Electrical Review May June 2021

May / June 2021 Volume 255 | No 3 www.electricalreview.co.uk

Informing the electrical industry for 140 years

Special Feature

Talking Point

The Green Homes Grant: What went wrong?

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Power Distribution

An interview with Jordan Brompton, co-founder of myenergi, as we find out how we can ‘human better’.

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When data and technology collide, helping to facilitate net zero and reduce costs for consumers.

Conten t s Regulars

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04 • Editor’s Comment My outfit is ruined.

06 • News Stories from the sector.

10 • Gossage Gossip The latest from our industry insider.

34 • Talking Point

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Electrical Review sits down with Jordan Brompton, co-founder of myenergi, as we discuss how to ‘human better’.

42 • Products Innovations worth watching.

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47 • Final Say Why smart meters are finally ready to realise their promise.

Features 14 • Test & Measurement Paul Dawson of Niglon calls on the industry to drive up its standards when it comes to product certification, citing a worrying rise in the number of untested products flooding the market.

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24 • Special Feature The Green Homes Grant: What went wrong? Andrew Warren, chairman of the British Energy Efficiency Federation, delves deeper.

26 • Energy Storage & Batteries

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James Mountain of Fire Shield Systems Ltd discusses safeguarding the use of batteries for energy storage.

37 • Power Distribution UK Power Networks explores how game-changing developments in the electricity distribution industry are combining the use of technology and data to facilitate net zero and reduce costs for consumers.

40 • Transport Infrastructure Simone Bruckner of Cressall explains how rail can help lower emissions in the transport industry.

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EDITOR

Claire Fletcher clairef@electricalreview.co.uk

CONTRIBUTING EDITOR

Jordan O’Brien

Editor’s Comment

Kelly Baker

I would use this opportunity to have some sort of rant like I usually do, but, this issue I have to talk shop in a very limited word count, so here we go.

First up, for anyone planning to attend our ER & DCR Excellence Awards, we have made the executive decision to push the event back to 19th May 2022. Which might I add is very inconvenient as the dress I had purchased for the event (previously scheduled for this September), is very autumnal and now Covid has ruined everything.

But, ever so slightly more important than my fashion choices being seasonally thwarted, is the health and safety of our guests. Plus, you can’t drink champers very well through a mask can you? Got to think about these things.

Secondly, if you haven’t already listened to our (sort of) brand new podcast, why ever not? Powered On is brought to you every other Friday, where myself and co-host Jordan O’Brien chew the fat on prevalent industry topics. We’ve done three so far, so head on over to www.electricalreview.co.uk/podcast or wherever you get your podcasts to check them out.

And of course, we want to tailor the show to be what you guys want to hear, so please do email us with any feedback or topic suggestions at our dedicated podcast email, hello@electricalreview.co.uk. Bye for now!

+44 (0)207 0622534 kellyb@electricalreview.co.uk

Claire Fletcher, Editor

jordano@sjpbusinessmedia.com

DESIGN & PRODUCTION

Alex Gold alexg@sjpbusinessmedia.com

GROUP ACCOUNT DIRECTOR

Sunny Nehru +44 (0) 207 062 2539 sunnyn@sjpbusinessmedia.com

ACCOUNT MANAGER

PUBLISHER

Wayne Darroch

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2021

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NEWS

News Powered On, a brand-new podcast from Electrical Review, is out now Powered On, a brand-new podcast from Electrical Review, is finally here. This new podcast shines a light on the important issues facing the electrical industry.

While there are other podcasts out there designed to keep the industry informed, Powered On is a new take on the format. We hope to not only keep you informed through debates and discussion, but we also want to keep you entertained.

You can catch episodes every fortnight on all popular podcast services, such as Apple Music, Google Podcasts and Spotify.

Ofgem announces £300 million investment to support low carbon projects Ofgem is set to invest £300 million in over 200 low carbon projects across the UK, with a key focus on upgrading electrical infrastructure.

The energy regulator is making the cash available to companies who want to upgrade their networks around key bottlenecks. This includes motorway service stations that want to install rapid electric vehicle chargers but don’t currently have the capacity.

Companies will be able to access the cash for the next two years, with the aim of supporting more than 1,800 new ultra-rapid charging points at motorway service areas. That would triple the current network and help alleviate range anxiety worries.

Ofgem says that its latest investment is part of a broader programme for safe, secure and clean energy, with £40 billion confirmed already and more to follow in 2022.

UK risks missing net zero goal without substantial behavioural changes

The UK is at risk of missing its legally-binding net zero goal by 2050 unless substantial behavioural changes are made, according to a new report.

The report discovered that despite feelings of initial guilt, most people weren’t willing to change long-term behaviours. That puts our net zero goal at risk.

The problem is that current societal norms and trends are making the work harder, such as the popularity of SUVs or excessive calorie intake.

The Energy Research Partnership, which commissioned the report, is encouraging the Government to take a more active role in affecting real behavioural change

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NEWS

Zenobe Energy set to build Europe’s largest battery in Chester, UK

Zenobe Energy has announced plans for Europe’s largest battery in Capenhurst, Chester, which will be the first in the world to absorb reactive power directly from a transmission network.

Offering 100MW of energy storage, the facilities in Capenhurst will help manage voltage levels on the grid to ensure that the UK can cope with the installation of intermittent renewables. It is set to be operational in April 2022.

University of Strathclyde gives retired wind turbine blades a new lease of life It’s estimated that there will be a global increase of wind turbine blade waste from around 400,000 tonnes per annum in 2030 to around two million tonnes by 2050.

Thankfully, researchers at the university have found a way to recycle the glass-reinforced

polymer composites (GRP) that are used for wind turbine blades. They are now working on a way to commercialise the technology, which uses thermal recovery and post-treatment of glass fibres from GRP scrap to achieve near-virgin quality glass fibres.

ECA, SELECT warn members of materials and product shortage STOR relaunch as day-ahead service drives up rates for peaking asset owners Owners of peaking assets have cashed in on higher prices and revenue-generating opportunities following the launch of STOR (Short-Term Operating Reserve) as a dayahead service.

New data from energy market analyst

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EnAppSys shows that in STOR’s first month of operation, holding (availability) prices ranged from £0.50/MW/h to £6.50/MW/h, with an average of £3.00/MW/h paid out to peaking asset owners.

These prices were generally higher than those in the same period in both 2019 and 2020.

While the UK may be recovering from the Covid-19 pandemic, supply chains are still suffering, leading to increasingly long lead times for many products.

The Electrical Contractors Association and SELECT have teamed up to urge their members to plan ahead to get around this materials and product shortage. That could mean ordering products well in advance of when you need them.

Gossage Gossip Is Elon Musk a climate villain?

Getting it white

Trade winds

Tesla boss Elon Musk’s claim to be working tirelessly towards a zero emissions future took a knock when his electric car company opted to spend $1.5 billion in order to buy bitcoins.

Because private investors in the cryptocurrency are financing climate change, every bit as much as if they were purchasing shares in the most Neanderthal oil companies.

A new white paint has been created that manages to reflect 98% of sunlight and infrared heat. In tests, the paint cooled surfaces by 4.5°C below the ambient temperature, even in strong sunlight.

You might expect the 137 companies in membership of the International Emissions Trading Association (IETA) to have the most accurate knowledge of how the European carbon trading system is likely to perform yearon-year. After all, the Association was formed back when the EU:ETS began 16 years ago, still easily the world’s biggest carbon market, to impact upon electricity generators.

And has up until now included practically every major player in the market.

Environmental damage rises in lockstep with bitcoin prices, and these have practically doubled this year. The higher the price, the more demand for mining to release new coins into circulation.

The more coins are mined, the more complex the proof-of-work algorithm, the more processing power required.

Bitcoin miners often opt to move closer to places with cheap electricity.

In China, home of more such mining than any other country, this can mean coal heavy regions. Bitcoin consumes 111.67 terawatt hours of electricity each year, creating 53.32 metric tonnes of carbon dioxide – the same as the whole of Austria.

Bitcoin is a collective and interdependent effort. So, each investor is responsible for a carbon output proportionate to their outlay. Thus, when you ‘invest’ just $10,000, you become liable for the same percentage of Bitcoin’s annual carbon emissions, equivalent to 505kg of CO2 per year.

That is 10% of the average American’s annual emissions.

So that single $1.5 billion purchase

by Musk is the equivalent of adding 15,000 brand-new substantial American polluters into the mix. Definitely an added fuel for Tesla’s many detractors.

The strategic objective is to use the new paint material to cool buildings whilst reducing the growing reliance upon air conditioning. Covering a 1,000 sqft roof with the paint would provide a cooling power of 10kW, which is apparently more powerful than the central air conditioners used by most houses that have installed A/C. This is not an entirely novel idea. But engineers based at Purdue University in Indiana claim that this is the whitest paint yet, mimicking a heterogeneous surface of barium sulphate particles. Apparently paints currently on the market, although ostensibly designed to reduce heat, are only managing to reflect 80% of sunlight.

Air conditioners and electric fans accounted for nearly 10% of global electricity use by 2018, and this figure is set on current trends to rise to nearly 40% by the year 2050. So white on white is definitely de rigueur.

Californian women are petrolheads New research assesses the reasons behind ‘discontinuance’ of electric vehicle (EV) ownership in California. That is, people who have abandoned the new technology, after first purchasing a car propelled by electricity.

Using a series of questionnaire surveys, researchers have found that, ‘discontinuance in California occurs at a rate of 20% for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle owners and 18% for battery electric vehicle owners.’ These are serious rejection statistics.

There are five main reasons behind these decisions to stop using electric vehicles. These are: dissatisfaction with the inconvenience of charging; having other vehicles in the household that are less efficient; not having level 2 (240-volt) charging at home; having fewer household vehicles, and, wait for it, ‘not being male’.

No further explanation was provided. As they say, what Californians do today, the rest of us are likely to be copying tomorrow.

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So, when polled last June, what was the collected wisdom of the 137 specialist companies about the likely traded price of carbon a year hence? A tonne of carbon had been trading at around 15 euros in April 2020. But had moved up to 25 euros by June.

Knowing all about the changes being made to the marketplace by the new European Union Green Deal initiatives, the professional sages collectively forecast that, over the next decade, the average price of a tonne of carbon might well leap up to as much as 32 euros. In other words, back to the price it was originally traded at when launched back in 2005.

That is okay, concluded all the large electricity consuming companies involved, we can budget for that expectation.

Consequently, the realisation that, already during 2021, the carbon price has doubled and is now well over 50 euros per tonne, has left many industrialists gobsmacked.

A spokesperson for the European steel industry, Eurofer, is warning that higher carbon costs are squeezing out steelmakers’ ability to invest in carbon reduction technologies.

But now members of the IETA have reversed their 2020 position, with many reckoning that reforms to the carbon market will end up doubling prices again.

All of which is mighty welcome for the many new speculative financial investors that have been entering this hitherto esoteric market, buying up but then hoarding carbon emission allowances. And so, forcing the trading price ever exponentially goes here upwards. WatchCaption this space.

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Backfeed protection:

The safest way to avoid any nasty shocks

Jason Yates of Riello UPS highlights the importance of backfeed protection in UPS systems and warns against the growing trend of corner-cutting with this vital safety mechanism.

ny device depending on electricity brings with it a certain degree of danger in terms of potentially hazardous shocks and arc flashes. Uninterruptible power supplies are no different in that respect. That’s why they incorporate backfeed protection to safeguard the health and wellbeing of any service engineer or other personnel working on the unit.

Typically, UPS manufacturers have included complete and comprehensive backfeed protection devices as standard. But there’s a recent tendency from some manufacturers to shift away from this norm, which puts electrical installers and contractors in the difficult position of being ultimately responsible for ensuring the appropriate protection is in place.

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Backfeed basics Backfeeding relates to electricity travelling in the reverse direction to its usual flow of power. Say there’s a mains supply failure or a fault with the UPS. In these circumstances, the current could start feeding back from the UPS to any isolated circuits. For example, if a bypass supply thyristor

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short circuits, the output from the inverter could pass through to the input terminals.

Now, without the necessary backfeed protection, this would be extremely dangerous to anyone handling that circuit. But with the appropriate preventive measures in place, a service engineer can safely work on the incoming supply side of the UPS without the risk of suffering an electric shock from any current backfeeding from the output.

So what specific safety regulations apply to UPS systems and backfeeding? The quality standard BS EN 62040-1:2019 Uninterruptible Power Systems (UPS): General and safety requirements for UPS stipulates that backfeed protection devices, ‘must be capable of preventing hazardous voltage or energy from being present on the UPS input AC terminals.’

Looking into further detail, the standard states that no shock hazard should be present at the input terminals one second after de-energisation on smaller, plug and play UPS, or after 15 seconds for hardwired UPS systems.

The EN standard also outlines two locations where you can install

SPONSORED FEATURE

backfeed protection: an internal backfeed device inside the UPS itself; or for hardwired UPS there’s the option of an external isolation device, such as a magnetic contactor or circuit breaker on the input line.

Explaining internal backfeed protection devices The type of internal backfeed protection device generally depends on the size and type of the UPS system.

For your typical ‘plug and play’ solutions – i.e. single-phase UPS with an input rating of up to 16A – the internal backfeed protection device must ensure a complete disconnection of the live and neutral input conductors using a specified air gap.

Backfeed protection devices, ‘must be capable of preventing hazardous voltage or energy from being present on the UPS input AC terminals’ This tends to come in the guise of a relay that opens in the event of a mains supply failure. If a fault triggers inside the UPS, for example, if you disconnect from the mains by pulling the plug out of a socket, the backfeed relays stop the exposed pins from becoming live. This eliminates the chance of the user suffering an electric shock.

Larger hardwired UPS systems (i.e. where the input is above 16A) can incorporate either mechanical or electronic backfeed protection devices.

Mechanical devices are similar to the relay or contactor-based approach taken with plug-in UPS, as explained previously. When the mains fails or disconnects, an air safety gap opens and the phase conductors disconnect, although the neutral line remains connected.

Many modern hardwired UPS now incorporate the alternative of an electronic backfeed detection device. Such a system continuously monitors the current flowing through the bypass supply and immediately shuts down the inverter if it detects any fault in the bypass thyristors.

What impact do these differing approaches have on the UPS’ operation and on wider business continuity?

Mechanical backfeed protection device If the UPS detects any energy backfeed it simply opens the backfeed device, ensuring the inverter can carry on protecting the connected load.

If the UPS happens to be running on battery when any energy backfeed is detected, again, the isolation device opens and there’s nowhere for that energy to flow, which enables the UPS to carry on operating as normal.

Electronic backfeed protection device If the UPS detects any energy backfeed it must transfer to a bypass, with the knock-on effect being that the load is no longer protected.

Similarly, if the UPS is running on battery when it detects energy backfeed, it has to shut down the inverter, switching off the supply to the protected load.

No matter which of the two methods you use, any hardwired UPS should be supplied with warning labels that you must fit onto any isolators installed within the electrical system upstream of the UPS. These labels should state, ‘Risk of voltage backfeed’, or a similar warning.

Exploring external backfeed protection For hardwired UPS installations, there is also the option to install an external isolator on the input line. These typically come in the form of a magnetic connector or a motor-operated circuit breaker.

Employing external backfeed protection can impact the UPS’ supply configuration, for example, making it a requirement to have a dual input with separate supplies for the rectifier and bypass, rather than a single feed.

The device would also need the same – or similar – components to the UPS within the switchgear to control the switching according to the mains power status. Naturally, this would add additional cost to the overall UPS system.

A final consideration with external backfeed protection is the requirement to display warning labels stating, ‘Hazard of electric shock, explosion, or arc flash’, or wording to a similar effect, on all switchgear access points and every switching device between the UPS and the external isolator.

Impact on fault tolerance Although ultimately about preventing hazardous voltages upstream, internal backfeed protection has a secondary benefit in enhancing overall system resilience.

Because the backfeed protection device isolates the UPS’ output from the incoming power supply, this safeguards against any faults that occur within the static switch.

Usually, when a static switch develops a fault that places it into an unwanted conductive state, power feeds between the UPS output and its supply, an unexpected flow of current that could result in an overload.

However, the UPS detects this current and opens the internal backfeed device to isolate the fault. This eliminates a single point of failure from the system and allows the UPS to carry on protecting the critical load.

It’s critical you clarify whether any specific backfeed protection will need fitting before buying and commissioning any new UPS system Conclusion Riello UPS incorporates internal backfeed protection devices across its entire range. However, there’s a growing trend amongst some major manufacturers not to include such complete protection as standard.

This cost-cutting measure can put the burden of compliance with BS EN 62040-1:2019 and ensuring appropriate backfeed protection onto the electrical installer or contractor, who may not have the necessary product-specific knowledge.

That’s why it’s critical you clarify whether any specific backfeed protection will need fitting before buying and commissioning any new UPS system.

Opting for a UPS with ready-installed and fully tested backfeed protection is by far and away the wisest choice to ensure all safety considerations are met and you aren’t left with any unexpected (and potentially fatal) shocks.

www.riello-ups.co.uk (01978) 729 297 sales@riello-ups.co.uk

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TEST & MEASUREMENT

Let’s get tested Paul Dawson, commercial director at Niglon, calls on the industry to drive up its standards when it comes to product certification, citing a worrying rise in the number of untested products flooding the market. he increase of untested products is noticeable and it’s a real concern that we have no idea when or if these products are going to fail. There are always going to be repercussions of product failure, ranging from the inconvenience and cost of having to replace the item, to the devastating damage to property and potential injury or loss of life resulting from a fire.

The horrendous impact when an electrical item is faulty should be fresh in everyone’s minds, four years on from Grenfell. I firmly believe everyone within the industry is responsible for reversing this growing trend for poor or non-existent testing – from suppliers to contractors.

It’s also pertinent to collectively think about ways we can educate end-users; the people who live, work in and visit the buildings where these products are ultimately going to be installed; the people who will be personally impacted should an untested product find its way into their surroundings and end up causing an incident when it fails.

Not only would more frequent and more open discussions around certification help to keep those people safe, they would also enable end-users to hold the industry to account over its collective actions.

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It’s not just about ensuring all products are thoroughly tested by an independent third-party so they meet or exceed the standards set down in the current regulations. It’s also about making it routine to ask for proof of certification when buying a product. If that conversation between wholesaler and supplier (or wholesaler and contractor, or contractor and end-user) became a standard occurrence every time a new product was

Everyone within the industry is responsible for reversing this growing trend for poor or non-existent testing – from suppliers to contractors purchased, then this would force unscrupulous manufacturers to think twice about their testing methods, and would make it extremely difficult for them to get untested products out to market.

Of course, there are times when there are choices to be made between profit and safety, and I’m committed to practising what I preach. Recently we were sourcing new source protection devices and the choice was either a

TEST & MEASUREMENT

cheaper product (which would give us a higher profit margin) or one from a European manufacturer. We chose the latter, simply because we knew the European company could prove their products were certified.

Certification is especially important for surge protection devices because of the limited ability for contractors to be able to test them once they are installed in a home or workplace, so partnering with a firm which tested its products was the only viable option in our eyes.

It’s not just about the potential damage to properties where untested devices are installed, although that is a factor to consider; there is also a very real threat to life And we don’t feel this should be something special – we believe the decision we made should be the one made by every single person within the industry, from suppliers like ourselves, to wholesalers and contractors.

Certification accreditation should be clearly marked in the brochures and on the website of all firms, and that proof should be readily available to produce whenever a customer asks for it.

This is one area where I feel any competition for sales between companies should be put aside. Safety is much more important than profits, so we all need to come together and jointly raise the standards around certification and proof of testing.

It’s not just about the potential damage to properties where untested devices are installed, although that is a factor to consider; there is also a very real threat to life. No one wants a single life lost due to electrical devices failing, let alone the scale of devastation we saw at Grenfell. But unless we act now, there are many accidents waiting to happen in the form of all those untested devices out there on the market.

We must act immediately because we have no way of knowing which device will fail, when, and how much damage it will cause in doing so.

Let’s not wait until something goes wrong, let’s implement proper testing and more transparency for everyone right now.

Individuals and businesses rely on contractors to install electrical devices in their properties and, in doing so, they are placing a great deal of trust in them that these products are safe. By being able to assure customers that all of their devices have been thoroughly tested, this gen-

Let’s not wait until something goes wrong, let’s implement proper testing and more transparency for everyone right now erates increased trust (and a better reputation) for the contractors, and in turn the wholesalers and suppliers they source their products from.

The benefits to the industry and the end-user are plain to see. That’s why we are calling on the industry to act now: help us educate end users about testing; help us ensure asking for proof of certification becomes a routine question when sourcing a product; and help us stop harm coming to anyone because of a faulty device.

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TEST & MEASUREMENT

Earth resistance testing: Why and how?

Effective earthing is essential for the safe operation of every electrical system and, according to Ahmed El-Rasheed of Megger, the only way to ensure that earthing installations are effective and that they remain so, is to test them rigorously and regularly. he vast majority of power distribution systems are designed so that, if an insulation failure or similar fault occurs, the resulting fault current is diverted to earth. This prevents exposed conductive parts from rising to a dangerous potential, while allowing the fault current to flow for long enough and at a high enough level for protective devices to operate and isolate the fault.

It is clear from this description that a reliable, effective earth connection is essential for safe operation of the systems, and that if the earthing system fails or becomes inefficient, at best safety will be compromised and at worst there may well be a significant risk to life and property.

The essential function of every earthing system is to provide a dependable, low resistance connection with the bulk of the earth using one or more earth electrodes, which typically take the form of rods or mats. All earthing systems are designed to achieve this, bearing in mind the requirements of the application, such as the level of prospective earth fault current they may be required to handle.

Nevertheless, the efficiency of earth systems is affected by so many hard-to-control variables, such as soil type and moisture content, that it is always essential for the performance of new systems to be verified by rigorous testing during commissioning.

And the requirement for testing doesn’t end with the commissioning tests, as many factors can degrade the performance of earthing systems over time. For example, the moisture content of the soil may change. A

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good design should have taken into account seasonal variations, but other developments, like a change in level of the local water table, are harder to make allowances for.

Electrodes and the connections to them may also be affected by corrosion, and it’s by no means unknown for earthing systems to sustain physical damage, either accidentally, as might occur during nearby building operations, or deliberately, in the form of theft and vandalism.

All of this indicates that there can be no certainty that an earthing system, even though its initial performance was entirely satisfactory, will maintain satisfactory performance over time. Once again, the only way to be sure is to test it and, given the vital safety role of earthing systems, regular routine testing must be seen as essential rather than optional.

It is strongly recommended that testing take the form of a comprehensive structured earthing survey comprising seven key steps. The first of these is a close visual inspection of the earthing installation. This should look for any signs of damage, for earthing conductors that have been broken, cut or have otherwise become disconnected, and for signs of corrosion, not only to the electrodes themselves but also at the connections between the electrodes and the earth conductors.

All faults will need to be remedied before proceeding with the subsequent testing steps, but it should always be kept in mind that an earthing conductor that has become disconnected may be live, and it is essential to check for this before touching or handling it.

TEST & MEASUREMENT

The second step is to measure leakage currents in the earth conductors. Ideally, there should be no current at all flowing in these conductors, but filters and similar devices used in modern electronic equipment often produce a small leakage current even when operating correctly.

Of more concern, however, is electrical equipment which develops a fault that allows it to continue operating apparently without problems, but nevertheless results in current flowing to earth. Such equipment may continue to be in use for long periods, with the operator being unaware of the problem, but it is clearly essential to detect such leakage current before carrying out further tests on the earthing system, and the most convenient way to do this is usually to use a clamp meter capable of measuring currents in the milliamp range. If significant current is detected in the earthing conductor, the source must be traced and the problem rectified before proceeding further with testing.

A final preparatory test is to electrically test the continuity of the earth conductors to confirm the integrity assessment made during the visual inspection of the system. The purpose of this test is to detect and locate high resistance joints, which are a typical result of corrosion in exposed conductor systems.

It is important to bear in mind that, in this context, ‘high resistance’ means anything from a hundred micro-ohms or so upward. Resistance values of this order cannot be measured with an ordinary multimeter, so it is essential to use a low-resistance ohmmeter (also known as a micro-ohmmeter) for this test.

After the visual inspection of the earthing system has been completed, the absence of leakage confirmed and the continuity of the conductors verified, it is necessary – for a full earthing survey – to disconnect the earth electrodes. Under no circumstances must earth connections be broken until the safety implications have been fully evaluated and the appropriate steps taken to minimise risks.

This will typically involve de-energising and locking out the equipment, which is to be disconnected from earth, but it is also essential to consider the potential hazards of induced voltages, which may be present in unearthed equipment even when it is not energised.

As an aside, it is worth noting that there are techniques for measuring earth resistance without disconnecting the earth electrodes. These include, for example, ART (attached rod technique) and stakeless testing with clamp-on testers. These techniques are useful, but all have limitations, and it is universally accepted that testing by the fall-of-potential method, which necessarily involves disconnecting the electrode or electrodes under test, delivers the most accurate and reliable results.

For definitive earth resistance surveys, therefore, the fall-of-potential test method should be used.

If the earthing system fails or becomes inefficient, at best safety will be compromised and at worst there may well be a significant risk to life and property This test is performed with an earth resistance test set that essentially comprises two circuits, as shown in Figure 1. The first circuit includes a voltage source and an ammeter, and it is brought out to the instrument’s current terminals. The second circuit includes only a voltmeter, and is brought out to the instrument’s voltage terminals. One of the current terminals and one of the voltage terminals are connected to the electrode under test. The other current terminal is connected to a temporary earth spike that is inserted into the earth a considerable distance away from the electrode (the current spike), while the other voltage terminal is connected to another temporary earth spike (the voltage spike).

The voltage spike is inserted into the soil at various distances along the straight line between the electrode under test and the current spike and, at each distance, the voltage reading is noted. Since the current is also known, it is then possible to use Ohm’s law to calculate a resistance value for each location of the voltage spike. If the resist-

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TEST & MEASUREMENT

ances are plotted against distance, the curve should show an almost flat region (see Figure 2). The resistance value in this region is the resistance of the earth electrode.

The procedure is necessarily more complex for systems with multiple electrodes or with earthing grids but helpful information covering these situations, and explaining earth testing in much more detail can be found in the publication, ‘Getting down to Earth’, which is available as a free download from the Megger website.

Earthing is a fundamental requirement for the safety of electrical installations but all too often the effectiveness of earthing systems receives scant attention, especially after initial performance has been verified. This is dangerous and unnecessaryv As part of a comprehensive earthing survey, it is also important to carry out tests to determine touch and step potentials, touch potential being the potential difference a person might experience if they were standing on an earth surface and touched an earthed conductive object while a fault was producing a current flow to earth. Step potential, is the potential difference a person would experience between their feet over ground in which a fault current existed.

Touch potential is determined by first measuring the resistance to earth of the object in question, using techniques similar to those used to measure the resistance of an earth electrode. When this resistance is known, along with the maximum prospective fault current, Ohm’s law

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can be used to calculate the worst-case touch potential with a reasonable margin of accuracy. Step potential is evaluated in a similar way, but when the earth resistance measurement is performed, the voltage spikes are hammered into the ground about one metre apart, as this is the approximate length of the average person’s step.

The procedures outlined so far provide invaluable data about the condition and performance of an earthing system, but it is often also useful to know about the properties of the soil in which the earthing system is located. Some of this information is obtained by inspecting and examining the soil to determine its type, but it is also important to carry out earth resistivity measurements. Note that these measurements relate only to the intrinsic resistivity of the soil, whereas the earth resistance measurements discussed earlier relate to the resistance of a specific earth electrode (or electrodes).

Earth resistivity testing can usually be carried out using the same instrument used for earth resistance testing, with one proviso: the instrument must be a four-terminal type with the voltage and current connections brought out to separate terminals. Three terminal instruments are not suitable for earth resistivity testing.

Earth resistivity is usually measured using the Wenner method, which involves the use of four temporary earth spikes. The spikes do not need to be moved as part of the testing procedure however – their location and spacing is determined by the depth at which it is required to determine the earth resistivity.

Earthing is a fundamental requirement for the safety of electrical installations, but all too often the effectiveness of earthing systems receives scant attention, especially after initial performance has been verified.

This is dangerous and unnecessary. As we have seen, the performance of earth systems can be reliably evaluated by an adopted structured, step-by-step approach and, while it can be argued that the procedures involved are time consuming and, to a certain extent disruptive, surely this is a small price to pay for protecting human life?

TEST & MEASUREMENT

Time to get CATty Here the experts at FLIR explain how matching thermal imaging-enabled devices with the appropriate CAT rating could vastly improve safety and efficiency when it comes to test and measurement. hen you think of test and measurement tools, you are most likely not thinking about thermal imaging. You might first think of traditional tools like non-contact voltage detectors, multimeters, clamp meters and videoscopes.

Today, you can find electrical tools like clamp meters and multimeters integrated with thermal imaging capabilities. A primary benefit of this matchup is that users can now quickly and safely ‘visualise’ potential electrical issues using thermal imaging, and then verify volt and amp measurements, all with one tool. You can even find videoscopes with thermal imaging, enabling temperature readings on electrical equipment in hard-to-access places, such as underground utility vaults.

Thermal imaging captures relative temperature based on the target’s ‘emitted energy’. This is ideal for professionals that must do inspections with their target under full load conditions. Thermal allows the user to safely inspect for common issues like loose connections, load imbalances and abnormal temperature measurements from cables that are three to five feet away from the given target. This allows the user to avoid approaching a potentially dangerous situation.

Most electricians are not looking for precise temperature measurement, they are looking to see if there are any differences in temperature that are not typical with that target’s load or normal working conditions.

Given this, the lower IR resolution capabilities embedded in test and measurement tools are sufficient if the arc-flash limit of approach allows.

For applications where absolute temperature measurements are needed or the target is located at a greater distance, higher resolution thermal cameras may be required.

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20 Electrical Review | May / June 2021

Users need to be aware that when using a test tool with integrated thermal imaging to perform electrical scans, there are several effects that can create false readings, specifically low emissivity surfaces, like shiny metals, reflections, forced convection cooling such as wind, solar loading or low or no load targets. Given these situations, it is very important that users understand the basics around thermal imaging. It is highly recommended to take, at minimum, a basic thermography course to understand how to take and interpret a thermal image.

Simply put, when using a test tool with thermal imaging users can quickly and safely pinpoint potential issues allowing them to work more efficiently, and to also be able to clearly verify the issue was properly fixed.

Understanding CAT ratings While thermal imaging is an ideal first step in visually identifying potential issues, now we need to consider when the test instrument is being used to collect voltage/amp data. This leads us to understanding the CAT rating of a test tool.

You need to make sure all meters, test leads and probes have an adequate category (CAT) safety rating. Sometimes, the only thing standing between an electrical worker and an unexpected spike is their meter and test leads. If you use the wrong equipment with the wrong voltage, you could be putting yourself and others at risk. So, before conducting any test, make sure your choice of instrument is correct. Professionals should determine the proper category (CAT) rating required, based on the highest hazard exposure throughout their day.

The CAT rating method of classification, divided into four parts,

TEST & MEASUREMENT

Rated Voltage

IEC 61010-1 2nd Edition

UL 61010B-1 (UL 31111-1)

CAT IV

CAT III

CAT II

CAT III

CAT II

CAT I

150V

4000V

2500V

1500V

2500V

1500V

800V

300V

6000V

4000V

2500V

4000V

2500V

1500V

600V

8000V

6000V

4000V

6000V

4000V

2500V

12kV

8000V

6000V

8000V

6000V

4000V

2-ohms

2-ohms

12-ohms

2-ohms

12-ohms

30-ohms

1,000V Resistance

known individually as category (CAT) ratings: CAT I, CAT II, CAT III and CAT IV, provide a quick and simple guide to match the right tools for the job. Understanding what each of these categories means is vital to avoid exposure to unnecessary risk, including significant injury or death.

In the CAT ratings system, the roman numerals, (i.e., I through IV) refer to the location of a circuit in relation to the power source, defined in terms of the total potential transient voltage danger.

CAT I: Describes secondary circuits not intended to be connected to the mains electricity supply, such as personal electronics, and circuits powered by regulated low voltage sources.

CAT II: Is defined as local-level electrical distribution, such as a standard mains socket and plug-in loads. This category includes household appliances, such as washing machines and portable plug-in power tools.

CAT III: References a building’s electrical installations, including circuit-breakers, wiring, switches and industrial equipment.

CAT IV: Involves the source of the low-voltage power installation, essentially the power grid infrastructure, such as underground utility vaults or outdoor power lines.

Ensuring the device has the right CAT rating for the job becomes crucial to maintaining an appropriate safety environment, no matter what additional precautions are taken However, determining the appropriate voltage category is only half the story. Simply matching the presumed voltage to the test and measurement device will not provide adequate safety assurance. Failed electrical units can experience impulse or transient voltages on the order of many times a particular electrical tool’s rating. For example, a line may normally have a voltage of 120 or 240, but the transient voltage from a lightning strike can generate several thousand volts, causing a short circuit and arcing that may severely injure personnel working with inadequate equipment.

IEC supplies a quick-reference chart to determine whether or not a given electrical tool is appropriate for the task at hand.

Matching the right electrical tools for the job The following are some test and measurement examples where thermal imaging and CAT ratings play a crucial role in the user’s safety and efficiency.

Multimeters Multimeters enhanced with thermal imaging can help guide electrical professionals to the precise location of temperature anomalies and potential problems. For instance, when facing a maze of wires or scanning complex electrical panels for issues, that visibility is invaluable to pinpoint likely issues without requiring any direct contact with the test site.

Once an issue is observed, leveraging a properly CAT-rated multimeter’s current, voltage and other advanced functions will allow the user to accurately diagnose the equipment problem Clamp meters Clamp meters with built-in thermal imaging can eliminate guesswork to quickly identify issues, while keeping a safe distance from contact with panels, cabinets, or cluttered wires and cables that may present a safety hazard.

For a situation where the issue appears to be a failing motor or compressor, a thermal camera-enabled clamp meter can help quickly verify the source – is it the power supply, or something else? For clamping around electrical conductors, ensuring the device has the right CAT rating for the job becomes crucial to maintaining an appropriate safety environment, no matter what additional precautions are taken.

Videoscopes An industrial thermal and visual videoscope with a properly CAT-rated probe tip can help professionals quickly and safely find hidden dangers in difficult-to-access locations, especially underground electrical distribution vaults.

Crews can safely, efficiently, and effectively inspect vented manholes and identify potential problems without having to remove the cover or even having to enter the structure. This reduces the physical effort required, the time it takes to complete an inspection and enhances data collection activities to support regular infrastructure planning and maintenance.

Keeping safety and efficiency top of mind Thanks to advances in test and measurement equipment with integrated thermal imaging technology, electricians and service technicians have the ability to diagnose and solve electrical system problems quickly and safely.

Another advantage is they can then go back with the thermal camera and take an image to verify that the work done has actually solved the problem.

However, it is important to remember that although CAT ratings and thermal imaging provide an additional layer of safety, they are not a complete replacement of the other tried-and-true safety protocols, including wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) for the job and following all local and national safety codes, as well as ensuring that where jobs require extreme caution, the operator never works alone.

www.electricalreview.co.uk 21

SPONSORED FEATURE

Industrial enterprises need highly flexible protective testing solutions Here, OMICRON explores the benefits of flexible protection testing solutions within the industrial enterprise.

Besides verifying the correct functionality of the individual assets, it also has to be ensured that they are working together in perfect unison.

Testing on a system level, with a focus on the correct behaviour, allows identification of hidden errors in the settings of individual assets, the logic or even the design of the protection system itself, which in turn helps to eliminate nuisance tripping and can confirm all previous tests.

Under the conditions industrial enterprises are facing, it is much more convenient and efficient – and let’s not forget, more economical – for both the companies or their service providers to work with just a few or even a single multifunctional test set.

ithin industrial enterprises, a reliable power supply is of utmost importance as production outages can heavily impact the planned volume of production. When production machines come to a halt the utilisation rate goes down, supply contracts may be endangered and the workforce is involuntarily rendered useless, which is why such interruptions can quickly cause substantial financial losses.

If faults occur on the power grid level, within the company’s distribution system or even in its own power generation plants, the protection system in place needs to clear them immediately to avoid the worst-case scenario: permanent damage to business-critical assets. In order to ensure reliable operation, protection devices must not only be perfectly adjusted but also regularly maintained to function reliably.

Although power systems of industrial enterprises are just a fraction of nationwide power grids operated by big utilities, the same range of protection assets is necessary for these systems to fulfill their purpose on several voltage levels.

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Apart from the test equipment, an important part which is often overlooked is the documentation of the test results and their proper handling Furthermore, the assets in operation often include devices from different generations and with different technologies. Nonetheless, all of them need to be tested during commissioning, during regular maintenance and in the event of malfunctions.

22 Electrical Review | May / June 2021

Even in 2021, results are still documented on paper or with inefficient tools which weren’t built for these tasks Apart from the test equipment, an important part which is often overlooked is the documentation of the test results and their proper handling.

Even in 2021, results are still documented on paper or with inefficient tools which weren’t built for these tasks. This is detrimental towards quality and leaves the potential of continuous monitoring, like predictability and an optimised workflow, untapped.

To serve these needs, OMICRON offers a highly flexible solution for protection relay testing and more, which not only covers a wide range of testing applications, including circuit breaker tests, measuring, recording and analysis functionalities, but also allows for fully automated testing.

Through a modular approach, consisting of powerful CMC test sets and comprehensive software options, it can easily be configured to various needs, while offering a future-proof combination of settings- and system-based testing with Test Universe and RelaySimTest.

With reductions in testing time of up to 70%, testing efficiency can be significantly increased while simultaneously improving the test quality due to the standardised and automated test procedures. To combine testing strategies and maintenance planning, this solution can be perfectly integrated with the maintenance data management tool ADMO. It supports you in ensuring the correct functionality of the assets tested, with the highest efficiency and test quality, which leads to a quick amortisation of the initial investment.

www.omicronenergy.com +44 1785 848 024 info.uk@omicronenergy.com

SPECIAL FEATURE

The Green Homes Grant: What went wrong?

‘It is vital the government come up with a series of new initiatives to ensure Boris Johnson’s proud green boasts to the UN really do become a reality in our housing stock’, says Andrew Warren, chairman of the British Energy Efficiency Federation.

t is just 10 months since Chancellor Rishi Sunak announced he was launching a new Green Homes Grant scheme, allocating an initial £1.5 billion over the opening six-month period from October 2020. In December the scheme was set to be extended through to March 2022.

This was to be the first publicly-funded scheme offering grants to any English household – no matter how affluent – to stimulate the installation of a wide range of energy saving products since the original Homes Insulation Grant scheme was abandoned way back in 1988.

Prime Minister Boris Johnson boasted about it at the United Nations General Assembly, guffawing that “we won’t be caught lagging on lagging”. Emphasis was placed upon the commitment in the Conservative Party’s 2019 election manifesto that some £9.3 billion would be spent on improving the energy performance of households during this Parliament.

And then suddenly without warning at the end of March, Business Secretary Kwasi Kwarteng announced (suspiciously late on a Saturday evening) that the entire scheme was to be abandoned with immediate effect. Just 52,000 (just 8% of the 600,000 intended) applications had been approved. No replacement initiative was even hinted at.

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24 Electrical Review | May / June 2021

Different objectives The obvious question remains: why was the towel thrown in so suddenly?

I think the answer is very simple. The two key departments of state had different primary objectives for the scheme.

The Treasury envisaged it as primarily a relatively cheap blue collar job creation scheme, while the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) saw it as being predominantly a decarbonisation scheme.

In the medium term these two objectives should, and indeed would, have been entirely compatible. But during the short period in which the scheme’s performance was judged, the two objectives were effectively pulling in contrary directions.

The scheme remains the largest attempt at employment generation of the Treasury’s entire ‘Build Back Better’ campaign. After all, back in July, Sunak had felt confident enough to forecast that the Green Homes Grant would succeed in supporting 100,000 jobs and would improve energy usage in 600,000 existing homes during that initial six-month period. The overriding objective being to provide registered employment within the construction industry.

Many energy saving options excluded Initially tabloid national newspapers and websites – and Electrical Review – were briefed that permitted measures would be very wide-ranging. As well as heat pumps and insulation, the measures would include double, triple and secondary glazing of doors and windows, appliance thermostats and smart heating controls, modern lighting systems and high efficiency condensing boilers.

However, in late August a final definitive eligible product list appeared on the government website, dubbed ‘Simple Energy Advice’. This entirely excluded any support for the installation of both lighting systems or new boilers of any kind. Both of these energy saving options have considerable numbers of trained and skilled installers already available. All of these people could now play no part in the process.

SPECIAL FEATURE

Over 1.6 million new condensing gas boilers are installed each year. This has happened, on average, every year in the past 15 since Building Regulations made it mandatory when replacing redundant elderly boilers – those with an average efficiency below 50% – to install 88-94% efficient condensing boilers. Even so, there are still around four million of those elderly clunky gas guzzling boilers in homes. Had the Green Homes Grant scheme been designed to stimulate their replacement, that would have made a real dent in Sunak’s target of improving 600,000 homes.

It also sadly meant that energy efficient lighting, which has already delivered some of the greatest electricity savings of all and holds enormous potential to deliver even more, was unceremoniously disbarred from entry from the entire scheme. Yet perversely, BEIS is at the same time now making lighting one of the four products the government’s SEAD (Super-Efficient Appliance Deployment) scheme is to focus on at COP26 in Glasgow in November.

A few measures – such as those installed by thousands of trained and experienced experts in glazing and heating controls – were allowed into the grants scheme. But they were severely handicapped by being permitted to install their energy saving items only as ‘secondary measures’ – an inexplicable and bizarre restriction which seems to have effectively ruled them out entirely. That is because such measures could only be deemed eligible for grants if at least one of the ‘primary’ measures had already been commissioned. And, crucially, such ‘secondary measures’ could only receive ‘up to the cash amount of subsidy provided for a primary measure.’

So even though grants worth up to £5,000 per home might be available, if a household chose to receive £1,000 to help pay for a reasonably cheap primary measure like loft insulation (by far the most popular option adopted), they were then restricted to a maximum of just £1,000 towards any ‘secondary measures.’

And in all cases, the householder had to pay at least one-third of the costs.

Effectively, that meant few in the glazing industry bothered to spend the £30 to register with Trustmark, the gatekeepers for the scheme. Of the 7,000 glazing industry companies already registered under the established FENSA ‘competent persons’ scheme, by the end just 10 were signed up with the PAS 2030 requirements mandated by Trustmark.

In 2019, there were 560,000 homes where glazing was improved, all of which had employed skilled tradespeople. Had an option been designed to provide a financial carrot to stimulate the installation of grade A installations of tertiary glazing, again the numbers of construction industry workers employed, and homes being improved, would have provided major boosts towards achieving Sunak’s targets.

As John Agnew, the CEO of the Glass & Glazing Federation, points out, “For most householders, improving your windows and doors is the best-known way to save energy. The main deterrent is the perception of the significant investment expenditure required. But this scheme’s bizarre relegation of glazing to an also-ran status effectively ruled almost all our members out from participating.”

Undermining Treasury targets So, in the end the Business Department decided deliberately to cut out any of the established energy saving mass market measures. By doing so, they effectively ruled out any chance of the Chancellor’s declared short-term goals (600,000 householders being helped; 100,000 people employed installing measures) being met over the initial six-month period the scheme was initially scheduled to run.

There were just two categories of ‘primary’ measures left that could qualify for the Green Homes Grant. One covered low carbon heat, predomi-

nantly air source and ground source heat pumps. Last year under 30,000 heat pumps were installed in homes in Britain.

In contrast, there were those 1.6 million condensing gas boilers being put in, with very different training required. Whilst the Prime Minister wants to see the heat pump numbers increased 20-fold, that will require some very substantial training (and re-training) efforts, which could never be completed in the six months set aside for Sunak’s scheme.

Whilst the government website clearly states that ‘for low carbon heating to be installed, households will need to have adequate insulation’, it is unclear whether this requirement – seldom currently promoted by heat pump manufacturers – was ever being enforced.

Certainly, all forms of insulation were rated as ‘primary’ measures, except hot water tank insulation, curiously. Underfloor heating was included, for which there is no established retrofitting industry operating in England outside major building refurbishments.

From the start, the Climate Change Committee warned that the numbers currently employed in installing the long-established installation measures for lofts, roofs and cavity walls has fallen by over 90% since 2012.

Many of the largest established delivery businesses – including Carillion, the Mark Group and Miller Pattison – are no longer around. And training for new operatives normally takes at least six months, which was of course the length of the entire programme.

Just 52,000 (just 8% of the 600,000 intended) applications had been approved. No replacement initiative was even hinted at Net zero The Business Department understandably felt that longer term, a judicious mixture of non-fossil fuel and high insulation would be needed for every home, in order to achieve net zero carbon in housing. But to create the infrastructure to achieve this must inevitably take time, far more time than the six months the Green Homes grant scheme was permitted to operate.

Effectively, by excluding from the start so many of the established tried and trusted options to reduce energy waste and carbon emissions in English homes, the best became truly the enemy of the good.

There was a gap of almost exactly five years between the Conservative government abandoning its Green Deal scheme, and the launch of the Green Homes grant scheme last year. That five-year hiatus seriously set back so many opportunities to improve what is commonly reckoned to be one of the least energy efficient housing stocks in Western Europe.

So, over the next five months, it is vital that a series of new initiatives are undertaken, which will ensure that the Prime Minister’s proud boasts to the UN really do become a reality in our housing stock.

If you’d like to hear more on what the government is (or isn’t doing) to ‘build back greener’ from the pandemic, you can check out, ‘Children of the (green) Revolution’, which just happens to be Episode 2 of Powered On, the podcast brought to you by Electrical Review. Find it via the ER website or wherever you get your podcasts.

www.electricalreview.co.uk 25

ENERGY STORAGE & BATTERIES

Handle with care: Safeguarding the use of batteries for energy storage

James Mountain, sales and marketing director at Fire Shield Systems Ltd, explores the current regulations and best practice informing how lithium-ion batteries are being used for energy storage; from the way they’re manufactured, stored, transported, installed and used, including the implications of their adoption for building design, fire prevention and fire suppression. he UK’s transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources is promoting large scale energy storage adoption.

Lithium-ion batteries have a key role to play in our decarbonised future, however, they present unique challenges when it comes to fire safety. Managing these challenges effectively is essential to protect people, businesses, assets and the surrounding environment.

The global shift towards renewable energy sources has resulted in increased reliance on battery energy storage systems (BESSs). A key benefit of these systems is their ability to store energy to smooth out the energy supply from renewable energy systems when power input is low, such as the storage of solar power for nighttime use or wind power for calm weather conditions, for example. This can mean a large quantity of energy is stored within the BESS at any one time, which can present a number of significant fire risks that require unique protection solutions.

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Once a battery is in thermal runaway, it is often contained and left to burn itself out, leading to loss of the whole system The risks for BESSs BESSs can include a number of different battery types – most notably lithium-ion (Li-ion).

The common fire risks associated with battery storage include: • Thermal runaway: Often caused by Li-ion battery defects or damage, which results in excess heat, leading to fires or explosions.

• Failure of control systems: Failure in the systems can result in overheating, which can cause fires.

• Hydrogen evolution: For lead-acid batteries, excess hydrogen can increase risk of fires and explosion if suitable ventilation methods are not in place.

More often than not, BESSs use Li-ion batteries as they are well suited to the application, due to their high energy density and ability to fully discharge without impacting the longevity of the battery.

What are the risks associated with Li-ion batteries?

The main risk when using lithium-ion battery technology for BESSs is thermal runaway, where excessive heat keeps creating more heat, which

26 Electrical Review | May / June 2021

ENERGY STORAGE & BATTERIES

can be caused by internal cell defects, mechanical failures/damage or overvoltage. These causes lead to high temperatures, gas build-up and potential explosive rupture of the battery cell, resulting in fire and/or explosion.

Without disconnection, thermal runaway can spread between cells.

When such fires occur, they are often very intense and difficult to control. They can take days or even weeks to extinguish properly, and residual energy in the system can also cause electric shocks even after the fire has been extinguished. As a result of these risks, once a battery is in thermal runaway, it is often contained and left to burn itself out, leading to loss of the whole system.

However, as BESSs are being rapidly adopted across a range of industries and buildings, managing these risks is increasingly challenging.

Many buyers – ranging from developers, local authorities and education establishments, through to industrial and commercial building owners – are not experts in energy systems or aware of the potential hazards and dangers the systems pose.

Similarly, site selection is often based on available space, rather than wider considerations around controlling and managing risks effectively.

For businesses to protect their people, buildings and assets, buyers must understand the system’s requirements, follow the manufacturer’s guidance exactly and consult expertise where needed.

Safety first Several safety standards have been developed internationally for energy storage systems and large format Li-ion batteries. Organisations and companies, such as International Electrotechnical Commission, Underwriters Laboratories, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker, have led the work to develop design, testing and installation requirements. The NFPA’s standard for the installation of energy storage systems is one of the key standards to come out of this work.

The UK’s existing safety guidance for BESSs is covered by a range of regulations and requirements surrounding electrical installation, grid connectivity, product safety and dangerous goods.

Any electrical installation that the public will come into contact with as part of their day to day lives must comply with the Institute of Engineering and Technology’s (IET) wiring regulations (BS 7671).

However, this currently has no separate chapter pertaining to the installation of electrical energy storage systems. For domestic installations, BS 7671 doesn’t incorporate specific requirements or locations for domestic BESSs. In 2017, IET published a further guidance document with a view to set best practice for these installations.

Product safety and dangerous goods regulatory requirements Each subsystem of the BESS should comply to applicable product safety directives, such as: • General product safety directive (as applicable) • Low voltage directive (between 50 and 1,000 V for AC, 75 and 1500 V for DC) • EMC directive In addition, dangerous goods regulations require that lithium-ion batteries should be tested according to UN Manual of Tests and Criteria section 38.3 to be able to be transported.

Reducing the risk Despite legislation surrounding BESS fire prevention and protection existing, it can be challenging to determine exactly how to mitigate the associated fire risk for individual applications.

To make sense of the existing guidance, it can be broken down into three categories – system design, site considerations and fire protection systems.

1. System design A crucial consideration for reducing fire risk in BESSs are the materials used as part of the system itself. For example, the insulation of the container should be made using non-combustible materials where possible.

Additionally, the system should include a ventilation system to minimise the risk of overheating.

The main risk when using lithiumion battery technology for BESSs is thermal runaway, where excessive heat keeps creating more heat, which can be caused by internal cell defects, mechanical failures/damage or overvoltage 2. Site considerations Consideration should also be given to the overall design of the site at which the BESS is located, as well as the separation of battery containers and other major equipment, such as transformers, inverters and substations. Where it isn’t possible to keep electrical systems entirely separate, fire walls can be installed.

Fire walls are generally made of concrete or composite materials, positioned between containers to significantly reduce the risk of fire spread.

For insurers, fire walls are seen as an excellent fire prevention method, and will often result in lower premiums.

3. Fire protection systems For BESSs, implementing a fire detection and suppression system that is unique to the site and its individual uses and requirements is key for ensuring optimum safety. The system should consider: • How the batteries will be separated • The use of dedicated fire areas • The type of detection and suppression system that should be installed to account for a site’s individual risks • How these systems should be tested • Information for firefighters, typically involving the fire service or fire engineering expertise in planning for an emergency response As the costs for these systems come down and their adoption more widespread, it must be recognised that attention to detail will not just shape the future performance and reliability of such systems, but it will also impact public confidence in their widespread use.

www.electricalreview.co.uk 27

EVENT RESCHEDULED

New event for data centre operators, customers and suppliers Tech, skills, security, sustainability and more The data centre industry has supported businesses and communities during the extraordinary events of 2020/2021 and their value can no longer be underestimated.

For commercial and advertising enquires, please contact:

This brand new event is designed for data centre operators, their enterprise customers, hyperscalers and big tech, and the vendors and specialists which supply the industry.

Sunny Nehru Group Account Director

We will be considering a range of business-critical issues including automation and emerging technologies (AI, edge computing, machine learning, IoT), addressing the skills gap, cybersecurity challenges, power & cooling, sustainability and net zero targets, and the impact of 5G and smart city evolution.

+44 (0)207 933 8974 sunnyn@sjpbusinessmedia.com

Kelly Baker Account Manager +44 (0)20 7933 8970 kellyb@electricalreview.co.uk

In Partnership With

Find out more at:

www.datacentrereviewlive.com

ENERGY STORAGE & BATTERIES

If I had a nickel

Steve Jennings, senior vice president of ZincFive, discusses the energy storage requirements for edge computing installations, and why nickel-zinc batteries could be the perfect solution. rends in business and consumer services are pushing IT resources out beyond centralised facilities towards distributed architectures. And they are taking energy storage for battery backup to the edge with them.

For example, telecommunications companies are deploying highspeed 5G services that empower mobile gaming, on-demand entertainment and industrial IoT. These real-time applications require guaranteed processing bandwidth and response time in the field. To support them, wireless service providers are installing computing capabilities in facilities at the edge of their networks, close to their business and consumer users — even right at the base of a cell tower.

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Similarly, after decades spent centralising servers in huge hyperscale facilities, data centre operators have refocused on building out offerings in edge data centres. By one estimate, global edge data centre market size is expected to double from 2020 to 2024. And they are popping up just about anywhere. An edge data centre may be implemented in the back room or closet of a retail store to maximise the use of IoT devices and AI to increase the operational efficiency.

The complexity of a distributed IT architecture makes it harder to avoid unwanted downtime. In a recent article, Lee Kirby, executive director of the Uptime Institute, said, “As we see the [edge] adoption rates go up, and the use of the applications and deployment of the Internet of Things with all of the devices that are out there, we’re taxing the entire matrix of the digital infrastructure.”

Distributed IT places more demands on backup power When essential components of the IT infrastructure operate outside the central facility, they need their own energy storage system to provide battery backup in case of a power outage. Not only does this increase the

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Powered On will be brought to you on a biweekly basis, featuring expert opinions, and probably a few rants and tangents nobody asked for thrown in for good measure.

We aim to not only inform, but entertain, so if there is anything in particular you’d like us to cover, any feedback you’d like to give, or if you’d like to appear on the podcast, please don’t hesitate to get in touch via our dedicated podcast email hello@electricalreview.co.uk.

We hope you enjoy the show!

ENERGY STORAGE & BATTERIES

number of energy storage systems in the overall architecture, but also the demands of battery backup in the field are more stringent.

First, the formats for some distributed IT facilities, such as the retail closet or shipping container, may be quite size constrained. Operators of these facilities need to use every last square foot for servers and storage to run their applications. Backup power has to use the smallest possible footprint.

Second, distributed facilities are more numerous and more dispersed geographically than central facilities. That makes it more challenging to provide regular maintenance, as well as emergency service if something goes wrong. Reliability is paramount for all systems, especially backup power. For compact installations like shipping containers, there is also less room available for environmental controls, so backup batteries need to perform reliably over a range of conditions.

Finally, distributed IT hardware operates closer to a company’s employees, customers and the general public. The energy storage systems need to be inherently safe even as they become more power dense. As these facilities proliferate, ensuring that backup battery technology is also environmentally friendly can make a difference for corporate sustainability efforts.

By one estimate, global edge data centre market size is expected to double from 2020 to 2024. And they are popping up just about anywhere Power density serves smaller facilities The move to a distributed IT architecture requires an evolution in backup batteries. While lead-acid batteries have served traditional IT locations for decades, alternatives such as nickel-zinc (NiZn) batteries provide superior trade-offs in size, reliability and safety to ensure successful operation of distributed IT facilities.

The first criterion is providing sufficient power in a small form factor.

NiZn technology has twice the power density of lead-acid batteries, which means that it requires one half the footprint and one half the weight in any given application. Using smaller NiZn batteries opens up space in an IT installation for more revenue-enhancing servers and storage. The smaller footprint and weight suit a larger array of formats, from cabinet-based configurations to distributed power strategies like those advocated by the Open Compute Project.

Lower maintenance across more locations As distributed IT facilities become more numerous, maintenance can become an expensive problem. A NiZn battery has an operational life as long as three lead-acid battery replacement cycles, reducing the number and cost of maintenance visits by two thirds.

Since distributed facilities may not be purpose-built for IT hardware, a wider operating temperature range is another important contributor to reliability and low maintenance. NiZn batteries have a wider operating temperature range than both lead-acid and lithium-ion chemistries.

Moreover, UPS solutions with NiZn batteries have a lower BTU heat load, which further reduces cooling system requirements. This advantage

not only enhances reliability, but it also helps reduce overall facility size.

In remote locations, power outages may be more frequent and backup batteries are cycled more often. After each outage, the operator will want to be sure the batteries are back to a fully charged state as soon as possible. NiZn technology can operate with rapid discharge and recharge cycles while maintaining thermal stability.

Greater safety and sustainability Because distributed IT facilities may operate closer in proximity to workers and the general public, their backup batteries must be inherently safe. Here again, NiZn technology has some clear advantages over other options.

While lithium-ion batteries have similar operating characteristics as NiZn ones, they are not as inherently safe. Lithium-ion battery cells display a tendency for thermal runaway, so backup systems using this technology must employ a variety of fire protection layers. NiZn batteries do not exhibit thermal runaway, as proven through testing using the Underwriters Laboratories UL 9540A test method. These batteries are also non-flammable and fail-safe, making them easier and safer to handle.

In fact, they are not subject to the travel restrictions placed on lead-acid and lithium-ion products — important for shipping and installation at remote facilities.

Finally, as backup batteries take their place in distributed IT facilities around the world, it’s important to note their impact on corporate sustainability efforts. NiZn chemistry is easier on the environment than the others. In a recent Climate Impact Report performed by Boundless Impact Research & Analysis, NiZn batteries ranked higher than lead-acid and lithium-ion chemistries in several criteria including avoided greenhouse gases (GHGs), carbon return on purchase and carbon payback time.

Keeping the distributed future up and running A distributed IT architecture is a necessary evolutionary step for emerging services like IoT, 5G services and entertainment. Every part of that architecture must operate reliably, 24/7, to meet business and consumer expectations. Companies need battery backup they can rely on for years, as they scale up computing across markets and geographies. NiZn batteries have the best combination of power density, reliability, safety and sustainability to power that future.

www.electricalreview.co.uk 31

ENERGY STORAGE & BATTERIES

Safety first With the benefits of lithium-ion batteries becoming more apparent across a number of industries, Richard Poate, senior manager at TÜV SÜD, highlights the importance of safely storing and handling this highly efficient, but potentially dangerous technology. hile lithium-ion battery technology development has advanced over the last few decades, it has also presented new fire and explosion risks. This is because there are potential safety risks related to thermal stability and internal short circuits, which can cause overheating and even explosion. For commercial and industrial environments, the proper storage and risk management of lithium-ion batteries is therefore critical.

Safety problems arise due to poor design, the use of low-quality materials, incorrect assembly, or damage. Even for lithium-ion batteries

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32 Electrical Review | May / June 2021

with integrated safety features, an unanticipated breach in the battery separator material can result in a high current that overheats the battery’s electrolyte.

While battery manufacturers and developers are continually improving lithium-ion battery design and performance, this can make them more vulnerable to small manufacturing defects or internal damage from a physical impact with another object. Variations in battery design and the quality of materials and manufacture can also cause potential safety risks.

ENERGY STORAGE & BATTERIES

Of course, this problem will be magnified if large quantities of batteries are stored on-site or transported between industrial facilities.

Fortunately, there are important steps that operators of industrial facilities can take to reduce the risks. This includes ensuring that the facility is equipped with suitable sprinklers.

Safety problems arise due to poor design, the use of low-quality materials, incorrect assembly, or damage Idle batteries in storage are not typically subject to internal ignition.

However, large-scale testing has shown that lithium-ion batteries behave similarly to unexpanded plastic commodities in a fire. Therefore, sprinkler protection should be provided.

Fully charged lithium-ion batteries have a higher energy density and are therefore at greater risk of generating significant heat from short circuiting caused by internal defects. It is therefore important to ensure that lithium-ion batteries stored in the longer-term are charged at levels below 50% charge capacity and kept at temperatures between

Large-scale testing has shown that lithium-ion batteries behave similarly to unexpanded plastic commodities in a fire. Therefore, sprinkler protection should be provided

separated by at least three metres from all other storage areas, as well as bins holding other potentially combustible materials. This separation will help to reduce the risk of spreading a fire that might originate amongst discarded or waste batteries. In addition, these bins should be metal and have metal lids whenever practical.

Internal components and mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries are highly susceptible to physical or mechanical damage when the battery is subject to a severe external force or when it is dropped on a hard surface. Any external evidence of damage should therefore trigger concerns about a battery’s internal integrity, and it should be safely disposed of in bins intended solely for damaged batteries.

Fully charged lithium-ion batteries have a higher energy density and are therefore at greater risk of generating significant heat from short circuiting caused by internal defects As lithium-ion batteries bring so many positive benefits to product innovation, they will continue to evolve as manufacturers seek new ways to increase battery density and reduce size. Therefore, the safety of lithium-ion battery technology will continue to be investigated to address unexpected hazards that emerge.

As we learn more about the risks associated with the use, bulk storage and recycling of lithium-ion batteries, changes in standards and best practices can be expected to change as well. It is therefore vital that the safety of lithium-ion battery technology and its storage remains under scrutiny so that these evolving hazards can be addressed.

4-27°C. This will help to minimise the risk of thermal runaway from manufacturing defects or internal failures.

While usually safe, lithium-ion battery charging can cause safety problems. For larger format batteries, such as mobile equipment batteries, ensure that battery chargers and batteries being charged are separated from other combustible contents by at least three metres.

Meanwhile, stations used for charging small format batteries should be set on a firm, non-combustible surface and be separated from other combustible materials by at least 30 centimetres.

Before disposing of damaged or unwanted lithium-ion batteries, in waste bins for example, their battery terminals should be covered with insulating material. This will help to ensure that the terminals do not accidentally come in contact with metal or other battery contacts that could close the battery circuit and result in an unintended energy discharge.

Likewise, bins holding damaged or discarded batteries should be

www.electricalreview.co.uk 33

TALKING POINT

Let’s human better Electrical Review sits down with Jordan Brompton, co-founder of menergi, an award-winning British designer and manufacturer of renewable energy products. espite Covid-19’s impact on the UK economy, myenergi is going through explosive growth and has its sights set on a brighter future for all of us.

Partially fuelling myenergi’s growth is the UK’s transition to net zero, so we didn’t just want to find out how the company got to its impressive position, but also what Brompton made of the UK’s net zero target and how we can all work towards ‘a kinder, more sustainable future for our planet’.

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What first inspired you to co-found myenergi?

We founded myenergi with a simple vision – create a positive impact, push the boundaries of possibility, and change the world through pioneering green technologies. Ever since, we’ve been committed to creating a more sustainable planet for generations to come.

While we may lag behind in some areas, the UK boasts some of the world’s most innovative environmental technology.

This, moving forward, will prove pivotal to closing the gap You started with a team of six and have now taken the EV charging and electrical space by storm. EV is a hot topic right now, so what differentiates myenergi from the crowd, or what do you think is the secret to your success?

We’re an experienced team, made up of experts, activists and inventors. While most companies simply sell products, we truly believe in ours. As the myenergi journey has continued, we’ve discovered that this is what sets us apart – a game-changing product range, designed with passion by technology specialists who want to change the world.

Our customers and installer network want to join that journey and be part of the future.

The UK has currently set a net zero by 2050 target. Do you think this is overly ambitious and do you think we will achieve it?

High targets are important to keep us striving for more. Is it achievable?

Yes, but it will take a monumental effort from industry, government and the general public, working closely together to achieve a brighter future.

The benefits are countless – but achieving it will take teamwork.

34 Electrical Review | May / June 2021

TALKING POINT

Sweden has set its net zero target five years earlier than ours at 2045, we always seem to fall behind other European countries when it comes to green initiatives, what do they have that we don’t?

Historically, the Scandinavian countries have always set the standards in sustainability. Prioritising resource efficiency and minimising environmental impact is just a way of life. We’re not as far along the line – there’s still a huge educational job to be done in the UK – so the discrepancy between our target and theirs seems realistic. While we may lag behind in some areas, the UK boasts some of the world’s most innovative environmental technology. This, moving forward, will prove pivotal to closing the gap.

Humanity is at a crossroads and we can’t continue our wasteful ways What will have to change within our daily lives in order to make net zero a reality?

In short, everything. Humanity is at a crossroads and we can’t continue our wasteful ways. From what we eat and what we wear, to how we travel and everything in between, net zero requires fundamental change and it’s up to all of us to take up the gauntlet. The companies that will be here for years to come have understood this challenge and are already working in partnership with consumers to proactively help.

How big a role will electric vehicles play in this transition?

Electrification plays a huge role in achieving our net zero target. Currently, we’re far too reliant on fossil fuels and outdated technology. The faster we can embrace more resource efficient methods of transport (such as switching your diesel daily to an eco EV and charging your vehicle with 100% green energy), the better!

What are the main barriers to EV adoption, is there a way people can make it easier for themselves?

The main barrier to EV adoption is perception. Many people are worried about purchase costs, charging costs and suitability for their mileage. However, most of these concerns are unfounded. Indeed, the UK’s charging network continues to improve, with 20,775 publicly-available devices now operational, while grants make purchase costs perfectly realistic. For individuals driving up to 250 miles every day, an EV is the sensible choice.

If you were to try and convince a die-hard petrol head to see the benefits of EV, what would you say to them?

I don’t profess to being a true petrol head, but I do love cars. I find the best way to convince people to see the benefits is by getting them to test drive an EV. The immediate power delivery, high torque figures and relaxing drive is enough to convince any aficionado. Of course, when you’ve won them over with the feeling, it’s the perfect time to show them the environmental and sustainability benefits!

How important is it that we all start acting now in order to see tangible reductions in our CO2 emissions? What are the consequences if we don’t?

Climate change, emissions, carbon footprint, ozone layer – not new words, but ones that have been ignored for far too long. We have to change our behaviours today; it’s not a problem for future generations to worry about, it’s up to us to prevent a climate emergency. Rather than ignoring the issue, we need to make a change today – the consequences if we fail to do so are terrifying.

Ofgem currently wants to bring the UK to green glory and is insisting an independently run grid (rather than National Grid) is needed to achieve this. What are your views on that?

Now, we all agree that the National Grid is unfit for purpose, but would switching to an independently run alternative change our future? Probably not. What we need to work towards is creating our own personal grid networks, whereby we utilise self-generated renewable energy to offset the requirement for a national system.

‘Sustainability’ is the word on everyone’s lips, but you say myenergi’s mission is to create ‘a kinder, more sustainable future for our planet’. Can you please define what that means to you? Particularly the use of the word ‘kinder’, the world could always do with some more of that.

To me, this means a switch from traditional make-use-dispose models, whereby we destroy the natural environment to dig resources out of the ground, and instead embrace a more circular vision – harnessing renewable resources and keeping products in the value chain longer to improve efficiencies and reduce waste. It’s not just sustainable, but kind to the environment too.

Climate change, emissions, carbon footprint, ozone layer – not new words, but ones that have been ignored for far too long How important is it that our sustainability goals are a collaborative effort? This is everyone’s responsibility, and when I read on the myenergi website the quote ‘let’s human better’, that really resonated with me, as this is everyone’s responsibility, with companies like myenergi, and hopefully many others, helping to lead the way.

No one can change the world on their own. However, what they can do is inspire change. At myenergi, we may just be one company, but we’re passionate about driving a global movement – changing the way people think, feel and behave when it comes to sustainability. Collaboration is key – we can’t do it alone – but together, we can change the future for generations to come.

www.electricalreview.co.uk 35

If you sell products or work on projects within Power, Lighting, Fire Safety & Security, Energy Efficiency and Data Centres, make sure you enter:

Visit awards.electricalreview.co.uk Your business and your team could be celebrating in the spotlight at the ER & DCR Excellence Awards Gala Dinner on 19 May 2022 at the breathtaking Christ Church, Spitalfields in London!

The Awards include the following categories: Power - Product of the Year - Sponsored by Omicron Power - Project of the Year - Sponsored by Omicron Lighting - Product of the Year Lighting - Project of the Year Fire Safety & Security - Product of the Year Fire Safety & Security - Project of the Year Energy Efficiency - Product of the Year Energy Efficiency - Project of the Year Innovative - Project of the Year Sustainable - Project of the Year

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Data Centre Design & Build - Product of the Year - Sponsored by Centiel Data Centre Design & Build - Project of the Year Data Centre Cooling - Product of the Year Data Centre Cooling - Project of the Year Data Centre Colocation - Supplier of the Year - Sponsored by Vertiv Technical Leader of the Year Consultancy/Contractor of the Year - Sponsored by ECA Outstanding Project of the Year - Sponsored by Riello UPS Outstanding Product of the Year - Sponsored by Riello UPS

POWER DISTRIBUTION

Let’s get flexible Sotiris Georgiopoulos, head of smart grid at UK Power Networks, explains how game-changing developments in the electricity distribution industry are combining the use of technology and data to facilitate net zero and reduce costs for consumers. smarter, more flexible electricity network is key to reaching the government’s net zero target by 2050. That’s why UK Power Networks is promising to go further and faster than any other electricity network to create solutions and build a smart grid that will deliver a sustainable future for all.

For years the energy sector has been working in the background to decarbonise energy generation and this is well on its way, with emissions in producing each kWh of electricity in the UK down 50% thanks to the rise of renewables.

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In order to meet net zero by 2050, we must now decarbonise two other vital areas that are closely linked to our daily lives – transport and heating. The 2020s are the decade in which we will see decarbonisation begin to make a visible change in our daily lives. The number of electric vehicles on the road is forecast to rapidly rise, and more and more homes and businesses will turn to electric heating.

Alongside transport, heating homes and businesses is one of the three largest greenhouse gas contributors in the UK, accounting for about a third of total emissions.

www.electricalreview.co.uk 37

POWER DISTRIBUTION

We estimate that by 2030 there could be over 700,000 electric heat pumps and 4.5 million EVs on the road in London, the South East and East of England. More than 90% of all EV charging currently happens at home, delivered through our network, meaning we have a vital role to play in facilitating the transition to electric vehicles. We have an established role in enabling renewable energy and are on our way when it comes to electric vehicles, next we must decarbonise heat.

By 2030 there could be over 700,000 electric heat pumps and 4.5 million EVs on the road in London, the South East and East of England In 2020, we published our Heat Readiness Strategy, becoming the first UK electricity network to outline how we plan to facilitate decarbonised heat for all customers. This year, we also published our 2021 Distribution Future Energy Scenarios forecast about the uptake of low carbon technologies. The research mapped out different scenarios up to 2050, helping us understand what the future might look like so we can innovate, plan, prepare and invest strategically.

As more people opt for low carbon, electric alternatives, the demand on the electricity network will rise and greater capacity will be needed on the network at peak times What is Flexibility The UK can reach net zero by 2050 if the right action is taken, such as installing solar panels for almost 400,000 more homes in London, the South and South East by 2030.

As more people opt for low carbon, electric alternatives, the demand on the electricity network will rise and greater capacity will be needed on the network at peak times. Either we can create that capacity in the traditional way, by building more infrastructure and putting more cables in the ground, or we can purchase that capacity as a service to smooth out the peaks in electricity demand. This is known as Flexibility, using data and technology we can harness the power of energy assets from electric vehicles to large-scale industrial heating to support the network.

We have seen huge growth in the Flexibility market, opening up access to capacity as a service from providers and benefiting customers by reducing cost. UK Power Networks is the first distribution network operator in the world to demonstrate that flexibility on the low voltage network can provide an alternative to traditional reinforcement.

Much of the flexibility on our low voltage network is coming from domestic customers, such as those with solar panels on their homes or electric vehicle drivers with smart chargers who are willing to reduce their demand at peak times in return for lower energy bills.

With new technology such as Vehicle-2-Grid, we are changing the

relationship between the customer and the electricity network. Customers can move from being a consumer of energy to a generator too. Unlike kettles and TVs, electric vehicle batteries can be discharged and the owner can return the energy back to the grid when the car is not being used, what’s more they get paid to do it.

It doesn’t stop there either. To enable more low carbon technologies to connect as demand increases, we are developing solutions to make it easier, quicker and more cost effective for anyone to connect to our network. Traditionally, those installing low carbon technologies would make the time-intensive, laborious application on behalf of the domestic consumer to the network operator. The new Smart Connect portal helps customers go electric faster and easier than ever before.

As the first self-service platform of its kind, it streamlines the application process and automatically assesses and provides an outcome for the customer straightaway, cutting down the whole process to a matter of minutes.

These are game-changing developments, combining the use of technology and data to facilitate net zero and reducing costs for consumers, making it more economical to get more low carbon energy and transport connecting to the network.

Unlike kettles and TVs, electric vehicle batteries can be discharged and the owner can return the energy back to the grid when the car is not being used, what’s more they get paid to do it We are all going to have to make changes to reach net zero by 2050. At UK Power Networks it is our mission to keep the lights on and our aim is to do so whilst making it as easy and cost effective for our customers to go electric in other parts of their lives as it is to flick the light switch.

Through increased digitisation of our network, we can use data and technology to ensure greater visibility and make better decisions at a lower cost providing the best solutions for our customers and facilitating net zero.

www.electricalreview.co.uk 39

TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

Keeping net zero on track

40 Electrical Review | May / June 2021

TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

Simone Bruckner, managing director of power resistor manufacturer Cressall, explains how rail transport can help lower emissions in the transport industry. he International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that passenger and freight transport activity will more than double by 2050. Railway transport provides an efficient solution to meet growing transport demand, while electrification offers a way to meet expectations with minimal environmental impact.

The transport sector is responsible for around a quarter of greenhouse gas emissions in Europe and is the main cause of higher levels of air pollution in cities. Increasing reliance on rail transport for short passenger journeys, freight and international travel can help the industry take a significant step towards reducing these levels. While we’re already beginning to electrify, this must continue to roll out on a greater scale.

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According to Eurostar, travelling from London to Paris by train instead of by plane can cut CO2 emissions by up to 90% On the right track Rail transport is already more efficient than individual road vehicles when it comes to moving a large amount of people. The high passenger occupancy of trains means that CO2 emissions per passenger are significantly reduced. In addition, fewer cars on the road also reduces localised congestion and pollution levels.

However, the daily commute isn’t alone in being able to benefit from these carbon reductions. According to Eurostar, travelling from London to Paris by train instead of by plane can cut CO2 emissions by up to 90%.

For those in the UK, there are numerous international destinations available by rail, including a direct Eurostar service from London to Amsterdam. The journey takes just four hours and its environmental impact is considerably lower than the same trip by air.

Passengers aren’t the only ones who can benefit from a lower carbon footprint by letting the train take the strain, however. Significant CO2 reductions can also be demonstrated by transferring freight transport from roads to railways. Each tonne of freight transported by train rather than heavy goods vehicle decreases emissions by 7%, and removes up to 76 lorries from the road.

The ticket to carbon free While already widely viewed as an eco-friendly option, technology developments in hydrogen electric, battery electric and overhead electric trains have the potential to cut rail travel emissions even further.

Around 40% of UK railways are already electrified, but Network Rail’s recent Traction Decarbonisation Network Strategy recommends installing an additional 11,700 km of track with overhead lines for electric trains. This is in addition to allocating a further 900 km of track for hydrogen electric trains and 400 km for battery electric trains, which

have rechargeable onboard batteries and therefore do not require overhead cables.

Electric trains using overhead cables will be the leading solution to making rail transport more environmentally friendly, with hydrogen and battery electric trains providing support where overhead cables cannot be installed.

Overhead electric trains should be prioritised as they boast a higher efficiency than hydrogen electric, and can be around 35% cheaper. They are also more convenient to operate than battery electric trains, where the battery adds weight, requires frequent charging and replacement every seven years.

The safety and reliability of the electric railway system is dependent on the power quality of the train power supply system. Power issues such as overvoltages and harmonics can damage equipment and therefore disrupt the rail transport system. Therefore, the management of the electrical power must be carefully considered in mass-scale electrification of railways.

Resistors for railways Overvoltages in the power supply commonly stem from lightning strikes or switching operations, but their effects can be avoidable.

Soft and hard crowbar resistors can be used in traction power supply circuits to deal with the consequences of transient or longer lasting over-voltage conditions.

A soft crowbar resistor is pulsed to dissipate transient over-voltages, but if these become worse or prolonged, the main breakers are opened and the system is short-circuited through the hard crowbar to absorb the stored energy.

To prevent surges and unwanted harmonics entering the rail power supply, capacitor/inductor filter circuits are used to decouple the traction power supply from the drives. Here resistors are used to limit inrush currents to the capacitors during charging and to safely discharge them when required.

The safety and reliability of the electric railway system is dependent on the power quality of the train power supply system High speed trains require a large amount of energy to brake, and often disk brakes alone are unsuitable because of high wear rates with resulting maintenance and replacement costs. Many electric trains now use the electric traction motor as a generator to slow the vehicle.

Where possible, the generated electrical power is fed back into the supply line to be used by other trains elsewhere on the network in a process known as regenerative braking. However, when there are no other trains available to use the regenerated power, the excess is safely dissipated by brake resistors mounted on the train itself or at fixed trackside locations.

As the demand for freight and passenger transport grows, electrifying the railways and extending their use will be key in delivering a high performance service with minimal environmental impact.

www.electricalreview.co.uk 41

PRODUCTS

C.K Magma launches exciting new Wheeled Rucksack Plus Following the successful ongoing development of its award-winning wheeled tool case derivatives, C.K Magma’s Wheeled Rucksack Plus (MA2654) is an innovative, lightweight and compact tool storage solution ideal for tradespeople using public transport for travelling to their place of work, or for those who need to access places where climbing and a hands-free approach is needed.

The product’s compact size and lightweight design cleverly incorporates a whole host of other features and benefits, including: A spacious main compartment; vertical storage pockets for easy tool access; 39 pockets and holders including space in the base for larger tools; extra comfort padding at the back with storable shoulder strap; padded front storage pocket for iPad/Notepad, additional hand tools and documents; and a removable wheel cover to protect clothing.

Carl Kammerling • 01758 704704 Find out more: www.carlkammerling.com

Future-proof training methodology: OMICRON Academy 4.0 For more than 25 years, the OMICRON Academy has been offering courses for energy suppliers, industrial enterprises, service providers and manufacturers.

During this period, the company has gained a wealth of experience with regard to teaching methodology, planning training courses, teaching materials and training equipment.

This experience has led OMICRON to develop a new training concept that perfectly supports our course participants’ learning success. The team at the OMICRON Academy will be happy to help you choose the training course that is right for you.

Read our latest article to learn more about the new training concepts that we are offering to participants who are wanting to learn more about ‘Automated Grid Protection Testing with CMC’ via the link below or write to us at academy@omicronenergy.com.

OMICRON • 01785 848 100 Find out more: https://bit.ly/3dzEcbw

Cumbria ‘LED-ing’ the way with street light replacement programme Work is nearing completion on Cumbria County Council’s exciting street light replacement and improvement programme.

The programme has enabled the Council to reduce its annual lighting energy bill by over £1 million, reduce annual energy consumption by 60% and save more than 9,000 tonnes of carbon emissions each year.

As part of the LED replacement programme, the Council believes it will be the first local authority in the UK to use a newly developed and adaptive LED street lantern which is Dark Sky-friendly.

The new LED lanterns are manufactured by Thorn Lighting and use their innovative NightTune LED technology. The lanterns emit a blend of white and amber light which can be automatically adjusted to suit the time of night and level of traffic on the road. Visibility for drivers and pedestrians is not impacted by the blended light colour and the scheme is fully compliant with the required safety standards for street lighting.

This project is a collaboration between Cumbria County Council, the Dark Skies Cumbria project led by the Friends of the Lake District, and the Council’s LED supplier Thorn Lighting UK Ltd, a lighting brand of the Zumtobel Group.

Thorn Lighting • 0191 365 2222 Find out more: www.thornlighting.co.uk

42 Electrical Review | May / June 2021

PRODUCTS

Service helps drive and motor users avoid unplanned downtime The ABB Ability Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) service provides a comprehensive overview for variable speed drive (VSD) and motor users of the health and maintenance requirements of their installed base. The service was developed in response to feedback from ABB engineers, who in the past year have found increasing numbers of avoidable VSD and motor failures on customer site visits.

The LCA catalogues each VSD and motor in the facility. The data is then stored in a dynamic report which can be accessed by the customer at any time to see the age, location, criticality, operating environment, service history and part replacement history of all assets. This can help to formulate maintenance schedules, while flagging up any VSDs or motors that need immediate attention, allowing operators to project maintenance budgets and manage costs more effectively. Critical and at-risk assets are identified, providing a comprehensive overview of the entire VSD and motor fleet.

The tool can also be used to provide a pathway towards the end-of-life of older VSDs and motors, allowing operators to manage obsolescence and plan accordingly. This helps to avoid downtime caused by unexpected failures. The service is available in two tiers, LCA Light and LCA Full.

ABB • 0808 258 2000 Find out more: https://global.abb/group/en

CMC Swift from OMICRON: Easy and wireless control of your CMC test sets Designed for convenient and wireless control of your CMC test sets, CMC Swift offers maximum freedom for simple testing tasks. With CMC Swift you can output analog voltages and currents via your CMC and feed in or measure binary signals. Wiring and control system checks, as well as pickup and trip tests of protective functions, such as overcurrent protection, can be performed quickly and easily.

Please note: To use CMC Swift you need a test set with NET-2 interface and a Wi-Fi USB adapter. Try out the app now and, in future, leave your laptop in the company car if you only need to perform simple checks. You can download the CMC Swift App free of charge in the App Store (for iOS) and in the Google Play Store (for Android).

CMC Swift requires Android 8.0 / iOS 14.0 or higher and supports the CMC 356, CMC 353, CMC 256 plus and CMC 430 test sets. CMC Swift also requires firmware version 2.62.0012 or higher, which is available for download from the OMICRON Customer Portal.

For more information, visit the OMICRON website.

OMICRON • 01785 848 100 Find out more: https://bit.ly/3dzEcbw

Unicrimp introduces new 18th edition compliant cable clips Unicrimp, part of the Scolmore Group of companies, continues to expand its cable accessories portfolio with new additions to its range of cable clips. The new fire-rated metal twin and Earth cable clips are 18th edition compliant and will sit within the growing Unicrimp Q-Fire fire-rated range.

The 18th Edition wiring regulations stipulate that cable support systems must be constructed with materials that will withstand premature collapse caused by direct exposure to heat. There are no applications excluded – trunking, conduit and cabling fixed to surfaces of the building or attached to cable support systems must all have fire-resistant supports in place.

These new additions provide installers with an expanded choice of fixing solutions, suitable across a range of applications and environments – helping them to satisfy the latest wiring regulations.

The new fire-rated T&E cable clips are manufactured from zinc-plated carbon steel and are available in two sizes – 1-2.5mm and 4-6mm – and in a choice of uncoated or with a grey PPA LSF coating. The LSF coating provides long-term prote

Unicrimp • 01827 300600 Find out more: www.unicrimp.com

www.electricalreview.co.uk 43

PRODUCTS

Transparent covers for Scolmore’s Aquip66 waterproof range Scolmore continues to expand its range of Aquip66 weatherproof socket and switch enclosures. The 1 and 2 gang 13A switched power socket outlets are now also available supplied with a semi-transparent lid and socket outlet with neon.

In addition, a new 13A switched fused connection unit has been introduced to the range in response to feedback from contractors. This will be available with a semi-transparent cover with a neon power indicator, as well as with a standard cover.

Designed to offer a high level of protection against ingress of water jets and dust, all products in the Aquip66 range come as completely sealed units. They offer a range of features: IP66-rated; robust polycarbonate construction; high impact resistance; UV protected against fading; ergonomic design; neutral modern design suitable for most locations; flexible rubber base allows for mounting on most types of uneven surfaces, plus multiple knock outs on each side (20mm) for entry from all angles.

The IP66-rated range is available in an anthracite grey finish. Watch the video via our digital version of Electrical Review.

Scolmore • 01827 63454 Find out more: www.scolmore.com

ESP’s RekorHD CCTV range gets a revamp ESP has revamped its RekorHD 2MP CCTV range. Available in kit form, Rekor HD provides all the elements required to get a system up and running in one box – making it popular with installers because of the convenience, whilst offering wholesalers the advantage of ease of ordering and stocking. The only additional item required is a monitor to access the menu and system display.

The systems have been designed with ease of set up as a key feature, including the option for remote monitoring via a smartphone or tablet, using ESP’s specially developed ESP View app.

The revamped range introduces new and improved cameras, which feature contemporary styling and robust metal housings. The infrared capture has been increased from 20 to 30 meters and the range now includes intelligent function, with perimeter intrusion detection and line crossing detection.

The new Rekor HD kits include a stylish four-channel DVR, pre-installed premium surveillance hard drive, cameras, camera cables, system power supply, mouse and HDMI cable. Before and after service support for the system is available through ESP’s highly experienced UK technical support team. You can watch a video of the new RekorHD in action via the digital version of Electrical Review.

ESP • 01527 515150 Find out more: www.espuk.com

New multi-function dimmable LED driver for AluPanel range Ovia continues to enhance its commercial LED downlight offering with the addition of a new multi-function dimmable driver that will provide its AluPanel range with the flexibility of three dimming options in one driver – Dali, switch and 1–10V dimmable.

The multi-function drivers are available in 12.7-33.7W and 24-48W variants to maximise their potential across a range of applications. The DIP switch component will be supplied pre-set to a specific configuration, with the option to be manually reconfigured to any one of the range of specifications available by following the instructions printed on top of the driver. The DIP switches are located under the removable termination cover.

AluPanel is a cost-effective range of IP44-rated recessed LED downlights for the commercial sector. They come with a pre-wired fly lead and flow connector as standard to add speed and convenience during installation. Their slim-line design and shallow build make them ideal for locations where there is limited space for manoeuvre.

There are eight AluPanel products in total with 9W, 12W, 18W, 24W versions available in a choice of warm white or cool white. They come with a two-year warranty.

Ovia • 01827 300640 Find out more: www.oviauk.com

44 Electrical Review | May / June 2021

PRODUCTS

Enhanced RAPID lighting control system from CP Electronics offers circadian control CP Electronics, a brand of Legrand, launches Circadian Lighting Control as part of its enhanced RAPID lighting control system. Circadian Lighting Control falls under the category of human centric lighting, which is defined as lighting devoted to enhancing human performance, comfort, health and wellbeing.

Light is one of the biggest influences on our circadian rhythm, the natural sleep/wake cycles of the human body. The concept of circadian lighting follows that of the human circadian rhythm, a 24-hour internal clock.

CP Electronics’ RAPID Circadian Lighting Control uses DALI protocol to control the light fixtures based on time events that control the brightness and colour temperature throughout the day.

Whether it be a static scene, a flowing change or even a repeating day to night cycle, the flexibility that the RAPID lighting control system offers gives the user the power to develop as they learn.

The RAPID lighting control system benefits from an architecture of decentralised intelligence, meaning each component will continue to operate as best it can in the event of a failure to any of the other components.

CP Electronics • 0333 9000671 Find out more: www.cpelectronics.co.uk

Self-supporting and dry insulated: The new DOC termination up to 170 kV Pfisterer is expanding its range of terminations with DOC (dry outdoor composite), the first dry and self-supporting outdoor cable termination up to 170 kV. Completely preassembled and fully routine tested, it cuts installation time from hours to minutes. Energie Steiermark in Austria is already using this maintenance-free, environmentally and operationally safe solution.

Solid-insulated and lighter than conventional oil or gas-filled terminations, dry outdoor cable terminations by Pfisterer have been used worldwide for decades. Their silicone solid insulation ensures environmental and operational safety as well as durability in use in substations and on overhead power lines, with no risk of leakage. With the new DOC termination, Pfisterer now also offers the first self-supporting, dry and compact version up to 170 kV. Reliable and maintenance-free in long-term use, it connects cable systems to overhead lines and busbars.

Testing under IEC 60840 section nine is carried out on the whole central unit, instead of (as is usual) only on the stress grading device. Pfisterer is currently the sole manufacturer to offer this full testing.

DOC also meets all criteria of the highest pollution class according to IEC 60815-3. For more information on the new DOC termination, watch the video via https://youtu.be/bTw0Opb15Lw.

Pfisterer • +49 7181 70050 Find out more: www.pfisterer.com

Metrel: Tickling the SPD nerve “With Surge Protection Devices (SPD) becoming increasingly common in installations, it is surely time that there was an accepted test to confirm their efficacy,” says Brendan Beaver, manager of Metrel UK Ltd. “The manufacturers say that they are 100% tested before they leave the factory, but it is not hugely reassuring to the installer whose insurance takes on liability once they supply and install the SPD. “Furthermore, we know they deteriorate with repeated overvoltage episodes; so how should they be tested as they age? We know that electrical engineers are not going to want to buy the complex and expensive testers the SPD industry sells. They are going to want an additional function on their existing tester.

“Metrel multifunction testers have for more than 10 years offered a ramp facility on the insulation test which gives the ability to test varistors and some SPDs in the field.

“Maybe it is time that the powers that be recommend a test protocol which could be incorporated in all multifunction testers.”

Metrel • 01924 245000 Find out more: www.metrel.co.uk

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PRODUCTS

Knightsbridge plays its smart hand In a move to offer contractors and their customers the benefits of smart home technology, Knightsbridge is launching a comprehensive range of intelligent wiring accessories and lighting products that can be controlled by its very own app, SmartKnight.

At the heart of the range are the two 13A, 2-gang, smart switched sockets, manufactured to match the designs of its existing square and curved edge range of moulded switches and sockets. These feature a power monitoring function so that the homeowner can see live power usage on the socket in kWh and a green indicator on the socket shows if the relevant gang is on. Appliances attached to the socket will be controllable remotely or by voice. For outdoor use there is an IP66, 2-gang switched socket, that works up to 40m from the house depending on Wi-Fi signal coverage.

For lighting applications, there is a range of smart LED downlights which can provide a raft of lighting scenarios. The Knightsbridge range of smart products requires no expensive hubs or gateways. Instead, it uses the existing home router via which a simple-to-use smart system can be installed that offers convenience, flexibility and scalability.

Knightsbridge • 0158 288 7760 Find out more: www.mlaccessories.co.uk

Wieland’s Samos PRO: The compact modular safety controller Designed with maximum functionality in mind, samos PRO from Wieland Electric is a compact modular safety controller for machine and automation control. Part of the samos range of safety systems, it has multi-functional base modules that are modularly interlinked, extending its safety functions module by module.

The compact design of samos PRO means it offers the highest possible degree of flexibility, consisting of function modules of only 22.5mm wide and programmable safety solutions from a width of 45mm. These modules can be easily plugged together and are available as input/output, input or relay output units and gateways in conjunction with the controller.

A single contact terminal also fulfils CAT.4 (EN954-1) requirements. The range also offers universal I/O which is configured on samos PLAN. Up to 96 safe inputs and 48 safe outputs can be achieved through samos PRO and the system can easily be integrated via gateways to Fieldbus and Industrial Ethernet Networks to allow remote monitoring, diagnostics and reporting. Interchangeable memory modules minimise downtime and the simple wiring system of samos PRO COMPACT reduces installation time to a minimum, whilst providing a cost-effective solution.

Wieland Electric Ltd • 01483 531213 Find out more: www.wieland.co.uk

Now available: R-TOOLS MAXX the next generation heat sink calculator Mersen is pleased to announce the availability of R-TOOLS MAXX, Mersen’s next generation heat sink calculator. R-TOOLS MAXX is a no charge, online simulation software that allows users to model the optimum air-cooled heat sink solution tailored to their project requirements. It is completely interactive and available online 24/7.

Users can enter the boundary conditions, heat source details and choice of flow boundaries for a project and the tool will choose a heat sink that best fits the criteria. The software simulation engine outputs an air-cooled heat sink design along with 3D visualisation. The software simulation results aid in reducing design time and increasing the reliability of the finished heat sink design, even before the first prototype is built.

R-TOOLS MAXX has a modern and fresh visual design, with an upgraded graphical user interface and simulation visuals. In response to the design needs of today’s market, R-TOOLS MAXX draws from the latest simulation modelling software to provide users a more robust and accurate calculation tool.

Register for R-TOOLS MAXX today by visiting www.r-tools.com.

Mersen • 01273 425 119 Find out more: ep.mersen.com

46 Electrical Review | May / June 2021

FINAL SAY

Why smart meters are finally ready to realise their promise

these roles will now hopefully help smart meters (and the growing ecosystem of other smart home energy devices) to continue to gain momentum.

Not so smart in isolation While smart meters have some standalone use-cases, they can really come into their own as an enabler of other technologies, which until relatively recently were not available across the market, so perhaps smart meters were a little ahead of their time.

Smart meters have a role in coordinating home consumption with the needs and capabilities of the rest of the grid. We are now in a place where renewable energy is starting to dominate the market, and a slew of other technologies are becoming commonplace as a result, such as smart heating, electric vehicles, heat pumps, PV and even battery storage in the home. Only now can smart meters realise their true potential, by helping us to coordinate this new, greener grid.

Not-so-rapid rollout This is perhaps related to the previous two problems, but the rollout of smart meters was initially very slow, although it has really picked up over the last few years. This means that the benefits have trickled only slowly through to consumers and companies, simply because there hasn’t been enough force behind the rollout, meaning it struggled to gain momentum.

Once hailed as the great energy innovation of its time, it is fair to say that – for most people in the UK at least – smart meters are yet to truly deliver on their initial promise of facilitating a massive evolution in the energy market. But, now we’re in 2021, are smart meters finally reaching a turning point? Pilgrim Beart, cofounder and CEO of DevicePilot elaborates.

A

fter a disappointing start for smart meters, 2021 now sees over 23 million of these devices installed in UK homes. But first, let’s take a look at some of the challenges smart meters have had to tackle to get to this point.

Government intervention – the good and the bad However, this wasn’t always the case, and certainly in the early days of smart meter rollout, government intervention was perhaps almost a barrier to success. From 2000-2010, the government was heavily involved in the technical aspects of the rollout – what is now called SMETS1.

Essentially, they had rooms full of civil servants hashing out the smart meter rollout, but very few of these people had any real industry experience of managing what was an immensely technical project. This was fraught with problems and the result was not really fit for purpose, leaving SMETS1 meters “stranded” with consumers unable to change suppliers. So, the government had to bail itself out by initiating SMETS2, which essentially delegated more control over implementation to private companies.

Ideally, I believe it is better for the government to legislate the outcome – energy suppliers must install smart meters – without getting too involved in the technical details of how that happens. A clearer distinction between

Improving service is vital Having navigated their way through these stormy waters, smart meters are starting to come out on the other side. Government intervention is at a place now where it works for both sides and is a genuine aid to progress; a number of ‘smart’ products that rely on smart meters for coordination are gradually becoming commonplace; and rollout has sped up as a result.

However, a significant remaining blocker to progress is service quality.

Like many other connected technologies, resources have been pumped into R&D and rollout of smart meters, with perhaps not quite enough thought dedicated towards how the technology will perform and be supported in practice in the homes and lives of everyday consumers.

Are meters working as they should? Are they properly connected? Is the installation ‘right the first time’? Are there any faults? Are they actually delivering benefits to customers?

Unfortunately, on the whole for service providers, and for the government, the answer to those questions is “I don’t know.” Receiving a complaint from a customer telling you that their device isn’t working properly is too late – they have already been let down.

Service Management is the answer This is one of the biggest problems that Smart Meters now face, and the solution lies in service management technology. By deploying service management, providers get a ‘single pane of glass’ view of their entire fleet of smart meters. Questions over the performance of devices can easily be answered, and their operations and engineering teams can spot issues before the customer even realises there is a problem. This enables them to take a proactive approach to customer service rather than constantly having to react to customer complaints.

Without effective service management, smart meters are unlikely to ever achieve their full potential and will continue to be plagued by unreliability. This would be a real shame, as they have the power to really ease the transition to renewables and are vital in managing the many smart home products that are increasingly becoming a part of our lives.

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