1988& w;sYh ckm%idohg m;a jQ kdgHhls' .=jka úÿ,s rdcH iïudk Wf,< wdrïN jkafka .=jka úÿ,s fiajh wdrïN ù jir 92lg miqj h' 2017 oS meje;ajQ .=jka úÿ,s rdcH iïudk Wf,f<a oS <ud kdgH i|yd iïudkhla msßkud fkd;sìKs' iïudk m%odk Wf,f<aoS WmfoaYl lñgqfõ iNdm;s jQ uydpd¾h fiak kdkdhlaldr uy;d i|yka lf<a i,ld ne,Sug ;rïj;a m%udKj;a wdldrhg <ud .=jka úÿ,s kdgH fkdue;s njhs' tfy;a jir follg miq úYsIag .Kfha <ud kdgH bÈßm;a úh' 2017 .=jka úÿ,s rdcH iïudk W;aijfha oS fyd|u kdgHhg ysñ iïudkh ,nd .;af;a YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,sfha jðr bkaÈl fmf¾rd ksIamdokh l< zwurjruZ kdgHhhs' fyd|u kdgH Ys,amsksh f,i ks,sld uoaÿu;a Ys,amshd f,i ,d,a ir;a l=udr Ys,amshd;a kï lf<a h' fyd|u msgm; rcrg fiajhg ud,l foajm%sh rpkd l< zr`. fok lmqfjdaZ kdgH msgm;hs' fuu iïudk Wf,f<a iïudks; kdgH Ys,ams
33 ish,af,dau Y%S ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:djg wh;a jQfjda h' fuhska meyeÈ,s jkafka kdgH wdlD;sh kdgH rpkh" kdgH r`.mEu iy ksIamdokh wo o by< ia:rhl mj;sk njhs' .=jka úÿ,s rdcH iïudk .=jka úÿ,s .S; idys;H lr ;sfnk iudc fufyjr fjfiid w.h l< hq;a;ls' foaYSh ck ix.S;h" yskaÿia:dks" l¾Kdgl fukau ngysr iïm%odhkays n,mEfuys mj;sk .=jka úÿ,sh ìys l< .S; ks¾udK .dhlhka fukau jdol mrmqr bgq lr we;s ixialD;sl fufyjr fjku wOHhkhlg úIh lr.; hq;= ud;Dldjls' j¾;udkfha ckms%h ßhe,sá ikao¾Ykj, ch.%dylfhda iïudks; jkafka fndfyda úg .=jka úÿ,sh ks¾udKh l< .S; .dhkd lrñks' fõÈld kdgH" kdv.ï" rElv fuka u leiÜ .S; ix.S;h ckms%h jQfha .=jka úÿ,sh ksid h' .=jka úÿ,sh fkdù kï wm ck iïm%odfha .S; idys;Hh ldjH .dhkd u;lfhka .s,syS hkakg bv ;sìKs' iS' o weia' l=,;s,l we;=¿ m¾fhaIlhka ck kdo rgd tlafldg ixrlaIKh lr ;snQ woH;k .S; idys;Hfha w;snyq;rhl ks¾udK odhl;ajh YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj i;= h' 95 jirl isxydjf,dalkh fuu ixialD;sl fufyjfrys úYsIag;ajh meyeÈ,s lrhs' f,dj fndfyda rdcHhkag fkdue;s .=jka úÿ,s b;sydihla iy woaoelSula we;s YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:djg bgqlrk ,o ixialD;sl fufyjr n,d;aul lsÍug iïm;a .nvd iy ks¾udKYS,s mqoa.,fhda isá;s' wjYH jkafka wjxlj lemùï iy cd;sl ixialD;sl mqkreoh i|yd ienE kdhl;ajhla iy iïm;a ,ndoSu h' .=jka úÿ,sh mq¿,a cd;sl wiam¾Y Wreuhla wdrlaId lrf.k isák nj wjfndaO lr.; hq;= lreKls' ▄ uydpd¾h lu,a jf,afndv
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34 English Service of the SLBC- Radio Sri Lanka
The Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation to this day is one of the finest Radio Stations in the world. It also happens to be the oldest radio station in Asia and third oldest in the world. On December 16th 1925 the then British Governor Sir Hugh Clifford inaugurated the broadcasting services in Sri Lanka. It was first known as Ceylon Radio. In 1943 broadcast station premises were shifted from Torrington to a bungalow named Bower in Cotta Road Boralla due to the second World War. The Bower ceased broadcast by midnight of December 30th ,1949.The name changed to Radio Ceylon and the station shifted to from Torrington Square on January 1 st,1950. On January 5th 1967, it became a state Corporation and this year SLBC commemorate its 95th year. Commercial broadcasting from Radio Ceylon was inaugurated on September 30,1950 to which Clifford Dodd was seconded for service via Colombo plan. It was a ground breaking experience as far as broadcasting in Ceylon was concerned .Clifford R Dodd is regarded as the “father of the commercial broadcasting” in Ceylon. Dodd was ably assisted by Lankans Tim Horshington and Livy Wijemanne who later moved from the National Service to the Commercial Service.
Vernon Corea, Greg Rozkowski, Karl Goonasena, Jimmy Bharucha, Eardley Pieris, Percy Bartholemeuz, Norton Perera ,Ronald Campbell, Errol Alphonso,Greoff Fruigtneth,,Prosper Fernando, Sita Jayawardana, Ferin Rustomlee ,Rohan Candappa, Dan Durairaj ( the first Tamil Commercial Service Announcer),Shirlry Perera, Myrl Walpola ( Williams), Vijaya Corea, Leon Belleth, Nihal Bharathi, Stephen Alagarathnam, V. Rajendra, Noelin Honter, Harold Fernando, Bevil Palihawadana, Dudley Jansz, Mahinda Wijesundara, Arun Dias Bandaranayake, Mahes Perera and a few more came over the airwaves of the commercial service.
After the 80s’ including veterans like Indrani Senanayake, Fathima Cader, Niranjan Abeysundara ,Tilani Peiris,Kumar Samuel,Chris Bandara, Yusuf Noordeen, Carril Stella, Richard De Soiza, Ravi John, Eric Fernando, Faizal Bonso, Savithri Rodrigo. Rajan Vairavanathan ,Krishna Vairavanathan, Sunil Simon, Gladwin Willie, Dayan Candappa, Viran Corea , Saunthi Thavam, Lavani Selvanayagam, Virangika, Steeve moral.
And today the English Service handsfull of talented young , announcers representing the youth of the society like Shareefa Thahir, Chandima Weerakoon, Victor Raj, Mario
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Indira Priyadarshini Nawagamuwa Assistant Director (Establishment)
The above entertained the listeners who looked forward to listen to their presentations and the right pronunciation through the English Service. The backup music library which includes more than 70,000 records has been quite often described as the best in Asia dating back to those breakable low fidelity 78rpm records with metadata. Usable substantial materials of the 40s,50s and 60s music on long playing Hi Fi records are still being used. Thanks to the updated maintenance the Turntables are still usable .Digital Archiving process is one of the ongoing projects in SLBC since 2009 to present .It helps to protect and preserve existing materials for future use.
This year Radio Sri Lanka completes its 72nd year. Radio Sri Lanka offers a wide music genre from pop to hip hop, to country Motown, Jazz and the best classic, other spoken word programmes including Morning show, Interviews, Education programmes etc catering both young and old listeners around the globe ▄
35 Wijewardana, Geethanjali Ramanayake ,Sabrina Savahir, and more.
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36
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37 fcdaka ,eïmaika m%:u wOHCI ckrd,a i¾ ysHq la,s*¾â wdKavqlrhd ks, .=jka úÿ,sfha wdrïNlhd I¾,s vd is,ajd wdrïNl .=jka úÿ,s wêldÍ .=jka úÿ,sh ìys l< we;af;da bxðfkare ta'ví,sõ' O¾umd, wn,sj,ska iïfm%aIK hka;%hla
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38 ,sù úfÊudkak m%:u fj<| fiajd wOHCI m%:u fm!oa.,sl .=jka úÿ,sh 99 FM .=jka úÿ,sh ìys l< we;af;da weï'fÊ' fmf¾rd m%:u YS% ,dxflah wOHCI ckrd,a ßÊfõ ;s,lr;ak iqNdú; .S;fha kfjdaoh fkú,a ã' chùr ixia:dfõ m%:u iNdm;s
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39 tÉ'tï' .=Kfialr rid,sma; m%nqoaO jevigyka f;aúia .=ref.a ksfõol ;k;=ßka .=jka úÿ,s mßmd,khg tauka ldßhlrjk m%dfoaYSh fiajd ixl,amh hQ'ta'tia' fmf¾rd ^isß whshd& <ud l=i,;d m%j¾Okh .=jka úÿ,sh ìys l< we;af;da
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40 ld,agka fifkúr;ak lS%vd wxYfha m%:u wOHCI mS' je,sl, .=jka úÿ,s kdgH fmdaIKh yâika iurisxy YS% ,xldfõ m%:u FM fiajh tâúka iurÈjdlr ks;H jdol uKav,fha m%:u m%Odkshd .=jka úÿ,sh ìys l< we;af;da
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41 iq.;md, o is,jd y~ k¿jg kj cjhla tÉ'ã' úfÊodi m%yik kdgH úys¿ ;y¿ .=jka úÿ,sh ìys l< we;af;da wdpd¾h kkaok lreKdkdhl .=jka úÿ,s b;sydih ,sùu ta'mS' .=Kr;ak úYaj kdgH isxy,g keÕSu
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42 .=jka úÿ,sh ìys l< we;af;da ;s,l iqO¾uka o is,ajd m%nqoaO jevigyka ksIamdokh isß,a rdcmCI rcrg fiajfha m%:u wOHCI md,s; fmf¾rd úcd;sl ls%lÜ isxy,lrKh fm%auir wEmdisxy isxy, bx.S%is l%slÜ úia;r m%pdr
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43 .=jka úÿ,sh ìys l< we;af;da lreKdr;ak wfífialr .S mofhka y`äka ckldka; ùu YS% pkaør;ak udkjisxy .S; kdgl l,dfõ wdrïNl mKaä; úu,a wNhiqkaor iqNdú; .S;fha fmdaIKh uvj, tia' r;akdhl kj ck .Shg ck lúh
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44 .=jka úÿ,sh ìys l< we;af;da wdßhodi mSßia fjf<| fiajhg m<uq oekaùu .=K;=x. fla' ,shkf.a fjf<| fiajfha m%:u ksfõol ,,s;a tia' ffu;S%md, lúh ckms%h fjf<| jevigyka úð;kkao ueKslaÈfj, i¾j wd.ñl jevigyka
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45 .=jka úÿ,sh ìys l< we;af;da ã'tï' fld<Uf.a .=jka úÿ,sfha m%:u isxy, ksfõol m%Nd rK;=x. m%:u isxy, ksfõÈldj kkaod chudkak fojeks isxy, ksfõÈldj r;akd ,xld wfíúl%u ldka;d jevigyka .S; rpkh
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46 .=jka úÿ,sh ìys l< we;af;da ;siai chj¾Ok mßir ixrCIK jevigyka n¾á .,ysáhdj kj mrmqrlg uÕ fmkaùu fiaisß úfÊfialr úÑ;% moH jevigyka ã'tia' ohdr;ak úYsIag m%jD;a;s ksfõol
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47 .=jka úÿ,sh ire l< we;af;da uydpd¾h .=Kmd, u,,fialr cd;sl ixialD;sl ú{dkh uydpd¾h tÈßùr irÉpkaø NdId idys;H úpdr jevigyka uydpd¾h fikr;a mrKú;dk kj mqrdúoHd;aul oekqu wdpd¾h B'ví,sõ' wÈldrï isxyf,ka úoHd oeku
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48 me<EfKa isß jðr[dK kdysñ m%:u .=jka úÿ,s O¾u foaYkh kdro udysñ wkqm%dma;sl O¾u foaYlhdfKda tÉ'tia'tï'ujq,ú;=udi,dyq§ka m%:u WmfoaYl uKav,hg tia'fÊ' o tia' foaj.e;s;=udùrisxy m%:u WmfoaYl uKav,hg .=jka úÿ,sh ire l< we;af;da
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49 .=jka úÿ,sh ire l< we;af;da ud¾áka úl%uisxy isxy, Wreuh iy idys;H úpdrh uydpd¾h tï'ã' r;akiQßh NdId idys;Hh yd úhrKh wdpd¾h .=Kodi wurfialr reishdkq idys;Hh y÷kajd§u wdpd¾h ví,sõ'mS' wdkkao .=ref.a Ydia;S%h idys;H foiqï
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50 .=jka úÿ,sh ire l< we;af;da je,súáfha fidar; kdysñ Ñrd.; isxy, idys;Hh tâuka mSßia ro.=re;=ud ls;= oyu yd isxy, .S;sld mKaä; ú,shï w,aúia foaYSh ffjoH l%uh m%p,s; lsÍu mS'î' w,aúia fmf¾rd isxy, lúfha m%fndaOhla
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51 .=jka úÿ,sh ire l< we;af;da uydpd¾h kkaoodi fldaodf.dv ffjoH jevigyka wdlD;s uyskao rKùr úoHd wOHdmk jevigyka uydpd¾h fÊ'î' Èidkdhl ck ni ms<sn| oekqu uydpd¾h iqkkao ufyakaø úYaj idys;Hh Y%djlhka fj;
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52 .=jka úÿ,sh ire l< we;af;da wdkkao iurfldaka jx. ck .Sfhka .S wdrla iqks,a idka; rd.OdÍ neïfuka ñ§u î'tia' fmf¾rd ngysr ix.S; wdNdih ví,sõ'ã' wurfoaj cd;sl ix.S;hlg oelaula
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53 .=jka úÿ,sh ire l< we;af;da ,hk,a tÈßisxy W;a;r Ndr;Sh ix.S;h fudfyduâ .jqia isxy, ix.S;hg kj wdrla ví,sõ'î' ul=f,d¨j fy< ck .Shg wjOdkh iS' o tia' l=,;s,l ck ix.S; m¾fhaIK
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54 .=jka úÿ,sh ire l< we;af;da relauKS foaù .%euf*daka .Sfhka Ñ;%mg .S;hg tÉ'ví,sõ' rEmisxy w¾O Ydia;S%h .S; ffY,shla fudysÈka fn.a Ndr;fhka isß,l ,o odhdoh fldals,foaù ùr;=x. úYsIag fY%aKsfha m%:u .dhsldj
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55 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da rUqlaje,af,a isoaOd¾: ysñ f.%agd cekÜ o is,ajd uqo,s÷ B'ta' wfífialr tâúka fldaÜfgf.dv
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56 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da tï'Ô' fmf¾rd idÈßia udiag¾ foajd¾ iQßhfiak irK.=ma; wurisxy
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57 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da fla'ta'ví,sõ' fmf¾rd YS%md,s jhsuka rú,d,a úu,O¾u ,eïnÜ fmïudjvq
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58 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da wdkkao isßfiak fk;,s kdkdhlalr O¾u YS% uqKisxy r;akdj,S lel=Kfj,
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59 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da u¾úka fiakdr;ak úfcar;ak jrldf.dv wurodi .=Kj¾Ok .euqKq úfcaiQßh
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60 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da mshfiak fldia;d wd¾'tka'tÉ' fmf¾rd O¾uisß .uf.a fcda¾ca f,ia,s rKisxy
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61 r .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da wef,dahs .=Kj¾Ok wdkkao fyajd rxys|f.a rkanKavdr fifkúr;ak fm%auodi YS% w,j;a;
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62 .=jka úÿ,sh ire l< we;af;da r;kacxl¾ m`ä;=ud .=jka úÿ,s Ys,amSka j¾. lsÍu mS'fla'ã' fifkúr;ak l=re¨ neoao ud,d kdglfha rpl fca'wd¾' chj¾Ok m%:u isxy, .=jka úÿ,s kdgH rpl uqo,skdhl fidaur;ak uqjkame,eiai ud,d kdglfha rpl
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63 .=jka úÿ,sh ire l< we;af;da fm%auisß flauodi ixèjks Tfmrd ix.S;h fidauodi we,aúá., iskud ix.S;fha kj keïula mS't,a'ta' fidaumd, ix.S; ixfhdackfha fjkila wd¾' uq;a;=idñ fou< jdol uKav, m%OdkS
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64 .=jka úÿ,sh ire l< we;af;da fm%aulS¾;s o w,aúia wkaO udOHfhka rEm ueùu Ô'tia'î' rdKs fmf¾rd iqNdú; .S;fha fmdaIKh l=iqï mSßia ksfõÈld .S; rÑld y`v Ys,amskS iqukd ch;s,l fjf<| fiajfha <ud jevigyk y|udud
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65 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da uy.u fialr u¾i,Skq chfldä wßfika wyqnqÿ fvda,agka w,aúia
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66 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da wd¾'ta' pkaøfiak úÑ;% ix.S; ixfhdack mS'vkaiagka o is,ajd ks¾udKd;aul .S; kdgH .S; ohdr;ak rK;=x. ix.S; wxYfha m%:u wOHCI iageka,s tï' m%kdkaÿ jdol uKav, m%OdkS
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67 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da hQ'ã' fmf¾rd .%euf*daka .S; rpl ir;a úu,ùr uq,au mßir .S; rplhd yshqf.da m%kdka÷ m%:u Ñ;%mg .S; rpl y¾nÜ tï' fifkúr;ak relauKS foaùg jeäu .S; rpkd
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68 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da ,;d j,afmd, O¾uodi j,afmd, Ñ;%d fidaumd, jika;d ikaokdhl
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69 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da wdpd¾h kkaod ud,skS wdpd¾h úlag¾ r;akdhl uydpd¾h ik;a kkaoisß iS'à' m%kdka÷
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70 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da úúhka o is,ajd fndr,eiai iqis,a fm%aur;k jðrd nd,iQßh bkaødks úfÊnKavdr
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71 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da tÉ'wd¾' fcda;smd, nei fkdhk iqmsß ;re iqcd;d w;a;kdhl isxy, fou< .S .dhkd wfíj¾Ok nd,iQßh .=jka úÿ,sfha fidhd .ekSula fÊ'ta' ñ,agka fmf¾rd nei fkdhk iqmsß ;re
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72 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da r;ak YS% úfÊisxy l=udrodi imq;ka;s% ÆIka nq,;aisxy, uydpd¾h iqks,a wdßhr;ak
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73 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da ldka;s jlaje,a, foajdkkao ffjoHfialr isisr fiakdr;ak úYdro kS,d úl%uisxy
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74 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da whsfjda fvksia úkaikaÜ o fmda,a mSßia pkaød o is,ajd ùrisxy à'tï' chr;ak
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75 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da la,erkaia úfÊj¾Ok lKavdhï .S rpkd ix.S;{ .dhl ñ,gka u,a,jdrÉÑ nei fkdhk iqmsß ;re rEldka; .=K;s,l uhsl,a celaikaf. n,mEu fkú,a m%kdka÷ f,dia lenf,frdaia kdhl
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76 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da pkaødks .=Kj¾Ok úYdro .=Kodi lmqf.a uydpd¾h wurd rK;=x. fkrxc,d ifrdaðkS
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77 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da úYdro tâjâ chfldä lreKdr;ak Èjq,a.fka úYdro §msld ms%ho¾YkS úYdro pß; ms%ho¾YkS
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78 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da iqks,a ir;a fmf¾rd wdpd¾h wcka;d rKisxy l=,r;ak wdßhjxY ohd o w,aúia
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79 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da m,af,a.u fyaur;k ysñ rUqlk isoaOd¾: ysñ fla'ã'fla' O¾uj¾Ok nKavdr fla' úch;=x.
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80 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da wñ;d jeÈisxy u,aldka;s kkaoisß rEmd bkaÿu;S YS,d mrKudkf.a
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81 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da à' fI,agka fmf¾rd u¾úka fmf¾rd huqkd ud,skS fmf¾rd ms%hd iQßhfiak
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82 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da frdayK ùrisxy kjr;ak .uf.a Tiaáka uqKisxy frdayK neoaof.a
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83 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da nKavdr weye,shf.dv nkaÿ, kdkdhlaldrjiï uyskao pkaøfialr uyskao Èidkdhl
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84 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da wekac,ska .=K;s,l ksfrdaId úrdðkS Wf¾Id rúydß bkaødks fmf¾rd
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85 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da tï'fla' frdlaiñ ir;a oikdhl fI,agka fm%aur;ak ,hk,a w,a.u
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86 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da lS¾;s meial=j,a yrEka ,ka;%d úYdro pkaøsld isßj¾Ok frdayK isßj¾Ok
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87 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da wurisß mSßia kdro Èidfialr fidau;s,l chuy cdkl úl%uisxy
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88 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da iaj¾K YS% nKavdr rcrg fiajfha úYsIag fufyjrla fla' *%ekaisia ls;=kq wd.ñl jevigyka rdcd O¾umd, fn!oaO wd.ñl jevigyka Oïñl mS' r;akdhl fjf<| fiajfha ckms%h jevigyka
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89 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da chka; mSßia ckms%h fjf<| jevigyka wdßhisß ú;dkf.a ckms%h fjf<| jevigyka O¾u YS% úl%uisxy ckms%h fjf<| jevigyka ;s,ld rKisxy ckms%h fjf<| jevigyka
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90 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da isß,a rdcmCI .=Kr;ak wfífialr ksõgka .=Kr;ak wfidal ;s,lr;ak
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91 .=jka úÿ,sh ri l< we;af;da YS%u;S fmf¾rd m%:u .=jka úÿ,s úßÿ .dhsldj wdkkao lúr;ak úßÿ ckms%h l,dx.hla lsÍu .d,af,a cS'weï' mshodi úßÿ ckms%h l,dx.hla lsÍu wdkkao ;siai o w,aúia m%:u .=jka úÿ,s úßÿ .dhlhd
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92 1925 foieïn¾ 16 jeksod .=jka úÿ,sh weröug fmr hq.h wêrdcHjd§ka ish hg;a úð;j, ck;dj fnod md,kh lsÍug .;a W;aidyhka wjfndaO lr.ekSu wmyiq fkdfõ' furg o m%Odk ck j¾.hka jk isxy," fou<" uqia,sï ck;dj tlu cd;shla f,i ls%hd lsÍu fkdßiaiQ bx.S%iSka" Tjqka úril lsÍug .;a W;aidyh tjlg wdKavqldrjrhl=j isá ú,shï ueksx wdKavqldrjrhd .;a ls%hdud¾. u.ska meyeÈ,sj olakg ,efí' 20 jeks ishjfia 2 jeks oYlh jk úg;a furg ue;sjrK ls%hdodufhys l=, moku i,ld ne¨jo ck jd¾.sl .eg¨jla olakg fkd,eìKs' ksoiqkla f,i 1912 ue;sjrKfha § rdcH uka;%K iNdj Wfoid YS%u;a fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka uy;d f;aÍ m;ajQfha nyq;r isxy, Pkaofhks' úfYaIfhka Pkaoh i|yd bÈßm;a jQ fodia;r udlia m%kdkaÿ uy;dg jvd YS%u;a wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ukaf.a iyfhda.h ysñjQfha fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka;=udgh' tfukau 1919 werUqKq ,xld cd;sl ix.ufhys nyq;rh isxy, cd;sl;ajfhka iukaú; jQ w;r tys m<uq iNdm;sjrhd jQfha fmdkakïn,ï wreKdp,ïh'
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úkdYhka È.ska È.gu isÿ lsÍfï§ o Bg tfrysj furg foaYudul n,fõ. talrdYS úh' Tjqyq wuoHm jHdmdr fukau cd;sl jHdmdr f.dvk.ñka tlai;a nj iq/lSug fmruqK f.k lghq;= l<y' YS%u;a wk.dßl O¾umd,;=uka ;ukaf.a zzfidank ud,s.djZZ r:fha ke.S .ñka .ug f.dia cd;sh iqrCIs; lsÍfï uyck ikaksfõok ld¾hh isÿ lf<a" úfYaIfhka furg ;=<
93 ta wjia:dfõ§ o isxy," fou<" uqia,sï hkqfjka jd¾.sl fNaohlska is;Su fjkqjg fmdÿfõ YS% ,dxlsl yeÕSfuka ls%hd l< nj meyeÈ,s fõ' fuu iyfhda.s;dj fkdßiaiQ ú,shï ueksx wdKavqldrjrhd" fï nj tx.,ka;hg ,shd hjd wk;=rej ,xld cd;sl ix.ufhka fou< cd;slhska bj;a lsÍug lghq;= lf<ah' tys m%;sM,h jQfha hdmkh uyck iNdj msysgqjd .ekSuh' zzce*akd *S%ukaZ mqj;am; u.ska fNaoNskak ùug wjYH wdl,amh jHdma; lsÍug wjYH lghq;= lsÍuh' 1912 § iqÿ md,lhska iqrd nÿ mk; f.keú;a rg mqrd iqrdie,a wdrïN lrñka cd;sl jYfhka isÿ l< uyd úmf;a§ o fn!oaOfhda fukau wfn!oaOfhda o wuoHm jHdmdrh iu. tla fjñka cd;sh fírd .ekSug uq,a ù lghq;= l<y' 1915 § we;s jQ wjdikdjka; isÿùfï háfm< ;=< isxy, uqia,sï fomd¾Yjh ;=< .sks weú<ùu o iqÿ md,lhskaf.a me;=ï bgq lrkakls' fï nj f;areï .ekSug ;j;a wjia:djla Wod jQfha 1931 fvdkfuda¾ m%;sixialrK ls%hdj,shhs' tu.ska isÿjQfha ckjd¾.sl w¾nqofha .sks cd,d ;j ;j;a wjq,d ±óuh' uqia,sï ckhd Wis .ekaùug ls%hd l< bx.S%iSka" n¾.¾ cd;slhka o Wis .ekaùug W;aiql jQj;a th id¾:l fkdùh' bx.S%is md,lhska úiska is;d u;du wm rg ;=< jd¾.sl .egqï ks¾udKh lsÍfï§ o ixialD;sl
94 .=jka úÿ,s kd,sldjla weröug ;shd f,dalfhaj;a .=jka úÿ,s hka;%hla ìys fkdjQ .%euf*dakahq.hl§h' hka;%fha ,xld.ukh iu. 1906 ka werUqKq .%euf*daka kQ¾;s .S ;eá iïm%odh 1930 muK olajd jir 25 la úldYh úh' kQ¾;s yd kdv.ï u.ska o cd;sl Ñka;kh mq¿,a lsÍfï fufyhqu id¾:lj isÿ l< w;r kS;s{ fcdaka o is,ajd" kS;s{ pd,aia vhia jeks m%ùKhka l< ks¾udK fukau kdgH ix.ï o cd;sl m%fndaOhg bjy,a úh' isxy, .S ;eá ksIamdokhg iudka;rj furg úúO NdIdj, .S ;eá wf,ú ù we;' tfukau kQ¾;s kdglh isxy, ckhd muKla fkdj úúO cd;Ska w;r o ckms%hj meje;s nj iS' fodka nia;shkaf.a kdgH keröug meñKs úúO cd;Skaf.a ,ehsia;=fjka fmfka' zzbx.S%is ,kafoais iy isxy¨ o nx.,s we;=¿j fkl fou¿ o ikakis cdjqka n¾.¾fhda o ikaf;diska ne,S b| fhdkayq o''''ZZ furg cd;sl Ñka;kh wjÈ lsÍug;a cd;sl iu.sh iq/lSfï;a i¾j wd.ñl .re;ajh mj;ajdf.k hdfï;a ó<Õ cd;sl j.lSu mejfrkafka cd;sl .=jka úÿ,shgh' ta wkqj 1925 foieïn¾ 16 Èk furg cd;sl ikaksfõok jxY l:dfõ mqfrda.dó fufyjr wdrïN úh' ta wkqj 1928 § f,dj m%:u O¾u ikaksfõok ld¾hh wrUñka mQcHmdo me<EfKa isß jðr[dK kdhl iajdóka jykafiaf.a m%:u O¾u foaYkdj úiqrejd yßkq ,nkafka ta jk úg î'î'iS' wdh;kfhaj;a O¾u ikaksfõokh wrUd fkd;snQ miqìul ùu úfYaI;ajhls' t;eka isg fï olajd jir 95 l .=jka úÿ,s b;sydih ;=< wLKavj iajfoaYSh fiajdfjka fm'j' 8'00 g iy rd;S% 8'00 g O¾udkqYdikd meje;aùu isÿflf¾' wo jkúg tu O¾u ikaksfõok ld¾hh iajfoaYSh fiajdfõ muKla fkdj fjf<| fiajfha iy isá t*a'tï' fiajh olajd j¾Okh ù we;'
95 .=jka úÿ,sh wdrïNfha isg fï olajd ish¨ isxy, cd;sl fiajdjka fukau wm i;= ish¨ m%dfoaYSh fiajdjka Èkm;d WoEik jevigyka wrUkafka mkais,a" fi;a msß;a" Oïu Ñka;d" ojfia is;=ú,s u.ska i¾j wd.ñl lghq;=j,g m%uqL;dj.=jkafoñks'úÿ,s jxY l;dfõ ndysr úia;r m%pdrh weröu iqúfYaIS fudfyd;la f,i ±laúh yelsh' fuu ,smsfha f;audjg WÑ; jeo.;a ndysr úia;r m%pdrl wjia:djla isysm;a lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' tkï" 1939 ud¾;= ui 12 jkÈk mshqia Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=udf.a wNsfIal W;aijh frdaufha j;sldk .=jka úÿ,sh Tiafia iÔj úia;r m%pdrhla .re fcda laúkagia ifydaor;=ud úiska bÈßm;a lr we;s w;r tu úia;r m%pdrh wm .=jka úÿ,sfha iu.dó m%pdrh ùu furg m%:u úfoaYSh úia;r m%pdrh f,i b;sydihg tla fõ' 1939 j¾Ifha§u fkdjeïn¾ 23 jeksod rejkaue,s uyd iEfha fld;a me<|ùu o wkqrdOmqr rejkaue,s iE rcqf.a wìhi isg uydpd¾h .=Kmd, u,,fialr" rdc kS;s{ tï' YS% ksYaYxl" ,S,dkkao l,afoard we;=¿ lKavdhu f.k wd iÔù úia;r m%pdrh o .=jka úÿ,sfha iaj¾Kuh1942fudfyd;ls'1220Èk.re fcda laúkagia fmf¾rd msh;=ud frdaufha j;sldk kqjr § mQcljrh ,eîfuka miq m%:u jrg ÈjH mQcdj meje;aùu ksñ;af;ka j;sldk .=jka úÿ,sh Tiafia meje;ajQ isxy, l;dj ,xld .=jka úÿ,sh Tiafia iÔùj m%pdrh lr we;' 1931 cQ,s ui 2 jk Èk isg lf;da,sl ls%ia;shdks wikakka fjkqfjka Wfoa 6'55 g zzfï .ek;a is;kakZZ f,i úkdä myl ffoksl jevigyk o wikakka w;r ckms%h úh' tfukau uvq ux.,Hh" ;,ú, foõueÿf¾ jd¾Isl ux.,Hh" jyfldaÜfÜ idka; wkaf;daks isoaOia:dkfha ux.,Hh" fldÉÑlfâ idka; wkaf;daks
96 uqksÿkaf.a isoaOia:dkfha ux.,Hh" rd.u neis,sld foõueÿf¾ ux.,Hhka fukau rfÜ fujeks foajia:dkhkays ux.,Hhka o bßod ÈjH mQcdjka iy k;a;,a iy mdial= W;aij fjkqfjka úfYaI jevigyka NdId ;=fkkau bÈßm;a ùu k;a;, fjkqfjka 1990 isg zzrg jgd k;a;,aZZ jevigyk o ls;=kq jevigyka" kdgH yd .S; m%pdrh ùu wd.ñl iyÔjkh Wfoid ;enQ udyeÕs mshjrls'1970 foieïn¾ 04 jk Èk 06 jeks mdjq¿ Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud ,xldjg iem;aj .; l< meh lsysmhl ld,h ;=< lgqkdhl isg f.k wd iÔù úia;r m%pdrh yd mdma jykafiaf.a ,xld .uk fjkqfjka má.; l< úfYaI .S; yd úfYaI jevigyka fukau 1995 ckjdß 20 jeks Èk ,xldjg iem;a fojk cqjdï mdjq¿ Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud fjkqfjka f.k wd úia;r m%pdrhka" ikaOHd foaj fufyh;a fuys§ fjfiiska i|yka l< yelsh' tfukau cdfldafï f.dkaid,afõia msh;=udf.ka werô ls;=kq idys;Hh .re u¾i,Ska chfldä msh;=udf.ka j¾Okh ù m%Yia; .=jka úÿ,s .S; idys;Hhlayskaÿìysúh'wd.ñl W;aijj,g o .=jka úÿ,sh uq,a ;ekla fohs' k,aƾ lkaoidñ fldaúf,a W;aijh o l;r.u ;srelal=r,a uydkdo W;aijfha o ;s%l=Kduf,a fldafkaYajrï W;aijfha o úia;r m%pdr isÿlrk w;r kj rd;S% mQcd yd iriaj;S mQcd wdÈh .=jka úÿ,s mßY%fha o ieuf¾' §mjd,s ff;fmdka.,a W;aij wjia:d o .=jka úÿ,s mßmd,kfha iyNd.S;ajfhka isÿ lsÍu o pdß;%hla ù ;sfí' fuu ,smsfhys wdrïNfhys i|yka l< mßÈ wêrdcHjd§ka úiska fom¨ l< isxy, fou< ne£u h<s tla fiai;a lsÍu .=jka úÿ,shg mejreKq ;j;a ld¾hNdrhls' tys§ W;=f¾ wka;jd§ foaYmd,k{hskaf.ka yd ol=fKa wka;jd§
97
foaYmd,k{hskaf.ka fmdaIKh jQ fuu cd;sjd§ wr.,h" idudkH fou< ckhdg yd idudkH isxy, ckhdg isÿl< n,mEu ;sia jirl l=ßre hqoaOfhka ld yg;a wjfndaO úh' tys§ ck uki iqjm;a lsÍfï ixialD;sl j.lSu ord.;a .=jka úÿ,sfha isxy, kd,sld u.ska fou< ckhdg wduka;%Kh lsÍu m%Odk jYfhka jeo.;a fõ' iyÔjkh i|yd wjYH fou< .S; isxy, kd,sldjkays jdokh yd jevigyka bÈßm;a lsÍu;a fou< úoaj;=ka iu. idlÉPd meje;aùu iajfoaYSh" fjf<|" isá t*a'tï' kd,sld u.ska tod isg wog;a wLKavj ls%hd;aul fõ' tfukau fou< f;kav%,a fiajfha iEu Èklu iji m%Odk m%jD;a;s m%ldYfhka wk;=rej isxy, .S; jevigykla bÈßm;a ùu" Èkfha iqÿiq wjia:djkays isxy, .S; jdokh o isÿ flf¾' fuu cd;sl ixys¢hd ls%hdkaú;fha § jeo.;au fufyhqu cd;sl .=jka úÿ,sh isÿ lf<a hqoaOh mj;sk jljdkqfõ§u fou< ck;djf.a yo.eiaug f¾äfhda kd,sldjla iïmdokh lsÍuh' ta wkqj 1991 uehs 01 jk Èk zhd,a t*a'tïZ fiajh werôh' hqo yuqodfõ uQ,sl;ajfhka wdrïN l< fuu fiajh zm,d,s fiajhZ f,i wog;a ls%hd;aul jk w;r hqO ch.%yKfhka miq m,d,s l|jqfrka fjka jQ fuu kd,sldj hd,a t*a'tï' f,i 2012 § hdmkfha§ werôKs' m,d,s fiajh 102'1 ka isxy," fou< jevigyka yd .S; m%pdrh lrk w;r;=r 90'1 ka hd,a t*a'tï' iajlSh fou< ck;djf.a is;=ú,sj,g wduka;%Kh lrk w;r oyj,a ld,h isxy, .S; jdokhg .=jka ld,h fjka lr ;sfí' furg uqia,sï ckhdf.a ixys¢hdfõ wjYH;dj wrnhd .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfjka uqia,sï fiajh weröu cd;sl iy wd.ñl ;j;a ne£uls' uqia,sï fiajh 1994 § wdrïN jQ w;r" Bg fmr o uqia,sï jevigyka fou< fiajh Tiafia b;d iq¿ jYfhka m%pdrh ù ;sfí' ta rduidka yÊ iy ñ,doa jqkakNS
98 jeks úfYaI wjia:dj,§h' bia,dóh ixialD;sh yd l,dx. j,ska iqieÈ m%:u uqia,sï jevigyk m%pdrh jQfha 1950 § cd;sl fou< fiajfhah' zl,didr iïNjka.,aZ tu jevigykhs' th wdpd¾h weï'whs'weï' Wjhsia uy;df.a ksIamdokhls' ks, jYfhka 1954 § uqia,sï ckhd fjkqfjka uqia,sï fiajh weröu;a iu. Tjqkaf.a ikaksfõok ixialD;sl yd wd.ñl wjYH;d bgqúh' 1957 isgu W#u;=,a bia,dï ixialD;sl jev igykla isxy, wxYfhka o m%pdrhisxy,úh' uqia,sï l,d;aul iyfhda.s;dj .S;fhka m%n,j iqrCIs; úh' isxy, fn!oaO .S;fha mqkreohla we;s l< bia,dï Nla;sl fudysÈka fn.a" wyuâ fudys§ka" fudfyduâ .jqia" ta'wd¾'tï' Bn%dysï udiag¾,df.a isg à't*a' ,;S*a" fudfyduâ id,s" ta'fÊ' lÍï fukau wíuq,a id§lska" ks,d¾ tka' ldisï olajd /l.;a cd;sld,h cd;sl .=jka úÿ,sfha wk.s fufyjrls' tfukau kef.kysr m<d; wdjrKh lrñka 2005 j¾Ifha § werô msfrhs t*a'tï' .=jka úÿ,sh o ifydaor uqia,sï ckhdg;a fou< ckhdg;a wka;¾ ixialD;sl yqjudre uOHia:dkhla f,i ls%hd lsÍu m%YxikSh fõ' .=jka úÿ,sh i;= Yla;su;a Odß;djfhka mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk u,hd,ï" lKaKv" f;<sÕ=" yskaÈ jeks NdIdj,ska kd,sld mj;ajdf.k hdu;a tu.ska iuia; wdishdkq l,dmh wdjrKh flfrk wdishdkq .=jka úÿ,shla ùu o fuys§ jeo.;atufõ'kd,sld u.ska Èklg NdId;%fhkau m%Odk m%jD;a;s m%ldY 12 la yd mefha mqj;a m%ldY 72 la bÈßm;a lrhs' fuf,i nyqjd¾.sl nyq wd.ñl nyq NdISh .=jka úÿ,s fiajhla furg meje;Su f,dju wdo¾Yhg .; hq;a;ls' .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj mßY%fha bÈßfha jev jdih lrk nqoaO m%;sud jykafiag Wfoag u,a mQcd lrk fou< fn!oaOhka fukau ixia:dfõ ms<s.ekSï
99 wxYhg meñK O¾u foaYkd i|yd odhl;ajh ,nd .kakd bia,dï ne;su;=ka ±lSu iqÿ¾,N oiqkls' isy," fou<" uqia,sï f,i fkdfn§ ixia:d mßY%h ;=< tlg jev lrk ld¾h uKav,h ÿgq úg ±fkkafka wm ish¨ fokdu tlu rgl tl /yekl ne£ isák tlu YS% ,dxflah ck lKavdhula njh ▄ .=jka úÿ,s udOHfõ§ iïm;a i,amsáfldard<
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100 විදුත් සන්නිවේදනවේ ප්රමුඛස්ථථනවේ ැඹවමන භධයඹ ැන්වන් ුවැන් විදුරඹි ුවැන් විදුරවේ ප්රඵතතභ භධය ැන්වන් සගීතතඹි සගීතතඹ වනොභතිැ ුවැන් විදුර භධයවේ ඳැත්භ් වනොභත ුවැන් විදුර භධයවේ ීතත වහ සගීතතඹ බවිත කරන්වන් සගීතත ැඩසටහන් සහ ඳභණ් භ වනොවේ ඕන්භ ැඩසටහනකට වත්භැ් නිර්භණඹ ැන්වන් සගීතතඹ ඳදක කරවෙනඹ. එනම් ඕන්භ ුවැන් විදුර ැඩසටහනකට ආරම්බක වත්භ ීතතඹ් වහ සගීතතඹ් බවිත කරි. ැඩසටහවන් අනනයතැඹ ප්රක ැන්වන් වත්භ සගීතතඹ ඔ්ථව්ථඹ. ශ්රැකඹ කණ ැණු ස සන්න් ැඩසටහන හනානෙන්වන් වත්භ ීතතඹ වහ සගීතතඹ ඔ්ථව්ථඹ. ඒ ැවේභ සගීතත ැඩසටහන් වනොැන වඵොවහ ුවැන් විදුර ැඩසටහන් ඳැත්ැවෙන ඹවම්දී එහි අතගකරණඹට, ඒකකරී ඵැ භඩරෘභට, වැවහසකර ඵැ භඟහරීභට බවිත කරන්වන් සගීතතඹි. එඵවින් ුවැන් විදුර භධයඹ තුළ සගීතතඹට හිි ැන්වන් ප්රඵත ්ථථනඹි.
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101 ුවැන් විදුරවේ ආරම්බඹ පිළිඵදැ කත ිරීවම් දී 1906 ැර්ෂවේ නත්තරූ දිනට වඳර දින පීටර්සන්ඵර්ේ විශ්ැ විදයතවේ R.A. වෆසන්ඩන් විසින් වභ ්ථ ක්රභඹට සතපුම් සිඹ ෙණන් ඈත මුඛුදව ව නේැතට ඹව ඳන්විඩඹ් පිළිඵැ සහන් වේ වභව්ථ වභ ්ථ ක්රභඹට ඹව සගාැතට මුඛරන්භ ඇතුළත් වී ඇත්වත් කවි ෙඹනඹි ඉනඳසුැ ැඹරන් ැදනඹි ඊට ඳසුැ තැත් අවඹ් කතැ් ඳැත්ැ ඇත. වම් අනුැ ඉතිහසවේ රඹවු ස ඳළමුඛවැනි ුවැන් විදුර ැඩසටහන ඇරවමන්වන් සගීතතවඹනි. එද ඳටන් අද ද් ැ ුවැන් විදුර භධයඹට ීතතවඹන්, සගීතතවඹන් තවඵන දඹකත්ැඹ අති භහත්ඹ. ශ්රී තගකීඹ සගීතත ඉතිහසඹ පිළිඵැ සතක ඵතන විට ුවැන් විදුර සගීතතඹට තවඵන්වන් විශිශ්රුට ්ථථනඹි. බ්රිතනයවේ ඹටත්විිතතඹ් ැ ඳැති රටැරූ අතරින් ුවැන් විදුර ප්රචාරක කටුතතු ආරම්බ කළ ඳළමුඛවැනි රට වතස සතවකන්වන් ශ්රී තගකැි. ඒ 1925 වදසම්ඵර් 16 වැනිදඹ. භධයභ විදුර සගව කර්ඹතවේ ප්රචාරක භදිරිඹ් තන දිනඳත ුවැන් විදුර ප්රචාරක කටුතතු ආරම්බ කළ අතර වභභ ැඩසටහන්ැතට ඵටහිර සගීතතඹ ඇතුළත් ැ ඇත ඒ අනුැ ආරම්බක ුතෙවේ සිටභ ුවැන් විදුරවේ සගීතතඹට විවශ්ෂ ්ථථනඹ් හිි විඹ ඉන්ඳසුැ ැඩසටහන් ප්රචාරඹ කරන ඳඹ ෙණනින් 10%් ඳභණ වඳරදිෙ සගීතත ැඩසටහන් සහ වැන් කර ඇත. ඊට සිගහත, හින්දු්ථථනී සහ කර්ණටක සගීතතඹද අඹත් විඹ. 1927 දී ඳළමුඛවැනි සජීවී සිගහත සගීතතභඹ ැඩසටහන ුවැන් විදුරවඹන් ප්රචාරඹ විඹ. එභ කණ්ඩඹවම් නඹකඹ වවේ ප්රවීණ සගීතතා එම්.ජී. වඳවර්ර භහත ඹ. ඉන්ඳසුැ සිගහත සගීතතභඹ ැඩසටහන් ඉදිරිඳත් කළ ශිරූපීන් ැන්වන් ව් .සදිරි්ථ සිරූැ,ටී.සී.ව්ථනනඹක,
102 තඳරූ හ විදුර සගව නටය සගෙභඹ, බී එඩී ද සිරූැ , එච් ඩබ් රඳසිගහ, ටී වටරන්්ථ ප්රනන්දු, ටී.වී. එඩ්වින් වඳවර්ර, වක ිතව වී, එච්. වදොන් වින්සන්ට්, එම්. ව් . වින්සන්ට්, වේට වඹනට් ද සිරූැ, සරණුවප්ත අභරසිගහ, ව් . තඹනරූ වඳවර්ර, ආනන්ද සභරවක න්, ඒ.ආර්.එම්. ඊබ්රහිම්, විරූෆ්රඩ් ව . පීරි්ථ, වරිතන වඳවර්ර,සහ ැරූතැත්වත් වැ ස විදයතඹ ි. වම් අැධිවේ සිගහත සගීතත ැඩසටහන් වභන්භ වදභළ, හිගදු්ථථනි හ ඵටහිර සගීතත ශිරූපීන් ද සගීතත ැඩසටහන් ඉදිරිඳත් කර ඇත. වදභළ ැඩසටහන් ඉදිරිඳත් කළ ශිරූපීන් ැන්වන් වක ිතව වී, තඳරූ හ විදුර සගව නටය සගෙභඹ, වී. වරට්නම්, ව් .වී. ණුරු් කරූ, වී අිනිමුඛතුපිරූවරූ, ව් වසරූතතම්බි, ශ්රී කන්ති වඳොන්නම්ඵතම්, අරුන්දතී සහ සබරත්නම්, වෙෞරී තයෙරඹ, එරූ වත ක සුබ්රභනිඹම්, භවන රගිතතම් කන්දිඹ, එ්ථ රත්නසි අිඹර්, එ්ථ එම් මුඛතතම්බි, පී එ්ථ භනිඅිඹන්ෙර්, එම් ඒ හසන් අරඹර්, තැභනි අම්භරූ කදිවර්සු සහ සී ආර් භහරඹ වේ හිගදු්ථථනී ෙඹන ශිරූපින් වක ිතව වී,සී.ආර්.භහරඹ,වභොහිදින් වඵේ,එම්.ව .නසුර්දීන්,ශ්ර් අමීර්,එම්. ඒ.ව .ආභත් සහ වභොවහොභඩ් ෙවු්ථ වනකපිරිඤ්ඤඵට්රුද්රිුව,රෙවී සිේතර්
103 බටහිර ගායකයයෝ හවතෝ ආනන්ද රඹ, වරොඵට් ෙත්රි, ආර් භවර්, වත න වට්තර්, හිුතඵට් රඹඳ් ෂ, වනොවඹරූ ුවණව්ථකර, ් වතඹර් ආර්වනොරූඩ, එ්ථි වඹ සප්, වින්්ථටන් සහ ඕැරූ ෆුනන්ඩර්, අිරින් හන්ටර්, වතරූභ කි, වි් ටර්න් ක්රභර්, වර ්ථවම්රි ැන්තන්ෙන්ඵර්ේ, ඇන්ටනී අවබ්සිගහ, ඩේත්ථ ද අරූවි්ථ සහ ව ැර් ුවැන්සර්ඹව්ථනවිදුරවේ මුඛරූ කතවේ ප්රචාරඹ සහ සිගහත ීතත තඵ ෙත්වත් වභරට ග්රභවෆ න් ත න නිඳදැන සභෙම් ැරනි. කර්ගිරූ්ථ,ි තර්්ථ,වඳොවර ර්ථ ප්රනන්දු ි ුතසිකරූ ්ථවට ර්්ථ, සීඩ්රූ්ථ ඹන සභෙම් එකත සිගහත ත න නිඳදව සභෙම් වේ නිවේදකින් එකත එභ සභෙම්ැතට වෙෝථ ත න ැදනඹ කර ඵත ප්රචාරඹ සහ සුදුසු ීතත වත ර ෙන්න තදී එකත ග්රභවෆ න් ත නැතට ීතත ෙඹන කළ ශිරූපින් ැඩි වදවන් ඳසුැ ුවැන් විදුරඹ භගින් ද ීත ෙයූහ ඉන්දිඹනු ීත තනුැතට සිගහත ැචාන වඹොද ීතත ප්රඵන්ධ කර ෙනීභ එකත ඳැති සභනය සිරිත විඹ එභ ීතතැරන් ැඩි වකොටස් බුදු ුවණ ීත වු ස අතර ව භිභනී ීතත හ වේභ ීතත ද අතරින් ඳතර විඹ. එකත ග්රභවෆ න් ත නැතට හ ුවැන් විදුරඹට සිගහත ීතත ෙඹන කළ ශිරූපීන් අතර සිගහත අඹ වභන්භ සිගහත වනොැන ශිරූපීහූ ද වහ. ව . සදිරි්ථ සිරූැ, බී. එඩී ද සිරූැ,වදොන් භනි්ථ ඳට් නආරච්චි,එච්.ඩබ්.රඳසිගහ,වක ිතව වී,වරිතන වඳවර්ර, සුසිත ඹඹසිගහ, වත රන්්ථ වඳවර්ර, එම්. ව් . වින්සන්ට්, වඹ සප් වඳවර්ර, රු් භණී ව වී, ඒ. ආර්. එම්. ඊබ්රහිම්, එ්ථ. ඒ. තතීෆ ඵි, අහභඩ්
104 වභොහිදින්, එම් බී වඹොහර්ෂ, සිසිරඹන ඩඹ්ථ, ැසන්ත සන්දනඹක, ටිට්ථ සභරවීර,යූ.ඩී.වඳවර්ර,විරූෆ්රඩ් ව .පීරි්ථ,වභොහිදින් වඵේ,වේට වඹනට් ද සිරූැ ඉන් ිහිඳ වදවනි. වම් ැකැනුවේ දී ඉන්දිඹවේ න්ති නිව් තනඹට සගීතත අධයඳනඹ සහ වෙෝථ සි න ආනන්ද සභරවක න් තගකැට ඳි න්වේ ඹ. ඔුදවේ ීතත වභවත් අස ුදරු පුරුදු ීතතැතට ැඩ වැන්ථ ආර් ෙත්වත් ඹ. වභවත් ඳැති හින්දි හ වදභළ ීතත අනුකරණවඹන් නිර්භණඹ වු ීතත වැනුැට ්ථැතන්ත්ර තනු නිර්භණඹ විඹ. ඇතම් ීතත ැගෙ ීත ආශ්රවඹන් නිර්භණඹ ව ඒැ විඹ. වභභ ීතත අසන්නන් අතර ඉත ඹනප්රිඹ විඹ. වඳොඩි භරූ එතවන , එන්ඩද භන්ව් , ඇව්ථ භධුර ජීැනවේ ීතත, පුගචි සුද සුදු ක නඹ, ඔුද ෙඹන කළ ීතත අතරින් ිහිඳඹි ඔුදවේ වභභ නැ ව රඹ අසන්නන්ට වභන්භ ෙඹන ශිරූපින්ට ද අළුත් අ දකීභ් විඹ ඒ අනුැ පී එරූ ඒ වස භඳත, කන්ති ැ් ැරූත, ්ථැර්ණ ද සිරූැ, වර හිත ඹඹසිගහ, ඩේත්ථ වික්රභසිගහ, ජී ආර් එඩ්ැඩ් ැනි ශිරූපීන් ද ආනන්ද සභරවක න් අනුෙභනඹ කරන්නට විඹ ආන්නද සභරවක න් භහතවේ ෙඹන ඇතුළත් විවශ්ෂ ුවැන් විදුර ැඩසටහන් වම් ැකැනුවේ දී ආරම්බ කරන තදී. එඹ සගවිධනඹ කවේ වින්සන්ට් ද සිරූැ භහත ඹ. ුවැන් විදුර ෙන්ධර්ැවඹ (Air Artistes) ඹන නි න් වභභ ැඩසටහන හනාන්ැන තදී. වභභ ැඩසටහන ප්රචාරඹ ිරීවම් දී ඉග්රීසි ඵසින් ද වි්ථතරඹ් කරන තද ඵවින් එවත් සිගහත සගීතතඹ වකවරහි සතිරූත් වනොද් ව අසන්නන්වේ අැධනඹ ද එඹ වකවරහි වඹොමුඛ විඹ. වම් අතරතුර බරතවේ සගීතතඹ හදර තැත් ශිරූපිවඹ් තගකැට ඳි න්වේ ඹ. ඔුද සුනිරූ සන්ත ඹ. ඔුදවේ සරත සුෙභ ෙඹන ව රඹ
105 ශ්රැකඹ ඇ ඵ ෙත්වත් ඹ ඔුදවේ අරමුඛණ වවේ අඳටභ ආවේන්ක ව සගීතත සම්ප්රදඹඹ් නිර්භණඹ ිරීභ ි. එවත් ඳැති ග්රභවෆ න් ීතතැත රෙධරී ව රවඹන් ි දී අඳරදිෙ තනු ආරද සභගින් තඹන්විතැ ඔුද ීතත ෙඹන කවේඹ. ඕළු පිපිත, වක ිතඹන්වන් වක ිත නව , ැතණුළින් ඵස, ි හිකත නතැත ඔුද ෙයූ ීත අතරින් ිහිඳඹි. තරුණ ුවැන් විදුර ශිරූපීුද ඔුදැ අනුෙභනඹ කරන්නට විඹ. ඒ ැන විට ුවැන් විදුරඹට ත නෙත ිරීවම් ඹන්ත්ර ද තබී තිබු ස ඵවින් සුනිරූ සන්තඹන්වේ ීතත ත නෙත කරන තදී. නමුඛත් අබෙයඹ වවේ 1949 දී රතන්ඹන්කර් ඳඬිතුභ ශිරූපීන් ැර්ෙ ිරීභ සහ ශ්රී තගකැට ඳි න් අැ්ථථවේ දී එභ ඳරී් ෂණඹට වඳනී සිටීභ ඔුද විසින් ප්රති් වශ්රුඳ ිරීභ නිස ුවැන් විදුරඹ ඔුදට තහනම් වීභඹ 1954 දී ඳභණ සිගහත සගීතතඹ දිුත ස ිරීභ සහ ෙතුතතු පිඹැර සම්ඵන්ධවඹන් සකච්ඡ කර විවිධ තීරණඹන්ට එළවමන තදී වභභ සකච්ඡැ සහ තඳරූ හ ුවැන් විදුරඹ පිළිඵ ඇභති, වදඳර්තවම්න්තුවේ නිතධරීන් හ අධයඳන අභතයග වේ, රඹවේ තරත කතඹතනවේ, තගක කත භණ්ඩතවේ නිතධරීන් පිරිස් ද සහබීත ැන තදී. වභහිදී ුවැන් විදුර සගීතතඹ දිුත ස ිරීභ සහ අදහ්ථ ෙණනැ් වඹ ඹන ව අතර උතුරු ඉන්දිඹවේ ්ථත්රීඹ සගීතතඹ ඳදනම් කර ෙනිි න් සිගහත සගීතතඹ වෙොඩනගිඹ ුතතුඹ ඹන ප්රතිඳත්තිඹ පිළිෙන්න අතරභ එඹ දිුත ස ිරීභ සහ තගකවේ ඹනකවි ද උඳවඹ ීත කරෙත ුතතු ඵැද වඹ ඹන විඹ. එකත සගීතත සම්ඳදකැරුන් විසින් නිශ්රුඳදනඹ කරන තද රසධර හ ීතතභත ඹන ැඩසටහන් වදක ඹනප්රිඹ ැඩසටහන් විඹ. භසකට ැර්
106 නරමන්නන් පිරිස් ඉදිරිවේ ඳැත්වු ස "භසික රැඟුභ" ඉත ඹනප්රිඹ ැඩසටහන් විඹ. 1960 ැර්ෂවේ දී සිගහත සගීතත ැඩසටහන්ැත තත්ැඹ නෙ සිටුවීභ සහ විවශ්ෂ උඳව ක භණ්ඩතඹ් ඳත් කරන තදී. ආචාර්ඹ එදිරිවීර සරත්චාන්ද්ර භහතවේ සබඳතිත්ැවඹන් ුත් ත ව වභභ භණ්ඩතඹට තඹනරූ එදිරිසිගහ සහ ඩී. ඇම්. ඳට් නආරච්චි ඹන භහත්ැරු ද ඇතුළත් වහ. සගීතත ැඩසටහන්ැතට සැන් දී ඒැවේ තත්ැඹ දිුත ස ිරීභට උඳවද්ථ දීභ ඔවුන්වේ කර්ඹබරඹ විඹ. ඳරී් ෂණ භණ්ඩත ුවැන් විදුර සග්ථථවේ ෙඹනඹ් වහ ැදනඹ් ඉදිරිඳත් ිරීභට නම් අනිැර්ඹවඹන් ඳරී් ෂණ භණ්ඩතඹින් සභත් විඹ ුතතුඹ වම් පිළිඵැ සහන් කරන විට අඳට නිතතින්භ සිහිඹට නවෙන්වන් භහචාර්ඹ රතන්ඹන්කර් ඳඬිතුභ තගකැට ඳි ණ කරන තද කටහඬ ඳරී් ෂණඹි නමුඛත් ඊට වඳර ද ෙඹන සහ ැදන සහ ඳරී් ෂණ ඳැත්වු ඵැ සහන් වේ එකත සගීතත ඳරි් ෂණ ඳැත්වීවම් දී ශිරූපීන් තභ ෙඹන හ ැදන ඉදිරිඳත් කවේ ුවැන් විදුර භධය්ථථනවේ භදිරිඹක සිටඹ. ඳරී් ෂණ භණ්ඩතඹ ඊට සැන් දුන්වන් භධයභ විදුර සගව කර්ඹතවේ සිටඹ. එහිදී විවිධ අග ඹටවත් ශිරූපීන් ැර්ෙ වකොට ඇත. එනම් විවිධ ප්රසගෙ,ීත ෙඹන,ඹන ීත සහ විරිදු,ැන්නම්,සමුඛහ ැදන,ඒකත ැදන ආදී ැ වඹනි. ුවැන් විදුර ව්ථැඹ ප්රතිසගවිධනඹ ිරීභ සහ ඳි න් වඹ න් එන්. තම්ප්සන් භහත ුවැන් විදුර සගීතත අග ඹ සගැර්ධනඹ ිරීවභහි ත උනන්දු ව අවඹි. ආචාර්ඹ තඹනරූ එදිරිසිගහ භහත සහ වැනත් වි ැතුන් ිහිඳ වදවනණුවේ අදහ්ථ අනුැ බත්සණවඩ් සගීතත විදය පීේවේ අධිඳති භහචාර්ඹ
107 රතන්ඹන්කර් ඳඩිතුභ ශ්රී තගකැට වෙන්ැවෙන ඳරී් ෂණ ඳැත්ැ සුදුසු ශිරූපීන් ඵැ ෙනීභට එතුභ කටුතතු කවේඹ. ඒ අනුැ ශ්රී තගකීඹ ෙඹන හ ැදන ශිරූපීන් විශිශ්රුට වේන්ඹ, ‘ඒ‘ වේන්ඹ, ‘බී‘ වේන්ඹ හ ‘සී‘ වේන්ඹ වතස ැර්ෙ කවේඹ. එතන් ඳටන් එභ ශිරූපීන්ට ුවැන් විදුරවේ ්ථත්රීඹ හ සරත ීත ැඩසටහන් තඵ දුන්වන් එභ ැර්ෙ ිරීභට අනුැඹ. රතන්ඹන්කර් ඳඬිතුභ විසින් වභභ ඳරී් ෂණවේ දී ඒ ැන විට සරත ්ථත්රීඹ ෙඹන ඉදිරිඳත් කළ එච්. ඩබ්. රඳසිගහ, වක ිතව වී වීරතුගෙ, ඳණ්ඩිත් අභරව ැ ැන්නන් විශිශ්රුට වේන්වේ ශිරූපින් ැ වඹන් ැර්ෙ කවේඹ. ඒ ැවේභ එච්. ඩබ්. රඳසිගහ ශිරූපිඹ ෙඹන කළ "ශ්රී රුදත හිි වේ නවම්" නම් සරත ්ථත්රීඹ ීතතඹට වකොතරම් ඇළුම් කවේද ඹත් එභ ීතතඹ අඩගුව ත නඹ බරතඹට රැවෙන ගිඹ ඵැ ඳැව්ථ එවභන්භ වභරට ඳැත්න පිරිත්, අශ්රුටක, ඹනකවි ආදී ශ්රී තගකවේ ඹන ීත ැර්ධනඹ වකොට ශ්රී තගකැ තුළ ව ය ඹ සගීතතඹ් වෙොඩනෙ ෙතහි ඵැ එතුභ වඳන්ැ වදන තදී ඒ අනුැ ඳණ්ඩිත් අභරව ැ, ඩබ් බී භණුවතොරෙැ, සී ද ඇ්ථ ණුතතිතක ැනි සගීතතාින් ඹන ීත ඇසුරින් නැ ීත නිර්භණඹ ිරීභටත් ඹන ීත එ් රැ්ථ ිරීභටත් වඳළඹුනි. වම් අනුැ ඳණ්ඩිත් අභරව ැ ැනි ශිරූපින්වෙන් උත්තර බරතීඹ සගීතත තනු වභන්භ ඹන ීත තනු ආශ්රිතැ නිර්භණඹ වු ස අෙන ීත නිර්භණ ඔ්ථව්ථ ීතත සහිතයඹ වඳ ෂණඹ විඹ. කටහඬ ඳරී් ෂණ පිළිඵැ විභස ඵරෘවම් දී 1955 දී ඳභණ ඹන ීත ශිරූපීන් ැර්ෙ ිරීභ සහ ද ඳරී් ෂණඹ් ඳැත්ැ ඇති ඵැ වඳනී ඹි. ඒ සභඟ නෘතය හ නඩෙම් ීත ෙඹන ශිරූපීන් වැනුවැන් ද ඳරී් ෂණඹ් ඳැත්ැන ත ව වභභ ෙඹන ද සිගහත සගීතතවේ අභිැෘ ධිඹ සහ වේතු ැන ඵවිනි
108 ළමාවැඩසටහන් ළභ ීතතඹ මුඛරන්භ නිර්භණඹ වවේ ද ුවැන් විදුරවේ ීතත කණුළු ඔ්ථව්ථ ඹි සිතිඹ හිඹ. ළමුඛන් වැනුවැන් රඹවු ස කවි ප්රචාරතැ තිබුණත් ළභ ීතතඹ මුඛරන්භ නිර්භණඹ වවේ වකව්ථදි නිශ්චිත වතොරතුරු නත. වකව්ථ වැතත් ළභ ීතඹ වඳ ෂණඹ වවේ ුවැන් විදුරඹ ඔ්ථව්ථ ඵැ ිැ හිඹ. ආනන්ද සභරවක න් රචාන කර සගීතතැත් කළ ැ්ථස පිළිඵැ රඹවු ස "අ් වක අ් වක අර ඵතන්නවක " ීතතඹ මුඛරූ කතවේ ප්රචාරඹ ව ැඩිහි නඹන් වදවදවන් ෙඹන කළ ළභ ීතතඹි සුනිරූ සන්තඹන් විසින් ද ුවැන් විදුර ළභ ීත රැස් නිර්භණඹ කර ඇත දිඹ වෙොඩ සභ තන, අම්ඵතවම් පින, වඵ වි නඹ දග ැනි ඹනප්රිඹ ීතත ඉන් ිහිඳඹි ුවැන් විදුර ළභ ීතතවඹහි ආරම්බඹ 50 ද කවේ සිදු වී ඇත අධිනීතිායූ ඒ.එ්ථ.වඳවර්ර විසින් සිරි අිඹ නි න් ඉදිරිඳත් කළ ළභ තීරඹ ුවැන් විදුර ළභ ීත උත්ඳදනඹට මූරක අඩිතතභ් විඹ. ඉන් අනතුරුැ කරුණරත්න අවබ්ව්ථකර භහතවේ දඹකත්ැවඹන් ුවැන් විදුර ළභ ීත වි ත ප්රභණඹ් නිර්භණඹ වී ඇත. ‘කරු අිඹ‘ නි න් හදින්ව එතුභන් විසින් රචාන කළ අවඳ අම්භ වකොළම ගිහිරූත, කළු භන්වකවෙ ෙරූ ත්රූත, දන් නිැඩු කවත හින්ද න් ඉ්ථවක වරූ, වරූනවෙ පිට භද ඉරි තුන ඇන්ව , සුරතරූ අවප් වඳනීත, අම්භ භැ වදොි කරන්න හදපු හ න අවෙි ැනි ළභ ීතත අදටත් ඹනප්රිඹ ඹ. ළභ භනසට වෙ චාර ැන ඳරි වදන් ඉතභත් සරත සුෙභ ඵ්ථ ැහරින් ීතත රචාන ිරීභට ඔුද සභත් විඹ
109 එව්ථ ආරම්බ ව ුවැන් විදුර ළභ ීතතඹ සරත් විභතවීර, ආචාර්ඹ අඹන්ත රණසිගහ, ඹඹම්ඳතී අරූෙභ, අව ක වකොළමවේ, වඩ රූටන් අරූවි්ථ, වේභකීර්ති ද අරූවි්ථ, භහින්ද අරූෙභ, භහචාර්ඹ සුනිරූ ආරිඹරත්න, ආචාර්ඹ ඩබ්. ඒ. අවබ්සිගහ, ෙි ණී විව තුගෙ ආදීන්වේ වේඹ ඳද රචාන ඩී. ඩී. ඩනී, න්ති දිසනඹක, ණුතරත්න වතන්නවක න්, පි. එරූ. ඒ. වස භඳත, තිතකසිරි ප්රනන්දු, ඩී. ආර්. පීරි්ථ, සරත් දසනඹක, භහචාර්ඹ සනත් නන්දසිරි, තඹනරූ අරූෙභ, නන්ද භතනී, ඔ්ථ නන් මුඛණසිගහ, වෂරූටන් වේභරත්න, නුතරන් ඹඹරත්න, වර හණ වීරසිගහ, වර හණ ඵ දවේ ැනි සගීතතාඹන්වේ තනු නිර්භණඹන්වෙන් හඩෙන්වී ළභ ීතත සහිතයඹ වඳ ෂණඹ කවේඹ. මුඛරූ කතවේ ළභ ීතත ිහිඳඹ් වතස උද්සනභ වඳොඩි අපි දිැ එනැ, වහොර පවස් ඵටු මීවඹ් , ණුරුම්ඵට් න භශ්රවම්, භවේ පිඟවන් ඉන්න භරෙ කූරිවඹ , වභ ඩ භදුරුවැ , ුද ස ස්ථතරකරවඹ ආදිඹ හදින්විඹ හිඹ වභභ ීතතැත ඇති විවශ්ෂත්ැඹ ැන්වන් ැත්භන් ඳරපුර ද වභභ ීතත ෙඹන ිරීභ වභන්භ ඳසරූ විෂඹ නිර්ව ඹටද ඇතුළත් කර තිබීභි වභභ ීතත නිර්භණඹ වවේ ුවැන් විදුරවේ ළභ ැඩසටහන් ෙණනැ් ඔ්ථව්ථ ඹ. ළභ තීරඹ, ළභ පි නඹ, රිදී සීනු ි නි ිගින්, සර්ථැතී භණ්ඩඳඹ, නිරි සින රැර, සගීතත භණ්ඩඳඹ, සගීතත සන්ධයැ, ළභ විවිධ ප්රසගෙඹ, රන් රසුදරූ, මුඛතු ඳඵළු, පුගචි ීතත ඉන් ිහිඳඹි. එකත ළභ පි නවේ ීත ෙයූ ළභ ෙඹක ෙිකැන් ඳසු කතවේ ප්රවීණ ශිරූපීන් ඵැට ඳත්විඹ. ට්රිරශ්රඹ අවබ්වක න් (ුවණැර්ධන) , චාන්ද්රනි ුවණැර්ධන, නන්ද භතනී, භරූකන්ති පීරි්ථ (නන්දසිරි), නිරගඹත සවර ඹනී, නිර්භත පීරි්ථ (රණතුගෙ),දඹරත්න රණතුගෙ, චාන්ද්රනි වර ද්රිුව, වනොවඹරන් රඹනවේ, ඇ්ථ
110 රඹනවේ, වර හණ සිරිැර්ධන, තගක රිතනී ුවණව්ථකර, ඉන්දීැරී ආරිඹසිගහ, චිත්ර ණුභරි කළුවඵ විත(ඳත්තප්වඳරුභ)ඉන් ිහිඳ වදවනි. වකව්ථ වැතත් සිගහත ීතත ් වශ්රුත්රඹට ළභ ීතත සහිතයඹ් නිර්භණඹ ිරීවම් වෙෞරැඹ හිි ැන්වන් ුවැන් විදුරඹටි. ශාස්ත්රීය සීත ය 1952 ැර්ෂවේ දී එම්. ව . වඳවර්ර භහත අධය් ෂ ඹනරරූැරඹ වතස ඳත්වීභ ුවැන් විදුරවේ සගීතත අග ඹට භහත් ආවත කඹ් විඹ ුවැන් විදුරවේ ්ථත්රීඹ සගග්රහඹ නි න් සහිතය නටය විචාර වභන්භ ්ථත්රීඹ ෙඹන හ ැදන ඇතුළත් ැඩසටහන් ආරම්බ වවේ එභ ුතෙවේ දීඹ එතුභන් විසින් රෙධරි සගීතතවේ එන සයරූ ෙඹන , බඹන්, කේැර, ෙසරූ ැනි ඉන්දීඹ ශිරූපින්වේ ෙඹන හ ැදන ත න ආධරවඹන් ්ථත්රීඹ සගග්රහඹ ැඩසටහනින් ඉදිරිඳත් කවේඹ. භහචාර්ඹ රතන්ඹන්කර් ඳඩිතුභවේ ශිරූපී ැර්ීතකරණඹ තුළ ශ්රී තගික ්ථත්රීඹ ෙඹන හ ැදන ශිරූපීන් ද විශිශ්රුට වේන්ඹ, ඒ වේන්ඹ හ බී වේන්ඹ ැ වඹන් ැර්ෙ කරන තදී. එච්. ඩබ්. රඳසිගහ, වදොන් භනි්ථ ඳට් නආරච්චි, ඩබ්.බී.භණුවතොරෙැ,ඩී.සී.වකොඩිතුැ් ණු,දඹරත්න ද සිරූැ,වෂරූටන් වේභරත්න, ශ්රිඹන් චාන්ද්රව්ථන, ඩබ්. භධුරැතී, එම්. ආරිඹදස, එම්. ඒ. පිඹදස, වස භදස ඇරූවි නෙත, ඳණ්ඩිත් අභරව ැ, භහචාර්ඹ සනත් නන්දසිරි, භහචාර්ඹ අභර රණතුගෙ, ආචාර්ඹ දඹරත්න රණතුගෙ, වේභැග හපුැතන, අනිරූ ි හිරිඳන්න, ටිට්ථ වන නි්ථ, වේභදස මුඛදුන්වකොටුැ, සුදත් වික්රභසිගහ, වස භසිරි ඉවරූසිගහ ඉන් ිහිඳවදවනි
111 50 ද කවේ සිට ැර්තභනඹ ද් ැභ ්ථත්රීඹ සගග්රහඹ ඔ්ථව්ථ රෙධරී සගීතතගෙ ප්රචාරඹ කරන අතර ඒ සහභ සදනි න් සි නන වැනභ ශ්රැක වකොට්ේ ඹ් අදටත් සි නති. ්ථත්රීඹ සගීතතඹ, රෙධරී සගීතතඹ ඇසුරින් ීතත නිර්භණඹ වීභද වභකත සිදු විඹ. රෙ රසගෙ,රේධර ැනි ැඩසටහන් ඔ්ථව්ථ වභභ ීතත නිර්භණඹ විඹ. රෙ භත ඳදනම් ව ීතත ඔ්ථව්ථ සභනය ඹනතැවේ රස වින්දනඹ උස්ථ භට්ටභකට වෙන ආ හි ීතත සහිතයඹ් නිර්භණඹ ිරීභ වභහි අරමුඛණ විඹ. ත නාටක ුවැන් විදුරවේ ීතත පිළිඵ කත කරන විට ීතත නටක ඔ්ථව්ථ බිහි ව ීතත පිළිඵැ විවශ්ෂවඹන් සහන් කළුතතු වැි ීතත සහිතයවේ වඳ ෂණඹට ීතත නටක ඉභහත් ව්ථැැ් ඉටු කවේඹ වත්වි්ථ ුවරුවේ භහතවේ ඉරූරෘභ භත පී ඩන්්ථටන් ද සිරූැ භහතවේ උනන්දුවැන් ශ්රී චාන්ද්රරත්න භනැසිගහඹන් රචාන කළ "භවන හරී" ීතත නටකඹ ඳළමුඛ ීතත නටකඹි. වභඹ 1955 වදසම්ඵර් 8 වැනිද ප්රචාරඹ විඹ. ඹම්ිසි කත ැ්ථතුැ් ීතතැත් ඵවින් ඉදිරිඳත් ිරීභ ීතත නටකැත ්ථැබැඹි. ීතත නටක ඔ්ථව්ථ නිර්භණඹ ව ීතත අතර "උරූඳත" ීතත නටකවේ එන වේභ තටව් වම්කි භන්ව් , "තගක" ීතත නටකවේ එන ධර්භ දිඳනී තගක ධරණී ැනි ීතත හදින්විඹ හිඹ. ඳණ්ඩිත් විභරූ අබඹසුන්දර, භහචාර්ඹ සුනන්ද භවේන්ද්ර, භහචාර්ඹ සුනිරූ ආරිඹරත්න, ධර්භසිරි ෙභවේ, අරිවසන් අුදබුදු, ආචාර්ඹ ප්රනීත් අබඹසුන්දර ැන්නන් භනැසිගහඹන්වේ ආබෂඹ ඔ්ථව්ථ ීතත නටක රචාන කළ අතර පී ඩන්්ථටන් ද සිරූැ, වස භදස ඇරූවි නෙත,එම් ආරිඹදස,ඳණ්ඩිත් අභරව ැ,ව්ථන වීරව්ථකර ආදී සගීතතාවඹ
112 සගීතත නිර්භණවඹන් දඹක වහ ඳණ්ඩිත් අභරව ැඹන්වේ සිට එැකට සි න ප්රමුඛස වඳවේ ෙඹක ෙිකැන් වභභ ීතත නටක සහ ෙඹනවඹන් දඹක වහ. පණ්ඩිත්අමරයේව ුවැන් විදුර ීතතඹ පිළිඵැ කත කරන විට විවශ්ෂවඹන් සහන් කළ ුතතු නභඹි ඳණ්ඩිත් අභරව ැ නභඹ. භහචාර්ඹ රතන්ඹන්කර් ඳඩිතුභවේ කටහඬ ඳරී් ෂණවඹන් විශිශ්රුට වේන්වේ ශිරූපිවඹණු වතස අභරව ැඹන් සභත් විඹ අභරව ැඹන් නිස ුවැන් විදුර ීතත සහිතයඹ අගෙ වදක් ඔ්ථව්ථ වඳ ෂණඹ විඹ ඒ උත්තර බරතීඹ සගීතතඹ ඔ්ථව්ථ හ ව ය ඹ ඹන ීත නද ඔ්ථව්ථඹ එවභන්භ අභරව ැ භහෙභ ව්ථකර සුසගවඹ ෙවඹන් ඉත විශිශ්රුට ීතත එකතුැ් සිගහත ීතත ් වශ්රුත්රඹට දඹද විඹ අභරව ැ ව්ථකර ඉදිරිඳත් කළ "භධුැන්ති" ැඩසටහන ඉහළභ ශ්රැක සම්බැනැට ඳත්ර ව ැඩසටහනි. ීතත සහිතයවේ වඳ ෂණඹට අෙන ීතත රැස් වම් සුසගවඹ ෙවඹන් එ් විඹ. අභරව ැඹන් සභෙ ුතෙ ෙඹනඹට හ අත්ැරූ ෙඹනඹට ුවැන් විදුරඹට ඳි න් පිරිස් ද ඳසුකරෘනැ සගීතත ් වශ්රුත්රඹ ඵඵතව ශිරූපීන් ඵැට ඳත්විඹ. ආචාර්ඹ නන්ද භතනී, ආචාර්ඹ වර හණ වීරසිගහ, ඵන්දුත විව වීර, ත් ශ්රුභන් විව ව්ථකර, භතනී බුතත්සිගහත, එඩ්ැඩ් ඹඹවකොඩි,නීත වික්රභසිගහ ඉන් ිහිඳවදවනි.
113 රිජ්යේතිලකරත්නයුගය ුවැන් විදුරවේ ්ථැර්ණභඹ ුතෙඹ වතස අදටත් සතවකන්වන් රි වේ තිතකරත්න ුතෙඹි ුවැන් විදුර සබඳති හ අධය් ෂ ඹනරරූැරඹ වතස 1973 සප්තම්ඵර් භස එතුභ ඳත් විඹ ඉත වහො ප්රි තිවඹන් ුතත් ීතත ශ්රැකඹ වැත ුවැන් විදුරවඹන් ප්රදනඹ ිරීභ එතුභවේ මූරක අරමුඛණ විඹ උත්තර බරතීඹ රෙධරි සගීතතඹ, සරත සගීතතඹ වභන්භ ඹන සගීතත නද රට ඔ්ථව්ථ නිර්භණඹ ව ීතත ශ්රැකඹට ුවැන් විදුරවඹන් වම් කතවේ දී තිළිණ විඹ ශ්රැකින්වේ රසිකත්ැඹ උස්ථ භට්ටභකට වෙන ඒභට නම් උස්ථ ප්රබු ධ ීතත නිර්භණඹ විඹ ුතතු ඵැ එතුභවේ අදහස විඹ. උස්ථ තත්ත්ැවේ ීත ඳද රචාන ණුසතත පිරිපුන් සගීතතාින් තැ සගීතත නිර්භණඹ කර ප්රතිබපර්ණ ෙඹක ෙිකැන් තැ ෙඹන කරවීභට ඔුද කටුතතු කවේඹ. ඒ අනුැ ප්රබු ධ ීත, නැ නිර්භණ, ්ථැර් රගෙ, ීතත තරගෙනී, ්ථැර ැර්ණ ැනි විවශ්ෂ සගීතත ැඩසටහන් නිශ්රුඳදනඹ කරන තදී. වභහිදී ජී. එ්ථ. බී. රනි වඳවර්ර භහත්ි ඹ ද විවශ්ෂවඹන් සිහිඳත් කළ ුතතුඹ. ඇඹ ෙිකැ් වභන්භ ැඩසටහන් නිශ්රුඳදිකැ් වතස ඉත උස්ථ භට්ටවම් ීතත වඵොවහ ප්රභණඹ් ුවැන් විදුර ීතත සහිතයඹට දඹද ිරීභට මූරක වැඹ ඉහත ැඩසටහන් සහ ීතත රචාන කරි න්,සගීතතඹ නිර්භණඹ කරි න්,ෙඹන කරි න් නැ වේඹ ඳද රචාක ඳරපුර් ද,නැ සගීතතා ඳරපුර් ද නැ ෙඹක ඳරපුර් ද බිහි විඹ අරිවසන් අුදබුදු, හිුතඵත් දිසනඹක, විභරූ අබඹසුන්දර, වඹ ර් වත්ථර රණසිගහ, අනුරධ වසවනවිරත්න, ්ථැර්ණ ශ්රී ඵණ්ඩර, තතගෙභ වේභදස, වඩ රූටන් අරූවි්ථ, වේභකීර්ති ද අරූවි්ථ, ආචාර්ඹ අඹන්ත රණසිගහ, භහචාර්ඹ
114 සුනිරූ ආරිඹරත්න, රේෂන් බුතත්සිගහත, වේභදස ශ්රී අතැත්තවේ, ඩබ් ඒ අවබ්සිගහ, සුනිරූ සරත් වඳවර්ර, ඹඹම්ඳතී අරූෙභ, භහින්ද අරූෙභ, ධර්භසිරි ෙභවේ, රන්ඵණ්ඩ වසවනවිරත්න, සුනිරූ ආර්. ෙභවේ, ව් . ඩී. ව් . ධර්භැර්ධන, ණුතරත්න ආරිඹැග , ණුභරදස සපුතන්ත්රී එභ වේඹ ඳද රචාකින් අතරින් ිහිඳ වදවනි. සගීතතාින් වතස ඳණ්ඩිත් අභරව ැ, ආචාර්ඹ වේභසිරි ව් භදස, තඹනරූ අරූෙභ, වි් ටර් රත්නඹක, වස භදස ඇරූවි නෙත, පී. ඩන්්ථටන් ද සිරූැ, ඩී. ආර්. පීරි්ථ, එච්. එම්. ඹඹැර්ධන, ්ථටන්ර පීරි්ථ, වර හණ වීරසිගහ, ත් ශ්රුභන් විව ව්ථකර, වර හණ ඵ දවේ ැන්නන් ද ෙඹක ෙිකැන් වතස ඳණ්ඩිත් අභරව ැ, වි් ටර් රත්නඹක,භහචාර්ඹ සනත් නන්දසිරි, ආචාර්ඹ නන්ද භතනී, ආචාර්ඹ දඹරත්න රණතුගෙ,භහචාර්ඹ අභර රණතුගෙ,සුනිරූ එදිරිසිගහ,ටී.එම්. ඹඹරත්න, නීත වික්රභසිගහ, භර්වින් වඳවර්ර, නිරගඹත සවර ිතනී, වර හණ ඵ දවේ,ප්රිඹ සරිඹව්ථන,ඵන්දුත විව වීර ආදීන් හදින්විඹ හිඹ. ඳසු කතවේ වම් සිඹළු වදනභ සරත ීත ැඩසටහන් සහද දඹක වී ඇත. ජනත ුවැන් විදුරඹට ඹන ීත හනාන්ැ වදන ත ව ෙරු රඹු් ැරූවරූ සි ධර්ථ ්ථැමීන් ැහන්ව්ථ විසිනි උන්ැහන්ව්ථ ඒැ ඉදිරිඳත් කරන ෙභන් ඒ ඌරවඳොත නිරි
115 ඵණ්ඩ භහතැ ද සහබීත කරැ ෙත්හ ඉන්ඳසු ද් ෂ ඹන ීත ෙඹකින් ුවැන් විදුරඹට සම්ඵන්ධ විඹ. ව ය ඹ ෙඹන ් වශ්රුත්රඹ ැඩ ැර්ධනඹ වවේ 1970 වඳඵරැරි භස සිගහත සගීතත ඳර්වේෂණ අග ඹ ආරම්බ වීභත් සභෙඹ. එහි ප්රධනිඹ වවේ සී ද එ්ථ. ණුතතිතක භහතඹ. එතුභන් විසින් තගකවේ විවිධ ප්රව ැත ඳැතින සම්ප්රදික ඹන ෙඹන එ් රැ්ථ කවේඹ. ඹන ීත ප්රතිනිර්භණ, ැදය ැෘන්ද හ ඹන සගීතත නද රට ආශ්රිත නැ නිර්භණ ීතත ඉදිරිඳත් කවේඹ. ඔුද කළ ඳර්වේෂණැත ප්රතිපතඹ් වතස ඹන සගීතතඹ ඇසුවර් බිහි ව නිර්භණ රශිඹ් සිගහත ීතත ් වශ්රුත්රඹට එ් විඹ. ෙන වතරූ සදුන් (ඳදුරු භවරූ කවි), ුත වදටත් ඇවිත් (හටන් කවි), වද ි අම්භ (දරු නතවිර), ැරතස පිතවස නීත (රඵන් ීත), සරී වසොට ඵඳි ැරතස (ගිරිව වී කවි)ආදී ැ වඹන් සම්ප්රදික ඹන ෙඹන ඇසුවරන් කළ ප්රතිනිර්භණ ද හටන් ීත, ෙඹෙ ැන්නභ, දරු නතවිර, තතභත ීත ආදී නද රට ඇසුවරන් ැදය ැෘන්ද ද නිර්භණඹ කළ ණුතතිතක භහත ව ය ඹ ඹන ීත නද රට ඇසුවරන් නැ ීතත ද නිර්භණඹ කළ අතර ප්රවීණ සගීතතාින්ට ද ඹන ීත නද රට ඇසුවරන් නිර්භණ කරන්නට ආරධන කවේඹ ඵ ද ැටට සුදු වභොර භරූ,ද්තට ැළරෙ,රන් දිඹමි, භවෙ රත්තරන් වහවරූන, භරූසර, ි ුතරු සිනවැන්, වකෝථැතුකන්ව , භරූැවන් වර ස කණුත ඉන් ිහිඳඹි ැත්භන් ඳරපුවර් ශිරූපින් ද ඹන ීත නද රට ඔ්ථව්ථ නැ නිර්භණ කරන්නට වඳළඹී ඇත්වත් එද ුවැන් විදුරවේ සගීතත ඳර්වේෂණ අග වඹන් ඹන ීත ආශ්රිත ීතත සහිතයඹ් නිර්භණඹ කළ නිසඹ.
116 ටී එම් ඹඹරත්න, නිත වික්රභසිගහ, වර හණ ඵ දවේ, නන්ද භතනී, නන්ද ඳතිරණ, නරනී රණසිගහ, අිවැ වඩනි්ථ, නන්ද වඳවර්ර, එඩ්ැඩ් ඹඹවකොඩි, ආදීන් සගීතත ඳර්වේෂණ අග වඹන් බිහි ව නිර්භණ සහ දඹක ව ශිරූපින්ඹ. විරිදු ුවැන් විදුරවේ මුඛරූභ කතවේ විරිදු ඉදිරිඳත් කළ ශිරූපීන් වදවදවන් ැන්වන් සිරිභතී වඳවර්ර සහ ආනන්ද ති්ථස ද අරූවි්ථ වේ ආනන්ද ති්ථස ද අරූවි්ථ විරිදු ෙඹන කරන විට ඔුදවේ පිඹ ැඹරෘනඹ ැදනඹ කවේඹ. මුඛරන්භ ඳරන් තතඹකට විරිදු ෙඹන කළ අතර වනොවඹ් තත අනුැ විරිදු ෙඹන ිරීභ වභන්භ ෙි කත ආදිඹ ද විරිදු භගින් ඉදිරිඳත් ිරිභ ආරම්බ කරන ත ව යූ. ඒ. එ්ථ. වඳවර්ර විසිනි. ෙරූවරූ ජී. එම්.පිඹදස, රත්නපුවර් ආනන්ද කවිරත්න, ි න්පුර ඹඹව්ථන එකත නභෙත් විරිදු ෙඹකවඹ වහ. බයිලා ඵිත උස්ථ ීතත වතස අැදනඹට ත් වැ් වනොවේ. නමුඛත් 1950 1960 කතවේ ඵිත ෙඹන සහ ඳරී් ෂණඹ් ඳැත්ැ ඇති ඵැ සහන් වේ. වැළ ව්ථැවඹන් හ ්ථැව ය ඹ ව්ථැවඹන් ඵිත ප්රචාරඹ වී ඇති අතර ඒ සහ වැන් වැන්ැ ීතත ෙයූ ෙඹක ෙිකැන් සිට ඇත. සීත අීශය 1984වඳරැරි භසවේ ුවැන් විදුර සබඳති ධූරඹට ඳත් ව රවී විව භන්න භහත විසින් සගීතත අග ඹ වැනභ ඒකකඹ් වතස පිහිටුැන තදී. සගීතත
117 අග වේ ප්රථභ අධය් ෂැරඹ වවේ ආචාර්ඹ දඹරත්න රණතුගෙ භහත ඹ ඉන්ඳසු සිඹරෙභ සගීතත ැඩසටහන් සගීතත අග ඹ ඹටතට වෙන නිශ්රුඳදකැරුන් තැ විධිභත් වතස නිශ්රුඳදනඹ කරැන තදී. සරත ීත, ්ථත්රීඹ සගීතතඹ, ඹන ීත, නර්ති, නඩෙම්, විරිනා, ඵිත ඇතුළු විවිධ සගීතත ැඩසටහන් සගීතත අග වඹන් නිශ්රුඳදනඹ විඹ. එවභන්භ සගීතත ඳර්වේෂණ අග ඹත්, වදභළ ,මුඛ්ථරම්,හ ඉග්රීසි සගීතත අග හ ප්රව ය ඹ ව්ථැ සගීතත අග ත් සගීතත අධය් ෂැරඹ ඹටතට ඳත්විඹ. වම් නිස සගීතත රසාතැඹ ැර්ධනඹ ිරීභට විවිධ ැඩසටහන් ක්රිඹත්භක විඹ. ප්රව ය ඹ ව්ථැැත ැදක භණ්ඩතඹට සුදු්ථසන් ඵැ වෙන නැ නිර්භණත්භක ැඩසටහන් නිශ්රුඳදනඹ කරැන තදී. එහි ප්රතිපතඹ් ැ වඹන් ඒ ඒ ප්රව ැත ද් ෂ ෙඹක ෙිකවැ සහ ැදකවඹ ද බිහි වහ වඳරදිෙ, කර්ණටක සහ අඳරදිෙ සගීතත ව රෘන් වේ සම්ි ශ්රණවඹන් විවිධ නිර්භණ ඇතුළත් බැ රගෙ ැනි ප්රසගෙ ද නැ නිර්භණ ීතත ද බිහි කරන තදී සරලත සරත ීත ඹන නභඹ සිගහත ීතත ් වශ්රුත්රඹට එ් වවේ ුවැන් විදුරඹ ඔ්ථව්ථ ඹ භහචාර්ඹ රතන්ඹන්කර් ඳඩිතුභ සහබගි ව ුවැන් විදුර ශිරූපීන් ැර්ෙ ිරීවම් ඳරී් ෂණවඹන් විශිශ්රුට වේන්ඹ, ‘ඒ‘ වේන්ඹ, ‘බී‘ වේන්ඹ ැ වඹන් ශිරූපීන් ැර්ෙ කරන තදී වම් ැර්ෙ ිරීම් ඔසව්ථ ඒ ඒ ශිරූපීන් සහබගි ැන සරත ීත ැඩසටහන් විශිශ්රුට වේන්වේ සරත ීත, ‘ඒ‘ වේන්වේ සරත ීත, ‘බී‘ වේන්වේ සරත ීත ැ වඹන් ැර්ෙ විඹ. සරත ීත ැඩසටහවන් ආරම්බඹ කැද දි නිශ්චිත ැ වඹන් සහන් කළ වනොහි වුැත් ැර්තභනඹ ද් ැභ අසණ්ඩැ ඳැත්ැවෙන ඹන ැඩසටහනි. ඉත උස්ථ ෙණවේ ඳද රචානැතට ්ථත්රීඹ
118 සගීතතඹ, සරත සගීතතඹ, ඵටහිර සගීතතඹ, ව ය ඹ ඹන ීත ආශ්රිතැ සගීතතඹ නිර්භණඹ කරි න් ශ්රැක රසවින්දනඹ ඉහත භට්ටභක ඳැත්ැ වෙන ඹි න් ුවැන් විදුර සරත ීත ඔ්ථව්ථ විශිශ්රුට ීත රශිඹ් සිගහත ීතත ් වශ්රුත්රඹට තිළිණ කවේඹ. විනඩි 15 සහ විනඩි 30 ැ වඹන් සරත ීත ැඩසටහන් ්ථැව ය ඹ ව්ථැවඹන් හ වැළ ව්ථැවඹන් දිනඳත ප්රචාරඹ ව අතර විශිශ්රුට ෙණවේ ීත නිර්භණ තභ ැඩසටහන ඔ්ථව්ථ ඉදිරිඳත් කරන්නට ශිරූපීන් උනන්දු විඹ. වඵොදු ීත, ව භිභනී ීත, ඳරිසර ැර්ණනත්භක ීත, භේුවණ ීත, පිඹ ුවණ ීතත, නතවිර ීත, උඳව ීත, ආදර ීත , විරහ ීත ආදී ැ වඹන් විවිධ භතෘක ඔ්ථව්ථ වභභ ීතත නිර්භණඹ විඹ. සරත ීත ැඩසටහන් සහ සහබීත ැන ස්භ ශිරූපිවඹ් භ ඉත උනන්දුවැන් ැඩසටහනට සහබීත විඹ. සරත ීත ැඩසටහන සහ ීතතඹ් ෙඹන ිරීභට වඳර ඳද රචානඹ අනුභත කරෙත ුතතු විඹ. වම් නිස හරසුන් වඵොළ රචානැතට ඉඩකඩ ඇසුරුනි වම් නිස ඉත විශිශ්රුට ෙණවේ ීතත එකතුැ් සරත ීතත ඔ්ථව්ථ සිගහත ීතත ් වශ්රුත්රඹට තබිනි ඒ නිසභ ද් ෂතැවඹන් පිරිපුන් නිර්භණත්භක ීතත රචාක ඳරපුර් ද බිහි විඹ වඳර සහන් කළ වේඹ ඳද රචාකින්ට අභතරැ සරත ීත සහ පඹය රඹු් කන සි ධර්ථ හිි , රත්න ශ්රී විව සිගහ, රන්ඵණ්ඩ වසවනවිරත්න, ඵණ්ඩර ඇහරඹවෙොඩ, ැසන්ත ණුභර වකොඵැක, පඹය ඳරූවරූෙභ වේභරතන හිි , භහින්ද දිසනඹක, භහින්ද චාන්වද්ර්ථකර, කපිත ණුභර කරගෙ, සභන්ත වේරත්, ඵන්දුත නනඹ් කර ැසම්,නිතර් එම් කසිම්,ඹමුඛන භරනී වඳවර්ර,බු ධදස
119 ෙතප්ඳත්ති, තරූ හ්වෙොඩ, දඹ ද අරූවි්ථ, ණුසුම් පීරි්ථ, ආදීන් ද ීත ඳද රචානවඹන් දඹක විඹ. එභ ඳද රචාන සහ සගීතතඹ නිර්භණඹ කවේ ද ් වශ්රුත්රවේ ප්රවීණ සගීතතාඹන් විසිනි. තභ ෙඹන හිඹැන් ඉදිරිඳත් කර වේන්ෙත වු ශිරූපීන් පිරිස් වභභ ීතත ෙඹන කතහ. ඳණ්ඩිත් අභරව ැ, සුඹත අත්තනඹක, තත ැරූවඳොත, වි් ටර් රත්නඹක, නන්ද භතනී, රඳ ඉන්දුභතී, භහචාර්ඹ සනත් නන්දසිරි, භහචාර්ඹ අභර රණතුගෙ, ආචාර්ඹ දඹරත්න රණතුගෙ, චාන්ද්රික සිරිැර්ධන, සුනිරූ එදිරිසිගහ, අිවැ වඩනි්ථ, වර හණ වීරසිගහ, ප්රිඹ සරිඹව්ථන, ඇන්ඹරන් ුවණතිතක, ශ්රීභතී තිතකරත්න, සිසිර ව්ථනරත්න, ඉන්ද්රනි ව්ථනරත්න, නරනී රණසිගහ, නීත වික්රභසිගහ, ටී එම් ඹඹරත්න, අවබ්ැර්ධන ඵතසරිඹ, නිරගඹත සවර ිතනී, නිර්භත රණතුගෙ, භරූකන්ති නන්දසිරි, න්ති ීතතව ැ,ුවණදස කපුවේ,එඩ්ැඩ් ඹඹවකොඩි,පිඹසිරි විව රත්න,අතුත වස භසිරි, වර හණ සිරිැර්ධන, ුවැන් විදුර සරත ීතතඹ වඳ ෂණඹ කළ පිරිස අතරින් ිහිඳ වදවනිඑද වභදතුර සිගහත ීතත සහිතයඹ වඳ ෂණඹ කරන්නට ැඩිභ ීතත ප්රභණඹ් නිර්භණඹ වවේ ුවැන් විදුර සරත ීත ැඩසටහන ඔ්ථව්ථඹ. යවළඳයස්වය ුවැන් විදුරඹ පිළිඵැ සහන් කරන විට වැළ ව්ථැඹ ඔ්ථව්ථ සිගහත ීතතඹ වඳ ෂණඹ වු අුතරු විවශ්ෂවඹන් සහන් කළ ුතතුඹ. වැළ ව්ථැඹ ඔ්ථව්ථ වැනභ ීතත කතැ් නිර්භණඹ විඹ. ්ථැව ය ඹ ව්ථැඹ තරම් උස්ථ භට්ටභ් ීතතවඹන් ඵතවඳොවරොත්තු වනොවුණත් ශ්රැක රසවින්දනඹට ිසිව්ථත්භ හනි
120 වනොැන සරත ීතත සහිතයඹ් වැළ ව්ථැඹ ඔ්ථව්ථ නිර්භණඹ විඹ වැළ ව්ථැඹට වැනභ විවශ්ශ්රත ව ශිරූපීන් පිරිස් වහ. එච්. ආර්. වඹ තිඳත, ි රූටන් භරූතැරච්චි, ් තරන්්ථ විව ැර්ධන, ඉන්ද්රනි වඳවර්ර ැනි ශිරූපීන්, එම්. එ්ථ ප්රනන්දු, නිහරූ වනරූසන්, භරිඹවසරූ ුවණතිතක, ැනි වේෙ රි භ ෙඹන ශිරූපීන් ඉදිරිඹට ආවේ වැළ ව්ථැඹ ඔ්ථව්ථඹ. වාදකමණ්ඩලය වකතරම් උස්ථ භට්ටවම් ඳද රචානඹ් වුැත් විශිශ්රුට ්ථැර රචානඹිත් හඩෙන්වී ෙඹකවඹණුවේ වහ ෙිකැකවේ හඞින් ඹනතැ අතරට ඹන්නට ඳසුබිි න් තවඵන්න ව වඹ ධ ් තිඹ ැන්වන් ැදක භණ්ඩතඹි. ුවැන් විදුර ැදක භණ්ඩතඹ අති ද් ෂ ැදන ශිරූපින්වෙන් සදුම් ත දි. ්ථථිර ැදක භණ්ඩතඹ් හිි තගකවේ එකභ විදුත් භධය ආඹතනඹ ද ුවැන් විදුරඹි. අදටත් අඳ කත කරන විශිශ්රුට ැදකින් හභදභ බිහිවවේ ුවැන් විදුරවඹනි. ඳළමුඛ ැදක භණ්ඩතඹ ුවැන් විදුරවේ ්ථථපිත ැන්වන් 1939 ැර්ෂවේ දීඹ. එහි නඹකත්ැඹ ඉසිරෙවේ එැක කීර්තිභත් ැඹරන් ැදන ශිරූපිවඹණු ව එච්. වදොන් වින්සන්ට් පීරි්ථ භහතඹ. ඳසුකරෘනැ එඩ්වින් සභරදිැකර, ඳණ්ඩිත් අභරව ැ,වස භදස ඇරූවි නෙත ැනි භහ ෙන්ධර්ැඹන්වේ නඹකත්ැඹ ඹටවත් ැදක භණ්ඩතවේ ශිරූපීන් ුවැන් විදුරවේ විවිධ සගීතත ැඩසටහන් සහ සිඹ දඹකත්ැඹ තඵ දී ඇත. 1969 ැර්ෂවේ දී වස භදස ඇරූවි නෙත භහතවේ නඹකත්ැවඹන් සිගහත ව්ථැවේ ැදක භණ්ඩතඹ ද න්ති දිසනඹක භහතවේ නඹකත්ැවඹන් වැළ ව්ථැවේ ැදක භණ්ඩතඹ ද භනිඵෙැතර් භහතවේ නඹකත්ැවඹන් වදභළ ව්ථැවේ ැදක භණ්ඩතඹ ද ඳැත්ැවෙන ඹන
121 තදී. 1970සගීතත ඳර්වේෂණ අග ඹ ආරම්බ ිරීවභන් ඳසු ඳ්ථ වදවනණුවෙන් ුතත් ව ය ඹ ැදක භණ්ඩතඹ් ද ුවැන් විදුර ැදක භණ්ඩතඹට එකතු විඹ. ශ්රී තගකීඹ සගීතත අම්ඵරඹ ඵඵතව ැදන ශිරූපීන් ැන එම්. ව් . වරෝ සි , එච්. එම්.ඹඹැර්ධන, ඵර් න රණසිගහ, වස භඳත රත්නඹක, ඩී. ඩී. ුවණව්ථන, කතනි වඳවර්ර, ැි. එම්. සුභනසිරි, ති්ථසසිරි වඳවර්ර, වේභඳත ෙරූතවේ, විව රත්න රණතුගෙ, එන්. ඇන්තනී, වත්ථර අව ක, ආනන්ද වේභසිරි,පිඹදස අතුවක රත,එම්.ඩබ්.පීරි්ථ,නිහරූ වඳවර්ර,ඇන්තනි සුවර්න්ද්ර , සුසිරූ අභරසිගහ, සන්වද රි්ථ ඹඹන්ත, කවභරූ රත්නසිරි, හර්ඵට් දඹය ත,භවේන්ද්ර ුවණසිගහ, ඇතුළු ප්රවීණඹන් ුවැන් විදුර ැදක භණ්ඩතවේ සභිතකඹන් වතස සිගහත ීතත ් වශ්රුත්රඹ වඳ ෂණඹ කරන්නට සිඹ ැදන ප්රතිබවැන් දඹක වහ නැ ඳරපුවර් ැදන ශිරූපීන් ද ප්රවීණඹන් ගිඹ භවෙහි ඹි න් ැර්තභන ුවැන් විදුර සගීතත ැඩසටහන් සහ සිඹ දඹකත්ැඹ තඵ වදි න් සි නති වම් අුතරින් සුබවිත ීතත දහ්ථ ෙණන් නිර්භණඹ කරි න් ීතතඹ, සගීතතඹ ඔ්ථව්ථ උස්ථ රුචිකත්ැඹ් ඇති ප්රබු ධ ශ්රැක පිරිස් බිහි කරන්නට ශ්රී තගක ුවැන් විදුරඹ අති විශිශ්රුට වභවහැර් ඉටු කවේඹ ▄ ;=Idrd .S;foaú neoaof.a ix.S; wxYh
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122 ud;r Wmkak;a ujf.a .=re jD;a;sh ksid b;d msáirno ÿIalr m%foaYhla jQ weô,smsáh iy iQßhlkao w;r msysá fldf,dkak kue;s iqkaor mßirhlska fyì m%foaYhg hdug ug isÿúh' ta udf.a mdi,a wjoshhs' b;d ÿIalr jqj;a b;du;a rij;a w;aoelSï iys; ld, mßÉfþohla jQ tu ld, jljdkqj ;=< oekqu riúkaokh ,nd .ekSug fukau md¿j ldkaish u.yrjd .ekSug;a wmg msysg jQ tlu l<K ñ;=rd tjl mej;s tlu .=jka úÿ,shhs' tl, wm ksjfia muKla fkdj" iEu ksjilu mdfya Woeik msß;a Y%jKh lsÍu isß;laj mej;=Ks' th rggu uyd wdYS¾jdohla úh' Wfoa rgu wjos jqfKa ffu;S%iy.; is;ska msß;a wiñks' ta .=jka úÿ,shg mskaisÿ jkakgh' tl, O¾u Y%jKh lf<a jhil Woúhhs' rd;S% 8'00 jkúg .=jka úÿ,s hka;%h iqÿ froaola u; ;nd foaYlhdKka jykafia yuqfõ isákakdla fuka je|f.k nqoaO" Oïu" ix> r;akh flfrys uy;a Y%oaOdfjka mkais,a .kakd jeäysáhka O¾u Y%jKh lrkafka b;du;a Y%oaOdfjks' odkhka w;r W;=ïu odkh f,i nqÿ rcdKka jykafia foaYkd fldg we;s O¾u odkh ,nd §fuka .=jka úÿ,sh wk.s O¾u ¥;fhl=f.a ;ek f.k uy;a jQ mskla isÿlr.;a nj m%lg lreKls' .=jka úÿ,sfha m%:u O¾u foaYkdj l< w;smQcH me<EfKa YS% jðr[dK iajdñka
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123 jykafia O¾u foaYkdj kQ;k iudchg .e,fmk mßÈ mehlg iSud lsÍfuka kj O¾u foaYkd ixialD;shlg uq, msrefõh' WoEik Wod .S; fn!oaO .S; foaYdNsudkS .S; ixj¾Okh ms<sn|j yef.k .S; úúO wd.ñl .S; ck .S wdYs%;j ks¾udKh jQ .S; fm%au .S; ke<ú,s .S wdYs%; .S wdÈh Y%jKh lsÍfuka uy;a m%fndaOhla we;súh' ta iEu .S;hlu mo ud,dj kdo ud,dj ix.S;h .dhkh b;d Wiia fm!reIhla iys; ri úkaaokhla ,ndÿka tajd úh' Y%djl ck;djf.a fm!reI j¾Okhg o tu .S; ukd msájy,la úh' ;j;a úfgl WoEik mdi,a hdug iQodkï jk wmg wefikafka Okd;aul cjhla iys; ixj¾Okh Wfoid wm fmd<Ujk .S;h' —iufkd< uqÿfka isßmo isU isU Wod brla mdhhs˜ —fid÷r ug iuqfokak''' wE; .fï iremi fmr<kakg ud hkjd wo WoEikska˜ —.ñka .ug wreK Wodfjhs˜ —r;a;s wrka Wokelafla fldfyo hkafk kf.da˜ —fyg WmÈk mqxÑ mqf;a˜ wd§ jYfhka .S .%jKfhka oji mqrdu .S;h wm isf;ys /õ ms<s/õ foñka wm m%fndaOj;akej;lf<ah'mdi, weÍ f.or wdmiq iji —y|udud˜ jev igyk o <ud uKavmfha WmkaÈk iqn me;=ïj,g o ijka § wmQre <ud .S;dj,shlska mqnqÿ ùuq' Èkla wmg b;d ys;j;a jQ whshd flfkl=f.a wju.=, meje;aúKs' tÈk tu wju.=,g iyNd.s ù meñK ksjfia isák ug wdpd¾h úlag¾ r;akdhlhkaf.a —tmd ysre mdhkak wÈka miq uf. f,djg wohs wjika oji wef.ka ud''' uf.ka wE iuq.kak˜ kï .S;h .=jka úÿ,sfhka wikakg ,eìKs' th fm%aufha úryj okjk .Shla jqj;a" tÈk wr iyDohdf.a úfhdafjka ÿlg m;aj isá ug fuu .S;h tu wjia:djgu WÑ; fõokdnr yeÕSula oekùh'
124 1983 jif¾ tla Èfkl ud fi!kao¾h úYaj úoHd,fha ksjdvq ld,h yudr fldg b;d lïue,slñka f.or u;la lrñka f.or isg kej;;a fndaäu lrd nifha tkúg tu nia r:fhau —uf. mq;= yß ymkd fyg fld<Ug hkjd˜ kue;s .S;h jdokh úh' tu wjia:dfõ wïudf.a i;aldr .ek" f.or mßirh .ek ys;ñka md¿fjka hk .ufka § weiqKq fuu .S;h uf.a md¿j" ;kslu ;j;a jeä lsÍug fya;= úh' tfiau ud ;=< Okd;aul Ñka;khla o we;s lrùh' zuf. mq;= yß ymkdZ hehs wïud ug lshkakdla fukau ud ymfkl= úh hq;=h hk wêIaGdkh o wNsudkhla o ug ,ndÿks' ta .S;h weiQ ud ;=< we;s jQ tu yeÕuu ta .S;h weiQ fiiq rislhka ;=< o cks; jkakg we;' rd;S% wdydr f.k ? fnda ù kskaog hk uu Ydia;S%h jevigykaj,g ijka ÿka w;r" bka uyd riúkaokhla fiau oekqï iïNdrhla o ,nd .;sñ' tl, .=jka úÿ,s m%jD;a;s ;=<ska NdIdj Wf.k .;a ckhd fndfydah' YS% ,dxflah .S; idys;Hh ìys lsÍu" fmdaIKh lsÍu" th rCIKh lsÍu hk ish¨ .=Kdx.hka YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ Wreuhls' wd.u" wOHdmkh" fi!LHh" lDIsl¾uh" ixialD;sh" o¾Ykh" l,dj" fi!kao¾hh wd§ ish¨ úIh uQ,sl jevigyka YS% ,dxflah ck;djf.a ck uki fmdaIKhg uÕ mEÿfõ YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj hehs lSu w;sYfhdala;shla fkdjk nj lsj ix.S;{hka"ukdh'.dhl .dhsldjka" .S mo rplhska" jdoH Ys,amSka" kdgH Ys,amSka" idys;HOrhka" .S;" Ñ;%mg iy .%ka: úpdrlhka" oCI ffjoHjreka we;=¿ úúO fCIa;%j,g wh;a úúO Ys,amSh uÜgfï úoaj;=ka f,djg odhdo lf<a YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,shhs' ud wid ;snQ tu .=jka úÿ,sh isheiska oel.;af;a 1983 jif¾§h' ta —lfÜ weÕs,a rejdf.k bkafka nv.sksfoda lsßleáfhda˜ .S;fhka ckms%h;ajhg m;aj
125 isá .dhk Ys,amskS l=udß fndaf.dv uy;añhf.a zñheishZ ck ix.S; m¾fhaIK .S .ehSu i|ydh' ta i|yd l=udß fndaf.dv uy;añhf.a ÈhKsh jk iñ;d trkao;S uqÿkafldgqj l=vd oeßh o meñKshdh' tu jevigyfks jQfha ls;aissß w¨;af.a uy;dh' bkamiq ud yg .=jka úÿ,s ir, .S Ys,amsfhl= f,i .dhkhg jrï ,enqKq w;r —ñheish˜ jevigyka lsysmhla iy —kdo ud,kS˜ tla ix.S; jevigykla ix.S;j;a lrñka tl .S;hla .dhkd l< w;r" —msìfok .dhl mrmqr˜ —uyje,s orefjda˜ uyje,sfhka oehg msfok u,a —ksldfvda .S ó ì÷˜ —fidaf.da rkaÈh W,am;˜ wd§ wdOqksl .S; .dhkd jevigyka jir .Kkdjla mqrd ix.S;j;a lsÍfï Nd.Hh ug ysñúh' YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj ta whqßka ud yg ks;r hk tk yqre mqreÿ ia:dkhla jQ w;r 2004 j¾Ifha ud yg tu .=jka úÿ,s ud;djf.a fijfKa fiajh lsÍug jdikdj ,eîu ud Ôú;fha ,o mru Nd.Hhla fia i,lñ' fujeks wdh;khl jD;a;shl kshef<kakg ,efnkafka fmr msklg hehs ug is;=Kq jdr fndfydah' tkï" YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj hk kduhg wm rfÜ muKla fkdj f,dalh mqrd úisÍ isák ish¨u ;rd;srfï ck;dj buy;a fia f.!rj lr;s' nqyquka olaj;s' ta YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ud;dj f,djg odhdo l< jákd iïm;a ksidfjks' YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj ;=< fiajh lrkjd hehs lSuu fndfyda whf.a wdl¾IKhg" ie,ls,a,g fya;=jk nj ug fndfyda wjia:dj, mila jqKq ldrKhls' tu ie,ls,a, ug ,efnkafka .=jka úÿ,s ud;djf.a.=jkakdufhks'úÿ,sud;djg uy;a wdYS¾jdohla jQ W;=ï úch YS% ch YS% uyd fndaê rdchdKka jykafiaf.a wxl=r YdLdjlska frdamKh jQ b;d jákd fndaëka jykafia kul .=jka úÿ,s mßY%fha jevys£' th .=jka úÿ,shg uy;a wdYS¾jdohla nj lsj hq;=h'
jevigykg
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126 tfyhska YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj kue;s W;=ï wdh;kh uyd jDlaIhla f,i fndfyda whg fijK i,iñka f,dalh mqrd .=K iqj| úysÿjñka fï f,dalh mj;sk ;=rdjg ksÿla ksfrda.Sj fhfyka jecfòjdhs udf.a yo m;=f,kau kef.k W;=ï m%d¾:kdjhs' ▄ rcs;a .dñKS úfcafialr wOHCI ix.S; yd m%ldYk wxYh
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127 ls%lÜ .ug f.k hEu hg;aúð; wjÈfha § msysgqjkq ,enQ ,xld .=jka úÿ,s fiajh iqÿ cd;slhskaf.a ls%lÜ lS%vd ;r. ms<sn| úia;r tod m%pdrh lf<a bx.S%is NdIdfjks' cd;sl ksoyi ms<sn| rg wjÈ ùu;a iu. ls%lÜ lS%vdj foaYShlrKh lsÍug uq, msrefõ ,xld .=jka úÿ,s fiajhhs' ta mdi,a ls%lÜ lS%vdjg w;ys; §fuks' 1996 ls%lÜ Wmka rgj,a o wNsnjd f,dal ls%lÜ Y+r;dj Èkd .ekSfï yelshdj we;s cd;sl ls%lÜ lKavdhug lS%vlhska f;dard.kq ,enqfõ wfma mdi,a ls%lÜ lS%vlhska w;=ßks' Tjqkaf.a ls%lÜ Y+r;d jvd;a cjiïmkak lf<a ,xld .=jka úÿ,sh isxyf,ka ls%lÜ úia;r m%pdrh wdrïN lsÍfuka ,;a ffO¾hfhks' tfiau mdi,a uÜgñka ls%lÜ lS%vd l< whg" lS%vd iudcj,g iïnkaO ù lS%vd lsÍug mq¿jka jQfha o .=jka úÿ,sfha Èß.ekaùu ksid njg ielhla ke;' cki;= fiajd" fjf<| fiajd" wka;¾ iudc" wka;¾ m<d;a wd§ ;r.j, úia;r m%pdr fukau ;;aj úia;r jd¾;d iy oCIlï olajk lS%vlhska ms<sn| l;dny lf<a o wfma .=jka úÿ,shhs' lS%vd fiajh wdrïN fjhs 1978 iema;eïn¾ udifha § .=jka úÿ,sfha lS%vd fiajh msysgqjkq ,eîh' m%:u lS%vd wOHCIjrhd f,i ld,agka fifkúr;ak uy;d m;aúh' lS%vd fiajh ;=<ska tf;la bx.S%is niska yd isxy, niska fjk fjku mj;ajd f.k .sh úia;r m%pdr fjkqjg isxy, úkdä 20 la" bx.S%is úkdä 20 la jYfhka tlu fiajdjl úia;r m%pdrh wdrïN úh' th wo jk úg mkaÿ ´jr myla isxy, yd
iqoaokaf.a
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128 mkaÿ ´jr myla bx.S%is f,i fjkia ù we;' lS%%vd fiajfha wdrïNh;a iu. ish¨u lS%vd ms<sn|j l;d lsÍug .=jka úÿ,sh lghq;= lf<ah' iuia; ,xldfõu ck;dj lS%vdj flfrys jeä wjOdkhla oelajQy' fï jk úg b;d oCI jD;a;Sh úia;r m%pdrlhkaf.ka YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj ikakoaO ù we;' fjk;a udOHj, ls%lÜ úia;r m%pdr l<;a" .=jka úÿ,sfha jd.afldaIh" m%ldYk ,S,dj iy mQ¾jdo¾Yh fkdi,ld" fkd;ld tu ld¾hh lsÍug lsisjl=g mq¿jkalula ke;' fï wdldrfhka wm rfÜ ckms%h jQ ls%lÜ lS%vdj we;af;kau wmg muKla fkdj" iuia; wdishdjgu wd.ka;=l hqfrdamdlrfha lS%vdjls' neyeßka wd zwd.ka;=l lS%vdjlaZ wfma .ïueoaog" lu;g" bmke,a,g .sfha flfia o@ ls%lÜ lS%vdfõ wdrïNh yd f,dj mqrd úldYh ùu fufia isÿjk w;r" YS% ,xldfõ ls%lÜ ;r.hl ms<sn|j uq,skau jd¾;d jkafka úfoaYSh fk!ldjla YS% ,xldfõ kex.=rï ,d isáh § fld<U iS'iS'iS' lS%vdx.Kfha § Tjqka ls%lÜ lS%vd lr we;s njhs' fuh YS% ,xldfjka jd¾;d jk uq,au ;r.hhs' YS% ,xldfõ ls%lÜ lS%vdfõ lemS fmfkk ikaêia:dkhla jQfha 1982 j¾Ifha § YS% ,xldj nkaÿ, j¾Kmqrf.a kdhl;ajfhka fgiaÜ jrï Èkd .ekSuhs' 1996 j¾Ifha § w¾cqk rK;=x.f.a kdhl;ajfhka f,dal l=i,dk ls%lÜ ch.%yKh ,nd .ekSu YS% ,dxflah ls%lÜ ys fuf;la jd¾;d jQ iqúfYaIs;u isÿùuhs' th ls%lÜ lS%vdj YS% ,xldj ;=< wd¾Ól jYfhka by< ia:dkhlg meñKSu yd by< ms<s.ekSula ,nd .ekSug fya;= úh' wfkl=;a lS%vdjka yd iie£fï§ YS% ,xldj ;=< ls%lÜ lS%vdj by< ckms%h;djhlska hq;=j wfkl=;a lS%vdjka wNsnjd isà' wiaila uq,a,la kEr Èjhsfka ´kEu m%foaYhl ls%lÜ lS%vd lrk orejka oelSu iq,N o¾Ykhls'
129 ck;dj w;rg ls%lÜ lS%vdj t;rïu .uka lf<a YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,sh ksid hehs lSu w;sYfhdala;shla fkdfõ' r>qkd;a1960ùriQßhj¾Ifha § wdkkao" kd,kao foÈk ls%lÜ ;r.fha wjidk Èkh jQ bßod lreKdr;ak wfífialr uy;d úiska iji 17'00 18'00 olajd ld,h ;=< m%pdrh jk ziriaj;S uKavmhZ jevigyk ;=<ska ls%lÜ ;r.fha ls%lÜ úia;r m%pdrh uq,skau ,nd § we;' .=jka úÿ,s mkaÿfjka mkaÿj ls%lÜ úia;r m%pdr wdrïN jQfha 1963 ud¾;= udifha Èk folla mqrd meje;s wdkkao kd,kao ls%lÜ ;r.fhks' tu Èk foflys wdrïNl mkaÿ ´jrfha isg wjidk mkaÿ ´jrfha wjika mkaÿj olajdu ls%lÜ úia;r m%pdrh flßks' tu úia;r m%pdrhg md,s; fmf¾rd uy;d iu. wdkkaofha úoHd .rejrfhl= jQ r>qkd;a ùriQßh uy;d o tla úh' j;auka ls%lÜ úia;r m%pdrfha wdrïNh thhs' ls%lÜ lS%vdfõ wdrïNl wjia:dfõ § úia;r m%pdrh bx.S%is NdIdfjka muKla úh' wo jk úg fï ;;a;ajh fnfyúka fjkiah' wikakkaf.ka fndfyda úg wmg b,a,Sï ,efnkafka ;r.fha wjidk ch.%yKh olajdu isxy, NdIdfjka wikakg i,iajk f,ihs' fujeks b,a,Sï wmg bgq lsÍug isÿ jQ wjia:d fndfyda we;' YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ reyqKq fiajh isxy, NdIdfjka muKla úia;r m%pdrh f.k ths' úia;r m%pdrfha kï je, isxy, úia;r m%pdrh wdrïNfha § ;snQ m%Odk;u .eg¨j ta i|yd isxy, jpk fkdue;s ùuhs' iuyr jpk issxy,hg mßj¾;kh ùfï § úúO w¾: .ekSï .eg¨jla úh' iuyr jpkj,g wog o isxy, jpk ke;' isxy, ls%lÜ
130 úia;r m%pdr wdrïNfha§u isxy, úia;r m%pdr ckms%h úh' ta ld,fha§u úfYaIfhkau bx.S%is mqj;am;aj, ;Sre ,sms u.ska isxy, úia;r m%pdr Wmydihg ,lafldg ;snqKs' 60 oYlfha ueo Nd.h jk úg bx.S%is úia;r m%pdrhka wNsnjd isxy, úia;r m%pdrhka rg ;=< ckms%h jkakg mgka f.k ;snqKs' bx.S%is mqj;am;aj, l¾;Dg ,efnk ,shqï ;Srej,ska yd fjk;a ,sms u.ska ug yd isxy, úia;r m%pdrlhska yg ;Èka myr ÿka w;r" tajd wmydi" Wmydij,g o ,laflg ;snqKs' tl, zfâ,s ñr¾Z mqj;am;g ;Sre ,smshla ,shQ udKav,sl ,smslrejl= wmj Wmydihg ,lalr ;snqfKa fï ñksiaiq fï fodvjk ukia.d; fudkjdo@ ;j ál l,la hkak fmr fuhd, lshdú Short Leg zfldg ll=,Z lsh, Silly Point zfudav ;ekZ lsh, No Ball zfndaf, kEZ lsh,d''' hkqfjks' md,s; fmf¾rd iu. iÔù f,iska md,s; fmf¾rd .%ka:h isxy, ls%lÜ úia;r m%pdr wdrïN lf<a md,s; fmf¾rd uy;d h' Tyq iu. tjlg isxy, wxYfha fiajh l< ;s,l iqO¾uka o is,ajd" wurnkaÿ rEmisxy" uhsl,a lreKd;s,l" isßfidau chisxy" fm%auir wEmdisxy hk uy;ajreka fukau bx.S%is NdIdfjka ÆIka o fidhsid" n¾á úfÊisxy jeks uy;ajre wdrïNl idudðlhska f,i úia;r m%pdr i|yd tlajQy' wo jk úg YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj i;=j oCI ls%lÜ úia;r m%pdrlhskaf.a ixÑ;hla mj;S' fï w;r" ls%lÜ lS%vlhska" ls%lÜ úksiqrejreka o isák w;r" Tjqyq ukd mqyqKqjla ,o msßila fj;s' fcHIaG;u ls%lÜ úia;r m%pdrl md,s; fmf¾rd uy;df.a m%uqL;ajfhka isxy, ls%lÜ úia;r m%pdrljreka f,i Wmd,s úfÊisxy" úfÊfialr j,siqkaor"
131 chka; ùrisxy" fiak kkaÈùr" k,ska wfmdkaiq" rùka úl%ur;ak" cd,sh chka; hk uy;ajreka fukau uE;l § ls%lÜ úia;r m%pdrlhska f,i tla jQ ÈfkaIa Wfmakaø" uxcq, ,kafol=Uqr" o¾Yk u,afoKsh" Èkql pdur" jðr le¿ï fmf¾rd hk uy;ajre o fj;s' bx.S%is úia;r m%pdrlhska f,i fï jk úg úia;r m%pdrj, jir 25 la blaujd we;s ´ì% l=remamq" frdydka ã'tia' úfÊr;ak uy;ajrekaf.a m%uqL;ajfhka wd¾' iqf¾Iapkaø" uhsl,a o fidhsid" fldai, iqf¾Yapkaø" frdydka úfÊisxy" pkaøYdka fmf¾rd" wkqr o is,ajd" ma,eisvia f.dauia hk uy;ajreka iy kjl úia;r m%pdrlhska f,i wEIa,s r;akdhl iy ßlS isñia uy;ajre o tla ù isá;s' óg wu;rj úfYaI{ úia;r m%pdrljreka f,i fgiaÜ úksiqrejka iy cd;Hka;r ;,fha ls%lÜ lS%vlfhda fj;s' fou< ls%lÜ úia;r m%pdrlhska w;r me/Ksu ls%lÜ úia;r m%pdrlhd tia' t,s,afõkaøka uy;dh' tï'tka' rdcd" f.ka fudayka" fÊ' fhda.rdcka" tï'whs' Isyuqãka" ;lSIka isjrdcd" ta'wd¾'tï' ð*aß" fchls%IaKrdcd hk uy;ajrekah' 2012 jif¾ § hdmkh k.rfha YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj ixúOdkh l< w¨;a wjqreÿ Wf<f,a rdcldß i|yd hñka isáh § yÈis wk;=rlska úfhda jQ kqrdkshd yika uy;d o isysm;a l< hq;=h' fou< ls%lÜ úia;r m%pdr wdrïNl wjÈfha isgu oeä lemùulska lghq;= l< úia;r m%pdrlfhls kqrdkshd yika uy;d' 2012 j¾Ifha ,xldfõ meje;s ICC 20x20 ls%lÜ f,dal l=i,dk ;r.dj,sfhys isg fï olajd YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj cd;Hka;r ;r.j, § f;kav%,a fiajh Tiafia mkaÿfjka mkaÿj fou< úia;r m%pdrh f.k ths' óg wu;rj wm w;ßka úfhda jQ ÈfkaIa rdcr;akï yd rks,a wfíkdhl hk uy;ajreka o isysm;a l< hq;=h' oekg úia;r m%pdrfha ke;;a úia;r m%pdr i|yd uq,a ld,Skj lghq;= l< wfYdal
132 lreKdkdhl" fyauð;a m%kdkaÿ yd iuka w;djqofyÜá hk uy;ajreka isysm;a l< hq;=h'YS%,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:d iNdm;s yâika iurisxy uy;df.a Wmfoia u; fuu iqúfYaIS ld¾hh lS%vd wxYh bgq lrhs' wo lS%vdj i|yd fjka jQ .=jka úÿ,s kd,sldjla zghsï f¾äfhdaZ .=jka úÿ,sh i;=j we;' cd;sl tluq;=j ls%lÜ lS%%vdj foaYShlrKh l< .=jka úÿ,sh wmf.a cd;sl NdIdjka jk isxy, yd fou< NdId folskau f.k tk úia;r m%pdr Tiafia ls%lÜ ckms%h ùu ksid foudmsfhda ;u orejka wfkl=;a lS%vdjkag jvd ls%%lÜ lS%vdjg fhduq lsÍug fm<ö isá;s' ta wkqj isxy, lS%%vlhkag wu;rj uq;a;hshd uqr,sorka" m¾fõia uyre*a" fcyka uqndrla" kùâ kjdia jeks lS%vlhska o tlaùu úfYaIhls' fld<Ug muKla iSud ù ;snQ iqmsß lS%%vdjla jQ ls%lÜ .ug hEu ksid ik;a chiQßh" l=ud¾ ix.laldr" m%fudaoH úl%uisxy" pdur lmqf.or" iqrx. ,laud,a" rx.k fyar;a" kqjka l=,fialr" rxð;a uÿrisxy" ÈfkaIa pkaÈud,a" ;rx. mrKú;dk" ,is;a ud,sx." tßla WmYdka;" iqrdÊ rkaÈõ" rejka l,amf.a" msh,a úfÊ;=x." ufyaIa .=K;s,l" fldai, l=,fialr" pdkl fj,f.or" ,xld o is,ajd" fl!Y,H ùrr;ak" wð;a o is,ajd jeks lS%vlfhda cd;sl lKavdhu olajd meñKshy' —ls%lÜ úia;r m%pdrh wdrïNh foi yeÍ ne,Sfï § .=jka úÿ,sfha 1963 ish m%:u ls%lÜ úia;r m%pdrh isÿl< wdldrh pu;aldrcklh' .=jka úÿ,sfha úia;r m%pdrh i|yd tjlg ;snqfKa tla we¨ókshï wÜgd,hla muKs' th o bx.S%is úia;r m%pdrlhka i|yd fjka ù ;sìK' tlu wÜgd,hl isg isxy," bx.S%is NdId foflkau úia;r m%pdrh f.k tau wmyiq jQ neúka" isxy, úia;r m%pdrlhska i|yd fjku wÜgd,hla ,E,sj,ska iE§ug ;SrKh úh' wU
133 ,E,sj,ska wä 05 la muK Wi wÜgd,hla iE§ug .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ jvq ndiajrekag kshu úh' wÜgd,hg keÕSug ,S mä folla úh' wÜgd,h ;=< tla jrlg jdä ùug yels jQfha tla wfhl=g muKs' tl mqgqjla muKla tys úh' ysig jy,la fkdùh' úia;r m%pdrlf.a tla w;l uhsl%f*dakhhs' wksla w;ska ysig by<d.;a l=vhhs' foweia iu. iïmQ¾K wjOdkh lS%vdj fj;h' ld¾hh ÿIalr úh' tfy;a m%;sM,h wdvïnrh' ukao h;a isxy, úia;r m%pdrhg Y%djl b,a,Su Èfkka Èk by< hduhs'˜ md,s; fmf¾rd iu. iÔù f,iska md,s; fmf¾rd .%ka:h wo jk úg ;;ajh fuhg jvd yd;amiskau fjkiah' jdhqiukh lrk ,o kùk;u ;dCIKsl myiqlïj,ska hq;= ueÈß tod ;snQ wÜgd, fjkqjg m%Odk;u ls%lÜ lS%vdx.Kj, ;sfí' bKsuÕla fyda mäfm< fjkqjg úÿ,s fidamdk olakg we;' cd;Hka;r ls%lÜ ;r. meje;afjk wjia:djkays§ ;r. wdjrKhg meñfKk foaYSh yd cd;Hka;r udOHfõ§ka i|yd by<u ix.%yhka ls%lÜ wdh;kh úiska isÿlrkq ,nhs' YS%% ,xld ls%lÜ b;sydih n,k úg § tys w;S;h fndfyda wE;g Èfjhs' tu ld,h ;==< § rg ;=< mkaÿ hjkakka" mkaÿjg myr fokakka" lvq¨ rlskakka" mkaÿ rlskakka fï wd§ f,i úúO N+ñld Tiafia oyia .Kkla
lS%vlhka ls%lÜ ls%vdfõ fh§ we;' fï ish,a,ka w;ßka YS% ,xldfõ m%:u fgiaÜ kdhlhd ùfï ÿ¾,N jdikdj nkaÿ, jrKmqr ysñlr .;af;ah' fld<U kd,kaod úoHd,fhka ls%lÜ lS%vdjg meñKs Tyq" íÆï *S,aâ lS%vd iudch fjkqfjka ls%vd lf<ah' 1981 tx.,ka;fha ixpdrh l< ,xld ls%lÜ lKavdhfï kdhl;ajh orñka oCI f,i kdhlfhl= yd lS%vlfhl= f,i lS%vd lrñka m<uq fgiaÜ ,l=K YS% ,xldjg
134 ,nd ÿkafka Tyqh' ta 1982 fmnrjdß ui 18 jeksod n%yiam;skaod Èk fld<U irjkuq;a;= lS%vdx.Kfha§ h' YS% ,xld ls%lÜ lS%vdj wd¾Ól jYfhka b;d blaukska by<g tlaùug mgka .;af;a w¾cqk rK;=x. uy;df.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;= ls%lÜ lKavdhu 1996 f,dal l=i,dkh Èkd .ekSu;a iu.h' .=jka úÿ,s ls%lÜ úia;r m%pdr wdrïN l< j¾Ifha § w¾cqk rK;=x. uy;d Wm; ,nd we;' ta 1963 foieïn¾ ui m<uq jeks Èkh' isxy, lS%vd iudch ksfhdackh l< ju;a ms;slrejl= jQ w¾cqk mkaÿ hjkakl= nj okafka ál fofkls' ta mkaÿ heùfï ld¾hh Tyq l,d;=rlska isÿlrk neúks' 1996 ka miq ls%lÜ fyd|u fjf<| NdKavhla ù we;s w;r" Y%djlhka tljr Y%jKh lrk fjk;a ckms%h .=jka úÿ,s jevigykla fkdue;s ;rïh'1996 f,dal l=i,dk ;r.dj,sfhka miq ls%lÜ lS%vdj fmrg;a jvd wd¾Ól jYfhka ms<s.ekSug ,laùfï § uq, isgu fjf<| oekaùï ke;s ld,fha mgka ish¨u ;r. mkaÿfjka mkaÿj ;r. úia;r m%pdrh l< .=jka úÿ,shg o wd¾Ól ;r.hlg uqyqK fokakg isÿúh' thg fyd|u WodyrKh 2002 j¾Ifha § YS% ,xldfõ meje;s peïmshkaia l=i,dk ;r.dj,shhs' uqo,a uq,a ;ek .ekSu tys§ .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj úia;r m%pdrh lsÍug tfrysj whs'iS'iS' h fld<U jdKsc uydêlrKh bÈßhg .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj le|ùh' tys cd;Hka;r udOH wdjrK whs;sh ñ,§ f.k ;snqfKa fidaks wdh;khhs' .=jka úÿ,sh o foaYSh udOH wdjrK whs;sh b,a,d isáh o foaYSh jYfhka ord.; fkdyels uqo,la b,a,Su ksid .=jka úÿ,sh lS%vdx.Khg fkdf.dia ueÈßfha isg rEmjdysksh krUñka úia;r m%pdrh f.k wdfõh' thg úreoaOj whs'iS'iS' h
135 f.dkq l< fm;aiu 2002'09'19 Èk uydêlrKh .=jka úÿ,s úia;r m%pdrhg w;=re ;ykula mekùh' t wkqj tys § fm'j' 11'30 g muK úia;r m%pdrh k;r lrkakg .=jka úÿ,s ixia:djg isÿúh' —úia;r m%pdrh k;r lsÍfuka miq isÿ jQ ls%hdoduh w;sYhskau jeo.;alula Wiq,kafkah' tjlg YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ w;sf¾l wOHCI ckrd,aj isá wo;a tu ;k;=ru Wiq,k tardkkao fyÜáwdrÉÑ uy;df.ka tu isoaê fm< .ek úia;r úuiqfjñ' my; i|yka lrkafka Tyq ug lS foah' —whs'iS'iS' h úldYk whs;Ska i|yd .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfjka fvd,¾ 70"000 la b,a¨jd' fokak neß hehs lsõjdu ta uqo, fvd,¾ 30"000 f;la wvq l<d' wmg t;rï wdodhula fkd,efnk nj lsõjd''' Bg miafia wms rEmjdysksh n,df.k úia;r m%pdrh lrkak ;SrKh l<d' whs'iS'iS h jdKsc wêlrKfha mejrE kvqjgg iema;eïn¾ 19 jeksod Wfoa 11'30 g ;Skaqjla ,enqKd' úia;r m%pdr ;ykï lrñka' tjf,au tieK m%pdrh k;r l<d' kuq;a" ixia:dj fjkqfjka fmkS isá Wmq,a chiQßh yd *hsi¾ uqia;d*d hk kS;s{hkag ud Wmfoia ÿkafka tfõf,au fY%aIaGdêlrKfha wNshdpkhla f.dkq lrkak lsh,d' ta wkqj udla m%kdkaÿ" mS' tÈßiQßh hk úksiqrejrekaf.ka ieÿï ,;a fY%aIaGdêlrKh todu iji 3'30 g ;Skaÿjla ÿkakd' w;=re ;ykï ksfhda.h bj;a lrñka' ta wkqj wms wdfh;a 3'30 b|,d úia;r m%pdrh mgka .;a;d' fY%aIaGdêlrK ;Skaÿj ;jÿrg;a lshd isáhd ck;djg f;dr;=re oek .ekSug we;s whs;sjdislug ndOdjla lrkak neß yskao fï jf.a wdrjq,a we;s jqKdu tajd úi£ug nqoaêuh foam< mk; hgf;a m;alr ;sfnk fíreïldrhd jk ixialD;sl wud;HdxYfha f,alï fj; f.dia wdrjq, fíreï lr.kak lsh,d' miafi wms fof.daf,du f,alï bÈßfha" kS;s{hka u.ska lreKq bÈßm;a l<d' wmg ,efnk uqo,ska ishhg 10 l uqo,la whs'iS'iS' hg f.ùug fomd¾Yjhu tlÕ;ajhlg meñKshd' ta wkqj .=jka
136 úÿ,sh remsh,a 2"91"000 l uqo,la whs'iS'iS hg f.õjd' ^ md,s; fmf¾rd iu. iÔù f,iska md,s; fmfrrd uy;d & 2010 20x20 ls%lÜ ;r.dj,sh ,xldfõ ls%lÜ lS%vdx.K y;rl § meje;aúKs' 2012 iema;eïn¾ ui 18 jeks È isg Tlaf;dan¾ ui 07 jeksod olajd meje;ajQ tu ls%lÜ ;r.dj,sfhys mkaÿfjka mkaÿj ls%lÜ úia;r m%pdrh f.k wdfõ YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj u.sks' tys úia;r m%pdrh YS% ,xldfõ ish¨u m%foaYj, ck;djg ndOdjlska f;drj Y%jKh lsÍug yelsúh' YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj ;r.dj,sfha § jd¾;d.; wdodhula bmhSh' ld¾ñl.=jkaiyfhda.húÿ,sls%lÜ úia;r m%pdrhka tieKska bÈßm;a lsÍfï § Bg odhl jk fndfyda msßila we;' ndysr m%pdrl wxYh (O.B.) tys § úYd, fufyhla bgq lrhs' meyeÈ,s úia;r m%pdrhla wikakka fj; f.k taug wjYH ish¨u ld¾ñl wjYH;djka imhkafka Tjqkah' uhsl%f*dakh iú lsÍfï isg .=jka úÿ,s ix{d <Õu we;s úldYkd.drh yryd fld<U m%Odk ueÈßhg ,nd§u iy ;r.h wjidk jk;=re tu j.lSu Tjqka fj; mejf¾' lS%vdx.Kfha jevigyka ksIamdol o fuys§ úYd,;u ld¾hNdrh bgq lrhs' wdh;kh fjkqfjka ish¨u j.lSï mejfrkafka fudyqgh' NdId ;=fkkau isÿjk úia;r m%pdrfha fufyhqïlrejd jevigyka ksIamdolhdh' ld¾ñl wxYh iu. iïnkaO;dj" úia;r m%pdrlhka iu. iïnkaO;dj" lS%vdx.Kfha ks,OdÍka iu. iïnkaO;dj" ueÈßh iu. iïnkaO;dj" m%jdyk we;=¿ ls%lÜ tieK úia;r m%pdrl iuia; j.lSu fudyq i;=h' tieK ls%lÜ úia;r m%pdrhl isáh hq;= ;j;a jeo.;a mqoa.,hl= jkafka ,l=Kq igykalrehs' wdrïNl mkaÿfõ isg wjika mkaÿj olajdu msáfha ksrjq,a ukilska /¢h hq;= Tyq úia;r m%ldYlg
137 wjYH ish¨ o;a; ,ndÈh hq;= fjhs' tys§ Tyqg o`vqjulg hg;a ùug o isÿ fõ' ta Tyq ish¨ o;a; m%ldY l< hq;= jkafka ,sÅ;j fyda yia; uqødfjka ùuhs' úia;r m%pdrfha isáh hq;= iqúfYaISu ;j;a fldgila jkafka isxy," bx.%Sis" fou< úia;r m%pdrljrekah' úia;r m%pdrh yd Y%djlhd we|ne| ;nkafka úia;r m%ldYlf.a y`äks' Tyq ls%lÜ lS%vdj" wjia:dkql+, oekqu" NdId oekqu iy ndysr oekqfuka fmdaIKh jQ wfhl= úh hq;=h' ;uka ;=< we;s o;a; wjYH ia:dkj,g fhduqlr .ekSug o yelsúh hq;=h' fï ish¨ fokdf.au ixl,kfhka .=jka úÿ,sfha úia;r m%pdrh ìys fõ' .=jka úÿ,s ixia:d wNHdi wdh;kfha § ;snQ mqyqKq ieishlg ud o iyNd.s ù isá wjia:djl tys foaYkhlg Èjx.; m%ùK udOHfõ§ tÉ'tï' .=Kfialr uy;d iyNd.s úh' tys§ .=jka úÿ,s úia;r m%pdrlhd lghq;= l<hq;= wdldrh meyeÈ,s lsÍfï § zwikakd wkaO mqoa.,fhlaZ hehs is;d lghq;= l< hq;= nj mejiSh' wikakdg f¾äfhda hka;%h <Õ isák úg ÿr isg tk úia;rh jvd fyd¢ka Ñ;a; rEm ueùug lghq;= l< hq;=h' th id¾:l úia;r m%pdrlhl=f.a uQ,sl ,CIKhla neõ tys§ Tyq m%ldY lf<ah' th kjl .=jka úÿ,s úia;r m%pdr iy ksfõok l,dj i|yd tlajk ieug jákd WmfoaYhls' f,dal l=i,dkhg miq 1996 § YS% ,xldj ls%lÜ f,dal l=i,dk Èkd .ekSfuka fndfyda fokdf.a Wkkaÿj ls%lÜ lS%vdj foig fhduq úh' tfy;a YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj
fï nj ÿgqfõ bka mkia jirlg;a fmr§h' 1963 j¾Ifha lsisÿ wkq.%dylfhl=f.ka f;drj ls%lÜ lS%vdfõ ixj¾Okh Wfoid lem ù ta fjkqfjka uqo,a fjka lf<a .=jka úÿ,sh muKs' ls%lÜ foaYShlrKh lf<a .=jka úÿ,shhs' mdi,a ls%lÜ lS%vlhska yeÿfõ wms' ls%lÜ isxy,g mßj¾;kh lf<a wms' ls%lÜ jpk fldaIh ks¾uKh lf<a
138 wms' ls%lÜ ßoauh" ,;dj yd ffY,sh ks¾udKh lf<a wms' fldákau YS% ,xld ls%lÜ ls%vdfõ Yla;su;a wä;d,u wms' ls%lÜ úia;r m%pdrhg jir mkyla .;fjk fï fudfydf;a wo ls%lÜ meñK we;s ia:dkh .ek i,lk úg ls%lÜ ixj¾Okhg Wrÿka m%Odk;u úoHq;a udOHh f,i cd;sl .=jka úÿ,shg o wdvïnr úh yelsh' ▄ yf¾kaø ,shkf.a wOHCI md,k yd udkj iïm;a
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139 úoHq;a udOHfha nqoaêuh l;sldj —fï YS ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ iajfoaYSh fiajhhs˜ YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj hkq oekqfuka kqjKska msßmqka w;= b;s úysod ke.S isák oejeka; jkiam;sfhls' thg iu l< yels lsisjla fyda lsisfjla fkdue;' th t;rïu oekqfuka msßmqkah' úkh.relh' i;H.relh' tä;rh' .dïNSrh" wNsudkj;ah' 1925 foieïn¾ 16 od ,dxlSh ks, .=jka úÿ,s fiajh f,i wdrïN l< ol=Kq wdishdfõ uq,au .=jka úÿ,sh jkafka o thhs' .=jka úÿ,sh ks, jYfhka wm rfgys wdrïN ù we;af;a 1925 foieïn¾ 16 jqj;a" ks, fkdjk .=jka úÿ,s fiajhlg wm wä;d,u oeuqfõ 1924 cQks 27 jeksodhs' fuys ks¾ud;Djrhd f,i b;sydihg tlajkafka ì%;dkH cd;sl tâjâ ydm¾ kï úÿ,s ixfoaY bxðfkarejrhdh' fufia .=jka úÿ,sh wdrïN lr jir folla blau .sh miq 1927 foieïn¾ udifha fld<U hqksj¾isá fld,Sðfha mj;ajdf.k .sh .=jka úÿ,sh fgdßxgka p;=ri%fha msysá me/Ks udkisl frday,a f.dvke.s,a,g f.k hkq ,efí' ;dCIKsl WmlrK iys; md,k ueÈß yd úldYk ueÈß bÈlrñka kj cjhla" kj n,hla ,xld .=jka úÿ,s fiajhg ,nd fokq msKsih'
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140 flfia fj;;a ì%;dkH hg;a úð;jd§ rgj,a w;ßka uq,skau .=jka úÿ,s fiajhla wdrïN lr we;af;a YS% ,xldfõh' fgdßxgka p;=ri%fha meje;s .=jka úÿ,sh 1942 iema;eïn¾ udifha§ meje;s whym;a hqo ;;ajh u; fnd/,a, fldgd mdf¾ wxl 75 orK ia:dkhg ;djld,slj f.khkq ,eîh' hqo ìh my jQ miq h<s 1949 Tlaf;dan¾ 5 jk Èk ,xld .=jka úÿ,s fiajh rdcH fomd¾;fïka;=jla f,i fgdßxgka p;=ri%fha kj f.dvke.s,a,g f.k tkq ,eîh'tod fuod;=r wm rfÜ .=jka úÿ,s jxY l:dj úúO whqßka úÑ;%j;aj ,sheù we;' m%:u isxy, ksfõol jYfhka 1938 ckjdß 01 jkod ã'tï' fld<Uf.a uy;d jev Ndr.;af;ah' ,xld .=jka úÿ,s fiajfha wurKSh igyka ish,a, iKsgqyka jkafka m%Odk;u tla kd,sldjla uq,afldgf.kh' th cd;sfha úfYaIs;u .=jka úÿ,shhs' miqlr meñKs .=jka úÿ,s .uka ufÕa j¾I 1939 ud¾;= 29 jeksod fÊ'wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;d ,shQ —iudc fiajlhd˜ .=jka úÿ,s kdgH iÔj f,i m%pdrh ùu wurKSh ikaêia:dkhla jkafkah' .=jka úÿ,s b;sydih wre;a .ekajQ wurKSh ld, jljdkqjla ks¾udKh úh' ta 1941 ckjdß 07 jeksod <ud msáh wdrïN ùu;a iu.h' hQ'ta'tia' fmf¾rd ljqre;a Tyq ye¢kajQfha —isß whshd˜ kñks' uydpd¾h .=Kmd, u,,fialr" lreKdr;ak wfífialr ßÊfõ ;s,lr;ak ffjoH yâika is,ajd ffjoH Wmq,a rxð;a úfÊj¾Ok fyakß chfiak fcd¾Ê f,ia,s rKisxy Ñ;%dkkao wfífialr fid,uka w,aúia jek Ys,amSka l,dlrejka iudc .;jkafka isß whshdf.a —<ud msáh˜ Tiafiah' fï ld,jljdkqfõ ^1943 wf.daia;= udifha& ù" fudafika m%kdkaÿ iy f;aúia .=ref.a uy;d ^1943 foieïn¾ 13 od& isxy, ksfõol ;k;=rg n|jd.kq ,eîh'
141 1950 60 oYlfha kj jevigyka /ila iu. kjuq udj;lg fhduq úh' —wdOqksl meh˜ ^1951& —udisl reÕ=u˜ ^1951& —udrl .skak˜ ^ryia mÍCIl kdgHh& —ffu;S% Ñka;d˜ Ydia;S%h fiajh ^1951& mdGYd,Sh oekqu ñkqu ;r.h —fï .ek;a is;kak˜ —nqoaê uKav,h˜ jeks ckm%idohg m;a jevigyka rdYshla ks¾udKh úh' lreKdr;ak wfírialr tÉ'tï' .=Kfialr ir;a úu,ùr mS' je,sl, l=,isß wur;=x. uvj, tia' r;akdhl úð;kkao ueKslaÈfj, uy;ajreka .=jka úÿ,shg iïnkaO jQ w;r" 1967 ckjdß 05 jkod YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj ia:dms; ùfuka wk;=rej ,sù wd¾' úfÊudkak ,hk,a tÈßisxy ã'tï' mÜáwdrÉÑ wdpd¾h kkaofoaj úfÊfialr fcÍ chiQßh fla'tÉ'fÊ' úfcaodi úkaikaÜ mKaä; fkú,a chùr foajd¾ iQßhfiak ;s,la r;akldr hk uy;ajrekaf.a odhl;ajh o fkdlvjd fuys m%.uKhg fya;=jkakg úh' 1970 1990 oaú;aj oYlh .=jka úÿ,sfha mßj¾;kSh hq.hla úh' 1972 jif¾ § cd;sl .=jka úÿ,sh —iajfoaYSh fiajh˜ isxy, m<uqjk fiajh f,i kdulrKh úh' fï jljdkqfõ§ isxy, iajfoaYSh fiajh hgf;a ix.S; wxYh b;d jákd ld¾hNdrhla bgq lf<ah' m¾fhaIK .S ckY%e;s ck .S ck lú iS' o tia' l=,;s,l ví,sõ'î' ul=f,d¨j jeks úh;=kaf.a uÕ fmkaùu hgf;a fmdaIKh jkakg úh' iajfoaYSh fiajfha fÊ'tÉ' chj¾Ok ohdkkao .=Kj¾Ok iq.;md, o is,ajd jeks m%ùK ks¾udKlrejka kdgH jevigyka fmdaIKh l< w;r mKaä;a wurfoaj uvj, tia' r;akdhl uy.u fialr mKaä; úu,a wNhiqkaor ir;a úu,ùr fvda,agka w,aúia yd iïNdjH jevigyka ks¾udKh lf<ah' .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ iajfoaYSh fiajh jvd;a wre;a .ekajQ úlg jevigyka lsysmhla úh' —úfÊodif.a úys¿ ;y¿˜ úfkdao iuh jeks ks¾udK
142 ,dxlSh wikakd m%N+" nd, úys¿j,ska ix;¾mKh fkdfldg jvd;a iïNdjH úfkdaodOHdmkhlg fhduq lf<ah' tys§ wmg wu;l fkdl< yels pß;hls tÉ'ã' úfÊodi uy;d' ìh.u fyhshka;=vqj ish Wmka ìu lr.;a fuu l,dlrejd YS% ,dxflah ydfiHda;amdol kdgH iy úlg rx. Ys,amSka .ek l;d lrkafkl=g yd isxy, iajfoaYSh fiajh .ek úuid n,kafkl=g lsisod wu;l l< fkdyels pß;hls' fyf;u Ys,amsfhl= udOHfõÈfhl= ksfõolhl= ydiH l;d rplhl= fukau fcHIaG m%jD;a;s ks,Odßfhla o úh' 1951 § iyk ksfõolhl= f,i .=jka úÿ,shg tla ù jevigyka rdYshlg ish l=i,;dmQ¾K y`v uqiq lr,Sh' 1958 § iaÓr ksfõolhl= njg m;a ù tjlg fnd/,a, fldgd mdf¾ nj¾ f.dvke.s,af,a msysá ,xld .=jka úÿ,s uOHia:dkfha§ uq,skau .=jkg tla l< úlg jevigyk jQfha —n%I,aia fldams˜ wkq.%dyl jevigykls' YS% ,xldfõ .=jka úÿ,shg úlgdx. y÷kajd foñka" wekia,s vhia ieuqfj,a reøs.+ n¾á .=K;s,l m%uqL úlg Ys,amSkaf.a mqfrda.dñhd fjñka o t,af,a lS%vdj .=jka úÿ,shg y÷kajd foñka iy m%:u jrg krUkakka bÈßfha isxy, m%Yak úpdrd;aul jevigykla bÈßm;a lrñka b;sydihg tlaúh' 1954 jif¾ .=jka úÿ,sfhka wdrïN l< —úys¿ ;y¿˜ jevigyfka ks¾ud;Djrhd jQfha tÉ'ã'l,laúfÊodihkah'Tyqj;a;,udfndaf,a m<d;a wdKavq iNdfõ uka;S%jrfhla o úh' .=jka úÿ,sh ;=< o Tyqg ysñ;ek tla úIh m:hlg muKla iSud fkdùh' jfrl t,af,a ;r.hl fyda fjd,sfnda,a ;r.hl úia;r úpdrlfhla úh' ;j;a jfrl ckdorh ÈkQ l;d rplfhla yd yrj;a hula .=jkska fn¥ w;s oCI ksfõolfhla úh' jir .Kkdjla wLKavj i;shlg fojrla m%jD;a;s ixo¾Ykh bÈßm;a l< tÉ'ã' úfÊodihka" —rkaÈhjr˜ —úÿ,shhs Tnhs˜ —
143 oekquhs ñkquhs˜ jeks jevigyka ;=<ska ish mq¿,a úplaIKYS,SNdjh rggu lshd fkdjy,a mßmQ¾K cd;shlg" mßmQ¾K jQ ixialD;shla o ;sfí' ta ixialD;sh f.dvkeÕSfï f.!rjh ysñjkafka .=jka úÿ,sfha isxy, iajfoaYSh fiajhghs' wfma w;S;fha meje;s ix.S; l,dj h<s ld,dkqrEmj ìys lsÍug;a" tu.ska ck;dj ks¾udKYS,S njg yd úpdrmQ¾jl ú{dkYS,S risl ck;djla njg m;a lsÍug;a YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj" .=jka úÿ,sh ls%hd;aul jQ wdldrh fndfyda fofkla oks;s' tod wfma ix.S; fCIa;%hg ìys jQ ix.; Ys,amSyq yefudau ìysjQfha .=jka úÿ,sfhks' iskudj rEmjdysksh leiÜ mgh isidrd iS'ã' ;eáh olajdu;a fndfyda .dhk Ys,amSka ix.S;{hka .S; rplhka jeä fokd .=jka úÿ,s fodrgqfjka we;=¿ ù" bka msguxj wd whhs' .=jka úÿ,sfha iajfoaYSh fiajh Tiafia" tjlg fiajfha fhÿKq ix.S;hg we¨ï l< fndfyda fokd yg Yla;s m%udKfhka úúO ks¾udK bÈßm;a lsÍug fm<UqKy' ã'tia' mÜáwdrÉÑ uy;df.a —.S;ud,d˜ wurfoajhkaf.a ck .dhkd uy.u fialrhka yd wurfoajhka tlaj bÈßm;a l< —uOqjka;s˜ —riñhqre˜ —iajr j¾K˜ fvda,agka w,aúia uy;df.a —úch .S;˜ rdKs fmf¾rd uy;añhf.a —.S; ;rx.kS˜ jeks jevigyka 50 oYlfhka wdrïN ù 70 oYlh w. Nd.h f;la jQ ld, mßÉfþoh isidrd isxy, ix.S;fha ks¾udK hq.hlehs lSu w;sYfhdala;shla fkdfõ' 1950 ka miq werô .=jka úÿ,s mßj¾;k hq.fha § kejqï jevigyka yd iïNdjH wikakka msßila .=jka úÿ,sh jgd talrdYS lr.ekSug iu;a úh' 1957'06'24 Èk .=jka úÿ,sfha Ydia;S%h fiajh wdrïN ùu;a iu.u Ydia;S%h .dhkd jdok l;d idlÉPd úoHd f;dr;=re jevigykaj,g we;=<;a úKs' fï ish¨ jevigyka wdrïN lf<a uydpd¾h tÈßùr irÉpkaøhkah'
mEfõh'ksoyia
144 mshjfrka mshjr fõ.j;a j¾OkSh ;,hlg wj;S¾K jQ isxy, iajfaoYSh fiajh" 1969 wfm%a,a udifha§ —.%dóh fiajh˜ kñka fjku fiajdjla o wdrïN lf<ah' fï ld, jljdkqj miq lrñka jißka jir úúO fCIa;% Tiafia" úúO ud;Dld Tiafia ix.S; jevigyka wd.ñl jevigyka kdgH jevigyka jdÑl jevigyka wOHdmksl yd lS%vd jevigyka rdYshla úúO wdlD;s Tiafia ck;d wdl¾IKh Èkd.kakd whqßka m%pdrh lrkafka iajfoaYSh fiajhhs' ni úkh i;Hh wog;a /£ /lS mj;skafka fmr jevigyka ksIamdokh l<d jQ úoaj;a nqoaêu;=ka úiska
fy<kq ,enQ Yla;su;a wä;d,u u;h' jißka jir tla jQ fjkia jQ .=jka úÿ,sfha iajfoaYSh fiajd jevigyka ms<sn| ixCIsma;j fyda igyka ;eîu iqÿiq hehs yefÕa' 1978'10'02 ;=kajk fiajh f,i" lS%vd fiajh wdrïN lsÍfuka miqj fuh isxy, iajfoaYSh fiajh iu. taldnoaO1989'06'01úh' —idr ix.%yh˜ 1989 wfm%a,a udifha § —f;rejka kuÈuq˜ 1991 —wdrdê; wuq;a;d˜ 1993 wOHdmk fiajh Tiafia m%pdrh jQ —iqNdr;S˜ jevigyk iajfoaYSh fiajh Tiafia m%pdrh wdrïN lsÍu' 1997'01'06 —úYaj Y%jKS˜ 1997'02'17 isg î'î'iS' yd taldnoaOj iajfoaYSh fiajfhka rd;S% 9'15 isg 9'45 olajd —ixfoaYh˜ 2008'04'01 —.=jka úÿ,s O¾ufoaYkd˜ Èkm;d fmrjre 8'00 9'00 olajd;a" rd;S% 8'00 isg 9'00 olajd;a iajfoaYSh fiajh Tiafia m%pdrh wdrïN flßKs'
145 2008 Tlaf;dan¾ 9 jk Èk" 1963'04'04' Èk wdrïN l< —ikaOHd fiajh˜ —f.dú f.oßka uyf.org˜ kñka lDIsld¾ñl wikakka fjkqfjka —ikaOHd fiajh˜ jevigyka f,i wdrïN lrk ,§' yrj;a jQ jevigyka iy iïNdjH úh;a m`äjrekaf.a weiqr;a ta yd ne÷Kq oekqu;a ksrka;rfhkau .=jka úÿ,sfha iajfoaYSh fiajhg ,enqKq ksidu .=jka úÿ,shg tyd .sh oekqï ;lai,djla úYaj úoHd,hla njg m;aúh' thska keKi mdod.kafkda úoHd¾Òyq jQy' ixialD;sl m%fndaOfha § úfYaIfhkau wOHdmkh wd.u oyu yd ix.S;h hk fCIa;%hkays m%.;shg kj udOHhka jYfhka iyNd.s ùfï § .=jka úÿ,sfha iajfoaYSh fiajh i;=j we;s oekqu Ys,amSh ksmqK;dj ;dCIKsl yd udOHuh Yla;sh fnfyúkau Wmia:ïNl jkafkah' cd;sl Ñka;kh wjÈ lrñka yd tu Ñka;dj,s ìys lsÍfuka wm fiajdjka Tiafia lrkakd jQ cd;sl fufyfha§ iajfoaYSh fiajh ish msßmqka oekqu tla wx.hlg muKla iSud fkdfldg úúO jevigyka yryd ish ld¾hh ukdj bgqlrkafkah' mkais,a yd fi;amsß;a" Ndjkd jevigyka Oïu Ñka;d iy ojfia is;=ú,sj,ska wrUkafka tla cd;shlg tla wd.ulg tla ixialD;shlg Wreu jQ jevigyka fkdfõ' th iuia; ,dxlsl ck;djgu wjYH jkakdjQ fufyhls' ix.S; jevigyka .;a; o" wOHdmksl yd <ud jevigyka .;a; o ldka;d yd ;reK jevigyka .;a; o th tla fCIa;%hlg muKla ysr ù fldgq ù fkdue;' foaYSh yd ngysr ffjoH idlÉPd" iqNdr;S jeks mq¿,a ck;d u;jdo yd iuNdjH jevigyka" iuia; f.dú ck;dj ksfhdackh lrñka m%pdrh jk lDIsld¾ñl jevigyka" wdrdê; wuq;a;d jeks ck;d f.!rjhg yd nqyqukg ,la jQ iïNdjkSh pß; yd Tjqkaf.a w;aoelSï" m%lg lú lsú¢hka yd wdOqksl lú lsú¢hkag bvyir ,ndfok —moHdj,sh˜ jeks jevigyka o ,,s; l,d jevigyka o m%pdrh fjhs'
146 wdndê; m%cdj fjkqfjka ilia l< jevigyka o iu.ska ta ta úfYaIs; Èkhkag wod<j ksIamdokh flfrk jevigyka" cd;sl W;aij" iÔù m%pdr yryd rfÜ fmdÿ ck;dj wduka;%Kh lrkq ,nkafka uyd j.lSula we;sjh' fmdÿ jevigyka we;=¿j" fjk;a oñ< bia,dï lf;da,sl ls;=kq we;=¿ úfYaI wd.ñl jevigyka o wod< úfYaIs; ld, jljdkq ;=<ska úfYaIs; Èkj,§;a ksIamdokh fldg m%pdrh lsÍu;a f.!rjdkaú;j isÿlrkq ,nkafka iuia; ck;djf.au is;eÕs fyd¢ka f;areï .;a cd;sl kd,sldjl j.lSu wl=rgutodbgqlrñks'msf,ameÿr" r;ak iNd uKavmh" <ud msáh jeks jevigyka wo o kjuq ks¾udK ld¾hhka f,iska wikakdg ,nd fokafka ta ta hq.hka fmdaIKh l<d jQ úh;a" úo.aO f.!rjkSh oekg isák iïm;aodhlhkaf.a odhl;ajfhka yd ta ta ;ekaj, wo /£ isákakdjQ tjeksu W.;=kaf.a" nqoaêu;=kaf.a iyNd.S;ajh yd u. fmkaùu hgf;ah j¾;udkh jkúg uq¿ wjreoaola ld¾;= 3 lg fnod ie,iqïiy.;j kj jevigyka y÷kajd foñka" ie,iqï lrñka ck;d m%;spdr yd Y%djl m%;spdr o ie,ls,a,g .ksñka wjeis foa wjeis l,g wjeis ;ekg ,nd§fï mq¿,a jevms<sfj<lg wj;S¾K ù isà' W.;a nqoaêu;a WmfoaYl uKav,hla fï ish,a, wëCIKh lrhs' ta uyd ld¾hhg úIh oekque;s ks,OdÍka —iajfoaYSh fiajh˜ i;=j mj;S' tf,i oekque;s úYd, msßilg fuod .=jka úÿ,s rdcH iïudk Wf<f,a § iïudk ,eîu o b;sydi.; jd¾;djla jkafkah ▄ iqcSj udkf.a
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WmlrK iúlrk ,o w;r 1992 jif¾§ cmka wdOdr hgf;a ueÈß 12 lska hq;= kj ueÈß ixlS¾Khla yd nyqld¾h ueÈßhla o ia:dms; úh¡
147 1925 jif¾ foieïn¾ 16 jeksod ks, jYfhka wdrïN l< ,xldfõ .=jka úÿ,s fiajhg 1926 jif¾È ,xld hqksj¾isá fld,Sðh wdY%s;j m%ix. ueÈßhla msysgqjd .kakd ,§¡ tjl .=jka úÿ,s md,l ueÈßh uOHu fg,s.%d*a ld¾hd,fhau mj;ajdf.k hkq ,eîh¡ 1927 jif¾§ fuu md,l ueÈßh iy ksfõol ueÈß fgdßkagka p;=rY%h fj; f.k wd w;r 1930 jkúg ,xld .=jka úÿ,shg wh;a g%dkaiaóg¾j, úldYk n,h lsf,dafjdÜ 5 olajd jeäÈhqKq lrk ,§¡ 1937 jif¾§ kj m%pdrl ueÈßh újD; lsÍu yd g%dkaiaóg¾ hka;% n,.ekaùu fgdßkagkays isÿúh¡ 1942 f,dal hqO iufha§ .=jka úÿ,s iïfm%aYk moaO;sh yd úldYk ueÈß fukau md,l ueÈßh o fnd/,a, fldgd mdf¾ nj¾ f.dvke.s,a, fj; f.k hk ,ÿj tys isg úldY lghq;= isÿ l< w;r 1947 jif¾§ kej; fgdßkagka p;=rY%fha ueÈß oyhlska hq;= ueÈß ixlS¾Khla o iys;j ia:dms; lrk ,§¡ 1956 jif¾§ md,l ueÈß iy má.; lsÍfï ueÈßj, kj ;dCIKsl
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148 úia;r m%pdr iy ;eá.; lsÍï 1935 jif¾ fld<U ;=r. ;r. msáfha isg ;=r. ;r. úia;r m%pdrhla isÿj we;¡ 1938 jif¾§ uykqjr o<od fmryef¾ fNaÍ jdok Yío má.; lr we;¡ 1939 jif¾§ fld<U rdclSh úoHd,fha mej;s ix.S; m%ix.hla iÔùj úiqrejd yeß nj;a tu jif¾u wf.daia;= ui fld<U wdkkao úoHd,fha isg iÔùj ix.S; m%ix.hla .=jka úÿ,sh yryd úiqrejd we;s nj;a wdh;ksl Y%jK m¾fhaIK jd¾;d idCIs orhs¡ 1939 jif¾ werô fojk uyd f,dal ix.%dufha§ ñksiqka wdrCIdj iïnkaOj lghq;= l<hq;= whqre we;=<;a wdrCIl ksfõok bx.Sis isxy, yd fou< niska ;eá.; fldg úldYkh lrk ,§¡ 1942 jif¾§ nj¾ f.dvke.s,af,a isg hqo f;dr;=re jd¾;d fldg we;af;a iÔùjuh¡ 1948 jif¾§ fjkuu ;eá .nvd md,sldjßhla hgf;a ;eá .nvd wxYhla hdj;ald,Sk jQ w;r tu jif¾§u ,xldjg ksoyi ,eîfï úia;r m%pdr o iÔùj bÈßm;a lr .=jkawe;¡ úÿ,s jevigykaj, uq,a hq.fha ;eá.; lsÍfï§ ixialrK lghq;= b;d wvqfjka isÿjqKs' Ys,amshl=f.a fyda ld¾ñl Ys,amshl=f.a iq¿ jer§ul§ ;eá.; lsÍu kj;d kej; w¿;a ;eáhl ;eá.; l< hq;= ksid .=jka úÿ,s ;dCIKh iïnkaO ±kqula ;snQ ld¾ñl Ys,amSka úiska ;eá.; lsÍï isÿl< w;r ;eá.; lsÍfï yd má.; lsÍfï hka;% md,l ueÈßfha ;nd zfrfldaâ rEïZ yryd isÿúh¡ .=jka úÿ,sh Yío udOHhls¡ ñksia y`v ix.S;h yd ndysr Yío tl;=jlska jevigyka ksIamdokh isÿjk neúka wdjYHfhkau ;dCIKsl WmlrK Ndú; l< hq;=uh iÔj jevigyka f,i uq,a ld,Skj jevigyka úldYh jqjo
149 miqld,Skj frfldaâ rEï yryd tlajru ;eá lemSu isÿl< o bka wk;=rej ixialrKh l< yels mßoafoka fuu jevigyka má.; lsÍu wdrïN úh¡ rgl bosß .uk flfrys n,mdk m%Odk idOlhla jYfhka ckudOHhg mejfrk ld¾h Ndrh w;s úYd,h' Y%S ,xldfõ" ckudOHhla jYfhka uqøs; udOHh m<uqfjka ìys jqjo" ì%;dkH hg;a úcs;hlaj mej;s rgj,a w;=frka .=jka úÿ,s úldYhla m<uqfjkau isÿl< rg f,i Y%S ,xldj b;sydi.; ù yudrh' ,xld .=jka úÿ,s fiajh" ckudOHhla jYfhka .=jka úÿ,s udOHhg mejÍ we;s j.lSu f;areï f.k ;u bosß .uk wdrïN lrk ,oS' tA wkqj uq,a jljdkqfõ isgu wdh;ksl rduqjlg wkq.; fjñka ;u j.lSu bgq lsrSug .=jka úÿ,s fiajh W;aiql úh' werUqK od isgu furgg .e,fmk jevigyka bosßm;a lsÍu fya;=fjka b;d blaukska .=jka úÿ,s hka;% ysñlrejkaf.a ixLHdj yd n,m;%,dNSkaf.a ixLHdj by< hk ,oS' .=jkaúÿ,s jevigyka ksIamdokh .=jka úÿ,s jevigyka" ksIamdokh lsÍu ne?reï ld¾hhls' ckudOHhlska ,nd .kakd f;dr;=re fjk;a ud¾.hkag jvd úYajikSh hehs fndfyda fokd woyk lreKls' ta ksidu Y%jH jevigyka ksmoùfïoS th b;d ie,ls,af,ka yd wjOdkhlska hq;=j lsÍu b;du;a w;HjYH lreKls' Y%jH ksIamdokh hk jpkh fndfyda úg Ndú;d jkafka l,ska má.; lrk jevigyka i|ydh' jevigykla ksmoùug u;af;ka ;uka weu;Sug hk b,lal.; .%dyl lKavdhu ms<sn|j mQ¾j m¾fhaIKhla isÿ l< hq;=h' tjeks l%shdjla i|yd
150 ld,h .; lsÍug we;eï ksIamdolhka wlue;s jqjo mQ¾j m¾fhaIK u.ska w;ajk m%fhdack rdYshls' ;u jevigykg ijka fokafka l=uk Y%djl msßilao hkak oek.;a úg tu Y%djl msßig b;du m%fhdackj;a yd Tjqka jvd;a m%sh lrk wdlD;shlska lreKq iy f;dr;=re" jevigykaj, wvx.= l, yels ùu jevigyfkys id¾:l wid¾:l Ndjh uekSug wjYH ñkqï o`vq ilia lr .ekSug Woõ ùu wikakka .=jka úÿ,shg ijka fok fõ,dj wkqj jevigykaj, wvx.= úh hq;af;a l=uk lreKq o @ tAjd l=uk iajrEmhla .; hq;=o @ l=uk whqrlska bosßm;a l< hq;= o @ hk lreKq ;SrKh lsÍug wdOdr ùu jeks oE bka bgq fõ' ´kEu jevigyklg wruqKla ;sìh hq;=uh' th os.= ld,Sk ie,eiaulska hqla; úh hq;=h' ikaksfõokhg ksrdjrs; ùfuka .%dylhd ;=< we;s fõ hehs n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk p¾hduh fjki wNsu;d¾:h f,i ie,fla' fuh flá ld,Sk ie,eiaulska hqla; fõ' jevigyk wjidkfhaoS Y%djlhd tys wvx.= jQ lreKq w;=rska lsysmhla u;lfhka mejiSu jekakla wNsu;d¾:hla f,i ie,lsh yel' .=jka úÿ,s udOHfha m%n,;d fukau ÿn,;d o rdYshls' jevigykla ksIamdokhg fmr tA ms<sn|j o oeä wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;=h' .=jka úÿ,sh i;= m%n,;d f,i" úhou wvq udOHhla ùu" fõ.j;a nj" iDcq udOHhla ùu jeks oE olakg ,efí' tfiau th i;= ÿn,;d f,i iefklska fjkia jk iqÆ udOHhla ùu øDIH rEm f.k tAug we;s fkdyelshdj jeks oE oelaúh yel' .S; fyda Yío fyda m%pdrh jkafka icSùj neúka" th má.; lr .ekSulska yer
151 m%pdrh jQ fohla kej; weish fkdyel' th" jevigyka ksIamdokfhaoS ie,lsh hq;= jeo.;a lreKls' jevigyka ksIamdok l%ufõoh jevigykla ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd l:k msgm;la wjYH fõ' jevigyka i|yd fndfyda úg msgm;a rpkd lrkafka ndysr rplhkah' tu msgm; ksIamdolhl= w;g m;a jQ miq th fyd|ska lshjd f;areï .kq ,nhs' wjYH kï rplhd iu.o kej; l;d ny fldg rplhdf.a woyi o ,nd .kshs' miqj wjYH fjkia lï isÿ lr msgm;g wod< Ys,amSka f;dard .ekSu isÿ lrhs' kdgHhla kï Ys,amSkag ta ms<sn|j okajd hjkq ,efí' bka miqj jevigyk má.; lsrSu i|yd oskhla" fõ,djla f;dardf.k tA i|yd ueosrshla fjka lr.kq ,nhs' jevigyk má.; lsrSu i|yd kshñ; oskfha ksIamdolhd l,skau ;eá .nvdjg f.dia wjYH ;eá yd Yío má f;dardf.k kshñ; fõ,djg Ys,amSka ueosrshg le|jd mqyqKqj wdrïN lrhs' wk;=rej jevigyk má.; lr Ys,amSkag f.úh hq;= f.ùï jjqpr wdosh f.jd Tjqka msg;a lr yrskq ,efí' bka miqj oskhla yd ueosrshla fjka lrjd f.k má.; l< jevigyk Y%jKh lr ixialrKh lrkq ,nhs' wjidkfhaoS ixialrKh lrk ,o jevigyfka Yío máh kshñ; oskg m%pdrh lsrSu i|yd má mqia;ld,h fj;g Ndr fokq ,nhs' jevigyk m%pdrh ùfuka miq Y%djlhkaf.ka fukau wNHka;r mrsmd,kfhka o u;= ùug bv we;s iEu .egÆjlgu ms<s;=re oSug ksImdolhd ne|S isáhs'
152 m%;sfmdaIKh jevigyk ms<sn|j Y%djlhd olajk woyihs' fuh Y%djl m%;spdr f,iska o y÷kajkq ,nhs' Y%djlhd iy ksIamdolhd isákafka fo;ekl neúka lsishï ud¾.hlska tu m%;spdrh" ksIamdolhd fj; ,eìh hq;=h' fuu m%;spdr ,efnk ld,h wkqj" j¾. follg fnosh yel' tkï jevigyk m%pdrh jk wjia:dfõoSu m%;spdr ,eîu iy jevigykska wk;=rej ,efnk m%;spdr f,iskah' jevigyk m%pdrh jk fõ,dfõoS ,efnk m%;spdr fndfyda úg ,efnkafka ÿrl;k ud¾.h Tiafiah' jevigykska miqj ,efnk m%;spdr ,efnkafka ;eme,a ud¾.fhka Bfï, u.ska iudc udOH u.ska fyda tia tï tia u.skah' we;eï úg jevigykska wik ,o m%Yakhlg ms<s;=re f,iska ,efnk m%;spdr Tiafia fuu jevigykg fld;rï Y%djl msrsila ijka fokjdo iy l=uk m%foaYj, ck;dj fuu jevigyk yd iïnkaO ù isákjdo hkak oek.;Y%djlhdgyel' w¾: iïmkak n,mEula we;s lrñka udkisl jYfhka hym;a fm<Uùulg ,la lsrSug yels ùuo id¾:l Y%jH jevigykla i;= jeo.;a ,CIKhls' fuh ikaksfõok uQ, O¾uj,g o wod< jQjls' ;dCIKsl wxYh Y%S ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ b;sydih ;=< uq,au Y%jH o;a; .nvd l%ufõoh ;eá lemSu jqjo miqld,Skj flá ±kaùï ldá%cj, iy .S; udiag¾ia iy m%pdrh l<hq;= jevigyka máj, .nvd lsÍu isÿúh' ;;amrhg wÕ,a 15 ^fikaá
153 óg¾ 38& iy ;;amrhg wÕ,a 7'5 ^fikaá óg¾ 19& f,i tu má j¾. folls' jevigyka ksIamdokh i|yd ix.S; Lkav" .S; jeks oE wjYH jQ úg tajd iS'ã fyda tï'ã' iy .%euf*daka ;eá ud¾.fhka ,nd .kq ,efí' tu ;eá o Odjk fõ. 78 45 33 f,i j¾. ;=kls' ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd odhl ùug l%shdldÍ iydhlfhla iEu jevigykla i|ydu fhofjk kuq;a fuu ;dCIKsl wxYh ms<sn|j ksIamdolhd oekf.k isàu jevigyfka id¾:l;ajhg fya;= fõ' ksIamdok ld¾hNdrh fuf,iska ir,j oelajqjo" th w;sYh Ndr¥r yd ixlS¾K ls%hd oduhls' má.; lsÍï fuh wojk úg mdßNdIsl jpkhla jqjo kùk mß.Kl ;dCIKh hgf;a o;a; .nvd lrk ishjila ;=< fuu má.; lsÍu hk jpkhg iqÿiq ;ek jkafka merKs zfrfldaäkaZ yÿkajd §ug Ndú; l< yels jpkhla f,ih' má.; lsÍï ;dCIKh ;snQ wjêfha uQ,sl y`v mg má.; lr tu y`v mgh ;j;a má Odjk hka;%hla yryd m%;sjdokh lr fjk;a má.; lsÍï hka;%hl úúO Yío m%fhda. iy ix.S;h tla lrñka udiag¾ máh ilid .kakd ,§¡ bkslaì;sj tu udiag¾ máh mqia;ld,h u.ska iïnkaO;d ueÈßh fj; m%pdrh i|yd fhdojk ,§¡ má.; l, máfha jerÿKq ;eka l;=rlska lmd kej; iam,hsiska fÜma u.ska wuqKd ixialrKh l< w;s oCI Yío bxðfkarejka o ,xld .=jka úÿ,s b;sydifha fiajh lr we;' ta w;r mS' t,a' O¾uj¾Ok ksu,a ,CIm;swdrÉÑ bkaøjxY fmf¾rd kdro Èidfialr .=Kodi lmqf.a fkú,a o is,ajd hQ' wdßhúu,a jðr ,,skao ÆIka meá%la ch,;d Okj,ú;dk jeks wh isysm;a l< yel
154 kùk frfldaäka l%ufõo mß.Kl ;dCIKh Tiafia frfldaäka isÿ lsÍu j;auka l%ufõohhs¡ wefvdaí TäIka lshqfíia jeks fid*aÜ fjhd¾ Tiafia ±kg y`v o;a; mß.Kl.; lrhs¡ fuys§ Yío ixialrKh b;d myiqjk w;r miq lf<l kej; ixialrKj,g .; yels f,i mjd .nvd l< yel¡ kj udOH Ndú;h .=jka úÿ,s jevigyka weiS kEiS ld,fha yd wjldYfha uels hk udOHhla neúka kej; tu Y%jH jevigyka .%dylhd fj; weiSug ie,eiaùu .%dyl wjYH;d mokï lr.;a udOH wdh;k isÿl< hq;=h¡ j¾;udkfha mj;sk iudc udOH .=jka úÿ,s jevigyka äðg,a ixrCIKh Wfoid b;d iqÿiqu l%ufõohla fkdjqko b;d blaukska .%dyl m%cdjg Y%jH jevigyka fnodyeÍug" .nvd lsÍug yd Nd.; lr kej; weiSu i|yd f.Kqqjla f,i .nvd lsÍug j;aufka th Wmfhda.S lr.kS¡ hQáhqí jeks iudc udOH ;=< fyda fmdâldiaÜ fjí wvú .+.,a v%hsõ ;=< .nvd lrk fuu Y%jH jevigyka b;d blaukska fnod yeÍug f*aianqla Üúg¾ iy íf,d.a wvú Wmfhda.S lr.kS ▄
155 isxy, ;eá$má .nvdj merKs má.; lsÍfï hka;%hla má wdOdrfhka ixialrKhla isÿlrk Yío mßmd,ljrfhla wdkkao iurfldaka ueossßfha oS cmka wdOdr hgf;a ,enqKq Yío ñY%lh cmka bxcsfkarejreka iu. mqyqKq jk .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ ls%hdldÍ iydhljreka'
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156 wdY%s; uQ,dY% ;rx.kS iÕrd y`v f¾äfhdaiÕrdghsïia iÕrd .=jka úÿ,s jxYh ã tï fld,Uf.a 1980 ikaksfõok m%jK;d wdßhr;ak we;=., 2011 y~ k¿j fyj;a .=jka úÿ,s kdgHh iq.;md,o is,ajd 1993 The Art of Radio – ACBC Training Manual – Stewart Wavell The Story of Broadcasting in Ceylon Government Press 1960 This is Colombo Calling C.L. Pujitha Gunawardhana 1990 Radio Broadcasting in Sri lanka – Nandana Karunanayaka 1990 Report of the commission of Broadcasting 1983 The Committee on Broadcasting 1960 Development of the Broadcasting Chain 1959 Broadcasting Radio & Television Ewbark Lawton 1956 b÷ks,a isxy,<udjevigykachj¾OkksIamdoltallhiajfoaYShfiajh
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157 .=jka úÿ,s fyda rEmjdyskS wdh;khl wd;auh jkafka .%dylhd fjkqfjka ks¾udKh jk jevigykah' iuia; wdh;kfha wjika b,lalh .%dylhd oskd.ekSu jk neúks' úfYaIfhkau .=jka úÿ,sh ijka fokakka tu wdh;kh fyda fiajdj fj; weo ne| ;nkafka tys jevigyka u.sks' ijka fok iLHdj jeä kï" m%pdrKlrejka fiajdodhlhka yUd hkafka tu úoHq;a ikaksfõok wdh;kh fyda tu .=jka úÿ,s fiajdjh' fiajdodhlhka jeäùu hkq wdodhï w;ska by< ;;ajhlg m;aùuhs' thska ,dNdxY flfrys f,dl=u n,mEu lrkafka ckms%h iy .=Kd;aul núka jeä jevigykah' ck;djg mKsúv ,ndoSu" oekqj;a lsÍu" úfkdaoh ,ndoSu jeks ldrKd Y%jH udOHfha úfYaI;d fjhs' tu.ska Y%djlhdg mq`M,a fufyjrla bgq flf¾' m%jD;a;s" úfYaI idlÉPd" kj ks¾udK iy fidhd .ekSï Y%djl ck;djf.a ks¾udK" l=i,;d we.hSu jeks nyqúO ld¾hhka bgq lrkafka fuu jevigyka
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.%dylhkaf.a wNsfm%arKh o f;areï .ekSfï yelshdj (Understanding) fjkia jk ck;d reÑhg" jevigyka iy ;dCIK m%jK;dj,g wkql+,j yev.eiSfïoS iqkuH ùu wjYH fõ' (Flexible) tfukau jevigyka iy m%j¾Ok" ixl,am j¾Okh lsÍfïoS yd ls%hdjg ke`.SfïoS ks¾udKYS,S ùu jeo.;a h' (Creative) wdh;k we;=<; iy msg; fjk;a wh iu. lghq;= lsÍfïoS;a wdpdrO¾óh úh hq;=h' (Ethical) .=jka úÿ,s jevigykalrKh (Radio & Station Programming) fndfyda .=jka úÿ,s uOHia:dkhkays jevigyka flfrys wdlD;s (Format) kñka ye|skafjk tla m%Odk wka;¾.; uQ,sldx.hla n,mdhs' th ie,iqï lrkq ,nkafka jhi" iudc" wd¾Ól ,CIK fyda ck j¾.h wkqj y÷kd .efkk ck.yKfha tla;rd úfYaI Wm lKavdhulg reÑhla oekfjk wkaoñks'
158 u.sks' ck;d fiajh" Tjqkaf.a wNsreÑh imqrd,Su" Tjqka wdl¾IKh lr.ekSu fukau Tjqkag fkdu|j úkaokh ,ndoSu;a fuu jevigyk u.ska isÿúh hq;=h' fï i|yd jevigyka wxYh ukd f,i ixúOdkd;aul úh hq;h' wxYfha m%Odkshd jkqfha fl,skau iNdm;s fyda wOHCI ckrd,a ckrd,a fyda idudkHdêldÍ ;ek fj; jd¾;d lrk j.lshk jevigyka l<ukdldrjrhdh' ke;fyd;a wOHCIjrhdh' jevigyka yd jevigyka ksIamdokh fufyhqï l<ukdldr wOHCIjrfhl= hgf;a tlu wxYhla fyda wxY lSmhla md,kh úh yelsh' jevigyka wOHCI fyda l<ukdlre uQ,sl jYfhka úIhNdr oekqfuka hq;a m%d{hl= úh hq;=h' Tyqg mßmd,kuh yd jD;a;Sh ksmqK;d o oshqKq udkj iïnkaO;d .=Kdx. o ;sìh hq;= fjhs' jevigyka wOHCI fyda l<ukdlre bjis,sjka; úh hq;=h' (Patient)
159 fuysoS wm l;dny lrkafka wdh;ksl wdlD;s .ek fkdj" .=jka úÿ,s jevigyka wdlD;s ms<sn|jh' fïjd tlsfklska fjkia jk wdldrh y÷kd fkd.; fyd;a hï hï .eg¨ u;= ùug bv ;sfí' jdKsc .=jka úÿ,s uOHia:dkj, jvd;a nyq,j olakg ,efnkafka ix.S;uh wdlD;shhs' rdcH wxYfha .=jka úÿ,s fiajdjkays fiiq fiajd wdlD;sh fukau jdKsc wdlD;sh fyda ta fofl iïñY%Khla fyda oelsh yelsh' wdlD;shla fufia úhhq;= hehs ksYaÑ;j oelaúh fkdyelsh' tfukau .=jka úÿ,s jevigyka j¾. iy jevigyka wdlD;s o úúO h" úIu h' jevigyka wdlD;shla hkq jevigykla bosßm;a lrk fyda ksIamdokh lrk wdldrhhs" wdlD;shhs' f,dj oS¾> ld,Sk w;aoelSï wdY%fhka .=jka úÿ,s jevigyka wdlD;s lSmhla y÷kdf.k we;' tfy;a" j¾;udkh jk úg fïjdg ;j ;j;a kj wdlD;s /ila tla ù ;sfí' 1' i`.rd jevigyka 2' iïuqL idlÉPd 3' kdgH wdlD;sh 4' jd¾;d jevigyka 5' lKavdhï idlÉPd 6' úÑ;%dx. jevigyka wdoS jYfhks' i`.rd jevigykaj,oS tlsfklg fjkia jQ fndfyda lreKq idlÉPd flf¾' tajd i`.rdjl msgq fuka tlska tl fjkia fjñka bosßm;a lrkakd úiska bosßhg f.k hkq ,nhs' ksfõol fyda fufyhjkakd tu lreKq iïnkaO lr.ksñka úÑ;%j;a f,i;a" ks¾udKd;aul f,i;a tu jevigyk bosßm;a lrhs' iïuqL idlÉPdjl oS jevigyka bosßm;a lrkakd fyda ksfõol ;j;a mqoa.,fhl=f.ka fyda iïm;a odhlhl=f.ka m%Yak úpdrhs' thg fmr iQodkula
160 ;sîu jeo.;a h' l;d lrk ud;Dldjg wod<j wfkld oekqj;a lsÍu wruqKq lr.ksñkah" iïm;a odhlf.ka meyeos,s f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug fuysoS isÿjkafka' iïuqL idlÉPd l%ufõoh fjku idlÉPd l< hq;= ud;Dldjls' tysoS iïuqL idlÉPdj fufyhjkakd l< hq;=" fkdl< hq;= foa ms<sn|j oek isàu jeo.;akdgHh' wdlD;sh wdl¾IKSh núka hq;= h' hïlsis mKsúvhla fyda isoaêhla úÑ;%j;a f,i Ys,amSka ,jd bosßm;a lsÍu fuhska isÿ fõ' tysoS fonia" Yío" m%fhda." ix.S;h" ksy`v nj jeks fndfyda Wml%u fhdod .ksñka bosßm;a lsÍu kdgH ksIamdolhdf.a ks¾udK l=i,;d m%lg lrkakls' wikakdg th wid isàfuka tu pß; bosßm;a lsÍu ;=<ska úfkdaod;aul wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yels fõ' jd¾;d jevigykaj,oS tl isoaêhla" W;aijhla" fmryerla jeks jQ úIhhla ms<sn|j jd¾;dlrejl=" weiska ÿgqfjl= ta ms<sn|j lrkq ,nk úia;rhls' ke;fyd;a ta ms<sn|j tu ia:dkfha isg oel n,d.ksñka f.fkk tieKlKavdhïjd¾;djls'idlÉPdj,oS úIhhla fyda úIh lSmhla ms<sn|j iduqyslj idlÉPd lrkq ,nhs' tysoS tl`.ùï" u;jdo" .eàï" meyeos,s lsÍï wdosh isÿ fõ' úÑ;%dx. jevigykaj,oS tlu úIhhla ms<sn|j úúO me;slvj,ska idlÉPd lsÍula iy bosßm;a lsÍula isÿ fõ' th Wml%uYS,S f,i;a ks¾udKd;aul f,i;a" úÑ;%j;a f,i;a bosßm;a flf¾' ta i|yd jevigyka ksIamdoljre úúO l%fudamdhhka fhdod .ks;s' .S;hla" iïuqL idlÉPdjla" kdgH fldgila w¾: újrKhla" fjk;a m%fhda. fhoSula iys;j th bosßm;a úh yels h' úfYaI;ajh tysoS l;dnyg ,la lrkafka" tla úIhhla ms<sn|j muKla ùuhs'
161 fuu jevigyka wdlD;sj,g wu;rj uE;loS ;dCIKfha oshqKqj Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka jevigyka úÑ;%j;a lrkakg ;j;a fkdfhla Wml%u fhdodf.k ;sfí' WodyrKhla f,i ÿrl:k weu;=ï jevigyka oelaúh yels h' flfkla wikakd fl,skau wu;ñka Tyqg l;d lrhs' fïjdfha ixialrK lghq;a;la isÿ fkdfõ' fuysoS th fm!oa.,slj ;u oCI;d" lÓl;ajh Wmfhda.S lrf.k isÿlrkq ,nkakls' th ;ukaf.a fm!oa.,sl o¾Ykhla úh yelsh' th udOH úfYaI{jreka y÷kajkafka (Pestimony) hkqfjks' th jdÑl ;yjqre lsÍuls'tfiau ;j;a wjia:djl ksfõol fyda bosßm;a lrkakd fkdue;sj fCIa;%hloS má.; l< y`v fldgia tlsfklg .,mñka isoaêhla fyda l;djla f,i ixialrKh lr bosßm;a lsÍug mq`Mjk' th iuyr udOH úfYaI{jre VOXPOP f,i o ;j;a udOH úfYaI{hska MONTAGE f,i o y÷kajhs' fko¾,ka; mqyqKq uOHia:dkfha jevigyka ksIamdol mqyqKqjloS y÷kajd ÿka jevigyka wdlD;s my; oelafõ' .=jka úÿ,s jevigyka j¾. 1' m%jD;a;s" m%jD;a;s yd ld,Sk jevigyka 2' ix.S; jevigyka 3' jdÑl jevigyka f,i kdgH" úÑ;%dx." úúO jevigyka idlÉPd" flá l;d" iïuqL idlÉPd wdosh we;=<;a fõ' 4' wd.ñl jevigyka 5' <ud yd ldka;d jevigyka 6' wOHdmk jevigyka
7'
162 úia;r m%pdr icSù bosßm;a lsÍï ;;aj jd¾;d 9' .%dóh jevigyka 10' .=jka úÿ,s kdgH 11' ixj¾Ok jevigyka 12' lDIsld¾ñl jevigyka 13' fjf<| jevigyka .=jka úÿ,s jevigyk ksIamdok ld¾hNdrh Tnf.a ijkg ri ñysrla fiau" oekqu wjfndaOh ,nd fokakg ielefik .=jka úÿ,s jevigykl ksIamdok ld¾hNdrh myiq lghq;a;la fkdfõ' .=Kd;aul núka msß .=jka úÿ,s jevigykla ksIamdokh lsÍfïoS oek.; hq;= úfYaI ldrKd /ila ;sfí' .=Kd;aul núka hq;= jevigykla ksIamdokh lsÍug kï ksis wod< oekqula" úfYaI m%d.=KHhla fiau úfYaIs; jQ mqyqKqjla o ,nd ;sîu jeo.;a' thg tlaúh hq;= jeo.;au lreKla jkafka ksIamdolhdf. ks¾udKd;aul odhl;ajhhs' ´kEu l=vd mKsjqvhla jqjo ks¾udKd;aulj wikakdg bosßm;a lsÍfï yelshdj udOHfõoshd i;= úh hq;=hs' .=jka úÿ,s jevigyka ksIamdolhd hkq( lsishï ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=< úldYkh jk jevigykla" ie,iqïiy.;" ixúOdkd;aulj iy ks¾udKd;aulj ilia lrkakd h' Tyq i;= úhhq;= .=Kdx. lsysmhla ;sfí'
8'
163 úYd, mrdihl oekqu" wjfndaOh iy l=;=y,h ;sìh hq;= h' ks¾udKYS,S úh hq;= h' wkHhkaf.a ks¾udKd;aul woyia .e,mSfï yelshdj ;sìh hq;= h' wdh;kfha jevigyka rduqj" fiajfha wkkH;dj ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ;sìh f;dr;=rehq;=h'iemhSu" oekqj;a lsÍu" l=;=y,h" kïud.ekSu" ls%hdkaú;hlg fm<Uùu ^ÿrl:k" ,sms" mKsjqv u.ska& úkaokh ,ndoSu jeks lreKq ms<sn|j wjOdkh ;sîu jeo.;a h' wikakd ms<sn| mq`M,a wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;=h' ;uka ikaksfõokh lrkafka ldgo" b,lal Y%djl msßi" ^Wod( fn!oaO m%cdj" <uhs" .DyKsh" fmdÿ wikakd" lS%vd f,da,Ska" ix.S; f,da,Ska jeks úúO ldKav y÷kdf.k ie,iqï l< hq;=h& ms<sn| oekqj;aNdjhla ksIamdolhd ;=< ;sìh hq;= h' ;dCIKsl fuj,ï ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ;sîu jeo.;a ikaksfõolhd udOHhg msúfik úg" ta ms<sn| ukd yqrejla" mqyqKqjla ,nd ;sìh hq;=h' ta wdh;kh" mßirh" ueosßh iy WmlrK ms<sn|j h' odhl;ajh ,nd .ekSfï oS Tyqg fyda wehg iudcfha ;sfnk ms<s.ekSu w.h l< hq;= fõ' wikakd ;=< Tjqka mjik foa ms<sn|j úYajikSh;ajh yd ms<s.ekSu ;sìh hq;= fiau tu iïm;aodhl msßia iu. in|;d jvjd.; hq;= h' ukd fm!reIhla iys; fid÷re wd{dodhlhl= úh hq;=h' ksIamdolhd ;u jevigyk ;udu bosßm;a lrkafka kï" Tyqg ;u fm!reIh f.dvk.d.; yels
164 m%Odk;u fuj,u zlgy`vhsZ th ksrjq,a" meyeos,s" wdl¾IKSh" ñ;%YS,S" wjxl iy msßmqka njla ;sìh hq;= h' ksIamdolhd ;j flfkla ,jd jevigyk bosßm;a lrkafka kï Tyq ;u wNsu;h mßos ksfõolhd fyda bosßm;a lrkakd fufyhúh hq;=h' Tyq mejiSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk foa uekúka bosßm;a lrkakd ;=<ska ,efí kï msreKq ysila iy msreKq njla wikakdg oefka' jevigykg uQ,sl jYfhka wjYH jk úhoï ms<sn|j Tyq i;=j oekqula ;sìh hq;= fiau" ta ms<sn|j wjYH jQ úfgl jd¾;djla ieliSfï yelshdjo ;sìh hq;=h' ksIamdolfhl= i;= j.lSï ms<sn|j fko¾,ka; .=jka úÿ,s mqyqKq uOHia:dkfha l< b.ekaùïj,g wkqj ,o f;dr;=rej,ska ì|la Tfí oek.ekSu msKsi bosßm;a lrñ' RADIO NEDERLAND TRAINING CENTRE GENERAL COURSE FEBRUARY 12TH JUNE `12TH 1998 ResponsibilitiesAsa'producer' you will need to ensure that there is a proper running order for the programme and that everyone talking part either on microphone or behind the scenes not only has a copy but understands what is to happen when. You will need to ensure that all the contributors to the programme know how to be in contact with one another and are so. You will need to ensure that the music has not only been selected and included in the running order but that it is also on hand in the studio when it needs to be played into the programme. You
As a 'presenter' you will need to prepare you introduction and links as well as the handovers to and from the location. This will include being able to set the scene for your listeners at Radio Netherlands as well as introducing the international broadcasters, the topic of the programme and where it will take its listeners. You will need to check that you know the running order and your own part in the programme as well as the timings for all the elements. You will need to know the music to be played and have thought how you are going to play into the programme with announcements and or back announcements. You will need to ensure you have good communication with the studio and the reporters on locatoin.As a 'reporter' you will need to prepare your descriptive location interview from the market with your interviewee making certain that you. Your interviewee and the presenter and producer know what you are going to be doing, where and when. You may have to agree with your interviewee on my signals you may need to give. You will also need to make sure you keep your contribution to the required length of between four and five minutes. You will
165 will need to ensure that you know what be in the presentation links and in the handovers as well as how they are to be done. You will need to ensure that there is a rehearsal of the start of the programme and the link ups before the programme goes 'live'. During the programme you will need to ensure that the broadcast runs smoothly and to time to by communicating effectively with the sound engineer and planning ahead.
166 need to prepare the handover from and to the location with the presenter and with the other reporter(s). You will need to ensure you have a running order and know your part and that of the other contributors in it. You will need to have checked your equipment and communication before you leave and again on location. You will need to rehearse the link up before going on the air. As and 'interviewee' you will need to ensure you know what is expected of you, where and when and that you understand any signals you may receive. You will also need to know the running order. y÷kd.;a m%Odk jevigyka ksIamdok l%u folls' 1' idïm%odhsl l%uh fï u.ska úYajdih yd fm!reIh ;yjqre wdrCId fõ' kshñ; f;aud jdokhlska wdrïN lsÍu' .,df.k hdfï idïm%odhsl l%uh' kshñ; f;aud jdokhlska wjika ùu' 2' ks¾udKd;aul l%uh ksYaÑ; jQ jevms<sfj<la ke;' wdl¾IKSh nj" ks¾udKYS,S;ajh u; fyda ;dCIKsl Wml%u Ndú;h u; fyda fjkia úh yels h' ix.S; NdKav" .S;" wikakka wdosh u.ska úúO;ajhla we;s lrhs' oCI ks¾udKlrefjl=g wikakdg ióm ùug b;d fyd| l%uhls' wdlD;suh jYfhka fjkialï lsÍug mq`Mjk'
167 jevigyka ksIamdokfha wjê 3 la ms<sn|j l;d lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' tkï" 1' jevigykla ilia lsÍug fmr wjêh mQ¾j ksIamdok wjêh Pre Production Stage 2' ksIamdok wjêh Production Stage 3' miq ksIamdok Post Production Stage ^1& jevigykla ilia lsÍug fmr wjêh mQ¾j ksIamdok wjêh Pre ProductionStage hï jevigykla ksIamdokh lsÍug woyia lrkafka kï ta ms<sn|j meyeos,s woyila ksIamdolhd ;=< ;sìh hq;= h' ta woyi bosßm;a lsÍug wjYH miqìu ilid.; hq;af;a f;dr;=re .fõIKhlsks' th bosßm;a lrkafka l=uk wdldrhg oehs hkak ;SrKh l< hq;=h Programme Format jevigyfka wka;¾.;h ms<sn|j meyeos,s wjfndaOhla ,nd.; hq;= h' Content b,lal Y%djlhd (Target Audience) bosßm;a lrkafka ljqo" (Presenter Announcer) iïm;a odhlhka (Resource Persons) msgm; ilia lrkafka flfiao ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ;sîu'
168 ^2& ksIamdok wjêh Production Stage fuh ueosßfha fyda fCIa;%fha má.; lsÍula fyda icsù bosßm;a lsÍula úh yels h' ueosßfha kï ta i|yd ueosß iydhl jevigyka ksIamdok iydhl fyda ls%hdldÍ iydhl" ;dCIKsl iydhlf.a Woõ ,efí' má.; lrk Wmdx. iy uhsl%f*dakh .ek ksis wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;= fõ' j¾;udkfha fndafyda úg isÿ flfrkafka ;ud úiskau fï lghq;a; lsÍuh' Tyqg yelshd /ila ;sîu jeo.;a h' (Multiple Skills) jevigyk bosßm;a lsÍu" má.; lsÍu" ixiaalrKh lr bosßm;a lsÍu jeks foa ms<sn|j oekqj;aNdjh iy yelshdj ;sîu m%fhdackj;a fõ' ;ud úiskau ish¨ foa lrñka hka;% iy Wmdx. Ndú;h o iys;j jevigyka bosßm;a lsÍu (Self Operation System) hkqfjka ye|skafõ' icSj f,i ueosßfha bosßm;a lrkafka kï fmr iQodkula iys;j jevigyk bosßm;a lsÍug iQodkï úh hq;=h' .S; f;dard .ekSu" f;dr;=re iïmdokh lr.ekSu" y`v fldgia iy Yío fldgia wid ms<sfh< lr.ekSu" f;aud jdok f;dard.ekSu wdosh iQodkï lrf.k isàu Tyqg tu bosßm;a lsÍug myiqjla fõ' f,dj oshqKq rgj, fukau j¾;udk ,xldfõ o oeka Self Operation System fyj;a ;ksj jevigyka bosßm;a lsÍfï l%uh Ndú; fõ' fïjd Automation kï jQ l%uhg bosßm;a jkakls' msgm;a wkq.ukh lrñka má.; lsÍu isÿl< yelsh' iuia; msgm; uq,skau ilia l<hq;= fiau" ls%hdldÍ ms<sfj< yd ie,eiaula ,nd osh hq;= fõ' th Running Order ke;akï fm<.eiauhs' mQ¾j ksIamdok wjêfhaoS .kakd ie,iqï wkqj msgm; ilia l< hq;= fõ' icSù jevigykl kï m%Odk lreKq Point Form Ndú; l< yels fõ'
169 kuq;a yeu úglu wikakd wu;l fkdl< hq;=h' wikakkaf.ka woyia ,nd.ekSfïoS Wml%uYS,S úh hq;=h' iïm;a odhlhdf.ka f;dr;=re úuik úg" WÑ; iy .e,fmk m%Yak muKla weiSug j.n,d .; hq;= fõ' f;dr;=re wikakdg meyeos,s lroSfï w;rueoshd ;uka jk neúka wjOdkfhka hq;=j m%Yak weish hq;= fõ' úúO woyia ,nd.ekSu jeo.;a h' iïuqL idlÉPd l%ufõoh (Interviewing Tech...........) fjkiau w;HjYH jevigyka wdlD;shls' fï ms<sn|j fjku idlÉPd l<hq;= fõ' fï iïm;a odhlhd ms<sn| j.lSu ksIamdolhd oeßh hq;= fõ' jevigykg b;sßj we;s fõ,dj .ek wjêfhka isáh hq;= fõ' iEu má.; lsÍï fldgilau igyka fmd;lg (Note Pad) .ekSug wu;l fkdl< hq;=h' tu fldgia fjka fjka jYfhka l=ula o" ljqo" fldmuK fõ,djla .; jQjd oehs tys igyka lr.ekSu m%fhdackj;a fõ' má.; lsÍïj,oS ksIamdolhdf.a isf;ys wjik Ñ;%h meyeos,sj we|S ;sìh hq;=h' ta i|yd .e,fmk mßos ksfõolhka fufyhúh hq;=h' ksIamdolg wjYH mßos y`v" f;dr;=re bosßm;a fkdúKs kï" (Talk Back) u.ska ksfõolg Wmfoia ,ndosh hq;= fõ' ix.S; LKav" miqìï ix.S;h" .S; ms<sn|j woyila we;sj má.; lsÍï ueosßhg meñKSug W;aidy lsÍu ;=<ska ;udf.a jevigyka wruqK bgqlr .ekSug myiqjla ie,fia' ,enqKq foh Ndr .ekSug fkdj" wjYH foh ,nd.ekSug Wkkaÿ ùuhs jvd jeo.;a jkafka' fufia iQodkï jQ miq iïmQ¾K msgm;la ilia lr.; hq;=h'
170 .=jka úÿ,shg msgm;a rpkh zz,shkakg fmr lshjd n,kakZZ 'Say it, Before you write it' Mi msgm;a rpkfhaoS ir, l;d NdIdj fkdj" úúO fhÿï WmyerK wdosh tla jQ ffY,shla úh hq;= h' yqiau .ekSfï rgdjg wmyiq fkdjk fia wikakdg myiqfjka f;areï.; yels jk mßos flá meyeos,s jdlH ,súh hq;= h' WÉpdrKhg myiq jpk iy hq.,d¾: (double meaning) fkdue;s jpk úh hq;=h' iEu úgu tla mqoa.,fhl=g wu;kak' nyq jpk fkdfhdokak' .=jka úÿ,sh hkq tal mqo., ikaksfõok fuj,uls' (one to one medium) Tn bosßfha isák ñ;=rl= fjkqfjka rpkd lrkak' iEu úgu rdcldÍ uÜgfï ksfõok ksl=;a lrk wdldrhg jvd wdl¾IKSh f,i msgm;a rpkd l< hq;=h' fï yeu rpkdjlu b,lal Y%djl msßi .ek wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h' ^N+f.da,Sh iSudj" ,sx. fNaoh" jhi" wOHdmk uÜgu wdosh& wdrïNh wdl¾IKSh úh hq;= h' yqre mqreÿ jQ tlu jpk ud,djlska iy tlu wdldrhlg jevigyfka wdrïNh igyka fkdl< hq; h' wikakd lsisjla fkdokak fudvhl= f,i ye`.fjk jdlH lsis jfgl we;=`M fkdl< hq;= h'
171 .=jka úÿ,sh wikakg fyda wefikakg mq`Mjk' ta ksid wdl¾IKSh nj wdrCId lr.; hq;= h' .=jka úÿ,sh rEm ujhs' ukfia ujk is;=ju" wefik foag wkqj uefjk is;=juhs' msgm; meyeos,sj ,súh hq;= h' tla me;a;l muKla ,shkak' msgmf;a fld< wxlkh lr ;sîu jeo.;a fõ' wjYH Wmfoia (Music, Sound Effects, Bridge Music) ksis f,i igyka fko¾,ka;lrkak' mqyqKq uOHia:dkfhka wm oekqj;a l< Writing for Radio msgm;la fuys i|yka lrkq leue;af;ñ' weuqKqu 2 jevigyk bosßm;a lsÍfïoS Tn th l< hq;= wdldrh b;d meyeos,s igykla o fï iu. tla lrkak' weuqKqu 3 ^3& miq ksIamdok wjosh Past Productin Stage miq ksIamdokfha m%Odk;u ldrKh jkafka ixialrKhhs' ixialrKh hkq wkjYH oE bj;a lr" wjYH oE ksis mßos ilid .ekSuhs' ixialrKfha jeo.;alu mqkreÉpdrKh" wkjYH Yío iy jpk bj;a lsÍu' ld,h wkqj ilia lsÍu'
172 os.= wms<sfj< má.; lsÍul jákd fldgia fiùu' fï i|yd w;S;fha má (Tape) fhdod .ekqKo j¾;udkfha mß.Kl uDÿldx. u.ska isÿflf¾' ixialrK uDÿldx. 1. Cool Edit Pro 2. Adobe Audition 3. Cubase 4. Pro Tools 5. Nuendo 6. Saw Studio ksIamdok ixialrK yd ixialrK uDÿldx. ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd ;sìh hq;=h' ixialrKfhaoS Yíoh m%Odk jYfhka fldgia 3 lska fhdod .efka' ienE Yío wm má.; lr.kakd Yío m%fhda. Yío Sound Effects w;sf¾l Yío ks¾udKhg fhdod .kakd ix.S; LKav ixialrKfhaoS isÿlrK ls%hdj,sh 1' y`v fldgia tlu ;,hlg f.k tau Normalizing 2' wjYH foa ;ndf.k wkjYH foa bj;a lsÍu Editing 3' wkjYH ndysr Yío bj;a lsÍu Noise Removing 4' .=Kd;aul nfjys fjkila wjYH kï isÿ lsÍu Equalizing 5' y`v j¾Okh lsÍu Amplitude 6' wjYH ix.S;h yd Yío m%fhda. fhoSu Adding music or sound effects 7' tla ;rx.hlg ñY% lsÍu Export or Mixdown 8' wjYH f,i .nvd lsÍu Save as
173 jevigyk bosßm;a lsÍug fmr ish¨u foa hym;a oehs mÍCId lr ne,Su ksIamdolf.a m%Odk j.lSuhs' wka;¾.;h" m%ñ;sh" ;dCIKsl m%fhda.hkays ksrjoHNdjh wdosh fidhd ne,sh hq;=hs' má.; lsÍug fmr;a" úldYkh lsÍug fmr;a kej; úuid ne,sh hq;= h' wid ne,sh hq;= h' ;dCIKsl Wml%u Ys,amSkag leu;s mßos fkdj" ksIamdolg wjYH mßos l< hq;= h' ;u jevigyfka y`v fldgia ksIamdokh fyda ksIamdolf.a wëCIKh hgf;a iajhxlrK uDÿldx. (Automation Software) fyda ixhqla; ;eáhlg .; hq;= h' jevigykg wod< jk y`v fldgia uDÿldx.hlg we;=`M lrk úg tlu Folder tllg we;=<;a l< hq;= h' tajdfha .=Kd;aul nj ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h' (Quality Levels) mQ¾j m%pdrl mg ieliSu o ksIamdokfha j.lSuls' (Trailers) th jevigyfka m%pdrl lghq;= isÿlsÍuls' 1' fuh jevigyfka fldgilska Wmqgd .;a y`v fldgia úh yelsh' 2' tia ke;akï ta i|ydu ,shQ jels lsysmhla úh yelsh' 3' th Y%djlhdf.a wdl¾IKh oskd.; yels úh hq;=h' 4' b;d os.= fkdúh hq;= w;r ;;amr 30 l ld,hla b;d iqÿiq fõ' 5' tys jevigyfka ku" wka;¾.;h ms<sn| woyia" m%pdrh jk oskh" fõ,dj iy kd<sldfõ ku we;=<;a úh hq;=h' 6' ksis fõ,djla ;=< oekaùu fm<.eiaùug ie,eiaùu o ksIamdol i;= j.lSuls' ksIamdolfhla jevigyka ksIamdokfhaoS isÿl< hq;= foa wuqøjH tl;= lsÍu muKla fkdfõ' f;dr;=re kj;djlska hq;=j bosßm;a l< hq;= fõ' ta i|yd ud;dldj iy f;dr;=re tlsfkld iu. ikaikaokh l< hq;=h' jevigyk bosßm;a lsÍug zfmr mqyqKqjlaZ wjYH fõ' bosßm;a lrkakd Bg wkqrEm joka"
174 bosßm;a lrk iajNdjh yd fõ.h jeks foa ksjerosj l< hq;=h' fmr mqyqKqj jeros wju.=jkalrhs'úÿ,sfha w;HjYH lreKla jk zld, l<ukdlrKhZ ksIamdol is;g .; hq;= m%n, lreKls' kshñ; fõ,djg jevigyk wdrïN l< hq;= fiau" kshñ; fõ,djg th wjika l< hq;= h' wikakd jevigykg iQodkï jk úg Tn th wdrïN lr" Tyq ta jevigyk i|yd fjka l< ld,fha w. tu jevigyk wjika úh hq;=h' yeu úgu Trf,daiqj wkqj ld,h l<ukdlrKh lr.; hq;= h' ksfõolhdf.a bosßm;a lsÍfï fõ.h .ek ksIamdol wjfndaOfhka isáh hq;=jevigykh' wjika jQ miq th bosßm;a lf<a Tn kï kej; th Y%jKh lrkak' jevigyfka ish¨ foa igyka lr.kak' wjYH y`v fldgia ixrCIKh i|yd mqia;ld,hg ,nd fokak' úhoï jd¾;dj ilid wkque;shg hjkak' we.ehqï l;sldj (Evaluation Meeting) jevigyka wOHCIjreka iy ksIamdoljreka w;r meje;aúh hq;= h' jevigykg Wmldr l< yeug ia;=;s lrkak'jevigykla ksIamdokfha oS fï Wmfoia yd ms<sfj;a wkq.ukh lrkafka kï Y%djlhd oskd.ekSu lsisfia;a wmyiq fkdjkq we;' bka woyia jkafka Tfí .=jka úÿ,s Y%djl wdl¾IKh ksid ch.%dyS ia:dkhlg wksjd¾hfhkau m;ajk njhs' pkaøsld chldka;s md,l jdÑl jevigyka
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175 uq,a ld,Sk ,xld .=jka úÿ,sfha ksfõol kdudj,shla ilik ã'tï' fld<Uf.a uy;d ish z.=jka úÿ,s jxYhZ lD;sfha bx.S%is isxy, yd fou< jYfhka fldgia lr olajhs' isxy, ksfõolfhda ´'jhs' fmf¾rd ^,smslre fiajfhka& ,s,s;a tia' ffu;S%md, à'tï' refíre ^ld¾ñl ks,Odßhls& wdßhodi mSßia fjf<| fiajfha m%:u ksfõol ã'tï' fld<Uf.a ^m<uq isxy, ksfõol& tÉ'ã' úfcaodi m%Nd ^m<uqrK;=x.isxy,ksfõosldj& .=K;=x. fla' ,shkf.a fjf<| fiajfha m%:u iaÓr ksfõol kkaod ^fojekschudkakisxy,ksfõosldj& isß,a rdcmlaI fudaiia m%kdkaÿ .=Kr;ak wfífialr f;aúia .=ref.a pkaød jhuka lreKdr;ak wfífialr Y%Smd,s jhuka tï'ã' .=Kmd, wdßhfiak ñ,a,ú;dkdÉÑ hQ'ta'tia' fmf¾rd fm%aulS¾;s o w,aúia tÉ'tï' .=Kfialr n¾á .,ysáhdj tã hdmd wfYdal ;s,lr;ak ,eã rKisxy md,s; fmf¾rd udla wef,daishia m%kdkaÿ fiaisß úfcafialr
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176 wdkkao ir;a úu,ùr .=Kfialr fla' m;srK O¾u YS% uqKisxy iqukd fk,a,ïmssáh YS%ud rdclreKd YS%ud wêldÍ we,a*%â fmf¾rd fâúâ w;=fldar, fm%diam¾ m%kdkaÿ l=úkagia frdøs.+ iqO¾uka o is,ajd r;akd iurisxy Ñ;%dkkao wfífialr fvkais,a úfcar;ak ksõgka .=Kr;ak cskfiak hl=msáh yâika iurisxy älauka jks.fialr cS' .=Kj¾Ok lreKd;s,l y÷j, rxcs;a mSßia ,S,dr;ak rKisxy rxcs;a O¾ulS¾;s Ñ;%d .=Kfialr wurnkaÿ rEmisxy ohd o w,aúia fla'ta'ví,sõ' fmf¾rd cSjdkkao ùrisxy nKavdr fla' úfca;=x. ,eïnÜ fmïudjvq fla'tia' úl%ur;ak mshr;ak o is,ajd we.akia isßfiak .euqKq úfcaiQßh fvda,agka w,aúia iqukd ch;s,l fm%AujxY rK;=x. l=iqï mSßia t,afuda m%kdkaÿ wdßhisß ú;dkf.a kkaofiak ,shkmgne| ;s,ld rKisxy r;akd ,xld wfíúl%u O¾u YS% úl%uisxy fla'ã'fla' O¾uj¾Ok fykaß fifkúr;ak chka; mSßia chka; frdayK Oïñl mS' r;akdhl rxcs;a tosßisxy .=Kj¾Ok fyÜáwdrÉÑ jika; frdayK ;siai chj¾Ok ldka;s úodk.uf.a ruHd jks.fialr uhqß wfíisxy ud,kS fj;a;isxy mqKHd l=udß f,dl=,shk iqcSj yßiapkaø iqNdIsKS ,shkf.a wcs;a bkaøcS úfcafiak nqoaOodi chj¾Ok
177 fiak úl%udrÉÑ lu,a foaYms%h wur .=Kfialr iuka w;djqofyÜá Ñ;%d l=udß l`Mfndaú, ukfïkaø úl%uisxy ouhka;s kdkdhlaldr tardkkao fyÜáwdrÉÑ fyaucs;a m%kdkaÿ .dñKS u,jekak.uf.a chïm;s rEmisxy .dñKS fußkakf.a l=udr r;akdhl kd,skS mshiS,S ch,;a uhsl,a lreKd;s,l iS,r;k fikr;a fm%auir wEmdisxy O¾ufiak je,s.u .dñKS .=Kfialr fidauisß pkaøfiak úfcafialr j,siqkaor wkq,d r;akdhl ksu,a fmf¾rd YS%u;a bkaøcs;a ,shkf.a iqks,a wfíj¾Ok fiakl Wfíisxy wdkkao mqxÑfyajd pß;d ms%ho¾YkS mSßia wfYdal ùriqkaor chka; fyar;a yß; fmf¾rd bkaødks ùriQßh tßla .jqv¾ ikaOHd rUqlalkf.a Ñ;%d hdmd nKavdr fiak .=Kfialr ud,d úcsrd fmf¾rd à'ã'fla'ta' chka; fyauisß y,amsg ksYd fyÜáwdrÉÑ pkaøodi m%kdkaÿ fI,agka úrr;ak l=uqÿ fifkúr;ak frdayK isßj¾Ok iuord fldaÜgf.a l=udß fmf¾rd ßfhkais vhia ví,sõ'ta'tia' .=K;s,l fudkafÜ.= irÉpkaø iqkS;d úl%uf.a fla'fcda¾ca bkaoSjÍ wfíj¾Ok pdkaokS fmf¾rd iqis,a chfk;a;s c.;a ,shkf.a iqñ;a ldßhjiï pud,s j;ai,d w;=, iurùr wurnkaÿ o w,aúia Wohrdks úl%uisxy oskQIs ;sirdKs bfkdald fndf;acq
178 ksu,a tia' fmf¾rd lu,a jf,afndv os,sks frdays;d O¾uisß khks .=Kfialr m;auisß .=Kj¾Ok ;=Idrd neoaof.a úmq,a O¾ums%h chfialr wreK l=udr l=i,isß uqks,a ú;dkf.a moau,;d wfíisxy ms%kaia .=Kfialr .dñKS my<j;a; rùkaøkd;a odnf¾ pñ,d ckkaokS weka;kS T.iaáka chuy ,laud,s m%oSmsld fj,f.or ,ika; ;=Idr l=udr r;akdhl ixL w;=fldar, iuord wdßhjxY f¾Kqld lreKdr;ak .dñKS wfíúl%u fk`Mï l`Mfndaú, khkd chfldä .S;d ldka;s chfldä ,CIauka lygmsáh Wf¾Id rúydß w;=, iurùr os,Sm wfífialr ms%hka; Wvqmsáh fidauodi iQßhwdrÉÑ wïß;d úl%uf.a *S,slaia wekagka cdkl nKavdr iqukd wfíisxy wfhdañ koSld cQâ whsjka moauisß .=Kj¾Ok fm%au;s,l nKavdr frdayKfoaj fmf¾rd {dfkakaø fmf¾rd oSmdks fyÜáf.a Ys%hdks fyau,;d ch,;a ksYdos rejkau,S l=Idka chfldä fiakdks úl%uisxy
179 bx.S%is ksfõolfhda wd¾'wd¾' wekav¾ika l=uq ieuqfj,a B'jhs'cS' ^ld¾ñl/kalskaks,Odßfhls& ù' rdfcakaø whs'î' o fl%Üi¾ uy;añh ^hqfrdamSh ldka;djla& w¾,ia .=K;s,l m¾,a o is,ajd mS' .dúka udla wekagka n,dâ ,sù wd¾' úfcaudkak ,lañKs fia;=x. rE;a ¨âúis uÍu wdkkaomamd T,a.d o fidhsid oEiuka úfcaisxy iS'B' fyÜáwdrÉÑ fcmaks pd,aia flk;a o mska;= ohdka lkaomamd udla wekagkS m%kdkaÿ kSv%d ú,shïia úch fldrhd fk¨ï m%kdkaÿ ksyd,a Ndr;S jhs'kQ¾ãka ksrxcka wfíiqkaor fnú,a m,syjvk bkaødks fiakdkdhl fidkd,s fmf¾rd á,dks mSßia úrdka fldrhd ls%ia chuy vhia chisxy ufkdaca fyÜáwdrÉÑ khks,S oikdhl vâ,s cEkaia I¾,s o is,ajd yer,aâ m%kdkaÿ
180 fou< ksfõolfhda fla' ^,smslreúkhd.uQ¾;sfiajfhka& mqjk f,dapkS tia' kvrdcd ù'tka' uosh,.ka tia' isjmdoiqkaorï kfâI I¾ud ù'tka' nd,iqn%ukshï I¾jdkkao tia' l=kaÑ;mdoka tia' .fkaIajrka rdcIajÍ Ikauq.ï fch l%sIaKrdcd kvrdcd isjï iS;d rduka pkaø fudayka wíÿ,a yóâ c*a;d¾ m%kdkaÿ kdoka f¾,ka.s fi,ajrdcd ukais,a yika yskaos ksfõolfhda iqks,a o;a pkaøl=ud¾ ufkday¾ uycka wur;=x. úfcafialr moañKS fmf¾rd mrud¾ YIS fmf¾rd fcda;s mrud¾ fI,agka fmf¾rd úfca ,CIaó rú,d,a úu,Or¾ tia' l=ud¾ YS%u;a bkaøcs;a ,shkf.a zuqyqKg uqyqKZ .%ka:fha wkq.%yfhks
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