Mavisbank House

THE

MAVI SBANK HOUSE

AC5 CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGY SANGEETHA KANEKAL TILAK

The Mavisbank house Assessment of the house and in particular the elevations and the structure to identify the immediate concerns.

MSc. ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH 2013-2014

THE MAVISBANK HOUSE TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.

INTRODUCTION

2.

TIMELINE

3.

SELECTION OF CASE STUDY AND SITE LOCATION

4.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

5.

EVOLUTION OF BUILDING TYPE AND KEY CHARACTERISTICS

6.

MATERIALS USED

7.

MAIN REASON FOR THE DETERIORATION OF THE BUILDING’S CONDITION.

8.

FEATURES OF THE PATHOLOGY EXAMINED

9.

THE KEY SOURCES OF INFORMATION

10.

METHODOLOGY & LIMITATIONS

11.

THE MAIN POINTS IN THE BUILDING’S CONDITION

12.

DRAINAGE

13.

MINING SUBSIDENCE

14.

FIRE DAMAGE

15.

CONDITION SURVEY ELEVATIONS

16.

CONDITION SURVEY REAR ELEVATION

17.

CONDITION SURVEY REAR ELEVATION IMAGES

18.

PHILOSOPHY OF REPAIR

19.

ANALYSIS OF OPTIONS AND PROPOSALS FOR REPAIR AND CONSERVATION

20.

CONDITION SURVEY PRINCIPAL ELEVATION

21.

CONDITION SURVEY REAR ELEVATION IMAGES

22.

ANALYSIS OF OPTIONS AND PROPOSALS FOR REPAIR AND CONSERVATION

2

INTRODUCTION

It is architecturally renowned as one of Scotland’s earliest and finest examples of a Palladian style villa and is Listed Category A and a Scheduled Ancient Monument, envisaged and built within a designed landscape.1 The Mavisbank house dated to 1723 is one of scotland’s most significant country houses. It was listed in 1971 as a category A listed building along with its landscape elements. It is also a Scheduled ancient monument and is a part of the Mavisbank Conservation Area. “Mavisbank House and policies was designated a conservation area by Midlothian District Council in November 1977. On 14 February 1992 the conservation area was enlarged to its present extent by the inclusion of land on the south side of the valley.”The population within the Conservation Area is approximately 330.2 Conceived by an antiquarian, it was both an exemplar of ‘Roman’ living and a beacon of the new post-Union Scotland.3 It is a significant early example of Scottish Neo Palladianism, which is not only of scottish importance but is also expressive of the influence of palladianism from Europe. Architecturally the design shows the influence of Clerk’s travels in Europe, with clearly discernable influences drawn from contemporary Dutch, French and Italian buildings, and from the designs of the sixteenth century Italian architect Andrea Palladio.4 It was built as a collaboration of the architect William Adam and the businessman Sir John Clerk of Penicuik who was well versed in architecture. It influenced many later country-houses in scotland. Sir John Clerk of Penicuik wanted to build a house at Loanhead to supervise his coal mining works much more closely.

1 2 3 4

The Mavisbank trust, History, http://www.mavisbank.org.uk/history, 10/03/2014.

The Midlothian District Council, The Mavisbank conservation Area, file://localhost/Users/sangeetha/Downloads/CAA_Mavisbank.pdf, 10/03/2014.

The Midlothian District Council, The Mavisbank conservation Area, file://localhost/Users/sangeetha/Downloads/CAA_Mavisbank.pdf, 10/03/2014.

The Mavisbank trust, History, http://www.mavisbank.org.uk/history, 10/03/2014.

3

THE MAVISBANK HOUSE INTRODUCTION

Mavisbank House was commissioned by Sir John Clerk of Penicuik one of the leading figures of the Scottish Enlightenment and designed by Clerk with William Adam, father of the Adam brothers and the leading architect of early eighteenth century Scotland.1 His intent was to create a seat in the countryside through which he could oversee the coal works at Loanhead on his land which was an industrial area. William Adam is a significant scottish architect who practiced in scotland itself. He was influenced by palladian ideals. Clerk understood the villa as a subordinate seat to the main house of the patron, a villa surburbana, close to the place of public duty; a place to display choice items from his collections and where as role of patron, he may invite men of talent involved in the arts or sciences.2 . Mavisbank was a Scottish built expression of the ideal of a Roman life.3 polton , Bonnyrigg and Lasswade were all mining communities set amid an agricultural landscape which has been despoilt by coal mining operations.� 4 The Mavisbank house and its policies are well integrated with the valley of the river Esk. It now lies abandoned in the Esk valley 9.5 km south-east of Edinburgh in Loanhead in the Lasswade parish of Edinburgh. It can be reached by polton road a historic stone walled route which runs along the river Esk. Vehicular access is only possible trough the driveway which is private property.

The house has a Horse shoe plan which is a result of the Palladian influence. A typical Corps de logis arrangement where the central area houses all the main functions of the house and this is flanked on either sides by wings of the building. Mavisbank House represents the shift from the prevailing Baroque style of the period to the Neo-Classical style and had a profound influence on Scottish architectural history. It inspired a new generation of country houses with symmetrical plans, curving wings and classical ornamentation.5 Despite its significance it has had quite a tumultuous past. It is in a very ruinous state with only the outer shell remaining. The environment seems to have taken over the building fabric. It is most significantly known for the architecture of William Adam.

1 The Mavisbank trust, History, http://www.mavisbank.org.uk/history, 10/03/2014.

2 Interim cultural significance, http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/hsb1506mavisbanksos.pdf, 10/03/2014.

3 Interim cultural significance, http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/hsb1506mavisbanksos.pdf, 10/03/2014.

4 BBC, Deal to save Midlothian Mavisbank Country House signed, http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-18065263, 10/03/2014.

5

The Mavisbank trust, History, http://www.mavisbank.org.uk/history, 10/03/2014.

4

INTRODUCTION

Floor plan of Mavisbank House

The house which is well integrated with the surrounding landscape represents the idea of the Villa Suburbana which is is touched upon in Clerk’s poem “The country Seat”. The organisation of the house and the landscape area was initially very formal with a central axis defined by an already existing roman fortification. With parterres and avenues radiating out into the garden. Which was then later altered and softened to adhere to a more English style of landscaping which one would find in an Estate. It steeped into the valley of the Esk thus enabling many landscape features like areas of wilderness, viewpoints, a walled garden, a formal garden woodlands all opening out into the countryside below.

Floor plan of Mavisbank House

5

THE MAVISBANK HOUSE TIMELINE

1876 -Asylum Alterations 1954 - Original reinstated 1954-1973 - Mining subsidence

1723 Built

At the end of the 18th century the Mavisbank house was handed over from the clerk family. In the 19th century there was some new planting that was done on the East Drive. It was later used as a Lunatic asylum.

Previous restoration works have only stabilised the structure there has been no further work to place a roof over the structure to protect from periodic freeze thaw cycles. As the mortar between the joints begin to fail the whole surface fails as well despite the scaffolding that is present.

1825 - sold to Graeme Mercer - made some alterations and planted the tress you see today.

1842 -George Clark Arbuthnott established the Lasswade Cricket club 1869 - Sold the estate 1876 - Sold again and becomes a lunatic asylum as new saughton house 1951 - the company was liquidated, Dr. W. M. Harrows buys it he reinstated it.

1953 -Archibald Stevenson buys it 1973 - the great fire and the mining subsidence.

1973 - the roof collapses 1987- the historic buildings branch of the scottish development department they stabilise the site.

1988 - further mining subsidence occurs the building is protected by the render work.

CONSERVATION HISTORY After the fire of 1973 the roof collapsed. The house was at this time under insured and was in the ownership of Mrs. A. C. B. Stevenson. they were only paid 6,000 GBP at the time. As this was highly insufficient for the repairs Mr. Archie Stevenson took to living in the forecourt in a caravan. In october 1977 there were 33 old cars and 11 caravans. The condition of the house had degraded to a great extent as a result of neglect from the owners. 70 Acres of the land was then sold to a Mrs. Martin an American. The house and the pavilion were sold separately to three different parties. Mr. Archie Stevenson however maintained life rent in the building.

The first organisation to come to the rescue of the Mavisbank house was The Scottish Georgian Society. In 1975 Colin Mc William called the first meeting with the Midlothian district council and the society to discuss the state of the house. It was after this that it was converted to a conservation area. In 1978 the caravans were cleared from the forecourt. In 1985 the forecourt was further cleared.

6

TIMELINE

1973 Fire Damage

1987 - HS Scaffolding and Rendering

2014

The mining works had caused further damage to the house. Mr. Stevenson was ordered to take up the charges for the conservation which he refused to do. This notice was served to him by the Scottish Development Department for urgent repairs. Midlothian District Council in 1987 issued the demolition of Mavisbank declaring the structure unstable. The scottish development department could not persuade the Midlothian District council to allow time to serve statutory notice.The Lothian Building Preservation Trust had kept in touch with Archie Stevenson and were able to order an interdict on the midlothian district council. This was granted by Lord Kirkwood in 1987. The house however required constant surveillance which was provided by devout volunteers for 18 days until the SDD could get a section 97 notice served. This was how it was saved from demolition. Further works were carried out to stabilise the building with scaffoldings. The Bilston colliery was also closed down. A feasibility was then carried out by the trust to establish that it was possible to re-use the Mavisbank house. The house was then transferred to Scottish office for State protection. “We have today agreed in principle to use statutory powers of compulsory purchase to acquire legal title to Mavisbank House – a Grade-A Listed ‘architectural gem’ located near Bonnyrigg.”1 In 2012 a BBC article stated that Mavisbank House near Bonnyrigg will be bought by Midlothian Council which will then transfer ownership to a Preservation Trust.2 At the same instance Russell Imrie, Midlothian Council’s cabinet member for strategic services, said: “The house remains capable of restoration, either to a wind and watertight shell, or even full restoration and re-use, and the grounds, which are owned by Historic Scotland, have substantial potential for managed access and informal recreational use.3 A joint vision was created by the parties Mavisbank Trust, Historic Scotland, the Edinburgh & Lothians Greenspace Trust and Midlothian CouncilWhic stated that “We want to enhance Scotland’s historic environment by restoring the exterior of the House and reinstating an 18th century interior.4 To further this “Ms Hyslop said: “I am pleased to be here today to announce a £500,000 grant from the Scottish Government and to witness the signing of the concordat agreement to help secure the future of this iconic building”.5 1 2 3 4 5

The Mavisbank trust, History, http://www.mavisbank.org.uk/history, 10/03/2014.

BBC, Mavisbank House to be bought by Midlothian Council, http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-16492266, 10/03/2014.

BBC, Mavisbank House to be bought by Midlothian Council, http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-16492266, 10/03/2014.

The Mavisbank trust, History, http://www.mavisbank.org.uk/history, 10/03/2014. stvnews, Historic country house to be saved from ruin as deal is agreed, http://news.stv.tv/east-central/99856-historic-country-house-to-be-savedfrom-total-ruin-as-deal-agreed/

7

THE MAVISBANK HOUSE SELECTION OF CASE STUDY The reason for Mavisbank House as the subject of my Conservation Technology module is attributed to its complex layering of the defects. It is a project that has been very controversial. The building fabric has been decayed to such an extent that the structural fabric is what remains of it. It is not only an exercise in the technicalities of building conservation it exposes me to the legalities involved in the protection and the safekeeping of such monuments. The many bodies and trusts involved here. How to conserve a monument in the middle of nowhere. Analyse the alterations that it has gone through.

The current scenario is that HS has started paving works at Mavisbank House and Simpson & Brown has made future plans of refurbishing the house. The restoration of Mavisbank House is currently stalled as a lack of funding. Their first grant was by the HLF for one million pounds which was used to stabilise the structure.

After following up on the list that we received for choosing our topic. Mavisbank intrigued me the most because of the extreme ruinous state that it was in despite of its significance. The proposal for the refurbishment was also something that was really important and quite interesting as the building was in a very bad state. The reason for choosing this was to see how a building like this could be understood in terms of its fabric and how it could be restored. It was also great to see the amount of public debate that surrounded this one building.

SITE LOCATION It is located 9.5km south east of Edinburgh in what was historically an industrial area. It is bordered by the river on the south-east side. It is well integrated with the valley of the river Esk. The access to the site is currently very limited. The only vehicular access is through a private driveway.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT The Mavisbank and its policies are illustrated in the 1752-55 Military map of Scotland. It is a significant example of the typology of a country house paired with a landscaped gardens and farms. Built it 1723. Has a French Dutch roof. Is an example of Romanticism in Scotland. In this map the avenues that Sir John Clerk of Penicuik created are also visible.

8

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

Satellite image of Mavisbank house 2014

9

1752-55

THE MAVISBANK HOUSE

1843

1892 10

EVOLUTION OF BUILDING TYPE AND KEY CHARACTERISTICS It is at its essence a country house. It is highly evocative of William Adams on type of Scottish architecture which was the “Adam Style” which is illustrated in the book ‘Vitruvius Scoticus’. A precursor to this is the Penicuik house of Sir John clerk of Penicuik. The building type of the Mavisbank house falls into the category of neo palladianism with a distinct Scottish individualism. The key characteristics are the corps de logis plan of the house and the surrounding picturesque landscape. As the site had no other building preexisting on it was completely modelled to be integrated with the landscape and also with Scottish palladian ideals. It is well integrated with the valley of the river Esk with Pavilions, Garden landscapes and a rectangular pond. The Country seat poem was written by Sir John Clerk of Penicuik. In it he describes how a seat in the country could be designed integrated with the landscape. The Penicuik house and the Mavisbank house are of the same typology. They are both influenced by palladian villa ideals. As illustrated below the similarity in the floor plans is quite apparent.

Floor plan of Penicuik house

Floor plan of Mavisbank house

CURRENT USE As the Mavisbank house has no roof and is in a ruinous state it is currently not in use. It is constantly threatened by vandals and squatters. It is now a scheduled ancient monument and a listed building of category A. Simpson & Brown have proposed a plan for its redevelopment while maintaining its architectural integrity.

11

THE MAVISBANK HOUSE

MATERIALS USED

MASONRY OF PRINCIPAL ELEVATION Type of Stone: Cream coloured Sandstone from the penicuik quarry.

Munsell chart colour mapping: Type of masonry: Ashlar facing with brick interior.

MASONRY OF SIDE WALLS Type of Stone: Cream coloured Sandstone from the penicuik quarry.

Munsell chart colour mapping: Type of masonry: Rubble formerly harled.

MASONRY OF PAVILIONS Type of Stone: Cream coloured Sandstone from the penicuik quarry.

Munsell chart colour mapping: Type of masonry: Polished dressed Ashlar.

TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION Load bearing construction with stone lintels over doors and windows. The loads work in a geometric pattern which are guided by the corps de logis design of the house.

MAIN REASON FOR THE DETERIORATION OF THE BUILDING’S CONDITION. • Improper Drainage • Mining subsidence has caused differential settlement of the house.

• Fire caused the roof to collapse • Exposure to weathering • Absence of the roof FEATURES OF THE PATHOLOGY EXAMINED • Drainage The area has Glaciofluvial sheet deposits. High amount of water ingress decays the sandstone which decays it strength .

• 1954-1973 Mining subsidence Coal mining has lead to subsidence. Subsidence affects the material because masonry is not good in tension it falls apart. Which lead to unequal loads on the building which disfigures it and was the main cause for the roof leak and collapse.

• 1973 Fire The fire collapsed the already damaged roof and gutted the entire interior.

• Weathering Absence of the roof has caused severe weathering and biological colonization 12

THE KEY SOURCES OF INFORMATION KEY SOURCES Historic Scotland Peter Ranson The Mavisbank Trust Lesley Kerr Midlothian District Council

TYPE OF CONTACT Primary, Secondary

Simpson & Brown English Heritage

Primary, Secondary Secondary

Primary, Secondary Secondary

METHODOLOGY & LIMITATIONS • Site visit was carried out on 3 days all in fair weather.

• Day 1- Analysis of the structure from behind the Fence. Basic schematic drawing of pathologies.

• Visited Simpson & Brown to collect information on the site.

• Day 2- Analysis of the structure from behind the Fence.

• All information on site recorded in photos, drawings and sketches.

• Identification of the pathologies and marking them on the drawings.

• ICOMOS stone glossary was used for the Condition survey.

• Corresponded with Peter Ranson at the Historic Scotland for permission to enter the fence.

• Day 3-Analysis of the structure from within the fence organised by corresponding with Historic Scotland.

• The only limitations were unaccessible parts of the site.

THE MAIN POINTS IN THE BUILDING’S CONDITION As a result of its neglect and its isolated location the Mavisbank house has suffered and is now in a ruinous state. The initial decay was caused in 1954 by the Mining subsidence which loosened the bonds in the building and also damaged the roof. The buildings condition further deteriorated in the fire of 1973 where the roof collapsed and the entire interior was gutted. It only has the outer shell remaining now. The main decays that are repetitive in the buildings fabric is the huge levels of biological colonisation due to the absence of the roof.

Loss of mortar in the joints from excessive weathering and loss of exterior stonework and plasterwork because of the weathering and no maintenance. There is also a lot of dampness in the building because of the house being in an area that has glaciofluvial deposits which logs water. The building was last repaired by Historic Scotland in 1987 with scaffolding to stabilise the structure. The destruction of earlier existing drainage and water ways has resulted in marshy areas surrounding the building which leads to further water ingress which leads to the deterioration of the stone.

No proper vehicular access and the contoured nature of the landscape has inhibited the clearance of the growth of rhododendrons which is a major threat to the buildings fabric. The building is in a highly unstable state because it has no roof to contain the walls and thus it tends to fall outward. Also because of the mining subsidence the joints between the walls have been weakened considerably. The isolated location also invites unwanted attention for illegal behaviour. Even though the scaffolding has stabilised the structure it is still prone to collapsing as a result of mortar loss between the stones. As of now Historic Scotland has started with the works to clear up the rhododendron infestation using the driveway of the private property. The pedestrian access along the river Esk has been stabilised as well.

13

THE MAVISBANK HOUSE

DRAINAGE

Geological map of Mavisbank, BGS

Drawing by Simpson & Brown render by Sangeetha K.T

14

DRAINAGE

Brian The Hydrologist measuring the depth of the water.

Marshy land

Salt Deposits due to the dampness

15

THE MAVISBANK HOUSE

MINING SUBSIDENCE

Differential settlement

16

Differential settlement

MINING SUBSIDENCE

Differential settlement

Mining report, S&B.

Mining report, S&B.

17

THE MAVISBANK HOUSE FIRE DAMAGE

After the Fire

• 1973 Fire The fire collapsed the already damaged roof and gutted the entire interior.

18

FIRE DAMAGE

Sketches illustrating collapse of roof.

19

THE MAVISBANK HOUSE CONDITION SURVEY ELEVATIONS

DECAY

NORTH ELEVATION

EAST ELEVATION

BIOLOGICAL COLONIZATION

Heavy biological growth

Heavy biological growth

Heavy biological growth

Heavy biological growth

DISCOLORATION AND DEPOSITS

Lots of deposits

Lots of deposits

Lots of deposits

Lots of deposits

BRICK INFILL

Brick infill in the windows

Brick infill in the windows

Brick infill below the lintels

MATERIAL LOSS

In the lintels

In the lintels

In the lintels

ALTERATION

Heavy alterations due to the work during the the conversion into an asylum

DETACHMENT Detachment of the stones

Detachment of the stones

Major structural Major structural cracks trough pedi- cracks trough pediment ment

CRACKS DEFORMATION ADDITIONS

SOUTH ELEVATION

WEST ELEVATION

STRUCTURE Heavy biological growth

Heavy alterations due to the work during the the conversion into an asylum

Heavy alterations due to the work during the the conversion into an asylum

Detachment of the stones

Detachment of the stones

Detachment of the stones

Major structural cracks trough pediment

Major structural cracks trough pediment

Major structural cracks trough pediment

Additions of the asylum

Additions of the asylum

EXTERIOR SIGNS OF DECAY An extensive survey was conducted of the elevation to determine the defects. The ICOMOS stone glossary was used to identify and classify these defects. The survey was however limited to a distance of 2 metres from the building owing to its perilous state.

SPECIALIST SURVEY REQUIRED • Structural Engineer • Hydrologist • Geologist

20

CONDITION SURVEY REAR ELEVATION

21

THE MAVISBANK HOUSE CONDITION SURVEY REAR ELEVATION NO.

ELEMENT

CONDITION OF ELEMENT, DECAY (Illustrations)

POSSIBLE CAUSES

EFFECT ON MATERIAL

EFFECT ON STRUCTURE

1.

Portico

Heavy biological growth

Water logged area.

Dampness causes the roots to penetrate deeper in search of water.

Detachment, Alteration

The roots damage the structure heavily as they penetrate the fabric in search of water.

2.

Stairs

Heavy biological growth Heavy Algae growth

Water logged area. Dampness causes the roots to penetrate deeper in search of water. No Maintenance.

Detachment, Alteration, Material Loss

The roots damage the structure heavily as they penetrate the fabric in search of water.

3.

Visible Foundation

Heavy water ingress.

Heavy Algae growth Dampness.

Water logged area.

Dampness causes the algae formation.

No Maintenance.

Material Loss, Discolouration and deposits.

Dampness causes deterioration of stone and loosens mortar joints during the freeze and thaw cycles.

4.

Ground floor

Covered with algae growth and deposits.

Brick infill in 4 windows.

Dampness causes the algae formation.

No Maintenance.

Material Loss, Discolouration and deposits

Algae growth causes loss of material from the stone surface.

5.

First floor

Covered with algae growth and deposits.

Brick infill in 2 windows

Dampness causes the algae formation.

No Maintenance.

Material Loss, Discolouration and deposits

Algae growth causes loss of material from the stone surface.

6.

Window openings

Brick infill in 9 window openings.

2 in the first floor, 4 in the ground floor and 2 in the basement. 4 Openings are not infilled. Deposits, Discolouration and Dampness of adjacent stone.

Brick infill with cement mortar causes deposits and dampness in adjacent stone.

Discolouration and deposits, Dampness in stone

Dampness causes deterioration of stone and loosens mortar joints during the freeze and thaw cycles.

7.

Lintels

9 Lintels are unstable or broken.

The mining subsidence has caused differential settlements.

The Fire of 1973 has caused the lintels to break

Cracking of stones.

Loss of Material.

Huge structural cracks. Loss of lintels causes the whole building to be structurally very unstable and at a risk for collapse.

8.

Portico Top

Dampness black deposits and algae growth. Missing Material

The mining subsidence has caused differential settlements leading to material loss which has lead to weathering.

Loss of Material, Discolouration and deposits

Dampness causes deterioration of stone and loosens mortar joints during the freeze and thaw cycles.

9.

Parapet stone

Dampness black deposits and algae growth. Missing Material

The mining subsidence has caused differential settlements leading to material loss which has lead to weathering.

Loss of Material, Discolouration and deposits

Dampness causes deterioration of stone and loosens mortar joints during the freeze and thaw cycles.

10.

Cornice

Dampness black deposits and algae growth. Missing Material

Material loss from mining subsidence which has lead to weathering.

Loss of Material, Discolouration and deposits

Dampness causes deterioration of stone and loosens mortar joints during the freeze and thaw cycles.

11.

Facade

Structural cracks which leads to loss of lintels.

The mining subsidence has caused differential settlements leading to material loss which has lead to weathering.

Loss of Material, Cracks and Deformation

Huge structural cracks. Loss of lintels causes the whole building to be structurally very unstable and at a risk for collapse.

12.

Pipes

Damaged stonework, Damp stone, Material loss of stone.

Past addition of pipes has damaged the stone. Lack of maintenance of earlier pipes has caused material loss.

Cracks and Deformation.

Loss of Material.

Dampness causes deterioration of stone and loosens mortar joints during the freeze and thaw cycles.

13.

Portico columns

Damaged stonework, Damp stone, Material loss of stone.

Biological colonization

Water logged area. Dampness causes the roots to penetrate deeper in search of water.

Detachment, Alteration

The roots damage the structure heavily as they penetrate the fabric in search of water.

14.

Scaffolding

Damaged stonework

Was put in place to stabilise the building.

Loss of Material, Cracks and Deformation.

Stabilises the structure. Maintains the structural integrity of the building

22

CONDITION SURVEY REAR ELEVATION

NO.

ELEMENT

CONDITION OF ELEMENT DECAY (Illustrations)

POSSIBLE CAUSES

EFFECT ON MATERIAL

EFFECT ON STRUCTURE

13.

Stone lintels

Discolouration which is slightly reddish.

The fire of 1973.

Extreme heat causes sandstone to discolour.

Material discolours and the bonds are weakened and the strength of the material is reduced.

Loss of strength in lintels can cause structural failure.

14.

Protruding Edges Covered in algae and deposits.

The absence of the roof has caused weathering.

Loss of Material, Discolouration and deposits

Algae growth causes loss of material from the stone surface.

15.

Door

The door is missing and the opening is infilled with brick.

Adjacent stone has discolouration and deposits.

The fire of 1973 gutted the interior and also the doors and the windows.

Loss of Material, Discolouration and deposits

The deposits cause the stone to weaken.

16.

Facade alignment

The facade is slightly distorted.

The mining subsidence has caused differential settlements.

Loss of Material, Cracks and Deformation

Cracks and Deformation, Huge structural cracks.

17.

Structure

Only the shell of the facade is remaining. Very unstable.

The fire and the mining subsidence have left the structure very vulnerable.

Loss of Material, Cracks and Deformation

Cracks and Deformation, Huge structural cracks.

18.

Cement use in brick infill

Discolouration and deposits

brick infill causes deposits.

Loss of Material

Loss of Material

19.

Stone facade

Discolouration and deposits

No maintenance and absence of roofs.

Loss of Material

Loss of Material

23

THE MAVISBANK HOUSE

CONDITION SURVEY REAR ELEVATION IMAGES

Biological Colonization

Loss of Lintel

Brick Infill

24

CONDITION SURVEY REAR ELEVATION IMAGES

Brick Infill

Biological Colonization

25

THE MAVISBANK HOUSE

PHILOSOPHY OF REPAIR

IMMEDIATE CONCERNS • • Excessive weathering because of lack of roof.

• • Earth Settlement.

• • Chimney collapse which may lead to building collapse.

• • Lintel collapse.

PRIORITY OF REPAIR • Prepare the site for accessibility for earthworks.

• • Check for stability of the foundations with respect to any further settlement and stabilize against it with compacting and infilling.

• • Roof to be reinstated immediately to stabilize the chimney and the building.

• • Lintels to be replaced with new stone lintels using adequate support.

• • Water run off for the site with the help of a hydrologist to reinstate water drainage systems.

PROPOSED INTERVENTION Interventions should not interfere or overpower the existing fabric of the house instead it should enhance the space and allow it to narrate. Every intervention should be made in the context of the existing. The facades, the materials and the damages should narrate. The only intervention should be made where balance needs to be restored in the existing elements. While doing so the new elements gain more leverage as they do not exist as only a as a part but it will then exists as a part of a whole. Material authenticity could be retained maybe even in its ruinous state.

26

ANALYSIS OF OPTIONS AND PROPOSALS FOR REPAIR AND CONSERVATION NO.

ELEMENT

CONDITION OF ELEMENT, DECAY (Illustrations)

TREATMENT

URGENCY

1.

Portico

Heavy biological growth

First and foremost the drainage of the whole site needs to be improved on the Urgent advice of a hydrologist to prevent waterlogging and marshy areas. Drains need to be made for water run off. This will prevent the creepers from thriving. To address the creepers and the plant growth it should be cut of cleanly at the roots and a herbicide should be applied to the insides of the stump that is left behind. Once the plant has wilted the strength should be assessed and then carefully removed out.

2.

Stairs

Heavy biological growth Heavy Algae growth

First and foremost the drainage of the whole site needs to be improved on Urgent the advice of a hydrologist to prevent waterlogging and marshy areas. This will prevent the creepers from thriving. To address the creepers and the plant growth it should be cut of cleanly at the roots and a herbicide should be applied to the insides of the stump that is left behind. Once the plant has wilted the strength should be assessed and then carefully removed out. Drains need to be made for water run off.

3.

Visible Foundation

Heavy water ingress.

Heavy Algae growth Dampness.

First and foremost the drainage of the whole site needs to be improved on the Urgent advice of a hydrologist to prevent waterlogging and capillary rise of water .

4.

Ground floor

Covered with algae growth and deposits.

Brick infill in 4 windows.

A roof need to be put in place to prevent dampness and uneccessary exposure Necessary to weathering

5.

First floor

Covered with algae growth and deposits.

Brick infill in 2 windows

A roof need to be put in place to prevent dampness and uneccessary exposure Urgent to weathering

6.

Window openings

Brick infill in 9 window openings. 2 in the first floor, 4 in the ground floor and 2 in the basement. 4 Openings are not infilled. Deposits, Discolouration and Dampness of adjacent stone.

The Brick infill needs to be removed immediately. Before doing so appropriate supports should be placed. All cement should be removed with utmost care from the surrounding stone.

Necessary

7.

Lintels

9 Lintels are unstable or broken.

Lintels hould be replaced with stone of excellent strength which has been matched to the original stone. Before doing so appropriate supports should be placed.

Urgent

8.

Portico roof

Dampness black deposits and algae growth. Missing Material

The roof should be cleared and sufficient slope and pipes should be given to take care of the rain water. Periodic cleaning should be maintained.

Necessary

9.

Parapet stone

Dampness black deposits and algae growth. Missing Material

A roof need to be put in place to prevent dampness and uneccessary exposure to weathering. Periodic cleaning should be maintained.

Necessary

10.

Cornice

Dampness black deposits and algae growth. Missing Material

A roof need to be put in place to prevent dampness and uneccessary exposure to weathering. Periodic cleaning should be maintained.

Necessary

11.

Facade

Structural cracks which leads to loss of lintels.

A structural engineer should be consulted. The cracks should be stitched and Urgent grouted.

12.

Pipes

Damaged stonework, Damp stone, Material loss of stone.

Damaged stonework should be replaced selectively based on stone matching. Necessary

13.

Portico columns

Damaged stonework, Damp stone, Material loss of stone.

Biological colonization

Damaged stonework should be replaced selectively based on stone matching. Necessary

14.

Scaffolding

Damaged stonework

Damaged stonework should be replaced selectively based on stone matching. Necessary

27

THE MAVISBANK HOUSE

ANALYSIS OF OPTIONS AND PROPOSALS FOR REPAIR AND CONSERVATION

NO.

ELEMENT

CONDITION OF ELEMENT DECAY (Illustrations)

TREATMENT

13.

Stone lintels

Discolouration which is slightly reddish.

Discoloured stonework should be replaced selectively based on stone Necessary matching.

14.

Protruding Edges Covered in algae and deposits.

First and foremost the drainage of the whole site needs to be im- Necessary proved on the advice of a hydrologist to prevent waterlogging and marshy areas.

15.

Door

The door is missing and the opening is infilled with brick.

Adjacent stone has discolouration and deposits.

The Brick infill needs to be removed immediately. Before doing so appropriate supports should be placed. All cement should be removed with utmost care from the surrounding stone.

Necessary

16.

Facade alignment

The facade is slightly distorted.

A structural engineer should be consulted. The building should be stabilised. Appropriate support should be provided.

Urgent

17.

Structure

Only the shell of the facade is remaining. Very unstable.

A structural engineer should be consulted. The building should be stabilised. Appropriate support should be provided.

Urgent

18.

Cement use in brick infill

Discolouration and deposits

The Brick infill needs to be removed immediately. Before doing so appropriate supports should be placed. All cement should be removed with utmost care from the surrounding stone.

Necessary

19.

Stone facade

Discolouration and deposits

Discoloured stonework should be replaced selectively based on stone Necessary matching.

28

URGENCY

CONDITION SURVEY PRINCIPAL ELEVATION

29

THE MAVISBANK HOUSE

CONDITTION SURVEY PRINCIPAL ELEVATION NO.

ELEMENT

CONDITION OF ELEMENT, DECAY (Illustrations)

POSSIBLE CAUSES

EFFECT ON MATERIAL

EFFECT ON STRUCTURE

1.

Entrance

Heavy biological growth

Water logged area.

Dampness causes the roots to penetrate deeper in search of water.

Detachment, Alteration

The roots damage the structure heavily as they penetrate the fabric in search of water.

2.

Stairs

Heavy biological growth Heavy Algae growth

Water logged area. Dampness causes the roots to penetrate deeper in search of water. No Maintenance.

Detachment, Alteration, Material Loss

The roots damage the structure heavily as they penetrate the fabric in search of water.

3.

Visible Foundation

Heavy water ingress.

Heavy Algae growth Dampness.

Water logged area.

Dampness causes the algae formation.

No Maintenance.

Material Loss, Discolouration and deposits.

Dampness causes deterioration of stone and loosens mortar joints during the freeze and thaw cycles.

4.

Ground floor

Covered with algae growth and deposits.

Brick infill in 4 windows.

Dampness causes the algae formation.

No Maintenance.

Material Loss, Discolouration and deposits

Algae growth causes loss of material from the stone surface.

5.

First floor

Covered with algae growth and deposits.

Brick infill in 2 windows

Dampness causes the algae formation.

No Maintenance.

Material Loss, Discolouration and deposits

Algae growth causes loss of material from the stone surface.

6.

Window openings

Brick infill in 6 window openings.

2 in the first floor, 1 in the ground floor and 2 in the basement. 7 Openings are not infilled. Deposits, Discolouration and Dampness of adjacent stone.

Brick infill with cement mortar causes deposits and dampness in adjacent stone.

Discolouration and deposits, Dampness in stone

Dampness causes deterioration of stone and loosens mortar joints during the freeze and thaw cycles.

7.

Lintels

6 Lintels are unstable or broken.

The mining subsidence has caused differential settlements.

The Fire of 1973 has caused the lintels to break

Cracking of stones.

Loss of Material.

Huge structural cracks. Loss of lintels causes the whole building to be structurally very unstable and at a risk for collapse.

8.

Portico Top

Dampness black deposits and algae growth. Missing Material

The mining subsidence has caused differential settlements leading to material loss which has lead to weathering.

Loss of Material, Discolouration and deposits

Dampness causes deterioration of stone and loosens mortar joints during the freeze and thaw cycles.

9.

Parapet stone

Dampness black deposits and algae growth. Missing Material

The mining subsidence has caused differential settlements leading to material loss which has lead to weathering.

Loss of Material, Discolouration and deposits

Dampness causes deterioration of stone and loosens mortar joints during the freeze and thaw cycles.

10.

Cornice

Dampness black deposits and algae growth. Missing Material

Material loss from mining subsidence which has lead to weathering.

Loss of Material, Discolouration and deposits

Dampness causes deterioration of stone and loosens mortar joints during the freeze and thaw cycles.

11.

Facade

Structural cracks which leads to loss of lintels.

The mining subsidence has caused differential settlements leading to material loss which has lead to weathering.

Loss of Material, Cracks and Deformation

Huge structural cracks. Loss of lintels causes the whole building to be structurally very unstable and at a risk for collapse.

12.

Pipes

Damaged stonework, Damp stone, Material loss of stone.

Past addition of pipes has damaged the stone. Lack of maintenance of earlier pipes has caused material loss.

Cracks and Deformation.

Loss of Material.

Dampness causes deterioration of stone and loosens mortar joints during the freeze and thaw cycles.

13.

Portico columns

Damaged stonework, Damp stone, Material loss of stone.

Biological colonization

Water logged area. Dampness causes the roots to penetrate deeper in search of water.

Detachment, Alteration

The roots damage the structure heavily as they penetrate the fabric in search of water.

14.

Scaffolding

Damaged stonework

Was put in place to stabilise the building.

Loss of Material, Cracks and Deformation.

Stabilises the structure. Maintains the structural integrity of the building

30

CONDITION SURVEY PRINCIPAL ELEVATION NO.

ELEMENT

CONDITION OF ELEMENT DECAY (Illustrations)

POSSIBLE CAUSES

EFFECT ON MATERIAL

EFFECT ON STRUCTURE

13.

Stone lintels

Discolouration which is slightly reddish.

The fire of 1973.

Extreme heat causes sandstone to discolour.

Material discolours and the bonds are weakened and the strength of the material is reduced.

Loss of strength in lintels can cause structural failure.

14.

Protruding Edges

Covered in algae and deposits.

The absence of the Loss of Material, Discolroof has caused ouration and deposits weathering.

Algae growth causes loss of material from the stone surface.

15.

Door

The door is missing and the opening is infilled with brick. Adjacent stone has discolouration and deposits.

The fire of 1973 Loss of Material, Discolgutted the interior ouration and deposits and also the doors and the windows.

The deposits cause the stone to weaken.

16.

Facade alignment

The facade is slightly distorted.

The mining subsidence has caused differential settlements.

Loss of Material, Cracks and Deformation

Cracks and Deformation, Huge structural cracks.

17.

Structure

Only the shell of the facade The fire and the is remaining. Very unstamining subsidble. ence have left the structure very vulnerable.

Loss of Material, Cracks and Deformation

Cracks and Deformation, Huge structural cracks.

18.

Cement use in Discolouration and debrick infill posits

brick infill causes deposits.

Loss of Material

Loss of Material

19.

Stone facade

No maintenance and absence of roofs.

Loss of Material

Loss of Material

Discolouration and deposits

31

THE MAVISBANK HOUSE

CONDITION SURVEY PRINCIPAL ELEVATION IMAGES

Biological colonization

Brick Infill

32

CONDITION SURVEY PRINCIPAL ELEVATION IMAGES

Biological colonization

Algae growth

33

THE MAVISBANK HOUSE

NO.

ELEMENT

CONDITION OF ELEMENT, DECAY (Illustrations)

TREATMENT

URGENCY

1.

Portico

Heavy biological growth

First and foremost the drainage of the whole site needs to be improved on the Urgent advice of a hydrologist to prevent waterlogging and marshy areas. Drains need to be made for water run off. This will prevent the creepers from thriving. To address the creepers and the plant growth it should be cut of cleanly at the roots and a herbicide should be applied to the insides of the stump that is left behind. Once the plant has wilted the strength should be assessed and then carefully removed out.

2.

Stairs

Heavy biological growth Heavy Algae growth

First and foremost the drainage of the whole site needs to be improved on Urgent the advice of a hydrologist to prevent waterlogging and marshy areas. This will prevent the creepers from thriving. To address the creepers and the plant growth it should be cut of cleanly at the roots and a herbicide should be applied to the insides of the stump that is left behind. Once the plant has wilted the strength should be assessed and then carefully removed out. Drains need to be made for water run off.

3.

Visible Foundation

Heavy water ingress.

Heavy Algae growth Dampness.

First and foremost the drainage of the whole site needs to be improved on the Urgent advice of a hydrologist to prevent waterlogging and capillary rise of water .

4.

Ground floor

Covered with algae growth and deposits.

Brick infill in 4 windows.

A roof need to be put in place to prevent dampness and uneccessary exposure Necessary to weathering

5.

First floor

Covered with algae growth and deposits.

Brick infill in 2 windows

A roof need to be put in place to prevent dampness and uneccessary exposure Urgent to weathering

6.

Window openings

Brick infill in 6 window openings. 2 in the first floor, 1 in the ground floor and 2 in the basement. 7 Openings are not infilled. Deposits, Discolouration and Dampness of adjacent stone.

The Brick infill needs to be removed immediately. Before doing so appropriate supports should be placed. All cement should be removed with utmost care from the surrounding stone.

Necessary

7.

Lintels

6 Lintels are unstable or broken.

Lintels hould be replaced with stone of excellent strength which has been matched to the original stone. Before doing so appropriate supports should be placed.

Urgent

8.

Portico roof

Dampness black deposits and algae growth. Missing Material

The roof should be cleared and sufficient slope and pipes should be given to take care of the rain water. Periodic cleaning should be maintained.

Necessary

9.

Parapet stone

Dampness black deposits and algae growth. Missing Material

A roof need to be put in place to prevent dampness and uneccessary exposure to weathering. Periodic cleaning should be maintained.

Necessary

10.

Cornice

Dampness black deposits and algae growth. Missing Material

A roof need to be put in place to prevent dampness and uneccessary exposure to weathering. Periodic cleaning should be maintained.

Necessary

11.

Facade

Structural cracks which leads to loss of lintels.

A structural engineer should be consulted. The cracks should be stitched and Urgent grouted.

12.

Pipes

Damaged stonework, Damp stone, Material loss of stone.

Damaged stonework should be replaced selectively based on stone matching. Necessary

13.

Portico columns

Damaged stonework, Damp stone, Material loss of stone.

Biological colonization

Damaged stonework should be replaced selectively based on stone matching. Necessary

14.

Scaffolding

Damaged stonework

Damaged stonework should be replaced selectively based on stone matching. Necessary

34

NO.

ELEMENT

CONDITION OF ELEMENT DECAY (Illustrations)

TREATMENT

13.

Stone lintels

Discolouration which is slightly reddish.

Discoloured stonework should be replaced selectively based on stone Necessary matching.

14.

Protruding Edges Covered in algae and deposits.

First and foremost the drainage of the whole site needs to be im- Necessary proved on the advice of a hydrologist to prevent waterlogging and marshy areas.

15.

Door

The door is missing and the opening is infilled with brick.

Adjacent stone has discolouration and deposits.

The Brick infill needs to be removed immediately. Before doing so appropriate supports should be placed. All cement should be removed with utmost care from the surrounding stone.

Necessary

16.

Facade alignment

The facade is slightly distorted.

A structural engineer should be consulted. The building should be stabilised. Appropriate support should be provided.

Urgent

17.

Structure

Only the shell of the facade is remaining. Very unstable.

A structural engineer should be consulted. The building should be stabilised. Appropriate support should be provided.

Urgent

18.

Cement use in brick infill

Discolouration and deposits

The Brick infill needs to be removed immediately. Before doing so appropriate supports should be placed. All cement should be removed with utmost care from the surrounding stone.

Necessary

19.

Stone facade

Discolouration and deposits

Discoloured stonework should be replaced selectively based on stone Necessary matching.

35

URGENCY

THE MAVISBANK HOUSE

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Mavisbank trust, History, http://www.mavisbank.org.uk/history, 10/03/2014.

The Midlothian District Council, The Mavisbank conservation Area, file://localhost/Users/sangeetha/ Downloads/CAA_Mavisbank.pdf, 10/03/2014.

The Mavisbank trust, History, http://www.mavisbank.org.uk/history, 10/03/2014.

The Mavisbank trust, History, http://www.mavisbank.org.uk/history, 10/03/2014.

Interim cultural significance, http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/hsb1506mavisbanksos.pdf, 10/03/2014.

BBC, Deal to save Midlothian Mavisbank Country House signed, http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-18065263, 10/03/2014.

The Mavisbank trust, History, http://www.mavisbank.org.uk/history, 10/03/2014.

The Mavisbank trust, History, http://www.mavisbank.org.uk/history, 10/03/2014.

BBC, Mavisbank House to be bought by Midlothian Council, http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotlandedinburgh-east-fife-16492266, 10/03/2014. BBC, Mavisbank House to be bought by Midlothian Council, http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-16492266, 10/03/2014.

The Mavisbank trust, History, http://www.mavisbank.org.uk/history, 10/03/2014.

stvnews, Historic country house to be saved from ruin as deal is agreed, http://news.stv.tv/eastcentral/99856-historic-country-house-to-be-saved-from-total-ruin-as-deal-agreed/ 36

APPENDIX

37

THE MAVISBANK HOUSE PRINCIPAL ELEVATION CONDITION SURVEY

38

REAR ELEVATION CONDITION SURVEY

39