ANURA A frogs’ magazine
ANURA A frog’s magazine
Sara Sieff
INDEX A FROG IS
4
ANYWHERE BUT ANTARTICA
9
RANOIDEA PLATYCEPHALA - WATER-HOLDING FROGS
12
FACTS
14
APOSEMATISM - DEATH IS COLORFUL
18
DENDROBATIDAE - POISON DART FROGS
20
BATRACHOTOXIN
22
HUNTING WITH BLOWGUNS
25
CENTROLANIDAE - GLASS FROGS
28
ANYTHING CAN BE THEIR NEXT MEAL
33
WAITING FOR OPPONENT’S ACTION DETERMINES SUCCESSFUL CAPTURE OR ESCAPE
36
WHEN THE HUNTER BECOMES THE HUNTED
39
TORPOR PERIOD
40
EYESIGHT
45
CREDITS
46
A FROG IS
frog is any member of a diverse and largely carnivorous group of short-bodied, tailless amphibians composing the order Anura (literally without tail in Ancient Greek). The oldest fossil “proto-frog� (Beelzebufo) appeared in the early Triassic of Madagascar, but molecular clock dating suggests their origins may extend further back to the Permian, 265 million years ago. Frogs are widely distributed, ranging from the tropics to subarctic regions, but the greatest concentration of species diversity is in tropical rainforest. There are over 7,250 recorded species, which account for around 88% of extant amphibian species. They are also one of the five most diverse vertebrate orders. Warty frog species tend to be called toads, but the distinction between frogs and toads is informal, not from taxonomy or evolutionary history. All toads are frogs, but not all frogs are toads.
A Scientific Classification
A
DOMINIO REGNO SOTTOREGNO SUPERPHYLUM PHYLUM SUBPHYLUM Infraphylum SUPERCLASSE CLASSE SOTTOCLASSE ORDINE
Eukaryota Animalia Eumetazoa Deuterostomia Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomata Tetrapoda Amphibia Lissamphibia Anura
frog
The semipermeable skin, makes them susceptible to dehydration. That’s why they usually live in moist places.
ANYWHERE BUT ANTARTICA
W
ith the exception of the Antarctica, amphibians can be found virtually everywhere across the globe. They live on every continent but Antarctica, though they are absent from some isolated islands too. The greatest number of species occur in tropical regions, or areas with warm temperatures and high rainfall. Though they’ve surely succedeed in evolution and their adaptative capacity is outstanding, the extreme conditions placed by antartic weather would be too much even for these masters of adaptation. Some forgs in colder regions are able to survive cold
er weathers but always in waiting of the warm season. Already the inner Arctic is off-limits, since avarage summer temperature never goes over 10°. That’s around the temperature at which frogs go into hibernation and it would mean living in a costant state of torpor.* When it is too cold though, frogs will freeze to death like any other animal. Applying the same logic to Antartica, where temperatures can reach -98° and usually never go over 0° in summer, frogs wouldn’t last a minute there. * Jump to pg. 40 for more on hibernation.
Permability
A
frog’s skin is protective, has a respiratory function, can absorb water and helps control body temperature. There are blood vessels near the surface of the skin and when a frog is underwater, oxygen diffuses directly into the blood. This is the reason that makes it vital for a frog to keep themselves moist. As a result, the greatest number of species occurs in tropical regions, or areas with warm temperatures and high rainfall. Nevertheles, this characteristic didn’t stop them from thriving in environments that sound undoubtfully inhospitable to most, but not fpr them.
Among the dunes
H
undreds of species can be found in aquatic habitats, like ponds, streams, and wetlands, but also in parks or gardens, rainforests, woodlands but, most surprisingly, even in sand dunes. It’s the case of the desert rain frog (Breviceps macrops). This pebble-shaped frog, about 5cm big, is mostly found on a small coastal strip of land about 10Km wide between the African countries of Namibia and South Africa. The small area of sand dunes often gets a lot of fog, which supplies moisture in an otherwise arid and dry region. Fogs that originate offshore from the collision of the cold Benguela Current and warm air from the Hadley Cell create a fog belt that frequently envelops parts of the desert. Coastal regions can experience over 180 days of thick fog a year, making it a perfect environment for the rain frog.
The Namibian desert temperatures along the coast are stable and generally range between 9–20 °C annually.
Tropical rainforests have high humidity throughout the whole year. About 88% during the wet season and approximately 77% in the dry season.
WATER-HOLDING FROGS
RANOIDEA PLATYCEPHALA
A water-holding frog ready to aestivate
T
he most extreme example of species that have adapted to extremely dry climats, is set by the Ranoidea platycephala, commonly known as water-holding frog. They live in western New South Wales, southern Queensland, north-eastern South Australia, western Western Australia or one of the select spots in the Northern Territory. In dry periods, as surface waters disappear, right before the soil becomes too hard to dig, the water-holding frog burrows itself over 1 meter into the ground with the help of tiny spade-like structures under their feet. Once underground it sheds several layers of skin to create a translucent, waterproof cocoon around itself that will help preserve the water reserves. Water is previously stored in the bladder or in pockets under the skin, and the frog can reduce its metabolic rate,
Spending up to 5 years at 1 metre under the ground
* This adaptation strategy is called aestivation. Jump to pg. 40 for more.
putting itself into a comatose state. They can stay in this chambers for up to 5 years, waking up againg as soon as a rainfall heavy enoguh to reach their depth occurs.* The collectd water may constitute up to 60% of the weight of the frog. Slight pressure can make the frog release this water without harming it. In extremely dry times, Aboriginal people like the Anangu, would find these frogs by spotting their digging marks on the ground, or tapping the surface, and using them as a source of drinking water. Even thoough the process doesn’t hurt the frog directly, water deprivation during drought will inevitably lead to the frog’s death.
FACTS
7.250+ 30 7 1
recorded frog species
centimetresm, lenght of the world’s largest frog, the Conraua goliath
millimetres, lenght of the world’s smallest frog, the Paedophryne amauensis
milligrams of batrachotoxin sufficient to kill till 20 people
The term coined by the zoologist Edward B. Poulton in 1890 is based on the Ancient Greek words apo “away” and sema “sign”.
APOSEMATISM DEATH IS COLORFUL
A
posematism is an evolutionary trait developed by animals as a warning sign to its potential predators that it is not worth attacking or eating. This unprofitability may consist of any defences which make the prey difficult to kill and eat, such as toxicity, venom, foul taste or smell, sharp spines, or aggressive nature. Aposematism always involves advertising signals, which may take the form of conspicuous coloration, sounds, odours or other perceivable characteristics. These signals are beneficial to both predator and prey, since both avoid potential harm. The term was coined by Edward Bagnall Poulton for Alfred Russel Wallace’s concept of warning coloration. Aposematism is exploited in Mßllerian mimicry, where species with strong defences evolve to resemble one another. By mimicking similarly coloured species, the warning signal to predators is shared, causing them to learn more quickly at less of a cost to each of the species. Despite this, aposematism is paradoxical in evolutionary terms, as it makes individuals conspicuous to predators, so they may be killed and the trait eliminated before predators learn to avoid it. If warning coloration puts the firstindividuals at such strong disadvantage, it should never last in the species long enough to become beneficial.
T
he most common and effective colours are red, yellow, black and white because they provide strong contrast with green foliage, resist changes in shadow and are highly chromatic. Some forms of warning coloration provide distance dependent camouflage by having an effective pattern that does not allow for easy detection by a predator from afar, but are warning-like from close distance, allowing for an advantageous balance between camouflage and aposematism. Visible signals may be accompanied by odours, sounds or behaviour to provide a multi-modal signal which is more effectively detected by predators.
I
n frogs the characteristic is present within the family Dendrobatidae, also known as poison dart frogs, to warn their predators that they are in fact poisonous. In their case is the mucus that they secrete when in danger to be deadly. The most toxic of this excretions (Batrachotoxin) could kill between 10 and 20 people but there are no records of someone’s death caused by them. Nevertheless it is one of the most toxic poisons existing and it originates from a shift in diet to alkaloid-rich arthropods.* * Jump to pg. 22 for more on Batrachotoxin.
POISON DART FROGS
DENDROBATIDAE
T
he golden poison frog (Phyllobates terribilis), also known as the golden frog, golden poison arrow frog, or golden dart frog, is a poison dart frog endemic to the Pacific coast of Colombia. The optimal habitat of P. terribilis is the rainforest with high rain rates (5 m or more per year), altitudes from sea level to 200 m elevation, temperatures of at least 26 °C, and relative humidity of 80–90%. In the wild, P. terribilis is largely solitary and territorial; however, captive P. terribilis specimens can live in much larger groups. They may appear innocuous but they are the most lethal out of of all the other dendrobatidae. They are the species that produces the Batrachotoxin. P. terribilis is the largest species of poison dart frog, and can reach a size of 55 mm as adults, with females typically being larger than males. Like all poison dart frogs, the adults are brightly colored, but they lack the dark spots present in many other dendrobatids.
T
he green-and-black poison dart frog (Dendrobates auratus), also known as the green-and-black poison arrow frog and green poison frog, is a brightly colored member of the order Anura native to Central America and northwestern parts of South America. This species has also been introduced to Hawaii. It is one of the most variable of all poison dart frogs next to Dendrobates tinctorius and some Oophaga spp. It is considered to be of least concern from a conservation standpoint by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Males average 0.75 inches (1.9 cm), while females are slightly larger, averaging an inch or longer. The green-and-black poison frog typically has mint-green coloration The green-and-black poison dart frog, while not the most toxic poison dart frog, is still a highly toxic animal. The very small amount of poison the frog possesses is enough to make a human heart stop beating.
T
he blue poison dart frog or blue poison arrow frog (Dendrobates tinctorius azureus) is a poison dart frog found in the forests surrounded by the Sipaliwini Savanna, which is located in southern Suriname and adjacent far northern Brazil. It is also known by its indigenous Tiryò name, okopipi. D. tinctorius azureus is a medium-sized frog that weighs about 8 g and grows to 3.0-4.5 cm in length. Females are larger and about half a centimeter longer than males, but males have larger toes. The frog has a typical lifespan of five to seven years in the wild. Its bright blue skin, usually darker around its limbs and stomach. Their poisons paralyze and sometimes kill the predator. The black spots are unique to each frog, enabling individuals to be identified. This species of frog has a distinctive hunch-backed posture and males and females can be distinguished by the shape of the tips of the toes, round in females, while heart-shaped in males.
T
he strawberry poison-dart frog (Dendrobates pumilio) is a species of small poison dart frog found in Central America. It is common throughout its range, which extends from eastern central Nicaragua through Costa Rica and northwestern Panama. The species is often found in humid lowlands and premontane forest, but large populations are also found in disturbed areas such as plantations.The strawberry poison frog is perhaps most famous for its widespread variation in coloration, comprising approximately 15–30 color morphs. D. pumilio, while not the most poisonous of the dendrobatids, is the most toxic member of its genus. Pumiliotoxin 251D is the specialized toxin that is secreted by this species. This toxin has a negative stimulating effect on cardiac function and is a severe disruptor of the sodium potassium channels within cells. Upon ingestion organisms preying on D. pumilio experience convulsions, paralysis, and death.
BATRACHOTOXIN HAS NO ANTIDOTE
B
bat
atrachotoxin (BTX) is an extremely potent cardio and neurotoxic steroidal alkaloid found in certain species of beetles, birds, and frogs. The name is from the Greek word “bátrachos”, frog. Structurally-related chemical compounds are often referred to collectively as batrachotoxins. This extremely poisonous alkaloid is present in certain frogs, mostly on the skin. Such frogs are among those used for poisoning darts. Batrachotoxin binds to and irreversibly opens the sodium channels of nerve cells and prevents them from closing, resulting in paralysis. No antidote is known.
A
ccording to experiments with rodents, batrachotoxin is one of the most potent alkaloids known: its subcutaneous LD50 in mice is 2 µg/kg. Meanwhile, its derivative, batrachotoxinin A, has a much lower toxicity with an LD50 of 1000 µg/kg. The toxin is released through colourless or milky secretions from glands located on the back and behind the ears of frogs from the genus Phyllobates. When one of these frogs is agitated, feels threatened or is in pain, the toxin is reflexively released through several canals.
trach
The reason behind their name
H
unting with blowguns (usually made of a 6-8 feet long river cane) is an ancient practices that is still in use in some tribes today. Many cultures have used this weapon, but various indigenous peoples of Southeast Asia, the Amazon and Guiana regions of South America, Western Europe and Guatemala in Central America are best known for its use. An example are the Yagua people, indigenous people of Colombia and northeastern Peru.
MAny of these tribes keep used to dip the projectiles, which could be seeds, clay pellets, and darts, in the poisonous secretion of various dendrobatides, in order to pralyze the target. Their common name, poison dart frogs, derives from this practice. Though it is now illegal, some tribes still practice the hunt with poisoned darts. Once the projectiles is ready and coverd with the toxin, it can be effective for over two years.
A matter of patience
J
ust like the frogs they get the poison from, the hunt with blowguns resembles a frog hunting style. The blowgun range is limited by the shooter’s lung capacity and by the single chance to hit the target before a relatively slow recharge that leaves plenty of time for the prey to escape. Even if the hunter never goes on a hunt alone, they can blow only one at a time, not to loose projectiles unnecessarily. The hunt with blowguns is really a game of ability, pin-point accuracy and
patience that resembles that of a frog. Once the target is spotted, the hunter approaches it as much as possible to get into shooting range, and waits for it to be or come close enough. Once it’s fired, the darts flies at around150 m/s. High-skilled hunters can reach a distance of 200m. The advantage of using poisoned darts is that there is no need to precisely iÏhit the target. Just aa scratch is enough to make the prey drop dead.
A Yagua (Yahua) tribeman demonstrating the use of blowgun (blow dart), at one of the Amazonian islands near Iquitos, Peru.
HUNTING WITH BLOWGUNS
CL
The revolutionary advantage of a partly
SKIN LEAR
Intestines
Stomach
GLASS FROGS
CENTROLANIDAE
Lung
Heart
T
he evolutionary advantage of a partly clear skin, but with opaque back, was a mystery, as it did not seem to be effective as camouflage. It was found that the colour of the frog’s body changed little against darker or lighter foliage, but the legs were more translucent and consequently changed in brightness. By resting with the translucent legs surrounding the body, the frog’s edge appears softer, with less brightness gradient from the leaf to the legs and from the legs to the body, making the outline less noticeable. Experiments with computer-generated images and gelatine models of opaque and translucent frogs found that the translucent frogs were less visible, and were attacked by birds significantly less often.
T
he first described species of Centrolenidae was the “giant” Centrolene geckoideum, named by Marcos Jiménez de la Espada in 1872,
based on a specimen collected in northeastern Ecuador. Several species were described in subsequent years by different herpetologists (including G. A. Boulenger, K. Noble, and E. H.
The abdominal skin of this family is transparent and translucent. Taylor), but usually placed together with the tree frogs in the genera Hylella or Hyla. The family Centrolenidae was proposed by Edward H. Taylor in 1945. Between the 1950s and 1970s, most species of
glass frogs were known from Central America, particularly from Costa Rica and Panama, where Taylor, Julia F., and Jay M. Savage extensively worked, and just a few species were known to occur in South America. In 1973, John D. Lynch and William E. Duellman published a large revision of the glass frogs from Ecuador, showing the species richness of Centrolenidae was particularly concentrated in the Andes. Later contributions by authors such as John J. Duellman, John D. Lynch, Pedro Ruiz-Carranza, and José Ayarzagüena increased the number of described taxa, especially from Central America, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The taxonomical classification of the glass frogs has been problematic and is still debated and worked on to these days.
Frogs will eat any living thing that will fit into their mouths. Their sticky tongue is so fast the prey doesn’t have a chance to escape.
ANYTHING CAN BE THEIR NEXT MEAL
Carnivores
C
ontrary to popular opinion, frogs aren’t selective eaters, feasting only on flies. Frogs and toads are carnivores, and they’re anything but picky. In general the diet of small to medium sized frogs consists of insects such as flies, mosquitoes, moths and dragonflies, as well as snails, slugs and worms. As the size grows, their prey size grows consequently. Larger frogs will eat larger insects like grasshoppers and worms, but they prefer small snakes, mice, baby turtles, and even other smaller frogs. Tadpoles eat algae in the ponds they grow in. As they grow, they feed on plants and small insects. If there isn’t enough food available they might even eat their fellow tadpoles.
A
merican bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) are the perfect example. This massive frogs can reach 20 cm in lenght and weight 800gr. They will eat tarantula, bats, scorpions, fishes, other forgs and it is not uncommon for them to eat birds and rodents as a whole. To prey on these animals, bullfrogs cannot rely on a flashy tongues but carghe directly towards them. But they don’t stop there. They are in fact cannibalistic, eating other younger bullfrogs too.
“Like a frog the aphorist waits for something to fly by that he can catch with his tongue�. - Mason Cooley
Misconceptions about the tongue
T
he first misconception is about the length of their tongues. Art, cartoons, and games all show a tongue that stretches out for feet at a time. The reality is that frogs do have long tongues, at least relatively. A frog’s tongue is usually around one-third the length of its body, meaning it is rarely more than 1 inch long, and often smaller. Not large by our standards, but huge by theirs. If our tongue was a third the length of our body, our tongue would touch our belly buttons. In addition, the frog tongue is attached to the front of the frog’s mouth, allowing it to launch almost the entire tongue out of its mouth.
T
he second misconception is how sticky their tongue is. Generally we think of a frog tongue as being sticky all the time, but that is not the case. If a frog’s tongue was always sticky, it would stick its mouth together. Instead, a frog’s tongue produces mucus right before the tongue impacts the insect. This mucus is amazing. When the tongue first hits the insect, the tongue envelopes the insect and the mucus-y saliva penetrates any gaps or cracks in the insect’s exoskeleton. During the high speed of the tongue retraction, the mucus becomes five times stickier than honey, helping to pull the insect into the frog’s mouth. Once in the mouth, a frog’s eyes push into its mouth. The slow speed causes the mucus to lose its adhesive properties, allowing the insect to be pushed by the eyes into the frog’s stomach.
“
Waiting for the opponent’s action determines successful capture or escape
“When predator and prey face each other, it is generally thought that the initiator has the advantage that would mediate successful capture or escape,” Nozomi Nishiumi, co-author of the paper “A game of patience between predator and prey” published in the Canadian Journal of Zoology. “However, in cases involving snakes and frogs, they occasionally move extremely slowly or almost not at all. It looks like they purposely avoid taking preemptive action.” Nishiumi and Mori looked at the movements of Pelophylax
nigromaculatus and Elaphe quadrivirgata both in the field and in controlled environments in the lab to see what the differences in actions were. They found that when the snake attacked first, the frog could evade the attack because the snake could not change the trajectory mid-movement, which gave the frog enough time to escape. When the frog would move first, the snake could adjust its attack direction in anticipation of the location of the frog’s direction. “The efficacy of this waiting tactic depends on the distance: the closer they are the less likely the counteraction succeeds. The animals appropriately switch their behaviors in accord to it” Nishiumi said.
Source: www.reptilesmagazine.com/who-flinchesfirst-in-frog-and-snake-predator-prey-relationship/
An exemplar of male marsh harrier (Circus aeruginous) out to hunt
WHEN THE HUNTER BECOMES
THE HUNTED T
here is a wide variety of frog predators, such as snakes, lizards, birds, and various small animals like hedgehogs. Even under water frogs can’t be safe from hungry sharp toothed fish, swimming mammals like water shrews, and even diving birds or other hungry frogs.
Natrix natrix
Circus aeruginosus
A
A
n example of these predators is the grass snake (Natrix natrix), a species wideley diffused in all Europe and middle-east countries, that usually reaches a lenght of 150cm. Their preferred prey is the common toad, but in scarsity of them, other frogs, especially brown frogs, form the food base. Small mammals, fish and birds as well as lizards and invertebrates are also often eaten. As the size of the vipers increases, so does the size of their prey: young snakes eat mainly newts, young frogs and smaller tadpoles, large female grass snakes feed mainly on the large-bodied female common toads. Larger frogs are often grabbed by the snakes first by one hind leg, then the other, and gradually gobbled down. The front legs are folded forward as easily as possible - if this is unsuccessful, they too are devoured piecemeal towards the head. The prey is detected visually by its movements and especially by its scent, which is transmitted to the Jacobson’s organ when it is tongued.
nother danger for frogs comes from the marsh harrier (Circus aeruginous), a bird of prey from temperate and subtropical western Eurasia and adjacent Africa. The name Circus is derived from the Ancient Greek kirkos (circle), referring to its circling flight, while, aeruginosus is Latin for “rusty”. The marsh harrier is 43 to 54 cm in length and has a wingspan of 115 to 130 cm. The strategy of the marsh harrier is to take its prey by surprise in a low “rocking” search flight with wings held in a v-shape. It usually seizes prey close to the ground, rarely on the water or in the air. The prey consists of mostly young songbirds and waterfowl such as ducks, pond and water rails. However, if available, the main part of the diet may also consist of fish, frogs, lizards and large insects. Although birds are part of its food spectrum, plucks of the marsh harrier are rarely found. It processes its prey where it has struck it. Unlike a number of other birds of prey, it has no fixed plucking sites.
TORPOR PERIOD F
rogs that live in places where extreme weather conditions maybe last for long periods every year, have adapted to overcome the difficulties placed by their habitat.
Aestivation
A
t one extreme, the striped burrowing frog (Cyclorana alboguttata) regularly aestivates during the hot, dry season in Australia, surviving in a dormant state without access to food and water for nine or ten months of the year. It burrows underground and curls up inside a protective cocoon formed by its shed skin. Researchers at the University of Queensland have found that during aestivation, the metabolism of the frog is altered and the operational efficiency of the mitochondria is increased. This means that the limited amount of energy available to the comatose frog is used in a more efficient manner. This survival mechanism is only useful to animals that remain completely unconscious for an extended period of time and whose energy requirements are low because they are cold-blooded and have no need to generate heat. Other research showed that, to provide these energy requirements, muscles atrophy, but hind limb muscles are preferentially unaffected. Frogs have been found to have upper critical temperatures of around 41 degrees Celsius.
To Hibernation
I
n colder regions, when in winterthe temperature nears -5°, many species of frog go into hibernatation. Those that live on land such as the American toad (Bufo americanus) dig a burrow and make a hibernaculum in which to lie dormant. Others, less proficient at digging, find a crevice or bury themselves in dead leaves. Aquatic species such as the American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) normally sink to the bottom of the pond where they lie, semi-immersed in mud but still able to access the oxygen dissolved in the water. Their metabolism slows down and they live on their energy reserves. Some frogs such as the wood frog or spring peeper can even survive being frozen. Ice crystals form under the skin and in the body cavity but the essential organs are protected from freezing by a high concentration of glucose. An apparently lifeless, frozen frog can resume respiration and its heartbeat can restart when conditions warm up.
orpor A European grass frog (Rana temporaria) wakes up as the snow melts in spring
“A huge frog and I, staring at each other, neither of us moves�. - Kobayashi Issa
T
he eyes of most frogs are located on either side of the head near the top and project outwards as hemispherical bulges. They provide binocular vision over a field of 100° to the front and a total visual field of almost 360°. They may be the only part of an otherwise submerged frog to protrude from the water. Each eye has closable upper and lower lids and a nictitating membrane which provides further protection when the frog is swimming. Members of the aquatic family Pipidae have the eyes located at the top of the head, a position better suited for detecting preys above the water. The irises come in a range of colours and the pupils in a range of shapes. The common toad (Bufo bufo) has golden irises and horizontal slit-like pupils, the red-eyed tree frog (Agalychnis callidryas) has vertical slit pupils, the poison dart frog has dark irises, the fire-bellied toad (Bombina spp.) has triangular pupils and the tomato frog (Dyscophus spp.) has circular ones.
Surprisingly little research has delved into amphibian’s eyesight
The irises of the southern toad (Anaxyrus terrestris) are patterned so as to blend in with the surrounding camouflaged skin. The distant vision of a frog is better than its near vision. Calling frogs will quickly become silent when they see an intruder or even a moving shadow but the closer an object is, the less well it is seen. When a frog shoots out its tongue to catch an insect it is reacting to a small moving object that it cannot see well and must line it up precisely beforehand because it shuts its eyes as the tongue is extended. Although it was formerly debated more recent research has shown that frogs can see in colour, even in very low light.
EYESIGHT
CREDITS Photography: Kuma Kum (cover)
Michael Barber (34-35)
Darko Pribeg (index)
Tetraon (36-37;38;41)
David Clode (5; 6-7; 11;12)
Andrew Roberts (42)
Rolf Gelpke (8-9)
Jean Louis Aubert (45)
Boris Ulzibat (10) James Wainscoat (14-15) Stephanie Leblanc (16-17) Nishanth Avva (19) Melina Kiefer (20, left) Zdenek Machacek (20, right) Thierry Fillieul (21, left) Zachary Spears (21, right) Alexander Jawfox (23, foreground) Pawel Czerwinski (23, background) Jialiang Gao (24-25) www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Hugo Brightling (26-27) Geronimo Serrano (28) Rogean James Caleffi (30) Krzysztof Niewolny (32) Maksim Shutov (33)
CREDITS Credits Free University of Bozen-Bolzano Faculty of Design and Art Bachelor in Design and Art – Major in Design WUP 20/21 | 1st-semester foundation course Project Modul: Editorial Design Design by: Sara Sieff Magazine | Anura - A frog’s magazine Supervision: Project leader: Prof. Antonino Benincasa Project assistants: Andreas Trenker, Emilio Grazzi
Format: 205 x 270 mm Fonts | Font Sizes & Leading: Body Text Futura 8,5/12 pt Caption Text Futura 5,75/8 pt Title Text(1) D-DIN 58/54 pt Title text (2) Courier New 58/54 pt Subtitle Text D-DIN 24/26 pt Layout Grid: 6 Column Grid Module proportion: 3.938 : 1 CPL | Character per line - Body Text: 54 characters including spaces Printed: Bozen-Bolzano, January 2021 Digital Printing
issue 01
18/01/2021
ANURA A frogs’ magazine
