RESPONSIBLE DESIGN FOUNDATION NEPAL (RDFN) A report on concept proposal for post earthquake sustainable rural housing
Dedicated to the almighty soul who lost their lives in Gorkha Earthquake 2015‌
Responsible Design Foundation Nepal (RDFN)
Eco-sustainable housing for rural village
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Wining design entry
For Rural housing design competition Organized by Responsible design foundation Nepal 2016 AD
Responsible Design Foundation Nepal (RDFN)
Eco-sustainable housing for rural village
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Team
Nisha Pradhan Prakriti Bhandari Raju Rai Shirshak Baniya Yam Bahadur Rahadi Magar
Responsible Design Foundation Nepal (RDFN)
Eco-sustainable housing for rural village
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Table of contents A. Background
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B. Objectives
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C. Methodology
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1. Theoretical Framework
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Rural development Pre disaster context Disaster and rural house Housing Process Post Disaster Reconstruction People centered Reconstruction Lessons learned from earthquakes Haiti Kashmir Chile and Japan International Case study I International Case study II Critical analysis on design catalogue 2. Contextual Framework
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Site location and features Site and Infrastructures Historical Background Ethnicity and Architecture Particular site description Responsible Design Foundation Nepal (RDFN)
5 5 5-6 7 7-8 8 8-10 8 9 10 11 12 13-14
16 16 17 17 18 Eco-sustainable housing for rural village
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Table of contents Case study I Case study II & III Photographic Mapping Failure Pattern Questionnaire & Interview Material Survey
19 20 21 22 23-24 25-29
3. Conceptual Framework
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Existing scenario for zoning Zoning concept: Our framework Housing Design pattern Learning from vernacular architecture Our design concept Playing with modules Constructional Diagram Illustrative floor plans Illustrative sections Illustrative site plan Illustrative elevation Illustrative community housing Illustrative 3D rendering D. Bill of quantity
Responsible Design Foundation Nepal (RDFN)
31 32-35 36 37 38 39-40 41 42-43 44 45 45 46 47 48-52
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Background Nepal is the 11th most earthquake – prone country in the world. Throughout history of Nepal , there have been frequent occurrences of great earthquakes causing severe human and physical loss. On April 2015 , Nepal Earthquake of magnitude of 7.8 took death toll of more than 8700 people and 25000 suffered injuries. . Around 31 districts of central Nepal were affected and out of which14 districts were listed in severely hit areas. The extent of devastation is severe with heavy loss of lives and properties . It is estimated that lives of 8 million people , almost one third of population of Nepal have been impacted by these earthquakes. This report covers the design guidelines and parameters of post earthquake reconstruction methodology for eco sustainable rural housing of Nepal with a core site reference of Haweli, Bhaktapur only.
Responsible Design Foundation Nepal (RDFN)
Eco-sustainable housing for rural village
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Objective The core objective of our design ideas and strategies for reconstruction work at Haweli, Bhaktapur is to - Strengthen Rural Technology for Disaster resilience. - Encourage use of local skills and resources - Retain Vernacular essence and identity in rural architecture. - Improve Rural Life , Strengthen Community and enhance economy through proper zoning and division of services - Incorporate Sustainable and Ecofriendly practices with passive design approach - Build upon efficient and effective system of construction by learning the failure pattern of the houses and structures.
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Eco-sustainable housing for rural village
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Methodology We believe that the reconstruction work has to be done in a holistic approach but not in a single centered village and town. For effective design parameters we have divided our entire design scheme into three frame work i.e. -
Theoretical framework Contextual framework Conceptual framework
These frame work are the most important factors for rural reconstruction rather than the individual housing design. Our frame wok covers the entire holistic approach for the post earthquake reconstruction process for the Haweli tole, Bhaktapur. However depending upon the time and site condition our report covers the initiation and improvement of new architectural idea of both rural aesthetic and structural strengthen for entire Nepal for the post earthquake reconstruction process.
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Eco-sustainable housing for rural village
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Theoretical Framework Responsible Design Foundation Nepal (RDFN)
Eco-sustainable housing for rural village
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Rural Development Rural development is an attempt to upgrade and enhance the livelihoods (especially impoverished groups), with careful attention paid to local characteristics. Frequently, the concept of rural development is used confined with “agricultural development” or “regional development”, It’s main target has been focused as eradication of poverty, hunger, regional and caste/ethnic disparities, and increasing rejection of historic and ‘traditional’ forms of exploitation and marginalization, exclusion and injustice, through peaceful means as well as through a wide variety of forms of resistance and through the decade-long insurgency; which are symptomatic of its state of economic, social and political under development.
1. Top down – This is authority driven and includes less public participation which tends to be much irrelevant and ineffective. Simply, authority orders and locals follow up. 2. Bottom top – Participatory rural approach; which is of a form pattern bottom top, aims to incorporate the knowledge and opinions of rural people in planning and orientation of programs and compelling this parameter to act as main strategy.
Pre disaster context and base line This phase has been vulnerable with the pre-assumed dismantles that can be caused due to earthquake since the following conditions had been relying upon.
Basically, the two main approaches to rural development are:
1. A culture of haphazardly and irrelevantly constructional approach.
Fig: Rural lifestyle around KTM valleya
Fig: Post earthquake condition on site.
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1. Un or Under consideration of building components as per zoning allocation of earthquake. 2. Negligence upon the codes of housing.
Disaster and rural house Nepal suffered 2 major earthquakes and subsequent aftershocks in April and May 2015. 8700 people were killed and 25000 suffered injuries. Earthquake sequence destroyed 490000 houses mostly traditional mud brick and mud stone houses and rendered 265,000 houses temporarily inhabitable. This has directly affected physical and psychological well being of an individual and cultural, social and vernacular scenario of the rural context.
Fig: Post earthquake condition on site. Eco-sustainable housing for rural village
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In context of Nepal, Rural housing has been drastically changed before and after the earthquake. It has changed whole to image of the sector obstructing its originality. It got to turn series of architecture and landmarks into rubbles. Going through the housing premises, earthquake has mostly hit stone and mud masonry houses which were representing vernacularism at an extent. Talking about present scenario in context of Nepal, rural housing reconstruction program has focused crucially on building more resilient Nepal. Getting towards reinforcements of the rural housing reconstruction program, the design constrains is based upon the principle which include the following tenets
Despites, with respect to the allocation of plan outlay, the program was divided into three levels. (i) the minimum level called “Nucleus Development" (which catered to the improvement of existing local infrastructures and facilities wells and roads) (ii) the middle level called “Dehat Development“ (which included provision of livestock development) (iii) the intensive level called “Village Development" (which incorporated soil survey)
After earthquake, government had immediately taken an action of clearing the debris and demolishing the irreparable buildings. Emergency temporary shelters and settlements had been facilitated such as tunnel house, tents, A Box shelter, etc. Recovery is to be viewed holistically as part of a continuum, inseparable from preparedness, response, mitigation, and sustainable development as well. Moreover, it must be processed with motive of strengthening resilience observed both before and aftermath rather than a linear approach which tends to limit recovery and reconstruction action.
In this verse, the major approach is to revise the pre disaster condition but with better strategies.
1. Owner driven 2. Employing harmonized approach 3. Flexible to local realities 4. Multiple tranches of assistance with verification
This program is to be pursued with great zeal and to accord high priority of vernacular architecture.
grant
Here, disaster and housing patterns are directly and indirectly correlated to each other. Since haphazard and irrelevant construction give a way out to disaster and this again results in formation of new texture.
5. Rebuilding with greater resilience Fig: Post earthquake condition on site.
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Post Disaster Reconstruction
Housing Process This is the critical part since it ranges significantly from rehabilitation to livelihood which are to be considered and dealt simultaneously with respect to probable risks and vulnerabilities. The strategies has been given below. Basically, it can be categorized as following: 1. Sponsor provide:
decide
and
sponsor
As per the title, this process is conducted by the authorities basing upon the requirements grasped through the observations. Eg: The Tunnel house constructed as post earthquake emergency settlement, Indira Awas Yojana Social Housing Programme
Fig: Indira awas yojana, India Responsible Design Foundation Nepal (RDFN)
2. User decide and user provide. This is generally informal method where whole process of planning, designing and constructing process is carried out by the user themselves without concerning any experts. 3. Sponsor decide and user provide: This refers to self help projects and site and services schemes where, the necessities, plans and policies are segregated by the agencies or patron; making a provision of credit so as to motivate the proposer and the users provide and initiate the throughout process themselves. E.g: Dandora Housing.
Fig: Dandora housing, Kenya
Disasters are unpredictable, they causes large damage to our life and property. These calamities are responsible for decreasing in the economy of the country hence occurring incremental growth of many problems. Among them housing is the more fundamental. So the reconstruction followed with the aim of revitalizing the life of the people are entitled as post disaster reconstruction. Earthquake has given us an opportunity to remodel our developmental efforts and come up with context specific policies, plans and programs that would ultimately benefit the affected people. It is a multidimensional involvement of skilled semi skilled as well as unskilled man powers
Fig: People participation in reconstruction Eco-sustainable housing for rural village
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Main objectives of the post disaster reconstruction is to normalize the vulnerable scenario after disaster. Government should not come up with a blanket approach while addressing the post –disaster reconstruction. In order to make the reconstruction sustainable, people’s involvement is must. Further this reconstruction process can be carefully planned, designed and then constructed with Public participations.
People centered Reconstruction Rebuilding is an incremental process that takes time. People centered reconstruction is an approach to rebuilding that is inclusive and participatory. It also means leaving people and communities (as well as their housing and infrastructure) more resilient against all kind s of future risk. These construction approaches for the better quality ,better value of money, less dependency and also empower people.
they will be able to see housing as a process, not merely the provision of a product. They can observe the every details and also be able to preserve their own vernacular architecture; their identity.
Lessons learned from earthquake Various earthquake effect and necessary lessons to be learned from earthquake hit country are discussed below. Haiti 2010 Haiti earthquake offers a scathing critique of an international community which “has much to learn from the response in Haiti where it has shown an ability to repeat its errors and shortcomings from past disasters.” Valuable analysis which should serve as a guide for risk reduction and response in other major metropolitan areas in dangerous seismic zones. 1. Preparedness: Preparedness for disaster is one of the key lessons learned from Haiti earthquake. For those zones having high seismicity is a mandatory factor.
“People should emerge more resilient not long term dependent.”
2. Peoples construction:
Involving people during the work of reconstruction is essential so that
Every people should see through the processes of the construction in order
Responsible Design Foundation Nepal (RDFN)
participation
to preserve the vernacular essence and to avoid turning a city into alien land. 3. Government’s role: Government should play a vital role during these emergency situations they must show a proper path while guiding constructional processes. 4. Use of quality workmanships:
materials
and
Most of the Haiti houses were destroyed because of the poor use of the building materials and manpower. 5. Proper design of the buildings: Walls and slabs not tied properly into columns -- that's a roof slab hanging off the building -- cantilevered structures, or structures that were asymmetric should be avoided as far as possible. Haiti was known as a Republic of NGO’s .People from Haiti were accepting the major gift content and don't participate themselves.
in
Fig: Post earthquake condition on site. Eco-sustainable housing for rural village
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Kashmir An intense earthquake of magnitude 7.6, known as Kashmir Earthquake, jolted northern areas of Pakistan and Pakistan administrated Kashmir at 08:50 (03:50UTC) on October 8th, 2005. These massive disaster went in a second and pointing our weakness in many fields and helped to learn from the mistakes. Some of the lessons we should learned are
1. Site selection: Site plays a vital role in making a building earthquake resistant. Houses of Kashmir that lies on the backing of hills are considered as on of the poor site selection.
2. Building or Re updating the seismic zoning of the country: There may be chance of formation of new rupture line on the earth surface, and the place which were thought to be less danger may also be updated to the risky zone so timely update of such zoning is necessary.
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3. Establishing and revising the building codes: building codes seems to be lacking in the rural areas, government giving permission to the haphazard building should be stopped.
4. Developing a skilled manpower: Skilled manpower's are essential in constructing a better building. Quality workmanships can be obtained. Training to the workers can be given in order to modify the traditional construction style.
5. Leadership and coordination in a single program me: Vision and leadership by Government, coordination between all assistance actors, consensus on complementary roles and clear objectives, and in a spirit of collaboration and common purpose
Fig: Post earthquake condition on site.
Instead of a multitude of projects, all agencies implemented the same program me using resources efficiently to cover the entire affected area.
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Chile
Japan
In 2010, Chile was wracked by an 8.8 magnitude earthquake that rattled the entire Southern Cone and left a trail of devastation from the central port city of Valparaíso to the southern port of Talcahuano, which is almost 400 miles to the south. The lesson learned from Chile are discussed below
On March 11, 2011, an earthquake of magnitude 9.0 occurred in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Japan’s Tohoku region. The quake shook the ground as far away as western Japan and lasted for several minutes. A halfhour later, a tsunami of unprecedented force broke over 650 kilometers (km) of coastline , toppling sea walls and other defenses, flooding more than 500 square kilometers (km2 ) of land, and washing away entire towns and villages
1. Implementing a system that will protect city against future disasters Learning to live with nature rather than fight against it and learning to look at problems holistically rather than one element at a time.
2. Supporting the good ideas of past: Rebuilding’s one of the main process is to learn from past. Inclusion of both people and government participation on nation rebuilding in a systematic way If there is a proper coordination between the government and the locals during the work of rebuilding a nation, we can create a new model for every one and can set a good example.
Fig: Earthquake effect in Japan
Lesson learned from japan earthquake are discussed below 1. Investments in structural measures 2. A culture of preparedness, 3. Stakeholder involvement 4 Effective legislation, regulation, and enforcement 5. Spreading a better understanding of the nature and limitations of risk assessment among local authorities and the population 6. Vulnerable groups must be not only protected but also engaged.
Fig: Chile fire after earthquake
For all he disaster, there is an opportunity here to build better houses for the next generation, so that when the next earthquake hits, it is a disaster -- but not a tragedy. Fig: Post disaster reconstruction of Chile
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The two major international contextual case studies are analyzed by our team for better design process and better design solution for conceptual framework.
International case study I 1. Belapur housing, India
Fig: modularity of belapur housing
Belapur Housing , designed by Charles Correa is an outstanding example of mass affordable housing that demonstrated how densities can be observed with low rise courtyard house.
Most of the original buildings have been demolished and now replaced with bigger concrete house by aspiring middle class . Fig: planning configuration of Belapur housing
However, the courtyard hierarchy of community space is still intact. Figure source: charlescorrea foundation pdf, www.archdaily.com/belapurhousing Fig: current context of Belapur housing
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International case study II
If, in the process of not being expelled to the periphery while getting a house, families kept their network and their jobs, and expansion would begin right away.
2. Villa Verde, Chile Chile, in 2010, was hit by an 8.8 Richter scale earthquake and tsunami, and the local architecture firm called Elemental founded by 2016 Pritzker laureate Alejandra Aravena was called to work in the reconstruction of the southern part of the country.
So in this way architect Alejandra Aravena finalized a typology of housing project from this initial social housing to a middle-class unit achieved by families themselves within a couple of weeks. Fig: Villa Verde housing, 2010
They asked the community to identify not the answer, but what was the question. They conducted series of workshop questionnaire and interview.
Elemental were given 100 days, three months, to design almost everything, from public buildings to public space, street grid, transportation, housing, and mainly how to protect the city against future tsunamis.
“We transform the lack of resources into a principle of incrementality, Let’s do now what is more difficult. Let families take care of the rest through their own means.” - Alejandro Aravena
A middle-class family lives reasonably well in around 80 square meters, but when there's no money, what the market does is to reduce the size of the house to 40 square meters. What Alejandra Aravena said was, what if, instead of thinking of 40 square meters as a small house, why don't we consider it half of a good one ? When we rephrase the problem as half of a good house instead of a small one, the key question is, which half do we do? And they thought they had to do with public money the half-
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Fig: Villa Verde housing, 2015
that families individually.
won't
be
able
to
do
Their design was something in between a building and a house. As a building, it could pay for expensive, well-located land, and as a house, it could expand.
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Our critical analysis of design catalogue for reconstruction of earthquake resistant houses
After the devastating earthquake, Government of Nepal DUDBC has formulated 12 models; in order to rebuild the houses of rural context. These given models lacks many parameters which may varies according to site circumstances. Motto of reconstruction "Building back better” seems to be neglected. “Building “ can be considered as a living things having a sense of my selfness , its own soul, identity and a communal habit. These factors bridge the building to sustain the life of the user. These essence in the house is being lost through the modeled houses. They seems to be a factory product; where core soul of the house has been totally lost. Some of it’s critics are:
Fig: site plan of module as per DUDBC catalogue
•
•
House consists of Goth, toilet, and house in a scattered form inside a walled compound where there is lacking of balanced relation between those elements.
• Green space provision has been mentioned only, design criteria related to it is absent. • Lack of communal space design.
Prime spaces like: pidhi, aagan, khets are lacking.
.
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Example of the proposed module •
Partition of the space is based on bedrooms , without thinking the need of the people.
•
Spaces not meeting a sensible space in rural housing.
•
Indoor as well as outdoor spaces are out of rural order.
•
Aagan has been replaced by front yard, pidhi and the open spaces are cut off.
•
Rooms seems clumsy, assisting to develop an introvert society.
•
Fenestrations places Northern wall inappropriate.
•
Staircase performing single function of vertical access only.
•
Lack of spaces devoted to the children’s lifestyle, spaces for living, reading ,playing as well as communicating.
on
Fig:3d view
the looks
Fig: plan Responsible Design Foundation Nepal (RDFN)
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Contextual Framework Responsible Design Foundation Nepal (RDFN)
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Site location and features: Tole: Haweli
Majority household fuel Wood/firewood (1,179/1,562)
Municipality: Mahamanjushree Nagarkot
material: type:
Toilet: Without toilet-255, Flush toilet1,129, Ordinary toilet-167
District: Bhaktapur
Average household size:4.64 Sex ratio:88.07
Zone: Baghmati Co-ordinates of the location: 27°41'47.28"N 85°29'33.30"E Majority Population Timilsina (2582/7254)
Majority household roofing Galvanized iron (790/1,562)
by
ethnicity:
(*Source: http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/Populati on/VDC-Municipality%20in %20detail/26%20Bhaktapur_VDCLevelRe port.pdf)
Majority household foundation of house: Mud bonded bricks/stone (1,350/1,562)
Site and infrastructure
Majority household by outer wall of house: Mud bonded bricks/stone (1,313/1,562)
Just 21km from the capital Kathmandu, and 28 minutes by bus from kamalbinayak bus park, Haweli is still untouched from the urbanization and development happening so close.
Haweli was among the worst hit areas in Bhaktapur, with 1200 houses completely destroyed and 90% of the houses rendered inhabitable. 1. Land use - Mostly group of house on linear pattern is situated and cultivated land are attached to the different houses 2. Vegetation -
Dense pine forest cover the top of the hill. Seasonal crops are cultivated from the land.
3. Road network -
Haweli tole is accessed from three point .muddy road started from Chautra bus park passes from the this tole .
After one year of the massive earthquake, few of relief materials reach the area but there is nil in the reconstruction of permanent house. We would like to bring upon the much attention to Haweli, the Untouched.
Fig –site location Responsible Design Foundation Nepal (RDFN)
Fig: Earthquake in Haweli
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The access point 1 is from thakalmath along Majuwa to Haweli tole. It will around 30 min walking upward. The access point 2 is walking west from the chautra buspark . The access point 3 walking east from padali tole .
5. Economic Aspects Agriculture is main occupation done in here along with animal rearing and also mostly male are busy in doing other services like working in construction site as helper , some have their own poultry farm .
Historical background We were given a site Haweli situated on the outskirts of Bhaktapur, Mahamanjushree nagarpalika. The name Mahamanjushree came into existence from the Buddhist monk who came from china in Kathmandu valley to cut off the lake. It is believed that he had spend his one night under the stone cave of this area with his wives. Now there is a famous Mahamanjushree temple on the hillocks. Fig: Access to site
4. Socio Cultural Aspects Surrounded by the settlement of Brahmin families living in different group of settlement .
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A name Haweli came into existence to this place because of the geographic location and topography of this place; as we can have a clear view of the whole valley from this place that it’s view wouldn’t be any less than a window view from a large Haweli.
After april,2015’s earthquake this area has been adversely ruined and still very few reconstruction work is being carry out. Ethnicity and architecture Majority ethnic group living at Haweli are Timilsina. (jaisi Brahmin) Brahmins are second largest in population. There are three types of Brahmins: Upadhyaya ( Purwiya), Kumai and Jaisi . Jaisi are considered lower to the Upadhyaya and Kumai Brahmin. There are many situation where Upadyaya Brahmin may be demoted to Jaisi. (Such as : If Upadhyaya Brahmin marries a widow who is Upadhyaya Brahmin, Children from unmarried Upadhyaya mother etc) . Other than that If a Brahmin Man marries any other caste then they get demoted to Chhetri . Whereas if a Brahmin girl marries any other caste , she will be demoted to her husband's caste. Timilsina people follow Hinduism.
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Particular site description
Study of our site We studied the existing site of the house on different aspect , -Functional aspect : Under this we studies the activities of the house and the use of spaces for such activities in it. Fig: View of site
-
Chosen site was facing south with an arrangement of the convex settlement pattern with respect to solar path.
-Materials were listed out: Existing materials, rubble, timber etc. of the house was thoroughly studied and these were listed in our field book. A detailed measurement and depth analysis of the material was done. We also focused ourselves on the brief study of the rural spaces and their uses such as:
- Located on the Haweli tole. - Owner name :Kamal kumari Timilasina
-
use of aagan
-
use of ground floor
-
-
Damage by earthquake
-
Basic daily activities
-
History of the family
Access to site by road Family – 5 members
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Case study I Roof
-
We studied about different houses, while visiting site
-
South facing houses ,Aagan on the front and a sitting platform on the edge of the aagan, mostly aagan is used for drying crop ,performing dancing on different festival ,discussing different issue by sitting on raised platform on the edge .
-
Pedi after aagan where CGI sheet shade the pidhi .on the one side of the pidhi there is a raised platform where people can sit and rest ,under this platform different things are stored ,pidhi support the aagan in different ways like it is a partially shade place so while raining one can go to the pidhi and enjoy the rain too.
-
Inside the ground floor ,stair is kept on the middle, two room are given separately .one room is used for kitchen and other room is used for Bedroom.
-
Stair give access to first floor. two bedroom are given on this floor .the roof of the pidhi is used for drying crops.
-
Again the stair give access to attic ,where crops are stored .
Attic
Bedroom
Drying place
Kitchen
pidhi Aagan
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Case study II & III Another two houses are studied
-
Pidhi is shaded by CGI sheet .on one side of pidhi there is a raised platform where people can sit and rest ,under this platform different things are storied which can be seen on the figure.
-
Different equipment are storied on the raised platform as shown on the figure on the side .
-
Given section shows the present geographical context of a portion of the village .
Fig: storing of Equipment Fig: Open floor plan
Sitting place
Aagan
Section of house
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Farm land
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Photographic mapping
Fig- Alien intrusion over rural architecture
Fig- Cornice detail (major detail and identity)
Fig- Chautara space
Fig- Tea shops for social gathering
Photographic survey was done to visually capture the present condition of the settlement at Haweli after the massive earthquake, to capture the existing local architectural details and the social life of people. “Only participatory design process is not enough for rural reconstruction process. Because every people have their own desire and need of space. So we have observed the activity of people living at Haweli and its premises village. Later on we studied their behavior, working typology for economic sustainability through the photos. we used the photography tool through out the site visit and journey. This photographic mapping process helped us to create a vision for multidisciplinary flexible space for every people in the design phase later.�
Fig- Raised platform for seating
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Fig- Hierarchy of settlement
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Failure pattern -following picture shows the post earthquake damages to the structures .
Fig: wall fully collapsed
-Damage to structural wall -Damage to just the outer slice of the load bearing wall -Gable wall failure due to heavy load . -major crack on the wall
Fig: partial damage at corner of wall
Fig: Delamination of structural wall
Fig: crack on wall
Fig: wall fully collapsed
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Questionnaire & Interview Interview 1: Name: Dilli Ram Timilsina Age:64 No of family members: 9 (wife,3 sons two daughter-in-law, grand children) Location: Haweli Occupation: Farming, Carpentry, House wiring(seasonal works as livelihood is mostly dependent upon agriculture) Where do you live now? In a self built cottage opposite to the ruined house. Where do you want to live?: in the same place as before. Who is the main earner of the house: he himself and his sons Does your work was affected by earthquake?: yes Did you leave your house?: No Did you return to your house?: yes, partially for cooking purpose and storing purpose only. Do you own any Animals? : yes,4 cows and 3 goats
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Residence construction material: Stone, mud, wood, CGI sheet, concrete , plywood, bamboo
Do you Know someone who knows how to construct houses or others buildings?: Yes
Earthquake effect: damaged to the residential house nearly collapsed only the ruins of ground floor remaining.
Does your personal job allow you to rebuild your house? : yes
Special festivals/cultural Dashain, Tihar, Teej
Interview conclusion: Mr. Timilsina’s has been living Haweli since long generation and claims that not much has changed in terms of development since he remembers. He wishes his area to be developed.
practice:
Profession related space: Carpenters workshop located near the main entrance of the house.
Need of community spaces: Yes
Have you started reconstruction?: No can your family member help during construction?: yes Will you repair your house or built it completely?: I’ll have to build it completely. Would you like to reconstruct your house on the same place?: yes, we have not enough land to built on other place. Will you build the house exactly the same plan as before?: Yes Fig- questionnaire interaction session
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Questionnaire & Interview Interview 2: Name: Kamal Kumari Timilsina Age:54
Residence construction material: Stone, mud, wood, CGI sheet , roofing tiles
No of family members: 5 (two son, one daughter-in-law and one grandchild)
Earthquake effect: partial destruction of residential building
Location: Haweli
Special festivals/cultural practice: Teej, Dashain, Tihar
Occupation: Agriculture/housewife Where do you live now?: we cook in our earthquake affected house but sleep on the cottage opposite to main house. Where do you want to live?: In the same place. Who is the main earner of the house: recently the house is sustained by the agriculture land which is given as adhiya to workers. Does your work was affected by earthquake?: Yes
Interview conclusion: Mrs. Timilsina wants her village and lifestyle back to normal as before earthquake.
can your family member help during construction?: yes, but have to be guided . Will you repair your house or built it completely?: I’ll have to build it completely. Would you like to reconstruct your house on the same place?: yes, we have not enough land to built on other place. Will you build the house exactly the same plan as before?: Yes
Did you return to your house?: yes, partially for cooking purpose and storing purpose only.
Do you Know someone who knows how to construct houses or others buildings?: No
Responsible Design Foundation Nepal (RDFN)
Need of community spaces: Yes
Profession related space: No Have you started reconstruction?: No
Did you leave your house?: NO
Do you own any Animals? : yes,1 cow
Does your personal job allow you to rebuild your house? : yes
Fig: questionnaire interaction session
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Fig: Measurement of materials
Fig: stair
Material survey Material were storied on the site ,extracted from the damage .Which are measured for further use in future .measurement are done and noted on the paper .
Fig: CGI sheet .
Fig: Stone on site
Fig: Timber scrap
Fig: Timber scrap
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S.N.
Material
Availability
Location
Uses
Remarks
(To be imported from) 1.
Clay
Abundant
Found throughout the site
Masonry mortar and plastering
Usually called Pagiya Mato (Tiun) Clay is especially used for masonry purposes to bind stones and also to give finish look to the vernacular houses.
2.
Stone
Not much available. (mines have been extensively quarried over the site; only rubbles are available.)
Kathmandu
Used as masonry unit.
1Nissan trip=7,000 NRs.
3.
Timber
Available at the site. (rubbles) but some quantity are to be imported
Kathmandu
Fenestrations framing, purlins, frames, rafters, joists, columns, etc.
Community Forest (Bagheswori) are available but trees are not allowed by authority to cut off for construction. Import Rate: 1cubic feet = Rs. 1000
4.
Bamboo
Abundant (Rubbles)
Bageswori village
Rafters and roof support
1piece = Rs. 200
5.
Brick
Available as per required
Kamalbinayak and Valley.
Masonry units and cornice details.
Incase of import, 2000 pieces = Rs. 20,000
6.
Sand
Available as per required
Valley
In masonry
1Trip = Rs. 11,000
7.
Aggregate
Available as per required
Valley
In masonry
1 Trip = Rs. 12,000
8.
Cement
Available as per required
Valley
In Masonry
Argakhachi = Rs. 800 Shivam = Rs. 900
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S.N.
Material
Availability
Location
Uses
Remarks
(To be imported from) 9.
CGI Sheet
Available as required
Valley
Roofing
1 Bundle (12’ - pieces) Rs, 8000
10.
Concrete block
Available as per required
Valley
Extensions
Rs. 65 per piece
11.
Rod
Available as per required
Valley
Pillar (5”X5”)
Rs. 85 per Kilo
12.
Tiles
Available as per required
Valley (Harisiddhi); Terai
Roofing
Rs. 30-35 per Tile
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All this materials were measured properly and their quantity are noted in number of piece. We had plan to used this material further on future .
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This materials are extracted from damage house . All this materials were measured properly and their quantity are noted in number of piece. We had plan to used this material further on future .
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Conceptual Framework Responsible Design Foundation Nepal (RDFN)
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Existing scenario for zoning On the way to our site we got to pass through several context. Starting up through the bus park there was a semi shaded area also called chautari where people gathered either for waiting purpose or having discussion as simply refreshment and getting together. On its surrounding there was agriculture and economic hub where transactional operation and agro based task were carried out. After some more walking, we got to reach a very important space which has been acting as religious, institutional and tourism center since there relies as a Saraswoti temple, a school and a picnic spots. “Space is the core of architecture and indeed is more than just a simple vacuum that surrounds us.� Marching upward at the core of location, there is a broad space maintaining agricultural hub and providing a security through the area as there lies a police station. On a very short distance to it there stands out Haweli. Its termed so by its placement to say a level of hierarchy. Responsible Design Foundation Nepal (RDFN)
From the elevation point of Haweli one can see all the tall building and skyscraper of Kathmandu valley, usually Haweli is Nepali term of large bungalows Two settlements shared a common forest maintaining good mutual relation and co-operation which was based upon the requirement of the bamboo which could be extracted from one forest. Since only one settlement versed a way through so as to get the provision of bamboos. This other village had to maintain good relation with this village with bamboo.so There was a good level of harmony, cooperation and sharing
Haweli
Majuwa Bus park
sarswotisthan
From above story boarding of mutual relation and self sustainability between the village, we have presented following master zoning concept. Two settlements departed by a lapse of forest has been united with the verse of humanity. One owned a potato farming while another owned bamboos and exchange of these material and food had been maintaining a knot of mutual relation and co operation which tends to compel their life in more convenient and sustainable way Eco-sustainable housing for rural village
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Zoning concept: Our framework On the way to our site we got to pass through several context. Starting up through the bus park there was a semi shaded area also called chautari where people
N
Existing infrastructures are the pillars for the future expansion. Haweli is less connected to the existing infrastructure around the dense settlements of village due to topographical reason.
Haweli
So we activated our design strategy for zoning by linking and distributing all the existing infrastructure between the Haweli and existing peripheral village for self sustainability and decentralization. Linking other settlement , we had thought of bringing all the neighbor settlement together so that not only Haweli is on the process of development but all this neighbor settlement will march together on the way forward to development so that only the development of this area will be in equilibrium and this development could last loner time .
Majuwa
Buspark
Sarswotisthan
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Haat bazzar hub Animal rearing hub
We have located this hub at the central heart station of the settlements for trading and economic purpose. All the satellite villages will come to this point and the whole village will run economically in sustainable way.
/Dairy
Educational hub Haweli
The existing school located near Saraswoti sthan is mobilized as educational hub in our zoning concept. So people of Haweli can access to these schools.
Haat bazzar
Agriculture hub
Primary school
Agriculture hub
Private school
The tradition and occupation of people of Haweli is based on agriculture. We have marked eastern part of this settlement as a agriculture hub. Animal rearing/Dairy hub
Higher school
The best zoning location of animal rearing is marked at north west due to availability of resources of community forest. Since the transportation facility has reached to this point we have marked a small dairy center which will act as a collection center of milk among all the villagers for processing and refinery.
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Health hub
Community forest
Two health post are located in our zoning concept. One health institution is located at the center of Haweli and another one health institution is located near Saraswoti higher secondary school. Picnic hub New area near the community forest located at Haweli provides better sense of place for picnic and recreation activity with majestic views of hills and valley.
Site
Picnic spot Health post
Communal hub
Responsible Design Foundation Nepal (RDFN)
Also spot at Saraswoti sthan with available large stone sculpture can be best used for picnic hub which creates two picnic hub in our zoning concept. Communal hub Whole entire village lacks a community center. Haweli village is a best located spot for establishing a new kind of community center.
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Religious hub
Haweli
The historical importance of the Manjushree temple is kept alive by developing it as a historically remarkable religious site which can attract tourist from Kathmandu valley so that villagers can improve their economic life through shops and trading during religious festival. Social gathering hub Chautari located on the lower belt are a means of uniting point for villagers and tourist. Sitting under the shade of chautari and waiting for the bus is indirectly bonding several access points and tertiary road.
Vocational training center
Analyzing the possibility of this location we have coined this space as social gathering hub.
Religious hub Religious hub
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Housing Design pattern On the way to our site we got to pass through several context. Starting up through the bus park there was a semi shaded area also -
Houses are inclined to gain more light from south for maximum solar gain during winter for thermal comfort.
-
South facing courtyard provides villagers space and more time for drying agricultural crops.
-
Three houses are clustered to form one sub unit (inference from Belapur housing, Charles Correa) to create a communal integrity.
-
One sub unit are distributed around a Haweli making total of 10 units with altogether 30 housing facility to create a social integrity as a whole.
Chautara on the entrance of settlement
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Learning from vernacular architecture
Responsible Design Foundation Nepal (RDFN)
-
Among all the architecture variation we studied in Haweli village , for the conceptual plan we had taken basically a two module rooms separated by the central service space with stairs.
-
We have tried to given more emphasis on seating space at the frontal approach.
-
The pidhi space has been formulated as a outer living space.
-
Windows are placed at the southern wings for the maximum solar gain and there are no windows at another side to reduce the cost of the building and to prevent the winter cold winds.
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Our design concept -
We have worked on the following conceptual framework:
1. Revitalizing the context 2. Reuse of material 3.
Architecture aesthetic
Revitalizing the context: Our main focus was to preserve the typical vernacular essence of Haweli tole. With the help of guidelines from our case studies we were able to analyze some of the typical characteristics of the houses present in the Haweli. Our design enhances the renewing warmth of the sunshine of the vernacular architecture of Haweli. We didn’t add any new elements to it’s elevation; our approach was to revitalize the context and to conserve the vernacular essence present on the site.
Responsible Design Foundation Nepal (RDFN)
Reusing Of Material: After the destruction of the houses; all we gain was rubble, and dismantled timber. We started measure all the dimensions of the existing site material; and try to utilize the same in our future construction. Reuse and Rebuild of the material is one of the concept that we have rooted in our design parameters. Architecture aesthetic: “You can’t connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So we have to trust that the dots will somehow connect dots in future.” -Steve Jobs Considering the same thing in mind we began to trace the original architectural aesthetic of the site and started designing a new building by a conception of old building of Haweli.
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Playing with modules Square of 6 feet is taken as small unit .Adding this two unit form a service space and again adding this two service space form a room .which is of 12 feet square which are as shown in the above diagram .
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Incremental growth shown on the model form
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Single storied building aligning flexibility •
•
The given open floor plan assist in the flexibility in case of spaces. Locations of several activities can be easily(flexibility). Module of the house is flexible; depending upon the needs of the users, houses can be designed single storied as well as double storied. And required ancillary spaces can also be added later on.
Fig: Constructional diagram Responsible Design Foundation Nepal (RDFN)
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Aagan Animal shed
toilet
Ghaila
Kitchen
Raised sitting
28’*12’
Living room
pidhi
One of the major space of the vernacular architecture of Nepal is Aagan where most of the rural activities takes place. These open space acts as multi operational space. A space for communication , drying crops, dancing. It acts as a part of a celebration, several pujas takes place there. At the end of the aagan there is a raised platform like structure, used for sitting purpose as well as to protect accidents that may arose because of the land topography.
Ground floor •
An approach to create a open floor plan.
•
Entrance dividing open space into two sub spaces.
•
Ladder in the center maintaining vertical and horizontal circulation.
•
Getting about light and ventilation ; there lies two fenestration ; one each at the either .
•
Light from windows encounters the range of width acting as multi coverage ; providing sufficient light across kitchen and dividing on one side and living space on the other.
•
Within these sub space ; an extent of interconnection of spaces and interactions among the individuals remains maintained ; (as in this context; there is no barrier – open floor plan)
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stair Bedroom (12’*12’)
Bedroom (12’*12’)
First Floor •
Rising above the risers of stairs; we get to the second floor.
•
There lies a bounded yet wider space; a door right to the front from where a pleasant view of the town can be observed.
•
•
Responsible Design Foundation Nepal (RDFN)
On the other hand, the left space can be used to dry up crops within space through air flowing along the window. Attic spaces used for storing purpose.
Pidhi PIDHI- transitional space between house and aagan . This portion is usually shaded. It functions as multitask operation as it is served as outer living space normally or as a store underneath with a raised platform. Room: Rooms are utilized as per the specific purpose, according to the will of the users. Backyard Mostly back portion of the house is used as a Kitchen garden.
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Fig: Summer sun and winter sun angle
Passive approach • Settlements haweli are oriented with respect to sun path in a rough convex form. • shed above pidhi functions as a shade to the high summer sun ; creating a provision for the access to the low winter sun. • Projected first floor roof acts as a space for drying the crops.
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Fig: Site plan
Fig: Front elevation
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Fig: Site plan; showing convex settlement for more sun light
Fig: Example of community housing
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Fig: View from south west
Fig: View from south east
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Calculation of quantity of material required
S Particular N of items . and details 1 .
2 .
Length(ft)
Breadth(ft)
Height(ft)
Quantity(cu ft)
Earthwork excavation in foundation •Long wall
2
30.167
2.5
2.5
377.08
•Short wall
2
10.1
2.5
2.5
127.08
2
30.167
2.5
1.5
226.24
2
10.167
2.5
1.5
76.25
2
30.167
2
1
120.668
2
10.167
2
1
40.668
2
30
1.5
6
540
2
10.5
1,5
6
157.5
Stone masonry (mud mortar) on foundation •Wall to first floor( long ) •Short wall
3 .
No.
Remarks
Stone masonry on foundation •Wall to first floor( long ) •Short wall
4 .
Stone masonry on wall •Long wall •Short wall
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S Particular N of items . and details 5 .
6 .
8 .
Length(ft)
Breadth(ft)
Height(ft)
Quantity(c u ft)
Stone masonry (second floor) •Long wall
2
30
1.5
6
540
•Short wall
2
10.5
1,5
6
157.5
8
30
.1.5
0.25
90
8
10.2
1.5
0.25
30.6
•Window
4
3.25
1.5
0.25
30.6
•Door
2
3
1.5
5
45
Remarks
To reduce •Tie
7 .
No.
Total stone masonry after reducing
1177.4 .
Wooden work •Window
4
0.33
0.25
3.67
1.211
4
0.33
0.25
2.5
0.825
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Calculation of quantity of materials available on the site
S Particular N of items . and details 1
Stone foundation •Wall to first floor( long )
No.
Length(ft)
Breadth(ft)
Height(ft)
Quantity(c u ft)
2
32
1.5
2
192
2
15
1.5
2
90
Stone masonry on wall •Long wall
4
32
1.5
6
1152
•Short wall
4
15
1,5
6
540
•Window
4
3.25
1.5
0.25
30.6
•Door
2
3
1.5
5
45
Remarks
•Short wall 2 .
3
To reduce
•Conclusion
Responsible Design Foundation Nepal (RDFN)
1898.4
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S N .
Particul ar of items and details
10
Wooden work
No.
Length(ft)
Breadth(ft)
Height(ft)
Quantity(c u ft)
2
30
0.167
0.33
3.3066
2
12
0.167
0.33
1.32
25
14
0.23
0.33
26.565
2
5
0.33
0.33
1.089
20
16
0.16
0.167
8.55
22
30
0.167
0.167
18.40
Remarks
•Tie
•Joist
•Post •Rafters •Purlin Conclusion Total of wood work
61.24
Total stone masonry
1641 .
.
217.6 Total earth excavation
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S Particular N of items . and details 1
No.
Length(ft)
Breadth(ft)
Height(ft)
Quantity(cu ft)
Remarks
Wooden work 5
8.33
. 0.29
0.29
3.61
24
16
0.25
0.25
24
•Joist
7
11.5
0.58
0.58
27.08
•Post
11
9.33
0.33
0.33
11.17
•Joist
4
5
0.33
0.33
2.178
36
5.5
0.33
0.25
16.335
•Beam •Rafters •Floors beam
Total 84.37
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Thank you‌
Responsible Design Foundation Nepal (RDFN)
Eco-sustainable housing for rural village