TKGS Science Department Handbook
The Green Man in Laboratory Coat represents the scientist in all TKgians The Red Liquid in the test tube Represents the passion for science The Red Bubbles represents the peaks of Excellences of the department’s and students’ efforts
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
CONTENTS 1
Values, Vision and Mission
2
Syllabus
2.1
Biology 5094
2.2
Chemistry 5072
2.3
Physics 5058
2.4
Science ( Biology / Chemistry) 5116
2.5
Science ( Physics / Chemistry ) 5118
3
Work Plan
3.1
Biology
3.2
Chemistry
3.3
Physics
3.4
Lower Secondary Science
4
Scheme Of Work
4.1
Biology 5094
4.2
Chemistry 5072
4.3
Physics 5058
4.4
Science 5116 / 5118 i
4.4.1 Science ( Biology ) 4.4.2 Science ( Chemistry ) 4.4.3 Science ( Physics ) 2
TKGS Science Department Handbook
4.5
Lower Secondary Science
4.5.1 Lower Secondary Science – Secondary One 4.5.2 Lower Secondary Science – Secondary Two
5
Laboratory Matters
5.1
Science Laboratory Manual
5.2
Laboratory Safety Rules
5.3
Laboratory Time Table
5.4
Requisition Form For Apparatus and Materials
6
Examination Matters
6.1
Tracking Form For Vetting Of Examination Paper
6.2
Examination Cover Page
6.3
Table Of Specification ( TOS ) for Examination Paper
6.4
Yellow Cover Sheet For Printed Examination Papers
6.5
Examination Format
6.6
Standard Format Of Common Test Paper
6.7
Information For FTs, CAs, Examinations
6.8
Post Test Reflection
6.9
Setter and Marker List
7
SPA Matters
8
Staff Development
8.1
EPMS Work Review Form 3
TKGS Science Department Handbook
8.2
Individual Learning Plan
8.3
Learning Needs Analysis ( LNA ) For Teachers
8.4
Pre And Post Course Review ( PPCR )
8.5
Lesson Observation
8.5.1 Lesson Observation By Reporting Officer Peer Lesson Observation Information Required For Lesson Observation Monitoring Exercise – Checking Of Files
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Departmental Matters
9.1
E-Record Book Template
9.2
Science Remedial Lessons Schedule
9.3
Copy Of Duties Of Science Teachers
9.4
Science Teachers For Semester One and Two
9.5
LSS Program
9.6
Science Department ICT Plan 2009-2010
10
SOPs
10.1 2009 Guidelines For Teachers : To preparation For and Conduct of School Internal Examinations 10.2 Out of School Activity Form And Summary Sheet 10.3 SOP Out of School Activities (V1) 10.4 SOP For Out Of School Activities (14/3/09) 4
TKGS Science Department Handbook
10.5 Withdrawal Of Funds For Edusave Account ( Form E3 ) 10.6 Claim For Reimbursement By Staff 10.7 Report of Absences For Teachers ( 24 Mar 2009 ) 10.8 Instructions For Sit-In or Class Chairman 10.9 Medical Certificate / Medical Receipt Submission Form
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
1
Values, Vision and Mission
Values Passionate, Analytical, Disciplined and Inquiring (PADI)
Vision An inquirer with an innovative spirit
Mission To nurture and develop effective lifelong learners with inquiring minds and keen interest in science by equipping them with the scientific skills and moral values to be responsible global citizens
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
2
Syllabus
_______________________________________________________
2.1
Biology 5094 Syllabus 2009 BIOLOGY GCE ORDINARY LEVEL 5094
INTRODUCTION
This syllabus is designed to have less emphasis on factual materials, but a much greater emphasis on the
understanding and application of scientific concepts and principles. This approach has been adopted in
recognition of the need for students to develop skills that will be of long-term value in an increasingly
technological world, rather than focusing on large quantities of factual material, which may have only short-term
relevance. It is envisaged that teaching and learning programmes based on this syllabus will feature a wide variety of learning experiences designed to promote inquiry. Teachers are encouraged to use a combination of appropriate strategies in teaching topics in this syllabus. The assessment will be specifically intended to test skills, comprehension and insight in familiar and unfamiliar contexts.
AIMS These are not listed in order of priority. The aims are to: 1. provide, through well-designed studies of experimental and practical Biology, a worthwhile educational experience for all students, whether or not they go on to study science beyond this level and, in particular, to enable them to acquire sufficient understanding and knowledge to 1.1 become confident citizens in a technological world, able to take or develop an informed interest in matters of scientific importance; 1.2 recognise the usefulness, and limitations, of the scientific method and to appreciate its applicability in other disciplines and in everyday life; 1.3 be suitably prepared and stimulated for studies beyond Ordinary Level in Biology, in applied sciences or in science-dependent vocational courses. 2.
develop abilities and skills that 2.1
are relevant to the study and practice of science; 7
TKGS Science Department Handbook
3.
2.2
are useful in everyday life;
2.3
encourage efficient and safe practice;
2.4
encourage effective communication.
develop attitudes relevant to science such as 3.1 concern for accuracy and precision; 3.2 objectivity; 3.3 integrity; 3.4 enquiry; 3.5 initiative; 3.6 inventiveness. 4.
stimulate interest in and care for the local and global environment.
5.
promote an awareness that
5.1 the study and practice of science are co-operative and cumulative activities, and are subject to social, economic, technological, ethical and cultural influences and limitations; 5.2 the applications of science may be both beneficial and detrimental to the individual, the community and the environment; 5.3 science transcends national boundaries and that the language of science, correctly and rigorously applied, is universal; 5.4 the use of information technology (IT) is important for communications, as an aid to experiments and as a tool for the interpretation of experimental and theoretical results.
ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES
These describe the knowledge, skills and abilities which candidates are expected to demonstrate at the end of
the course. They reflect those aspects of the aims which will be assessed. A
Knowledge with Understanding
Students should be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding in relation to: 1. 2.
scientific phenomena, facts, laws, definitions, concepts, theories; scientific vocabulary, terminology, conventions (including symbols, quantities and units contained in 'Signs, Symbols and Systematics 16-19', Association for Science Education, 2000); 3.
scientific instruments and apparatus, including techniques of operation and aspects of safety;
4.
scientific quantities and their determination; 8
TKGS Science Department Handbook 5.
scientific and technological applications with their social, economic and environmental implications.
The subject content defines the factual knowledge that candidates may be required to recall and explain.
Questions testing those objectives will often begin with one of the following words: define, state, describe, explain
or outline. (See the glossary of terms.)
B
Handling Information and Solving Problems
Students should be able - in words or by using symbolic, graphical and numerical forms of presentation - to:
7.
1.
locate, select, organise and present information from a variety of sources;
2.
translate information from one form to another;
3.
manipulate numerical and other data;
4.
use information to identify patterns, report trends and draw inferences;
5.
present reasoned explanations for phenomena, patterns and relationships;
6. make predictions and propose hypotheses; solve problems.
These assessment objectives cannot be precisely specified in the subject content because questions testing
such skills may be based on information which is unfamiliar to the candidate. In answering such questions,
candidates are required to use principles and concepts that are within the syllabus and apply them in a logical,
reasoned or deductive manner to a novel situation. Questions testing these objectives will often begin with one of
the following words: predict, suggest, calculate or determine. (See the glossary of terms.)
C
Experimental Skills and Investigations
Students should able to: 1.
follow a sequence of instructions;
2.
use techniques, apparatus and materials;
3.
make and record observations, measurements and estimates;
4.
interpret and evaluate observations and experimental results;
5.
plan investigations, select techniques, apparatus and materials;
6.
evaluate methods and suggest possible improvements.
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TKGS Science Department Handbook WEIGHTING OF ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES Theory Papers (Papers 1 and 2) A
Knowledge with Understanding, approximately 45% of the marks.
B
Handling Information and Solving Problems, approximately 55% of the marks.
School-Based Science Practical Assessment (SPA) (Paper 3) C Experimental Skills and Investigations, 100% of the marks.
SCHEME OF ASSESSMENT Candidates are required to enter for Papers 1, 2 and 3. Paper 1 2
3
Type of Paper Multiple Choice Structured and free-response questions School-based Science Practical Assessment (SPA)
Duration 1h 1h 45 min
Marks 40 80
Weighting 30% 50%
—
96
20%
Theory Papers
Paper 1 (1 h, 40 marks)
consisting of 40 compulsory multiple choice items of the direct choice type.
Paper 2 (1h 45 min, 80 marks)
consisting of two sections.
Section A will carry 50 marks and will consist of a
variable number of compulsory structured questions.
Section B will carry 30 marks and will consist of 3 free
response questions.
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
The first two questions are compulsory questions, one
of which will be a data-based question carrying 8-12
marks.
The last question will be presented in an either/or form
and will carry 10 marks.
School-based Science Practical Assessment (SPA) Paper 3 (96 marks)
The School-based Science Practical Assessment (SPA) will be conducted to assess appropriate aspects of
objectives C1 to C6. SPA will take place over an appropriate period that the candidates are offering the subject.
The assessment of science practical skills is grouped into 3 skill sets: Skill set 1 - Performing and Observing Skill set 2 - Analysing Skill set 3 - Planning Each candidate is to be assessed only twice for each of skill sets 1 and 2 and only once for skill set 3.
Weighting and Marks Computation of the 3 Skill Sets The overall level of performance of each skill set (skill sets 1, 2 and 3) is the sum total of the level of performance of each strand within the skill set.
Skill Set No. of Assessments Max Marks per (a) Assessment (b) 1 2 6 2 2 4 3 1 4 Total Marks for SPA
Weight (c) 4 3 6
Sub-total (a x b Weighting x c) 2 x 6 x 4 = 48 50% 2 x 4 x 3 = 24 25% 1 x 4 x 6 =24 25% 96
Please refer to the SPA Information Booklet for more detailed 11 information on the conduct of SPA.
TKGS Science Department Handbook The weighting and marks computation of the skill sets are as follows:
CONTENT STRUCTURE I.
II.
THEMES PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
MAINTENANCE AND REGULATION OF LIFE PROCESSES
III.
CONTINUITY OF LIFE
IV.
MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT
1. 2. 3. 4.
Topics Cell Structure and Organisation Movement of Substances Biological Molecules Animal Nutrition
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
Plant Nutrition Transport in Flowering Plants Transport in Humans Respiration Excretion Homeostasis Co-ordination and response Reproduction Cell Division Molecular Genetics Inheritance Organisms and their Environment
SUBJECT CONTENT ___________________________________ THEME I: PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY Overview A basic characteristic of life is the hierarchy of structural order within the organism. Robert Hooke (1635-1703), one of the first scientists to use a microscope to examine pond water, cork and other things, was the first to refer to the cavities he saw in cork as "cells", Latin for chambers. Subsequent scientists developed Hooke's discovery of the cell into the Cell Theory on which modern Biology is built upon. The Cell Theory states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, and that those cells have arisen from pre-existing cells.
In this section, we study two key principles of biology. The first principle is the correlation of structure to function.
This is illustrated by how each part of the cell is suited for its intended function. The second principle is that
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
specialisation results in the division of labour which enables the cell to effectively carry out a number of vital life
processes. A strong foundation in the principles of biology will pave the way for students to master the content in
the subsequent topics.
1. Cell Structure and Organisation Content •
Plant and Animal Cells
•
Specialised Cells, Tissues and Organs Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
identify organelles of typical plant and animal cells from diagrams, photomicrographs and as seen under the light microscope using prepared slides and fresh material treated with an appropriate temporary staining technique:
•
chloroplasts
•
cell membrane
•
cell wall
•
cytoplasm
•
cell vacuoles (large, sap-filled in plant cells, small, temporary in animal cells)
•
nucleus (b)
identify the following membrane systems and organelles from diagrams and electron micrographs:
•
endoplasmic reticulum
•
mitochondria
•
Golgi body
•
ribosomes (c)
state the functions of the membrane systems and organelles identified above.
(d)
compare the structure of typical animal and plant cells.
(e)
state, in simple terms, the relationship between cell function and cell structure for the following:
•
absorption - root hair cells
•
conduction and support - xylem vessels
•
transport of oxygen - red blood cells
(f)
differentiate cell, tissue, organ and organ system.
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
2.
Movement of Substances Content
•
Diffusion
•
Osmosis
•
Active Transport Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: 13
TKGS Science Department Handbook (a) define diffusion and discuss its importance in nutrient uptake and gaseous exchange in plants and humans. (b)
define osmosis and discuss the effects of osmosis on plant and animal tissues.
(c) define active transport and discuss its importance as an energy-consuming process by which substances are transported against a concentration gradient, as in ion uptake by root hairs and uptake of glucose by cells in the villi. Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
3.
Biological Molecules Content
•
Water and Living Organisms
•
Carbohydrates, Fats and Proteins
•
Enzymes Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
state the roles of water in living organisms.
(b)
list the chemical elements which make up
•
carbohydrates
•
fats
•
proteins
(c)
describe and carry out tests for
•
starch (iodine in potassium iodide solution)
•
reducing sugars (Benedict's solution)
•
protein (biuret test)
•
fats (ethanol emulsion) (d)
state that large molecules are synthesised from smaller basic units
•
glycogen from glucose
•
polypeptides and proteins from amino acids
•
lipids such as fats from glycerol and fatty acids
(e) (f) (g)
explain enzyme action in terms of the 'lock and key' hypothesis. explain the mode of action of enzymes in terms of an active site, enzyme-substrate complex, lowering of activation energy and enzyme specificity. investigate and explain the effects of temperature, pH on the rate of enzyme catalysed reactions.
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
THEME II: MAINTENANCE AND REGULATION OF LIFE PROCESSES Overview
Life is sustained through the integrated organisation of the whole organism. In humans, the maintenance and
regulation of life processes include nutrition, transport, respiration, excretion, homeostasis and co-ordination and 14
TKGS Science Department Handbook
response. The key overarching theme in the study of the organ systems is the correlation between form and
function.
4.
Animal Nutrition Content
•
Human Alimentary Canal
•
Chemical Digestion
•
Absorption and Assimilation Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
describe the functions of main regions of the alimentary canal and the associated organs: mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, gall bladder, liver, ileum, colon, rectum, anus, in relation to ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion of food, as appropriate.
(b)
describe peristalsis in terms of rhythmic wave-like contractions of the muscles to mix and propel the contents of the alimentary canal.
(c)
describe digestion in the alimentary canal, the functions of a typical amylase, protease and lipase, listing the substrate and end-products.
(d) (e) (f)
describe the structure of a villus and its role, including the role of capillaries and lacteals in absorption. state the function of the hepatic portal vein as the route taken by most of the food absorbed from the small intestine. state the role of the liver in
•
carbohydrate metabolism
•
fat metabolism
•
breakdown of red blood cells
•
metabolism of amino acids and the formation of urea •
breakdown of alcohol, including the effects of excessive alcohol consumption Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
5.
Plant Nutrition Content
•
Leaf Structure
• Photosynthesis Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
identify and label the cellular and tissue structure of a dicotyledonous leaf, as seen in cross-section under the microscope and describe the significance of these features in terms of their functions, such as the
•
distribution of chloroplasts in photosynthesis
•
stomata and mesophyll cells in gaseous exchange 15
TKGS Science Department Handbook •
vascular bundles in transport
(b)
state the equation, in words and symbols, for photosynthesis.
(c)
outline the intake of carbon dioxide and water by plants.
(d)
state that chlorophyll traps light energy and converts it into chemical energy for the formation of carbohydrates and their subsequent storage.
(e)
investigate and discuss the effects of varying light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature on the rate of photosynthesis (e.g. in submerged aquatic plant).
(f)
discuss light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature as limiting factors on the rate of photosynthesis.
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
6. Transport in Flowering Plants
Content •
Water and Ion Uptake
•
Transpiration and Translocation Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
identify the positions and explain the functions of xylem vessels, phloem (sieve tube elements and companion cells) in sections of a herbaceous dicotyledonous leaf and stem, under the light microscope.
(b)
relate the structure and functions of root hairs to their surface area, and to water and ion uptake.
(c)
explain the movement of water between plant cells, and between them and the environment in terms of water potential. (Calculations on water potential is not required).
(d)
outline the pathway by which water is transported from the roots to the leaves through the xylem vessels.
(e)
define the term transpiration and explain that transpiration is a consequence of gaseous exchange in plants.
(f) •
describe
the effects of variation of air movement, temperature, humidity and light intensity on transpiration rate •
how wilting occurs
(g)
define the term translocation as the transport of food in the phloem tissue and illustrate the process through translocation studies.
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems. 7.
Transport in Humans Content
•
Circulatory System Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
identify the main blood vessels to and from the heart, lungs, liver and kidney.
(b)
state the functions of blood
•
red blood cells - haemoglobin and oxygen transport
•
white blood cells - phagocytosis, antibody formation and tissue rejection
•
platelets - fibrinogen to fibrin, causing clotting 16
TKGS Science Department Handbook •
plasma - transport of blood cells, ions, soluble food substances, hormones, carbon dioxide, urea, vitamins, plasma proteins
(c)
list the different ABO blood groups and all possible combinations for the donor and recipient in blood transfusions.
(d)
relate the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries to their functions.
(e)
describe the transfer of materials between capillaries and tissue fluid.
(f)
describe the structure and function of the heart in terms of muscular contraction and the working of valves.
(g)
outline the cardiac cycle in terms of what happens during systole and diastole (Histology of the heart muscle, names of nerves and transmitter substances are not required).
(h)
describe coronary heart disease in terms of the occlusion of coronary arteries and list the possible causes, such as diet, stress and smoking, stating the possible preventative measures.
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
8.
Respiration Content
•
Human Gaseous Exchange
•
Aerobic Respiration
•
Anaerobic Respiration Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
identify on diagrams and name the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and associated capillaries.
(b)
state the characteristics of, and describe the role of, the exchange surface of the alveoli in gaseous exchange.
(c)
describe the removal of carbon dioxide from the lungs, including the role of the carbonic anhydrase enzyme
(d) (e) (f) (g) (h)
describe the role of cilia, diaphragm, ribs and intercostal muscles in breathing. describe the effect of tobacco smoke and its major toxic components - nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide, on health. define and state the equation, in words and symbols, for aerobic respiration in human. define and state the equation, in words only, for anaerobic respiration in human. describe the effect of lactic acid in muscles during exercise.
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
9.
Excretion Content
•
Structure and Function of Kidneys
•
Kidney Dialysis Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
define excretion and explain the importance of removing nitrogenous and other compounds from the body.
(b)
outline the function of kidney tubules with reference to ultra-filtration and selective reabsorption in the production of urine.
(c)
outline the role of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) in the regulation of osmotic concentration. 17
TKGS Science Department Handbook (d)
outline the mechanism of dialysis in the case of kidney failure.
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
10. Homeostasis Content •
Principles of Homeostasis
•
Skin
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
define homeostasis as the maintenance of a constant internal environment.
(b)
explain the basic principles of homeostasis in terms of stimulus resulting from a change in the internal environment, a corrective mechanism and a negative feedback.
(c)
identify on a diagram of the skin: hairs, sweat glands, temperature receptors, blood vessels and fatty tissue.
(d)
describe the maintenance of a constant body temperature in humans in terms of insulation and the role of: temperature receptors in the skin, sweating, shivering, blood vessels near the skin surface and the coordinating role of the brain.
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
11. Co-ordination and Response Content •
Receptors - Eye
•
Nervous System - Neurones (Reflex Action)
•
Effectors - Endocrine Glands Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
state the relationship between receptors, the central nervous system and the effectors.
(b)
describe the gross structure of the eye as seen in front view and in horizontal section.
(c) (d) (e) (f)
state the principal functions of component parts of the eye in producing a focused image of near and distant objects on the retina. describe the pupil reflex in response to bright and dim light. state that the nervous system - brain, spinal cord and nerves, serves to co-ordinate and regulate bodily functions. outline the functions of sensory neurons, relay neurones and motor neurons.
(g)
discuss the function of the brain and spinal cord in producing a co-ordinated response as a result of a specific stimulus in a reflex action.
(h)
define a hormone as a chemical substance, produced by a gland, carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs and is then destroyed by the liver.
(i)
explain what is meant by an endocrine gland, with reference to the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. (j) state the role of the hormone adrenaline in boosting blood glucose levels and give examples of situations in which this may occur.
(k)
explain how the blood glucose concentration is regulated by insulin and glucagon as a homeostatic mechanism. (l) describe the signs, such as an increased blood glucose level and glucose in urine, and the treatment of diabetes mellitus using insulin. 18
TKGS Science Department Handbook Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
THEME III: CONTINUITY OF LIFE Overview The many aspects of form and function that we have examined in this syllabus can be viewed in the widest context as various adaptations aimed at ensuring reproductive success. Reproduction is vital for the survival of species across generations. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick developed the model for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a chemical that had then recently been deduced to be the physical carrier of inheritance. In this section, we examine how genes interact to produce hereditary characteristics in the offspring. This section focuses on understanding the processes involved in the continuity of life and how genetic information is passed from one generation to the next.
12. Reproduction Content •
Asexual Reproduction
•
Sexual Reproduction in Plants
•
Sexual Reproduction in Humans
•
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to:
(a)
define asexual reproduction as the process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent.
(b)
define sexual reproduction as the process involving the fusion of nuclei to form a zygote and the production of genetically dissimilar offspring.
(c)
identify and draw, using a hand lens if necessary, the sepals, petals, stamens and carpels of one, locally available, named, insect-pollinated, dicotyledonous flower, and examine the pollen grains under a microscope.
(d) (e)
state the functions of the sepals, petals, anthers and carpels. use a hand lens to identify and describe the stamens and stigmas of one, locally available, named, windpollinated flower, and examine the pollen grains under a microscope.
(f)
outline the process of pollination and distinguish between self-pollination and cross pollination.
(g)
compare, using fresh specimens, an insect-pollinated and a wind-pollinated flower.
(h) (i)
describe the growth of the pollen tube and its entry into the ovule followed by fertilisation (production of endosperm and details of development are not required). identify on diagrams, the male reproductive system and give the functions of: testes, scrotum, sperm ducts, prostate gland, urethra and penis. (j) identify on diagrams, the female reproductive system and give the functions of ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix and vagina. (k) briefly describe the menstrual cycle with reference to the alternation of menstruation and ovulation, the natural variation in its length, and the fertile and infertile phases of the cycle with reference to the effects of progesterone and estrogen only.
(l) describe fertilisation and early development of the zygote simply in terms of the formation of a ball of cells which becomes implanted in the wall of the uterus. (m)
state the functions of the amniotic sac and the amniotic fluid.
(n) describe the function of the placenta and umbilical cord in relation to exchange of dissolved nutrients, gases and excretory products. (Structural details are not required.) (o) discuss the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and methods by which it may be controlled. Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
19
TKGS Science Department Handbook 13. Cell Division Content •
Mitosis
•
Meiosis Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to:
(a)
state the importance of mitosis in growth, repair and asexual reproduction.
(b)
explain the need for the production of genetically identical cells and fine control of replication.
(c)
identify, with the aid of diagrams, the main stages of mitosis.
(d)
state what is meant by homologous pairs of chromosomes.
(e)
identify, with the aid of diagrams, the main stages of meiosis. (Names of the sub-divisions of prophase are not required.)
(f)
define the terms haploid and diploid, and explain the need for a reduction division process prior to fertilisation in sexual reproduction.
(g)
state how meiosis and fertilisation can lead to variation.
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems. 14. Molecular Genetics Content •
The Structure of DNA
•
The Role of DNA in Protein Synthesis
•
Genes
•
Genetic Engineering and Medical Biotechnology
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a) (b)
outline the relationship between DNA, genes and chromosomes. state the structure of DNA in terms of the bases, sugar and phosphate groups found in each of their nucleotides.
(c)
state the rule of complementary base pairing.
(d)
state that DNA is used to carry the genetic code, which is used to synthesise specific polypeptides.
(e)
state that each gene is a sequence of nucleotides, as part of a DNA molecule.
(f)
explain that genes may be transferred between cells. Reference should be made to the transfer of genes between organisms of the same or different species - transgenic plants or animals.
(g)
briefly explain how a gene that controls the production of human insulin can be inserted into bacterial DNA to produce human insulin in medical biotechnology.
(h)
outline the process of large-scale production of insulin using fermenters.
(i)
discuss the social and ethical implications of genetic engineering, with reference to a named example.
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
15. Inheritance Content •
The Passage of Information from Parent to Offspring 20
TKGS Science Department Handbook •
The Nature of Genes and Alleles, and their Role in Determining the Phenotype
•
Monohybrid Crosses
•
Variation
•
Natural and Artificial Selection Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
define a gene as a unit of inheritance and distinguish clearly between the terms gene and allele.
(b)
explain the terms dominant, recessive, codominant, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype and genotype.
(c)
predict the results of simple crosses with expected ratios of 3:1 and 1:1, using the terms homozygous, heterozygous, generation and F2 generation.
(d)
explain why observed ratios often differ from expected ratios, especially when there are small numbers of progeny.
(e)
use genetic diagrams to solve problems involving monohybrid inheritance. (Genetic diagrams involving autosomal linkage or epistasis are not required.)
(f)
explain co-dominance and multiple alleles with reference to the inheritance of the ABO blood group A B O phenotypes - A, B, AB, O, gene alleles I , I and I .
(g) (h) (i)
describe the determination of sex in humans - XX and XY chromosomes. describe mutation as a change in the structure of a gene such as in sickle cell anaemia, or in the chromosome number, such as the 47 chromosomes in a condition known as Down Syndrome. name radiation and chemicals as factors which may increase the rate of mutation. (j) describe the difference between continuous and discontinuous variation and give examples of each.
(k) state that competition which arises from variation leads to differential survival of, and reproduction by, those organisms best fitted to the environment. (l)
give examples of environmental factors that act as forces of natural selection.
(m)
assess the importance of natural selection as a possible mechanism for evolution.
(n) give examples of artificial selection such as in the production of economically important plants and animals. Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems. THEME IV: MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT Overview
All living organisms are part of a complex network of interactions called the web of life. This section focuses on
the interrelationships among living things. These include two major processes. The first is the cycling of nutrients,
as illustrated by the carbon cycle. The second major process is the flow of energy from sunlight to organisms
further down the food chain.
16. Organisms and their Environment Content •
Energy Flow 21
TKGS Science Department Handbook •
Food Chains and Webs
•
Carbon Cycle
•
Effects of Man on the Ecosystem
•
Environmental Biotechnology Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
briefly describe the non-cyclical nature of energy flow.
(b)
explain the terms producer, consumer and trophic level in the context of food chains and food webs.
(c)
explain how energy losses occur along food chains, and discuss the efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels.
(d)
describe and interpret pyramids of numbers and biomass.
(e) (f)
describe how carbon is cycled within an ecosystem. evaluate the effects of
(g) (h)
•
water pollution by sewage and by inorganic waste
•
pollution due to insecticides including bioaccumulation up food chains and impact on top carnivores
outline the roles of microbes in sewage disposal as an example of environmental biotechnology. discuss reasons for conservation of species with reference to the maintenance of biodiversity, management of fisheries and management of timber production.
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
PRACTICAL GUIDELINES
Scientific subjects are, by their nature, experimental. It is therefore important that the candidates carry out
appropriate practical work to support and facilitate the learning of this subject. Over the course of study,
candidates could be exposed to the following range of experiments/techniques/skills: 1.
Candidates should be able to:
(a)
follow carefully a sequence of instructions within a set time allowance;
(b)
use familiar and unfamiliar techniques to record their observations and make deductions from them;
(c)
recognise and observe features of familiar and unfamiliar biological specimens, record their observations and make deductions about functions of whole specimens or their parts;
(d)
make clear line drawings of the specimens provided, indicate magnification and label familiar structures;
(e)
interpret unfamiliar data and draw conclusions from their interpretations;
(f)
design/plan an investigation to solve a problem;
(g)
comment on a procedure used in an experiment and to suggest an improvement.
(h)
employ manipulative skills in assembling apparatus, in using chemical reagents and in using such instruments as mounted needles, scalpels and razor blades, forceps and scissors; (i)
observe reactions, read simple measuring instruments and perform simple arithmetical calculations;
(j) measure to an accuracy of 1 mm, using a ruler.
22
TKGS Science Department Handbook 2.
Candidates may be asked to carry out simple physiological experiments, involving tests for food substances {see 3(c)}, enzyme reactions, hydrogencarbonate indicator solution, cobalt(II) chloride paper etc. It is expected that glassware and instruments normally found in a laboratory e.g. beakers, test-tube racks, funnels, thermometers, droppers and so on, should be available for these experiments.
3.
Candidates may be asked to carry out simple physiological experiments, involving the use of the instruments mentioned in 1(h), on plant or animal materials. Accurate observations of these specimens will need a hand lens of not less than x6 magnification for each candidate.
4.
The material used in experiments will be closely related to the subject matter of the syllabus but will not necessarily be limited to the particular types mentioned therein. In order to assist their own practical work, schools are asked to build up a reference collection of material.
5.
When planning practical work, teachers should make sure that they do not contravene any school, education authority or government regulations which restrict the sampling, in educational establishments, of urine, saliva, blood or other bodily secretions and tissues.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN BIOLOGY PAPERS ________ It is hoped that the glossary will prove helpful to candidates as a guide, i.e. it is neither exhaustive nor definitive. The glossary has been deliberately kept brief not only with respect to the number of terms included but also to the descriptions of their meanings. Candidates should appreciate that the meaning of a term must depend in part on its context. 1.
Calculate is used when a numerical answer is required. In general, working should be shown, especially where two or more steps are involved.
2.
Comment is intended as an open-ended instruction, inviting candidates to recall or infer points of interest relevant to the context of the question, taking account of the number of marks available.
3.
Compare requires candidates to provide both similarities and differences between things or concepts.
4.
Define (the term(s) ...) is intended literally, only a formal statement or equivalent paraphrase being required.
5.
Describe requires candidates to state in words (using diagrams where appropriate) the main points of the topic. It is often used with reference either to particular phenomena or to particular experiments. In the former instance, the term usually implies that the answer should include reference to (visual) observations associated with the phenomena.
6.
Determine often implies that the quantity concerned cannot be measured directly but is obtained by calculation, substituting measured or known values of other quantities into a standard formula.
7. 8.
Discuss requires candidates to give a critical account of the points involved in the topic. Estimate implies a reasoned order of magnitude statement or calculation of the quantity concerned, making such simplifying assumptions as may be necessary about the points of principle and about the values of quantities not otherwise included in the question.
9.
Explain may imply reasoning or some reference to theory, depending on the context.
10.
Find is a general term that may be variously interpreted as calculate, measure, determine etc.
11.
List requires a number of points, generally each of one word, with no elaboration. Where a given number of points is specified, this should not be exceeded.
12.
Measure implies that the quantity concerned can be directly obtained from a suitable measuring instrument, e.g. length, using a rule, or mass, using a balance.
13. 14.
Outline implies brevity, i.e. restricting the answer to giving essentials. Predict or deduce implies that the candidate is not expected to produce the required answer by recall but by making a logical connection between other pieces of information. Such information may be wholly given in the question or may depend on answers extracted from an earlier part of the question. 23
TKGS Science Department Handbook 15.
Sketch, when applied to graph work, implies that the shape and/or position of the curve need only be qualitatively correct, but candidates should be aware that, depending on the context, some quantitative aspects may be looked for, e.g. passing through the origin, having an intercept, asymptote or discontinuity at a particular value.
Sketch, when applied to diagrams, implies that a simple, freehand drawing is acceptable; nevertheless,
care should be taken over proportions and the clear exposition of important details. 16.
State implies a concise answer with little or no supporting argument, e.g. a numerical answer that can be obtained 'by inspection'.
17.
Suggest is used in two main contexts, i.e. either to imply that there is no unique answer, or to imply that candidates are expected to apply their general knowledge to a 'novel' situation, one that may be formally 'not in the syllabus'.
18.
What is meant by (the term(s) ... ) normally implies that a definition should be given, together with some relevant comment on the significance or context of the term(s) concerned, especially where two or more terms are included in the question. The amount of supplementary comment intended should be interpreted in light of the indicated mark value.
2.2 Chemistry 5072 Syllabus 2009
CHEMISTRY GCE ORDINARY LEVEL (Syllabus 5072) INTRODUCTION This syllabus is designed to place less emphasis on factual materials and greater emphasis on the
understanding and application of scientific concepts and principles. This approach has been adapted in
recognition of the need for students to develop skills that will be of long term value in an increasingly
technological world rather than focusing on large quantities of factual materials, which may have only short term
relevance. It is important that, throughout the course, attention should be drawn to: (i) (ii)
the finite life of the world's resources and hence the need for recycling and conservation; economic considerations in the chemical industry, such as the availability and cost of raw materials and energy;
(iii)
the social, environmental, health and safety issues relating to the chemical industry;
(iv)
the importance of chemicals in industry and in everyday life. 24
TKGS Science Department Handbook
It is envisaged that teaching and learning programmes based on this syllabus will feature a wide variety of
learning experiences designed to promote acquisition of expertise and understanding. Teachers are encouraged
to use a combination of appropriate strategies including developing appropriate practical works for their students
to facilitate a greater understanding of the subject.
AIMS These are not listed in order of priority. The aims are to: 1. provide, through well designed studies of experimental and practical chemistry, a worthwhile educational experience for all students, whether or not they go on to study science beyond this level and, in particular, to enable them to acquire sufficient understanding and knowledge to 1.1 become confident citizens in a technological world, able to take or develop an informed interest in matters of scientific import; 1.2 recognise the usefulness, and limitations, of scientific method and to appreciate its applicability in other disciplines and in everyday life; 1.3 be suitably prepared and stimulated for studies beyond Ordinary level in chemistry, in applied sciences or in science-dependent vocational courses. 2.
develop abilities and skills that 2.1 2.2
are relevant to the study and practice of science; are useful in everyday life;
2.3 2.4
encourage efficient and safe practice; encourage effective communication.
3.
develop attitudes relevant to science such as
3.1 3.2
accuracy and precision; objectivity;
3.3 3.4
integrity; enquiry;
3.5
initiative;
3.6
inventiveness. 4.
5.
stimulate interest in and care for the environment.
promote an awareness that
5.1
the study and practice of science are co-operative and cumulative activities, and are subject to social, economic, technological, ethical and cultural influences and limitations;
5.2
the applications of sciences may be both beneficial and detrimental to the individual, the community and the environment;
5.3
science transcends national boundaries and that the language of science, correctly and rigorously applied, is universal;
5.4
the use of information technology is important for communications, as an aid to experiments and as a tool for interpretation of experimental and theoretical results.
ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES A
Knowledge with Understanding 25
TKGS Science Department Handbook Students should be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding in relation to: 1. 2.
scientific phenomena, facts, laws, definitions, concepts, theories; scientific vocabulary, terminology, conventions (including symbols, quantities and units contained in 'Signs, Symbols and Systematics 16-19', Association for Science Education, 2000);
3.
scientific instruments and apparatus, including techniques of operation and aspects of safety;
4.
scientific quantities and their determination;
5.
scientific and technological applications with their social, economic and environmental implications.
The subject content defines the factual knowledge that candidates may be required to recall and explain.
Questions testing those objectives will often begin with one of the following words: define, state, describe, explain
or outline. (See the Glossary of Terms.)
B
Handling Information and Solving Problems
Students should be able - in words or by using symbolic, graphical and numerical forms of presentation - to: 1.
locate, select, organise and present information from a variety of sources;
2.
translate information from one form to another;
3.
manipulate numerical and other data;
4.
use information to identify patterns, report trends and draw inferences;
5.
present reasoned explanations for phenomena, patterns and relationships;
6.
make predictions and propose hypotheses;
7.
solve problems.
These assessment objectives cannot be precisely specified in the subject content because questions testing
these objectives may be based on information which is unfamiliar to the candidates. In answering such
questions, candidates are required to use principles and concepts that are within the syllabus and apply them in
a logical, reasoned or deductive manner to a novel situation. Questions testing these objectives will often begin
with one of the following words: predict, deduce, suggest, calculate or determine. (See the Glossary of Terms). C
Experimental Skills and Investigations
Students should able to: 1.
follow a sequence of instructions; 26
TKGS Science Department Handbook 2.
use techniques, apparatus and materials;
3.
make and record observations, measurements and estimates;
4.
interpret and evaluate observations and experimental results;
5.
plan investigations, select techniques, apparatus and materials;
6.
evaluate methods and suggest possible improvements.
Weighting of Assessment Objectives Theory Papers (Papers 1 and 2) A
Knowledge with Understanding, approximately 55% of the marks with approximately 20% allocated to recall.
B
Handling Information and Solving Problems, approximately 45% of the marks.
School-Based Science Practical Assessment (SPA) (Paper 3) C Experimental Skills and Investigations, 100% of the marks.
SCHEME OF ASSESSMENT Theory Papers Candidates are required to enter for Papers 1, 2 and 3. Paper 1 2 3
Type of Paper Multiple Choice Structured and Free Response School-based Science Practical Assessment (SPA)
Paper 1 (1 h, 40 marks),
Duration 1h 1 h 45 min
—
Marks 40 80 96
Weighting 30% 50% 20%
consisting of 40 compulsory multiple choice items of the direct
choice type.
A copy of the Data Sheet will be printed as part of this Paper. Paper 2 (1 h 45 min, 80 marks),
consisting of two sections.
Section A will carry 50 marks and will consist of a variable
number of compulsory structured questions.
Section B will carry 30 marks and will consist of three
questions.
27
TKGS Science Department Handbook
The first two questions are compulsory questions, one of which will
be a data-based question requiring candidates to interpret, evaluate
or solve problems using a stem of information. This question will
carry 8-12 marks. The last question will be presented in an either/or
form and will carry 10 marks.
A copy of the Data Sheet will be printed as part of this Paper.
28
5072 CHEMISTRY (WITH SPA) O LEVEL (2009)
School-based Science Practical Assessment (SPA) Paper 3 (96 marks)
The School-based Science Practical Assessment (SPA) will be conducted to assess appropriate aspects of
objectives C1 to C6. SPA will take place over an appropriate period that the candidates are offering the subject.
The assessment of science practical skills is grouped into 3 skill sets: Skill set 1 - Performing and Observing Skill set 2 - Analysing Skill set 3 - Planning Each candidate is to be assessed only twice for each of skill sets 1 and 2 and only once for skill set 3. Weighting and Marks Computation of the 3 Skill Sets
The weighting and marks computation of the skill sets are as follows: Skill Set
No. of Assessments (a)
Max Marks per Assessment (b)
Weight (c)
Sub-total (a x b x c) 2 x 6 x 4 = 48
Weighting 50%
2 x 4 x 3 = 24 1 x 4 x 6 =24
25% 25%
Total Marks for SPA
Please refer to the SPA Information Booklet for more detailed information on the conduct of SPA.
The overall level of performance of each skill set (skill sets 1, 2 and 3) is the sum total of the level of performance
of each strand within the skill set.
29
5072 CHEMISTRY (WITH SPA) O LEVEL (2009)
CONTENT STRUCTURE
I. II.
Section EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND STOICHIOMETRY
III.
CHEMISTRY OF REACTIONS
IV.
PERIODICITY
V. VI.
ATMOSPHERE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
1. 2. 3.
Topic Experimental Chemistry The Particulate Nature of Matter Formulae, Stoichiometry and the Mole
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Concept Electrolysis Energy from Chemicals Chemical Reactions Acids, Bases and Salts The Periodic Table Metals Air Organic Chemistry
SUBJECT CONTENT SECTION I: EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY Overview
Chemistry is typically an experimental science and relies primarily on practical work. It is important for students
to learn the techniques of handling laboratory apparatus and to pay special attention to safety while working in
the laboratory. Accidents happened even to German chemist, Robert Bunsen, while working in the laboratory.
Robert Bunsen spent most of his time doing experiments in the laboratory and at the age of 25, he lost an eye in
a laboratory explosion due to the lack of proper eye protection.
In this section, students examine the appropriate use of simple apparatus and chemicals, and the
experimental techniques. Students need to be aware of the importance of purity in the electronic,
pharmaceutical, food and beverage industries, and be allowed to try out different methods of
purification and analysis in school science laboratories. Students should be able to appreciate the
need for precision and accuracy in making readings and also value the need for safe handling and
disposing of chemicals. ________________________________________________________________________ 30
5072 CHEMISTRY (WITH SPA) O LEVEL (2009)
1
Experimental Chemistry
Content 1.1
Experimental design
1.2
Methods of purification and analysis
1.3
Identification of ions and gases Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: 1.1
Experimental design
(a)
name appropriate apparatus for the measurement of time, temperature, mass and volume, including burettes, pipettes, measuring cylinders and gas syringes
(b)
suggest suitable apparatus, given relevant information, for a variety of simple experiments, including collection of gases and measurement of rates of reaction
1.2
Methods of purification and analysis
(a)
describe methods of separations and purification for the components of the following types of mixtures:
(i)
solid-solid
(ii)
solid-liquid
(iii)
liquid-liquid (miscible and immiscible) Techniques to be covered for separations and purification include:
(i)
use of a suitable solvent, filtration and crystallisation or evaporation
(ii)
sublimation
(iii)
distillation and fractional distillation
(iv)
use of a separating funnel
(v)
paper chromatography (b)
describe paper chromatography and interpret chromatograms including comparison with 'known' samples and the use of Rf values
(c)
explain the need to use locating agents in the chromatography of colourless compounds
(d)
deduce from the given melting point and boiling point the identities of substances and their purity
(e)
explain that the measurement of purity in substances used in everyday life, e.g. foodstuffs and drugs, is important 1.3 Identification of ions and gases
(f)
describe the use of aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia to identify the following aqueous cations: aluminium, ammonium, calcium, copper(II), iron(II), iron(III), lead(II) and zinc (formulae of complex ions are not required)
(g)
describe tests to identify the following anions: carbonate (by the addition of dilute acid and subsequent use of limewater); chloride (by reaction of an aqueous solution with nitric acid and aqueous silver nitrate); iodide (by reaction of an aqueous solution with nitric acid and aqueous lead(II) nitrate); nitrate (by reduction with aluminium and aqueous sodium hydroxide to ammonia and subsequent use of litmus paper) and sulfate (by reaction of an aqueous solution with nitric acid and aqueous barium nitrate)
(h)
describe tests to identify the following gases: ammonia (using damp red litmus paper); carbon dioxide (using limewater); chlorine (using damp litmus paper); hydrogen (using a burning splint); oxygen (using a glowing splint) and sulfur dioxide (using acidified potassium dichromate(VI))
SECTION II: ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND STOICHIOMETRY Overview For over 2 000 years, people have wondered about the fundamental building blocks of matter. As far back as 440 BC, the Greek Leucippus and his pupil Democritus coined the term atomos to describe the smallest particle of matter. It translates to mean something that is indivisible.
In the eighteenth century, chemist, John Dalton, revived the term when he suggested that each element was
made up of unique atoms and the atoms of an element are all the same. At the time, there were about 35 known
31
5072 CHEMISTRY (WITH SPA) O LEVEL (2009)
elements. This simple model could explain the millions of different materials around us. Differences between the
atoms give the elements their different chemical properties.
In this section, the idea of atoms and chemical bonding being the most important fundamental concept in
Chemistry is introduced. The knowledge of atomic structure opens the door for students to understand the world
of chemical reactions. Students are also introduced to the use of models and theories in the study of the
structures of atoms, molecules and ions, and the bonding in elements and compounds. Calculations involving
chemical formulae, reacting masses and volumes, and concentrations introduce students to the fundamentals of
stoichiometry.
2
The Particulate Nature of Matter Content
2.1
Kinetic particle theory
2.2
Atomic structure
2.3
Structure and properties of materials
2.4
Ionic bonding
2.5
Covalent bonding
2.6
Metallic bonding Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: 2.1
Kinetic particle
theory (a) (b)
describe the solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter and explain their interconversion in terms of the kinetic particle theory and of the energy changes involved describe and explain evidence for the movement of particles in liquids and gases (the treatment of Brownian motion is not required)
(c)
explain everyday effects of diffusion in terms of particles, e.g. the spread of perfumes and cooking aromas; tea and coffee grains in water
(d)
state qualitatively the effect of molecular mass on the rate of diffusion and explain the dependence of rate of diffusion on temperature 2.2 Atomic structure (a) (b)
state the relative charges and approximate relative masses of a proton, a neutron and an electron describe, with the aid of diagrams, the structure of an atom as containing protons and neutrons (nucleons) in the nucleus and electrons arranged in shells (energy levels)
32
5072 CHEMISTRY (WITH SPA) O LEVEL (2009)
(no knowledge of s, p, d and f classification will be expected; a copy of the Periodic Table will be
available in Papers 1 and 2) (c)
define proton (atomic) number and nucleon (mass) number
(d)
interpret and use symbols such as
(e)
define the term isotopes
(f) 2.3 (a)
1
6C
deduce the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms and ions given proton and nucleon numbers Structure and properties of materials describe the differences between elements, compounds and mixtures
(b)
compare the structure of simple molecular substances, e.g. methane; iodine, with those of giant molecular substances, e.g. poly(ethene); sand (silicon dioxide); diamond; graphite in order to deduce their properties
(c)
compare the bonding and structures of diamond and graphite in order to deduce their properties such as electrical conductivity, lubricating or cutting action
(d)
deduce the physical and chemical properties of substances from their structures and bonding and vice versa
(candidates will not be required to draw the structures)
2.4
Ionic bonding
(a)
describe the formation of ions by electron loss/gain in order to obtain the electronic configuration of a noble gas
(b)
describe the formation of ionic bonds between metals and non-metals, e.g. NaCI; MgC12
(c)
state that ionic materials contain a giant lattice in which the ions are held by electrostatic attraction, e.g. NaCI (candidates will not be required to draw diagrams of ionic lattices)
(d)
deduce the formulae of other ionic compounds from diagrams of their lattice structures, limited to binary compounds
(e)
relate the physical properties (including electrical property) of ionic compounds to their lattice structure
2.5
Covalent bonding
(a)
describe the formation of a covalent bond by the sharing of a pair of electrons in order to gain the electronic configuration of a noble gas
(b)
describe, using 'dot-and-cross' diagrams, the formation of covalent bonds between non-metallic elements, e.g. H2; O2; H2O; CH4; CO2
(c)
deduce the arrangement of electrons in other covalent molecules
(d)
relate the physical properties (including electrical property) of covalent substances to their structure and bonding
2.6
Metallic bonding
(a)
describe metals as a lattice of positive ions in a 'sea of electrons'
(b)
relate the electrical conductivity of metals to the mobility of the electrons in the structure
3
Formulae, Stoichiometry and the Mole Concept
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
state the symbols of the elements and formulae of the compounds mentioned in the syllabus
(b)
deduce the formulae of simple compounds from the relative numbers of atoms present and vice versa
(c)
deduce the formulae of ionic compounds from the charges on the ions present and vice versa
(d)
interpret chemical equations with state symbols
(e)
construct chemical equations, with state symbols, including ionic equations
(f)
define relative atomic mass, Ar 33
5072 CHEMISTRY (WITH SPA) O LEVEL (2009) (g)
define relative molecular mass, Mr, and calculate relative molecular mass (and relative formula mass) as the sum of relative atomic masses
(h)
calculate the percentage mass of an element in a compound when given appropriate information
(i)
calculate empirical and molecular formulae from relevant data 3
(j) calculate stoichiometric reacting masses and volumes of gases (one mole of gas occupies 24 dm at room temperature and pressure); calculations involving the idea of limiting reactants may be set
(The gas laws and the calculations of gaseous volumes at different temperatures and pressures are not
required.) 3
3
(k) apply the concept of solution concentration (in mol/dm or g/dm ) to process the results of volumetric experiments and to solve simple problems (Appropriate guidance will be provided where unfamiliar reactions are involved.) (l) calculate % yield and % purity SECTION III: CHEMISTRY OF REACTIONS Overview
Chemists like Humphry Davy and Svante Arrhenius played important roles in providing a comprehensive
understanding of what happens in chemical reactions. A new era of electrochemistry started when Humphry
Davy (1778-1829), a British chemist, built a powerful battery to pass electricity through molten salts. He
discovered elements, such as potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium, by liberating them from their molten
compounds. Swedish chemist, Svante Arrhenius, in 1887, proposed the theory that acids, bases, and salts in
water are composed of ions. He also proposed a simple yet beautiful model of neutralisation - the combination of
hydrogen and hydroxyl ions to form water.
In this section, students examine the chemical decomposition of substances by electrolysis,
characteristic properties of acids, bases and salts, and also their reactions with substances, the
factors affecting the rate of reaction and also the energy changes during a reaction. Students should
be able to appreciate the importance of proper laboratory techniques and precise calculations for
34
5072 CHEMISTRY (WITH SPA) O LEVEL (2009)
accurate results, and the importance of controlling variables in making comparisons. They should
also value the knowledge of the hazardous nature of acids/alkalis and the safe handling, storing and
disposing of chemicals. ________________________________________________________________________ 4 Electrolysis Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
describe electrolysis as the conduction of electricity by an ionic compound (an electrolyte), when molten or dissolved in water, leading to the decomposition of the electrolyte
(b)
describe electrolysis as evidence for the existence of ions which are held in a lattice when solid but which are free to move when molten or in solution
(c)
describe, in terms of the mobility of ions present and the electrode products, the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride, using inert electrodes
(d)
predict the likely products of the electrolysis of a molten binary compound
(e)
apply the idea of selective discharge based on (i)
cations: linked to the reactivity series (see 9.2)
(ii)
anions: halides, hydroxides and sulfates (e.g. aqueous copper(II) sulfate and dilute sodium chloride solution (as essentially the electrolysis of water))
(iii)
concentration effects (as in the electrolysis of concentrated and dilute aqueous sodium chloride) (In all cases above, inert electrodes are used.)
(f)
predict the likely products of the electrolysis of an aqueous electrolyte, given relevant information
(g)
construct ionic equations for the reactions occurring at the electrodes during the electrolysis, given relevant information
(h)
describe the electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulfate with copper electrodes as a means of purifying copper (no technical details are required)
(i) describe the electroplating of metals, e.g. copper plating, and state one use of electroplating (j) describe the production of electrical energy from simple cells (i.e. two electrodes in an electrolyte) linked to the reactivity series (see 9.2) and redox reactions (in terms of electron transfer)
5
Energy from Chemicals Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
describe the meaning of enthalpy change in terms of exothermic (AH negative) and endothermic (AH positive) reactions
(b)
represent energy changes by energy profile diagrams, including reaction enthalpy changes and activation energies (see 6.1(c),6.1(d))
(c)
describe bond breaking as an endothermic process and bond making as an exothermic process
(d)
explain overall enthalpy changes in terms of the energy changes associated with the breaking and making of covalent bonds
(e)
describe hydrogen, derived from water or hydrocarbons, as a potential fuel, reacting with oxygen to generate electricity directly in a fuel cell (details of the construction and operation of a fuel cell are not required)
6
Chemical Reactions Content 6.1
Speed of reaction
6.2
Redox Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: 6.1
Speed of reaction 35
5072 CHEMISTRY (WITH SPA) O LEVEL (2009) (a)
describe the effect of concentration, pressure, particle size and temperature on the speeds of reactions and explain these effects in terms of collisions between reacting particles
(b)
define the term catalyst and describe the effect of catalysts (including enzymes) on the speeds of reactions
(c)
explain how pathways with lower activation energies account for the increase in speeds of reactions
(d)
state that some compounds act as catalysts in a range of industrial processes and that enzymes are biological catalysts (see 5(b), 6.1(c) and 10(d))
(e)
suggest a suitable method for investigating the effect of a given variable on the speed of a reaction
(f) 6.2
interpret data obtained from experiments concerned with speed of reaction Redox
(a)
define oxidation and reduction (redox) in terms of oxygen/hydrogen gain/loss
(b)
define redox in terms of electron transfer and changes in oxidation state
(c)
identify redox reactions in terms of oxygen/hydrogen gain/loss, electron gain/loss and changes in oxidation state (d) describe the use of aqueous potassium iodide and acidified potassium dichromate(VI) in testing for oxidising and reducing agents from the resulting colour changes 7
Acids, Bases and Salts
Content 7.1
Acids and bases
7.2
Salts
7.3
Ammonia
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: 7.1
Acids and bases
(a)
describe the meanings of the terms acid and alkali in terms of the ions they produce in aqueous solution and their effects on Universal Indicator
(b)
describe how to test hydrogen ion concentration and hence relative acidity using Universal Indicator and the pH scale
(c)
describe qualitatively the difference between strong and weak acids in terms of the extent of ionisation
(d)
describe the characteristic properties of acids as in reactions with metals, bases and carbonates
(e)
state the uses of sulfuric acid in the manufacture of detergents and fertilisers; and as a battery acid (f)
-
describe the reaction between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions to produce water, H+ + OH H2O, as neutralisation
(g)
describe the importance of controlling the pH in soils and how excess acidity can be treated using calcium hydroxide
(h)
describe the characteristic properties of bases in reactions with acids and with ammonium salts
(i)
classify oxides as acidic, basic, amphoteric or neutral based on metallic/non-metallic character
(j) classify sulfur dioxide as an acidic oxide and state its uses as a bleach, in the manufacture of wood pulp for paper and as a food preservative (by killing bacteria) 7.2
Salts
(a)
describe the techniques used in the preparation, separation and purification of salts as examples of some of the techniques specified in Section 1.2(a)
(methods for preparation should include precipitation and titration together with reactions of acids with
metals, insoluble bases and insoluble carbonates) (b)
describe the general rules of solubility for common salts to include nitrates, chlorides (including silver and lead), sulfates (including barium, calcium and lead), carbonates, hydroxides, Group I cations and ammonium salts
(c)
suggest a method of preparing a given salt from suitable starting materials, given appropriate information 36
5072 CHEMISTRY (WITH SPA) O LEVEL (2009) 7.3
Ammonia
(a)
describe the use of nitrogen, from air, and hydrogen, from cracking oil, in the manufacture of ammonia
(b)
state that some chemical reactions are reversible, e.g. manufacture of ammonia
(c)
describe the essential conditions for the manufacture of ammonia by the Haber process
(d)
describe the displacement of ammonia from its salts
SECTION IV: PERIODICITY Overview
The development of the Periodic Table started in the 1800s as chemists began to recognise similarities in the
properties of various elements and place them in families. The most famous and successful classification, widely
accepted by chemists, was published in 1869 by Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist. His Periodic Table
arranged the elements known at that time, in order of increasing atomic masses.
In this section, students examine the periodic trends and group properties of elements, occurrence of
metals, their properties, reactivity and uses. Students should be able to appreciate the development
of the Periodic Table and hence to envisage that scientific knowledge changes and accumulates over
time, and also the need for conserving some of the finite resources. _____________________________________
8
The Periodic Table Content
8.1
Periodic trends
8.2
Group properties
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: 8.1
Periodic trends
(a)
describe the Periodic Table as an arrangement of the elements in the order of increasing proton (atomic) number
(b)
describe how the position of an element in the Periodic Table is related to proton number and electronic structure
(c)
describe the relationship between group number and the ionic charge of an element
(d)
explain the similarities between the elements in the same group of the Periodic Table in terms of their electronic structure
(e)
describe the change from metallic to non-metallic character from left to right across a period of the Period Table
(f)
describe the relationship between group number, number of valency electrons and metallic/non-metallic character
(g)
predict the properties of elements in Group I and VII using the Periodic Table
8.2
Group properties 37
5072 CHEMISTRY (WITH SPA) O LEVEL (2009) (a)
describe lithium, sodium and potassium in Group I (the alkali metals) as a collection of relatively soft, low density metals showing a trend in melting point and in their reaction with water
(b)
describe chlorine, bromine and iodine in Group VII (the halogens) as a collection of diatomic non-metals showing a trend in colour, state and their displacement reactions with solutions of other halide ions
(c)
describe the elements in Group 0 (the noble gases) as a collection of monatomic elements that are chemically unreactive and hence important in providing an inert atmosphere, e.g. argon and neon in light bulbs; helium in balloons; argon in the manufacture of steel
(d)
describe the lack of reactivity of the noble gases in terms of their electronic structures
9
Metals Content
9.1
Properties of metals
9.2
Reactivity series
9.3
Extraction of metals
9.4
Recycling of metals
9.5
Iron
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: 9.1
Properties of metals
(a)
describe the general physical properties of metals as solids having high melting and boiling points, malleable, good conductors of heat and electricity in terms of their structure
(b)
describe alloys as a mixture of a metal with another element, e.g. brass; stainless steel
(c)
identify representations of metals and alloys from diagrams of structures
(d)
explain why alloys have different physical properties to their constituent elements
9.2
Reactivity series
(a)
place in order of reactivity calcium, copper, (hydrogen), iron, lead, magnesium, potassium, silver, sodium and zinc by reference to
(b)
(i)
the reactions, if any, of the metals with water, steam and dilute hydrochloric acid,
(ii)
the reduction, if any, of their oxides by carbon and/or by hydrogen
describe the reactivity series as related to the tendency of a metal to form its positive ion, illustrated by its reaction with (i)
the aqueous ions of the other listed metals
(ii)
the oxides of the other listed metals
(c)
deduce the order of reactivity from a given set of experimental results
(d)
describe the action of heat on the carbonates of the listed metals and relate thermal stability to the reactivity series
9.3
Extraction of metals
(a) describe the ease of obtaining metals from their ores by relating the elements to their positions in the reactivity series 9.4
Recycling of metals
(a)
describe metal ores as a finite resource and hence the need to recycle metals, e.g. recycling of iron
(b)
discuss the social, economic and environmental issues of recycling metals
9.5
Iron
(a)
describe and explain the essential reactions in the extraction of iron using haematite, limestone and coke in the blast furnace
(b)
describe steels as alloys which are a mixture of iron with carbon or other metals and how controlled use of these additives changes the properties of the iron, e.g. high carbon steels are strong but brittle whereas low carbon steels are softer and more easily shaped
(c)
state the uses of mild steel, e.g. car bodies; machinery, and stainless steel, e.g. chemical plants; cutlery; surgical instruments
(d)
describe the essential conditions for the corrosion (rusting) of iron as the presence of oxygen and water; prevention of rusting can be achieved by placing a barrier around the metal, e.g. painting; greasing; plastic coating; galvanising 38
5072 CHEMISTRY (WITH SPA) O LEVEL (2009) (e)
describe the sacrificial protection of iron by a more reactive metal in terms of the reactivity series where the more reactive metal corrodes preferentially, e.g. underwater pipes have a piece of magnesium attached to them
SECTION V: ATMOSPHERE Overview
Our atmosphere has been taken for granted in the past. In the last few decades, scientists and the general public
began to realise the adverse effects of pollutants on the air we breathe. It is now recognised that pollutants such
as sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, and particulates released into the atmosphere as a result of energy
generation and increased use of motor vehicles, have serious health and environmental consequences.
In this section, the sources of air pollutants and their effects are examined. Students should be able
to value the knowledge of the hazardous nature of pollutants and the environmental issues related to
air pollution. _________________________________________________________________________________ 10. Air Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
describe the volume composition of gases present in dry air as 79% nitrogen, 20% oxygen and the remainder being noble gases (with argon as the main constituent) and carbon dioxide
(b)
name some common atmospheric pollutants, e.g. carbon monoxide; methane; nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2); ozone; sulfur dioxide; unburned hydrocarbons
(c)
state the sources of these pollutants as
(d)
(e)
(i)
carbon monoxide from incomplete combustion of carbon-containing substances
(ii)
nitrogen oxides from lightning activity and internal combustion engines
(iii)
sulfur dioxide from volcanoes and combustion of fossil fuels
describe the reactions used in possible solutions to the problems arising from some of the pollutants named in (b) (i)
the redox reactions in catalytic converters to remove combustion pollutants (see 6.1(d))
(ii)
the use of calcium carbonate to reduce the effect of 'acid rain' and in flue gas desulfurisation
discuss some of the effects of these pollutants on health and on the environment (i)
the poisonous nature of carbon monoxide
(ii)
the role of nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide in the formation of 'acid rain' and its effects on respiration and buildings
(f)
discuss the importance of the ozone layer and the problems involved with the depletion of ozone by reaction with chlorine containing compounds, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
(g)
describe the carbon cycle in simple terms, to include (i)
the processes of combustion, respiration and photosynthesis
(ii)
how the carbon cycle regulates the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
39
5072 CHEMISTRY (WITH SPA) O LEVEL (2009) (h)
state that carbon dioxide and methane are greenhouse gases and may contribute to global warming, give the sources of these gases and discuss the possible consequences of an increase in global warming
SECTION VI: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Overview
In the nineteenth century, chemists believed that all organic chemicals originated in tissues of living organisms.
Friedrich Wohler, in 1828, challenged this belief and synthesised the organic compound urea, a compound found
in urine, under laboratory conditions. His work led other chemists to attempt the synthesis of other organic
compounds.
In this section, students examine the sources of fuels, some basic concepts of organic chemistry such as
homologous series, functional group, general formula and structural formula, and polymers. Students should be
able to identify and name unbranched alkanes, alkenes, alcohols and carboxylic acids. They should recognise
that materials such as plastics, detergents and medicines, and even the food that we eat are examples of organic
compounds. Students should be able to value the need for assessing the impacts of the use of synthetic
materials and the environmental issues related to the use of plastics.
11
Organic
Chemistry
Content 11.1 11.2
Fuels and crude oil Alkanes
11.3 11.4
Alkenes Alcohols
11.5 11.6
Carboxylic acids Macromolecules
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: 11.1
Fuels and crude oil
(a)
name natural gas, mainly methane, and petroleum as sources of energy
(b)
describe petroleum as a mixture of hydrocarbons and its separation into useful fractions by fractional distillation
(c)
name the following fractions and state their uses (i)
petrol (gasoline) as a fuel in cars 40
5072 CHEMISTRY (WITH SPA) O LEVEL (2009) (ii)
naphtha as feedstock for the chemical industry
(iii)
paraffin (kerosene) as a fuel for heating and cooking and for aircraft engines
(iv)
diesel as a fuel for diesel engines
(v)
lubricating oils as lubricants and as a sources of polishes and waxes
(vi)
bitumen for making road surfaces
(d)
state that the naphtha fraction from crude oil is the main source of hydrocarbons used as the feedstock for the production of a wide range of organic compounds
(e)
describe the issues relating to the competing uses of oil as an energy source and as a chemical feedstock
11.2
Alkanes
(a)
describe an homologous series as a group of compounds with a general formula, similar chemical properties and showing a gradation in physical properties as a result of increase in the size and mass of the molecules, e.g. melting and boiling points; viscosity; flammability
(b)
describe the alkanes as an homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2 draw the structures of branched and unbranched alkanes, C to C4, and name the unbranched alkanes, methane to butane
(c) (d)
define isomerism and identify isomers
(e)
describe the properties of alkanes (exemplified by methane) as being generally unreactive except in terms of burning and substitution by chlorine
11.3
Alkenes
(a)
describe the alkenes as an homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n
(b)
draw the structures of branched and unbranched alkenes, C2 to C4, and name the unbranched alkenes, ethene to butene
(c)
describe the manufacture of alkenes and hydrogen by cracking hydrocarbons and recognise that cracking is essential to match the demand for fractions containing smaller molecules from the refinery process
(d)
describe the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons from their molecular structures and by using aqueous bromine
(e)
describe the properties of alkenes (exemplified by ethene) in terms of combustion, polymerisation and the addition reactions with bromine, steam and hydrogen
(f)
state the meaning of polyunsaturated when applied to food products
(g)
describe the manufacture of margarine by the addition of hydrogen to unsaturated vegetable oils to form a solid product
11.4
Alcohols
(a)
describe the alcohols as an homologous series containing the -OH group
(b)
draw the structures of alcohols, C to C4, and name the unbranched alcohols, methanol to butanol
(c)
describe the properties of alcohols in terms of combustion and oxidation to carboxylic acids
(d)
describe the formation of ethanol by the catalysed addition of steam to ethene and by fermentation of glucose
(e) 11.5
state some uses of ethanol, e.g. as a solvent; as a fuel; as a constituent of alcoholic beverages Carboxylic acids
(a)
describe the carboxylic acids as an homologous series containing the -CO2H group
(b)
draw the structures of carboxylic acids, methanoic acid to butanoic acid and name the unbranched acids, methanoic to butanoic acids
(c)
describe the carboxylic acids as weak acids, reacting with carbonates, bases and some metals
(d)
describe the formation of ethanoic acid by the oxidation of ethanol by atmospheric oxygen or acidified potassium dichromate(VI)
(e)
describe the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol to form an ester, e.g. ethyl ethanoate
(f)
state some commercial uses of esters, e.g. perfumes; flavourings; solvents
11.6
Macromolecules
(a)
describe macromolecules as large molecules built up from small units, different macromolecules having different units and/or different linkages
(b)
describe the formation of poly(ethene) as an example of addition polymerisation of ethene as the monomer 41
5072 CHEMISTRY (WITH SPA) O LEVEL (2009) (c)
state some uses of poly(ethene) as a typical plastic, e.g. plastic bags; clingfilm
(d)
deduce the structure of the polymer product from a given monomer and vice versa
(e)
describe nylon, a polyamide, and Terylene, a polyester, as condensation polymers, the partial structure of nylon being represented as O -C
O -C
OO -N-C-I H
â– N-
I
N
C
I
-N-I H
H
H and the partial structure of Terylene as O
O
OO
C-C-O-
C
-O-C-
II O -O-
(Details of manufacture and mechanisms of these polymerisations are not required) (f)
state some typical uses of man-made fibres such as nylon and Terylene, e.g. clothing; curtain materials; fishing line; parachutes; sleeping bags
(g)
describe the pollution problems caused by the disposal of non-biodegradable plastics
PRACTICAL GUIDELINES Scientific subjects are, by their nature, experimental. It is therefore important that the candidates carry out appropriate practical work to facilitate the learning of this subject. A list of suggested practical work is provided. 1.
Separation techniques including filtration, simple paper chromatography and distillation
2.
Measurements of temperature based on thermometers with 1 °C graduation
3.
Determination of melting point and boiling point
4.
Experiments involving the preparation of salts
5.
Experiments involving the solubility of salts
6.
Titration involving the use of a pipette, burette and an indicator such as methyl orange or screened methyl orange; full instructions and other necessary information will be given for titration other than acid/alkali and the use of other indicators
7.
Identification of ions and gases as specified in the syllabus
8.
Experiments involving displacement reactions
9.
Tests for oxidising and reducing agents as specified in the syllabus
10.
Experiments involving speed of reactions
11.
Experiments involving organic substances such as polymerisation and test for saturation
This is not intended to be an exhaustive list. Reference may be made to the techniques used in these experiments in the theory papers but no detailed description of the experimental procedures will be required.
42
TKGS Science Department Handbook
Test for anions anion 2carbonate (CO3 )
test add dilute acid
chloride (Cf) [in solution] acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add aqueous silver nitrate acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add iodide (I") [in solution] aqueous lead(II) nitrate add aqueous sodium hydroxide, then nitrate (NO3) [in aluminium foil; warm carefully solution] 2acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add sulfate (SO4 ) [in aqueous barium nitrate solution] Test for aqueous cations cation effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide aluminium (Al3+) white ppt., soluble in excess giving a colourless solution ammonium (NH4+) ammonia produced on warming calcium (Ca2+) white ppt., insoluble in excess 2 copper(II) (Cu +) light blue ppt., insoluble in excess
iron(II) (Fe2+) 3 iron(III) (Fe +) 2 lead(II) (Pb +) 2
zinc (Zn +)
green ppt., insoluble in excess red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess white ppt., soluble in excess giving a colourless solution white ppt., soluble in excess giving a colourless solution
test result effervescence, carbon dioxide produced white ppt. yellow ppt. ammonia produced white ppt.
effect of aqueous ammonia white ppt., insoluble in excess no ppt. light blue ppt., soluble in excess giving a dark blue solution green ppt., insoluble in excess red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess white ppt., insoluble in excess white ppt., soluble in excess giving a colourless solution
[Lead(II) ions can be distinguished from aluminium ions by the Test for gases gas ammonia (NH3) carbon dioxide (CO2)
test and test result turns damp red litmus paper blue gives white ppt. with limewater (ppt.
chlorine (C12) hydrogen (H2) oxygen (O2) sulfur dioxide (SO2)
dissolves with excess CO2) bleaches damp litmus paper "pops" with a lighted splint relights a glowing splint turns aqueous acidified potassium dichromate(VI) from orange to green
43
TKGS Science Department Handbook
NOTES FOR QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN CHEMISTRY PAPERS It is hoped that the glossary (which is relevant only to science papers) will prove helpful to candidates as a guide, i.e. it is neither exhaustive nor definitive. The glossary has been deliberately kept brief not only with respect to the number of terms included but also to the descriptions of their meanings. Candidates should appreciate that the meaning of a term must depend in part on its context. 1.
Calculate is used when a numerical answer is required. In general, working should be shown, especially where two or more steps are involved.
2.
Classify requires candidates to group things based on common characteristics.
3.
Comment is intended as an open-ended instruction, inviting candidates to recall or infer points of interest relevant to the context of the question, taking account of the number of marks available.
4.
Compare requires candidates to provide both similarities and differences between things or concepts.
5.
Construct is often used in relation to chemical equations where a candidate is expected to write a balanced equation, not by factual recall but by analogy or by using information in the question.
6.
Define (the term(s)...) is intended literally. Only a formal statement or equivalent paraphrase being required.
7.
Describe requires candidates to state in words (using diagrams where appropriate) the main points of the topic. It is often used with reference either to particular phenomena or to particular experiments. In the former instance, the term usually implies that the answer should include reference to (visual) 44
5072 CHEMISTRY (WITH SPA) O LEVEL (2009) observations associated with the phenomena. In the latter instance the answer may often follow a standard pattern, e.g. Apparatus, Method, Measurement, Results and Precautions.
In other contexts, describe and give an account of should be interpreted more generally, i.e. the
candidate has greater discretion about the nature and the organisation of the material to be included in
the answer. Describe and explain may be coupled in a similar way to state and explain. 8.
Determine often implies that the quantity concerned cannot be measured directly but is obtained by calculation, substituting measured or known values of other quantities into a standard formula.
9.
Discuss requires candidates to give a critical account of the points involved in the topic.
10.
Estimate implies a reasoned order of magnitude statement or calculation of the quantity concerned, making such simplifying assumptions as may be necessary about the points of principle and about values of quantities not otherwise included in the question.
11.
Explain may imply reasoning or some reference to theory, depending on the context.
12.
Find is a general term that may be variously interpreted as calculate, measure, determine etc.
13.
List requires a number of points, generally each of one word, with no elaboration. Where a given number of points is specified, this should not be exceeded.
14.
Measure implies that the quantity concerned can be directly obtained from a suitable measuring instrument, e.g. length, using a rule, or angle, using a protractor.
15.
Outline implies brevity, i.e. restricting the answer to giving essentials.
16.
Predict or deduce implies that the candidate is not expected to produce the required answer by recall but by making a logical connection between other pieces of information. Such information may be wholly given in the question or may depend on answers extracted from an earlier part of the question. Predict also implies a concise answer with no supporting statement required.
17.
Sketch, when applied to graph work, implies that the shape and/or position of the curve need only be qualitatively correct, but candidates should be aware that, depending on the context, some quantitative aspects may be looked for, e.g. passing through the origin, having the intercept, asymptote or discontinuity at a particular value.
In diagrams, sketch implies that a simple, freehand drawing is acceptable; nevertheless, care should be
taken over proportions and the clear exposition of important details. 18.
State implies a concise answer with little or no supporting argument, e.g. a numerical answer that can be obtained 'by inspection'.
19.
Suggest is used in two main contexts, i.e. either to imply that there is no unique answer, or to imply that candidates are expected to apply their general knowledge to a 'novel' situation, one that may be formally 'not in the syllabus'.
20.
What do you understand by/What is meant by (the term(s)...) normally implies that a definition should be given, together with some relevant comment on the significance or context of the term(s) concerned, especially where two or more terms are included in the question. The amount of supplementary comment intended should be interpreted in light of the indicated mark value.
SPECIAL NOTE Nomenclature
45
5072 CHEMISTRY (WITH SPA) O LEVEL (2009)
Students will be expected to be familiar with the nomenclature used in the syllabus. The proposals in "Signs,
Symbols and Systematics" (The Association for Science Education Companion to 16-19 Science, 2000) will
generally be adopted although the traditional names sulfate, sulfite, nitrate, nitrite, sulfurous and nitrous acids will
be used in question papers. Sulfur (and all compounds of sulfur) will be spelt with f (not with ph) in question
papers, however students can use either spelling in their answers.
3
It is intended that, in order to avoid difficulties arising out of the use of l as the symbol for litre, use of dm in place
of l or litre will be made.
In chemistry, full structural formulae (displayed formulae) in answers should show in detail both the relative
placing of atoms and the number of bonds between atoms. Hence, -CONH2 and -CO2H are not satisfactory as full
structural formulae, although either of the usual symbols for the benzene ring is acceptable. Units and significant figures
Candidates should be aware that misuse of units and/or significant figures, i.e. failure to quote units where
necessary, the inclusion of units in quantities defined as ratios or quoting answers to an inappropriate number of
significant figures, is liable to be penalised.
MATHEMATICAL REQUIREMENTS
46
5072 CHEMISTRY (WITH SPA) O LEVEL (2009)
Calculators may be used in all parts of the examination, providing they are in accordance with the regulations
stated in the "UCLES Handbook for Centres" (General Certificate of Education). Any calculator used must be on
the Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board list of approved calculators. Candidates should be able to: 1.
add, subtract, multiply and divide;
2.
use averages, decimals, fractions, percentages, ratios and reciprocals;
3.
recognise and use standard notation;
4.
use direct and inverse proportion;
5.
use positive, whole number indices;
6.
draw charts and graphs from given data;
7.
interpret charts and graphs;
8.
select suitable scales and axes for graphs;
9.
make approximate evaluations of numerical expressions;
10.
recognise and use the relationship between length, surface area and volume, and their units on metric scales;
11.
recognise and convert between appropriate units;
12.
solve equations of the form x = yz for any one term when the other two are known;
13.
comprehend and use the symbols/notations <, >, =, /, oc;
14.
comprehend how to handle numerical work so that significant figures are neither lost unnecessarily nor used beyond what is justifie
47
3
beryllium
II
4 24 Mg
9
88
87
89
57
*
59
232protactinium Th 91 90
58
3
61
238neptunium U 93 92
60
75
26 101 Ru
56 Fe
1
77
94
plutonium
62
samarium
95
americium
63
europium
28 106 Pd
59 Ni
96
64
gadolinium
65
97
98
californium
66
67
165 Ho
81
204 Tl
49
99
14 73 Ge
antimony
100
68
polonium
69
101
nobelium
ytterbium
169 Tm
83
209 Bi
51
33 122 Sb
selenium
15 75 As
71
175 Lu
85
53
35 127 I
17 80 Br
35.5 Cl
9
19 F
103
lawrencium
102
70
173 Yb
84
52
34 128 Te
16 79 Se
32 S
8
7 31 P
16 O 14 N
mendelevium
167 Er
82
207 Pb
50
32 119 Sn
germanium
31 115 In
einsteinium
162 Dy
80
201
48
30 112 Cd
13 70 Ga
V
phosphorus
28 Si
6
5 27 Al
12 C
IV
11 B
III
aluminium
65 Zn
dysprosium
159 Tb
79
47 197
cadmium
29 108
64 Cu
berkelium
157 Gd
78
195 Pt
46
palladium
192 Ir
45
27 103 Rh
59 Co
150 Sm 152 Eu
76
190 Os
44
ruthenium
186 Re
43
promethium
144 Nd
74
neodymium
141 Pr
73
184 W
42
25
technetium
24 96 Mo
molybdenum
181 Ta
41
Praseodymium
140 Ce
72
178 Hf
40
55 Mn
manganese
52 Cr
chromium
23 93 Nb
um
51 V
hydrogen
1
Group
The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.). 48
-103 Actinoid series
-71 Lanthanoid series
56
55
137 Ba
133 Cs
22 91 Zr
48 Ti
atomic number
Key relative atomic mass atomic symbol
zirconium
139 La
39
21 89 Y
lanthanum
38
um
45 Sc
scandium
20 88 Sr
37
19 85 Rb
potassium
23 Na 11 magnesium 12 40 Ca 39 K
I
The Periodic Table of the Elements
5072 CHEMISTRY (WITH SPA) O LEVEL (2009)
0
86
54
36 131 Xe
18 84 Kr
40 Ar
10
2 20 Ne
4
5072 CHEMISTRY (WITH SPA) O LEVEL (2009)
Colours of Some Common Metal Hydroxides aluminium hydroxide calcium hydroxide copper(II) hydroxide iron(II) hydroxide iron(III) hydroxide lead(II) hydroxide zinc hydroxide
white white light blue green red-brown white white
49
5072 CHEMISTRY (WITH SPA) O LEVEL (2009)
2.3
Physics 5058 Syllabus 2009
PHYSICS Ordinary Level (Syllabus 5058)
CONTENTS _______________________________________ Page NOTES
1
INTRODUCTION
2
AIMS
2
ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES
3
SCHEME OF ASSESSMENT
5
CONTENT STRUCTURE
6
SUBJECT CONTENT
7
SUMMARY OF KEY QUANTITIES, SYMBOLS AND UNITS
19
PRACTICAL GUIDELINES
20
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
21
NOTES Nomenclature
The proposals in 'Signs, Symbols and Systematics (The Association for Science Education Companion to 16-19
Science, 2000)' will generally be adopted. 3
It is intended that, in order to avoid difficulties arising out of the use of l as the symbol for litre, use of dm in place of l or litre will be made. Units, significant figures
Candidates should be aware that misuse of units and/or significant figures, i.e. failure to quote units where
necessary, the inclusion of units in quantities defined as ratios or quoting answers to an inappropriate number of
significant figures, is liable to be penalised. 50
5072 CHEMISTRY (WITH SPA) O LEVEL (2009)
Calculators
Any calculator used must be on the Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board list of approved
calculators.
INTRODUCTION
The 'O' level physics syllabus provides students with a coherent understanding of energy, matter, and their
interrelationships. It focuses on investigating natural phenomena and then applying patterns, models (including
mathematical ones), principles, theories and laws to explain the physical behaviour of the universe. The theories
and concepts presented in this syllabus belong to a branch of physics commonly referred to as classical
physics. Modern physics, developed to explain the quantum properties at the atomic and sub-atomic level, is
built on knowledge of these classical theories and concepts.
Students should think of physics in terms of scales. Whereas the classical theories such as Newton's laws of
motion apply to common physical systems that are larger than the size of atoms, a more comprehensive theory,
quantum theory, is needed to describe systems that are very small, at the atomic and sub-atomic scales, or that
move very fast, close to the speed of light. It is at this atomic and sub-atomic scale that physicists are currently
making new discoveries and inventing new applications.
It is envisaged that teaching and learning programmes based on this syllabus would feature a wide variety of
learning experiences designed to promote acquisition of scientific expertise and understanding, and to develop
values and attitudes relevant to science. Teachers are encouraged to use a combination of appropriate 51
5072 CHEMISTRY (WITH SPA) O LEVEL (2009)
strategies to effectively engage and challenge their students. It is expected that students will apply investigative
and problem-solving skills, effectively communicate the theoretical concepts covered in this course and
appreciate the contribution physics makes to our understanding of the physical world.
AIMS These are not listed in order of priority. The aims are to: 1. provide, through well-designed studies of experimental and practical Physics, a worthwhile educational experience for all students, whether or not they go on to study science beyond this level and, in particular, to enable them to acquire sufficient understanding and knowledge to
2.
1.1
become confident citizens in a technological world, able to take or develop an informed interest in matters of scientific importance;
1.2
recognise the usefulness, and limitations, of scientific method and to appreciate its applicability in other disciplines and in everyday life;
1.3
be suitably prepared and stimulated for studies beyond Ordinary level in Physics, in applied sciences or in science-dependent vocational courses.
develop abilities and skills that 2.1
are relevant to the study and practice of science;
2.2
are useful in everyday life;
2.3
encourage efficient and safe practice;
2.4
encourage effective communication. 3.
develop attitudes relevant to science such as
concern for accuracy and precision objectivity; integrity; enquiry; initiative; inventiveness. 4.
stimulate interest in and care for the local and global environment.
5.
promote an awareness that 5.1
the study and practice of science are co-operative and cumulative activities, and are subject to social, economic, technological, ethical and cultural influences and limitations;
5.2
the applications of sciences may be both beneficial and detrimental to the individual, the community and the environment;
5.3
science transcends national boundaries and that the language of science, correctly and rigorously applied, is universal;
5.4
the use of information technology (IT) is important for communications, as an aid to experiments and as a tool for the interpretation of experimental and theoretical results.
52
5072 CHEMISTRY (WITH SPA) O LEVEL (2009)
ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES ____________________________ A
Knowledge with Understanding
Students should be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding in relation to: 1.
scientific phenomena, facts, laws, definitions, concepts, theories;
2.
scientific vocabulary, terminology, conventions (including symbols, quantities and units contained in 'Signs, Symbols and Systematics 16-19', Association for Science Education, 2000);
3.
scientific instruments and apparatus, including techniques of operation and aspects of safety;
4.
scientific quantities and their determination;
5.
scientific and technological applications with their social, economic and environmental implications.
The subject content defines the factual knowledge that candidates may be required to recall and explain.
Questions testing those objectives will often begin with one of the following words: define, state, describe,
explain or outline. (See the glossary of terms.) B
Handling Information and Solving Problems
Students should be able - in words or by using symbolic, graphical and numerical forms of presentation - to: 1.
locate, select, organise and present information from a variety of sources;
2.
translate information from one form to another;
3.
manipulate numerical and other data;
4.
use information to identify patterns, report trends and draw inferences;
5.
present reasoned explanations for phenomena, patterns and relationships;
6.
make predictions and propose hypotheses;
7.
solve problems.
These assessment objectives cannot be precisely specified in the subject content because questions testing
such skills may be based on information which is unfamiliar to the candidate. In answering such questions,
candidates are required to use principles and concepts that are within the syllabus and apply them in a logical,
reasoned or deductive manner to a novel situation. Questions testing these objectives will often begin with one
of the following words: predict, suggest, calculate or determine. (See the glossary of terms.) C
Experimental Skills and Investigations 53
5072 CHEMISTRY (WITH SPA) O LEVEL (2009) Students should able to: 1.
follow a sequence of instructions;
2.
use techniques, apparatus and materials;
3.
make and record observations, measurements and estimates;
4.
interpret and evaluate observations and experimental results;
5.
plan investigations, select techniques, apparatus and materials;
6.
evaluate methods and suggest possible improvements.
Weighting of Assessment Objectives Theory Papers (Papers 1 and 2)
A
Knowledge with Understanding, approximately 55% of the marks with approximately 20% allocated to recall.
B
Handling Information and Solving Problems, approximately 45% of the marks. School-
Based Science Practical Assessment (SPA) (Paper 3) C Investigations, 100% of the marks.
54
Experimental Skills and
5058 PHYSICS (WITH SPA) ORDINARY LEVEL 2009
SCHEME OF ASSESSMENT Candidates are required to enter for Papers 1, 2 and 3. Paper 1 (1 h, 40 marks), consisting of 40 compulsory multiple choice items of the direct Paper Type of Paper Duration Marks Weighting Multiple Choice 30% Structured and Free Response 1 h 45 min 50% School-based Science Practical Assessment (SPA) 20%
choice type. Theory papers Paper 2 (1 h 45 min, 80 marks),
consisting of two sections.
Section A will carry 50 marks and will consist of a variable number of
compulsory structured questions.
Section B will carry 30 marks and will consist of three questions. The
first two questions are compulsory questions, one of which will be a
data-based question requiring candidates to interpret, evaluate or
solve problems using a stem of information. This question will carry 8-
12 marks. The last question will be presented in an either/or form and
will carry 10 marks. School-based Science Practical Assessment (SPA) Paper 3 (96 marks)
The School-based Science Practical Assessment (SPA) will be conducted to assess appropriate aspects of
objectives C1 to C6. SPA will take place over an appropriate period that the candidates are offering the subject.
The assessment of science practical skills is grouped into 3 skill sets: Skill set 1 - Performing and Observing 55
5058 PHYSICS (WITH SPA) ORDINARY LEVEL 2009 Skill set 2 - Analysing Skill set 3 - Planning Each candidate is to be assessed only twice for each of skill sets 1 and 2 and only once for skill set 3. Weighting and Marks Computation of the 3 Skill Sets The overall level of performance of each skill set (skill sets 1, 2 and 3) is the sum total of the level of performance The weighting and marks computation of the skill sets are as follows: Skill Set
No. of Assessments (a)
Max Marks per Assessment (b)
Weight (c)
Sub-total (a x b x c) 2 x 6 x 4 = 48 50% 2 x 4 x 3 = 24 25% 1 x 4 x 6 = 24
Total Marks for SPA
25% 96
Please refer to the SPA Information Booklet for more detailed information on the conduct of SPA. of each strand within the skill set.
CONTENT STRUCTURE I. II.
III.
IV.
Section MEASUREMENT NEWTONIAN MECHANICS
THERMAL PHYSICS
WAVES
Topics 1. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement 2.
Kinematics
3.
Dynamics
4.
Mass, Weight and Density
5.
Turning Effect of Forces
6.
Pressure
7.
Energy, Work and Power
8.
Kinetic Model of Matter
9.
Transfer of Thermal Energy
10.
Temperature
11.
Thermal Properties of Matter
12.
General Wave Properties
13.
Light
14.
Electromagnetic Spectrum 56
Weighting
5058 PHYSICS (WITH SPA) ORDINARY LEVEL 2009
V.
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
15.
Sound
16.
Static Electricity
17.
Current of Electricity
18.
D.C. Circuits
19.
Practical Electricity
20.
Magnetism
21.
Electromagnetism
22.
Electromagnetic Induction
SUBJECT CONTENT SECTION I: MEASUREMENT Overview
In order to gain a better understanding of the physical world, scientists use a process of investigation commonly
known as the "scientific method". Galileo Galilei, one of the earliest architects of this method, believed that the
study of science had a strong logical basis that involved precise definitions of terms and a mathematical structure
to express relationships.
In this section, we examine how a small set of base physical quantities and units is used to describe all other
physical quantities. These precisely defined quantities and units, with accompanying order-of-ten prefixes (e.g.
milli, centi and kilo) can then be used to describe the interactions between objects in systems that range from
celestial objects in space to sub-atomic particles. 1.
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
Content •
Physical quantities
•
SI units
•
Prefixes
•
Scalars and vectors
•
Measurement of length and time
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: 57
5058 PHYSICS (WITH SPA) ORDINARY LEVEL 2009 (a)
show understanding that all physical quantities consist of a numerical magnitude and a unit (b) recall the following base quantities and their units: mass (kg), length (m), time (s), current (A), temperature (K), amount of substance (mol) (c) use the following prefixes and their symbols to indicate decimal sub-multiples and multiples of the SI units: nano (n), micro (p.), milli (m), centi (c), deci (d), kilo (k), mega (M) (d) show an understanding of the orders of magnitude of the sizes of common objects ranging from a typical atom to the Earth
(e)
state what is meant by scalar and vector quantities and give common examples of each
(f)
add two vectors to determine a resultant by a graphical method (g) describe how to measure a variety of lengths with appropriate accuracy by means of tapes, rules, micrometers and calipers, using a vernier scale as necessary
(h) describe how to measure a short interval of time including the period of a simple pendulum with appropriate accuracy using stopwatches or appropriate instruments SECTION II: NEWTONIAN MECHANICS Overview
Mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of motion and its causes. Through a careful process
of observation and experimentation, Galileo Galilei discovered the flaws in Aristotle's ideas of the motion of
objects that dominated physics for about 2,000 years. Galileo's approach, which is now a standard procedure in
physics, involved studying an idealised system in which complicating factors (like friction) are absent, and then
transferring this understanding to a real physical process with its complexities and subtleties. But the greatest
contribution to the development of mechanics is from arguably the greatest physicist of all time, Isaac Newton.
Newton's three laws of motion and his law of universal gravitation, developed in the seventeenth century, have
been successfully applied to explain and predict motion of terrestrial as well as celestial objects. He showed that
nature is governed by a few special rules or laws that can be expressed in mathematical formulas. Newton's
combination of logical experimentation and mathematical analysis shaped the way science has been done ever
since.
58
5058 PHYSICS (WITH SPA) ORDINARY LEVEL 2009
In this section, we examine important concepts in mechanics which include speed, velocity, acceleration, force,
gravitational field and energy conversion and conservation. Analysis of the motion of an object is performed using
free-body and vector diagrams, graphical analysis as well as mathematical formulas. Examples of the effects of
forces introduced include the moment of a force and pressure. The law of conservation of energy and two
important physical quantities, work and power, are introduced to study and explain the interactions between
objects in a system. 2. Kinematics Content •
Speed, velocity and acceleration
•
Graphical analysis of motion
•
Free-fall
•
Effect of air resistance
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
state what is meant by speed and velocity
(b)
calculate average speed using distance travelled / time taken (c) state what is meant by uniform acceleration and calculate the value of an acceleration using change in velocity / time taken
(d)
interpret given examples of non-uniform acceleration
(e)
plot and interpret a distance-time graph and a speed-time graph
(f)
deduce from the shape of a distance-time graph when a body is: (i) (ii) (iii)
(g)
at rest moving with uniform speed moving with non-uniform speed
deduce from the shape of a speed-time graph when a body is: (i) at rest (ii) moving with uniform speed (iii) moving with uniform acceleration (iv) moving with non-uniform acceleration (h) calculate the area under a speed-time graph to determine the distance travelled for motion with uniform speed or uniform acceleration (i) state that the acceleration of free fall for a body near to the Earth is constant and is approximately 10 m/s2
(j) 3.
describe the motion of bodies with constant weight falling with or without air resistance, including reference to terminal velocity Dynamics
Content •
Balanced and unbalanced forces 59
5058 PHYSICS (WITH SPA) ORDINARY LEVEL 2009 •
Free-body diagram
•
Friction Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
describe the effect of balanced and unbalanced forces on a body
(b)
describe the ways in which a force may change the motion of a body (c) identify forces acting on an object and draw free body diagram(s) representing the forces acting on the object (for cases involving forces acting in at most 2 dimensions) (d) solve problems for a static point mass under the action of 3 forces for 2-dimensional cases (a graphical method would suffice) (e) recall and apply the relationship resultant force = mass x acceleration to new situations or to solve related problems
(f)
explain the effects of friction on the motion of a body
4.
Mass, Weight and Density
Content •
Mass and weight
•
Gravitational field and field strength
•
Density Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
state that mass is a measure of the amount of substance in a body
(b)
state that the mass of a body resists a change in the state of rest or motion of the body (inertia) (c) state that a gravitational field is a region in which a mass experiences a force due to gravitational attraction
(d)
define gravitational field strength g as gravitational force per unit mass (e) recall and apply the relationship weight = mass x gravitational field strength to new situations or to solve related problems
(f)
distinguish between mass and weight (g) recall and apply the relationship density = mass / volume to new situations or to solve related problems
5.
Turning Effect of Forces
Content •
Moments
•
Centre of gravity
•
Stability Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
describe the moment of a force in terms of its turning effect and relate this to everyday examples
(c)
(b) recall and apply the relationship moment of a force (or torque) = force x perpendicular distance from the pivot to new situations or to solve related problems state the principle of moments for a body in equilibrium
(d)
apply the principle of moments to new situations or to solve related problems (e) show understanding that the weight of a body may be taken as acting at a single point known as its centre of gravity
(f)
describe qualitatively the effect of the position of the centre of gravity on the stability of objects
60
5058 PHYSICS (WITH SPA) ORDINARY LEVEL 2009 6.
Pressure
Content •
Pressure
•
Pressure differences
•
Pressure measurement
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
define the term pressure in terms of force and area (b) recall and apply the relationship pressure = force / area to new situations or to solve related problems (c) describe and explain the transmission of pressure in hydraulic systems with particular reference to the hydraulic press
(d)
recall and apply the relationship pressure due to a liquid column = height of column x density of the liquid x gravitational field strength to new situations or to solve related problems
(e)
describe how the height of a liquid column may be used to measure the atmospheric pressure
(f)
describe the use of a manometer in the measurement of pressure difference
7.
Energy, Work and Power
Content •
Energy conversion and conservation
•
Work
•
Power Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a) show understanding that kinetic energy, elastic potential energy, gravitational potential energy, chemical potential energy and thermal energy are examples of different forms of energy (b)
state the principle of the conservation of energy
(c)
apply the principle of the conservation of energy to new situations or to solve related problems 2
(d) state that kinetic energy Ek = % mv and gravitational potential energy Ep = mgh (for potential energy changes near the Earth's surface) (e) apply the relationships for kinetic energy and potential energy to new situations or to solve related problems (f) recall and apply the relationship work done = force x distance moved in the direction of the force to new situations or to solve related problems (g) recall and apply the relationship power = work done / time taken to new situations or to solve related problems SECTION III:
THERMAL PHYSICS
Overview
Nearly all the energy we use come from the Sun. Solar energy provides an almost infinite source of heat which is
essential for plants and animals. Early scientists thought of heat as some kind of invisible, massless fluid called
"caloric" that flowed into objects when they are heated. This view, which endured for some time as it was
61
5058 PHYSICS (WITH SPA) ORDINARY LEVEL 2009
adequate for explaining many thermodynamic phenomena, was eventually proven wrong by the famous Joule
experiment. The results of this experiment showed that heat is a form of energy.
In this section, we examine how changes in temperature or state of matter are related to internal energy and heat
(or more precisely, thermal energy transfer). The kinetic model of matter is used to explain and predict the
physical properties and changes of matter in terms of the microscopic molecular interactions level. The different
processes of thermal energy transfer are introduced, together with the thermal properties, such as specific heat
capacity and latent heat, of matter. 8.
Kinetic Model of Matter
Content •
States of matter
•
Brownian motion
•
Kinetic model
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
compare the properties of solids, liquids and gases
(b)
describe qualitatively the molecular structure of solids, liquids and gases, relating their properties to the forces and distances between molecules and to the motion of the molecules
(c)
infer from Brownian motion experiments the evidence for the movement of molecules
(d)
describe the relationship between the motion of molecules and temperature
(e)
explain the pressure of a gas in terms of the motion of its molecules
(f)
recall and explain the following relationships using the kinetic model (stating of the corresponding gas laws is not required): (i) a change in pressure of a fixed mass of gas at constant volume is caused by a change in temperature of the gas (ii) a change in volume occupied by a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure is caused by a change in temperature of the gas (iii) a change in pressure of a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature is caused by a change in volume of the gas
(g)
use the relationships in (f) in related situations and to solve problems (a qualitative treatment would suffice)
9.
Transfer of Thermal Energy
Content •
Conduction
•
Convection
•
Radiation
Learning Outcomes: 62
5058 PHYSICS (WITH SPA) ORDINARY LEVEL 2009 Candidates should be able to: (a) show understanding that thermal energy is transferred from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature (b) (c)
describe, in molecular terms, how energy transfer occurs in solids describe, in terms of density changes, convection in fluids (d) explain that energy transfer of a body by radiation does not require a material medium and the rate of energy transfer is affected by: (i) colour and texture of the surface (ii) surface temperature (iii) surface area
(e)
apply the concept of thermal energy transfer to everyday applications
10.
Temperature
Content •
Principles of thermometry
•
Thermocouple thermometers
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a) explain how a physical property which varies with temperature may be used to define temperature scales and state examples of such properties (b)
explain the need for fixed points and state what is meant by ice point and steam point (c) discuss the action of a thermocouple thermometer, showing an understanding of its use for measuring high temperatures and temperatures which vary rapidly (knowledge of the Seebeck effect is not required)
11.
Thermal Properties of Matter
Content •
Internal energy
•
Specific heat capacity
•
Melting, boiling and evaporation
•
Specific latent heat Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a) describe a rise in temperature of a body in terms of an increase in its internal energy (random thermal energy) (b)
define the terms heat capacity and specific heat capacity (c) recall and apply the relationship thermal energy = mass x specific heat capacity x change in temperature to new situations or to solve related problems (d) describe melting/solidification and boiling/condensation as processes of energy transfer without a change in temperature (e)
(f)
explain the difference between boiling and evaporation
define the terms latent heat and specific latent heat (g) recall and apply the relationship thermal energy = mass x specific latent heat to new situations or to solve related problems (h)
explain latent heat in terms of molecular behaviour
(i)
sketch and interpret a cooling curve SECTION IV: WAVES Overview
63
5058 PHYSICS (WITH SPA) ORDINARY LEVEL 2009
Waves are inherent in our everyday lives. How we hear, see and communicate is due to the way waves travel
and transfer energy. Much of our understanding of wave phenomena has been accumulated over the centuries
through the study of light (optics) and sound (acoustics). In this section, we examine the nature of waves and
wave propagation and its uses by studying the properties of light, electromagnetic waves and sound, and their
applications in communication, home appliances, and medical and industrial use. 12.
General Wave Properties
Content •
Describing wave motion
•
Wave terms
•
Longitudinal and transverse waves Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
describe what is meant by wave motion as illustrated by vibrations in ropes and springs and by waves in a ripple tank
(b)
show understanding that waves transfer energy without transferring matter
(c)
define speed, frequency, wavelength, period and amplitude (d)
state what is meant by the term wavefront
(e)
recall and apply the relationship velocity = frequency x wavelength to new situations or to solve related problems
(f)
compare transverse and longitudinal waves and give suitable examples of each
13.
Light
Content •
Reflection of light
•
Refraction of light
•
Thin lenses Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
recall and use the terms for reflection, including normal, angle of incidence and angle of reflection
(b) state that, for reflection, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection and use this principle in constructions, measurements and calculations (c)
recall and use the terms for refraction, including normal, angle of incidence and angle of refraction
(d) recall and apply the relationship sin i / sin r = constant to new situations or to solve related problems (e) define refractive index of a medium in terms of the ratio of speed of light in vacuum and in the medium (f)
explain the terms critical angle and total internal reflection (g) identify the main ideas in total internal reflection and apply them to the use of optical fibres in telecommunication and state the advantages of their use (h)
describe the action of a thin lens (both converging and diverging) on a beam of light 64
5058 PHYSICS (WITH SPA) ORDINARY LEVEL 2009 (i) (j) 14.
define the term focal length for a converging lens draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of real and virtual images of an object by a thin converging lens Electromagnetic Spectrum
Content •
Properties of electromagnetic waves
•
Applications of electromagnetic waves
•
Effects of electromagnetic waves on cells and tissue Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
state that all electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that travel with the same speed in vacuo and state the magnitude of this speed
(b)
describe the main components of the electromagnetic spectrum
(c)
state examples of the use of the following components: (i) radio waves (e.g. radio and television communication) (ii) microwaves (e.g. microwave oven and satellite television) (iii) infra-red (e.g. infra-red remote controllers and intruder alarms) (iv) light (e.g. optical fibres for medical uses and telecommunications) (v) ultra-violet (e.g. sunbeds and sterilisation) (vi) X-rays (e.g. radiological and engineering applications) (vii) gamma rays (e.g. medical treatment)
(d)
describe the effects of absorbing electromagnetic waves, e.g. heating, ionisation and damage to living cells and tissue
15.
Sound
Content •
Sound waves
•
Speed of sound
•
Echo
•
Ultrasound Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
describe the production of sound by vibrating sources (b) describe the longitudinal nature of sound waves in terms of the processes of compression and rarefaction (c) explain that a medium is required in order to transmit sound waves and the speed of sound differs in air, liquids and solids (d) describe a direct method for the determination of the speed of sound in air and make the necessary calculation
(e)
relate loudness of a sound wave to its amplitude and pitch to its frequency (f) describe how the reflection of sound may produce an echo, and how this may be used for measuring distances (g)
SECTION V:
define ultrasound and describe one use of ultrasound, e.g. quality control and pre-natal scanning ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
Overview
For a long time, electricity and magnetism were seen as independent phenomena. Then in 1820, Hans Christian
Oersted announced that he had observed a compass needle being deflected by an electrical current in a nearby
65
5058 PHYSICS (WITH SPA) ORDINARY LEVEL 2009
wire. The exact relationship between an electric current and the magnetic field it produced was deduced mainly
through the work of Andre Marie Ampere. However, the final major discoveries in electromagnetism were made
by two of the greatest names in physics, Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell.
In this section, we examine the interaction and effects of electric charges; the relationship between current flow,
resistance, potential difference, charge, energy and power in electrical circuits; effects of magnetism and
applications of electromagnetism and electromagnetic induction. The concepts of electric and magnetic fields are
introduced as regions of space in which electric charges and magnets experience a force respectively. 16.
Static Electricity
Content •
Laws of electrostatics
•
Principles of electrostatics
•
Electric field
•
Applications of electrostatics
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
state that there are positive and negative charges and that charge is measured in coulombs
(b)
state that unlike charges attract and like charges repel
(c)
describe an electric field as a region in which an electric charge experiences a force (d) draw the electric field of an isolated point charge and recall that the direction of the field lines gives the direction of the force acting on a positive test charge
(e)
draw the electric field pattern between 2 isolated point charges
(f)
show understanding that electrostatic charging by rubbing involves a transfer of electrons
(g)
describe experiments to show electrostatic charging by induction
(h)
describe examples where electrostatic charging may be a potential hazard
(i)
describe an example of the use of electrostatic charging e.g. photocopier and laser printer
17.
Current of Electricity
Content •
Conventional current and electron flow
•
Electromotive force
•
Potential Difference
•
Resistance Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to:
(a)
state that current is a rate of flow of charge and that it is measured in amperes
(b)
distinguish between conventional current and electron flow 66
5058 PHYSICS (WITH SPA) ORDINARY LEVEL 2009 (c) recall and apply the relationship charge = current x time to new situations or to solve related problems (d) define electromotive force (e.m.f.) as the work done by a source in driving a unit charge around a complete circuit (e)
calculate the total e.m.f. where several sources are arranged in series (f) state that the e.m.f. of a source and the potential difference (p.d.) across a circuit component is measured in volts (g) define the p.d. across a component in a circuit as the work done to drive a unit charge through the component
(h)
state the definition that resistance = p.d. / current
(i)
apply the relationship R = V/I to new situations or to solve related problems
(j) describe an experiment to determine the resistance of a metallic conductor using a voltmeter and an ammeter, and make the necessary calculations (k) recall and apply the formulae for the effective resistance of a number of resistors in series and in parallel to new situations or to solve related problems (l) recall and apply the relationship of the proportionality between resistance and the length and cross-sectional area of a wire to new situations or to solve related problems (m) state Ohm's Law (n)
describe the effect of temperature increase on the resistance of a metallic conductor (0) sketch and interpret the I/ V characteristic graphs for a metallic conductor at constant temperature, for a filament lamp and for a semiconductor diode
(p)
show an understanding of the use of a diode as a rectifier
18.
D.C. Circuits Content
•
Current and potential difference in circuits
•
Series and parallel circuits
•
Potential divider circuit
•
Thermistor and light-dependent resistor
•
Use of cathode-ray oscilloscope Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
draw circuit diagrams with power sources (cell or battery), switches, lamps, resistors (fixed and variable), fuses, ammeters and voltmeters, bells, light-dependent resistors, thermistors and light-emitting diodes
(b)
state that the current at every point in a series circuit is the same and apply the principle to new situations or to solve related problems.
(c)
state that the sum of the potential differences in a series circuit is equal to the potential difference across the whole circuit and apply the principle to new situations or to solve related problems.
(d)
state that the current from the source is the sum of the currents in the separate branches of a parallel circuit and apply the principle to new situations or to solve related problems
(e)
state that the potential difference across the separate branches of a parallel circuit is the same and apply the principle to new situations or to solve related problems
(f)
recall and apply the relevant relationships, including R = V/I and those for current, potential differences and resistors in series and in parallel circuits, in calculations involving a whole circuit
(g)
describe the action of a variable potential divider (potentiometer)
(h)
describe the action of thermistors and light-dependent resistors and explain their use as input transducers in potential dividers
(1)
solve simple circuit problems involving thermistors and light-dependent resistors
(j) describe the use of a cathode-ray oscilloscope (c.r.o.) to display waveforms and to measure p.d.s and short intervals of time (detailed circuits, structure and operation of the c.r.o. are not required) (k) interpret c.r.o. displays of waveforms, p.d.s and time intervals to solve related problems 67
5058 PHYSICS (WITH SPA) ORDINARY LEVEL 2009 19.
Practical Electricity
Content •
Electric power and energy
•
Dangers of electricity
•
Safe use of electricity in the home Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a) describe the use of the heating effect of electricity in appliances such as electric kettles, ovens and heaters (b) (c) (d)
recall and apply the relationships P = VI and E = VIt to new situations or to solve related problems
calculate the cost of using electrical appliances where the energy unit is the kWh state the hazards of using electricity in the following situations: (i) damaged insulation (ii) overheating of cables (iii) damp conditions
(e)
explain the use of fuses and circuit breakers in electrical circuits and of fuse ratings
(f)
explain the need for earthing metal cases and for double insulation
(g)
state the meaning of the terms live, neutral and earth
(h)
describe the wiring in a mains plug
(i)
explain why switches, fuses, and circuit breakers are wired into the live conductor
20.
Magnetism
Content •
Laws of magnetism
•
Magnetic properties of matter
•
Magnetic field Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
state the properties of magnets
(b)
describe induced magnetism
(c)
describe electrical methods of magnetisation and demagnetisation
(d)
draw the magnetic field pattern around a bar magnet and between the poles of two bar magnets
(e)
describe the plotting of magnetic field lines with a compass
(f)
distinguish between the properties and uses of temporary magnets (e.g. iron) and permanent magnets (e.g. steel)
21.
Electromagnetism
Content •
Magnetic effect of a current
•
Applications of the magnetic effect of a current
•
Force on a current-carrying conductor
•
The d.c. motor Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
draw the pattern of the magnetic field due to currents in straight wires and in solenoids and state the effect on the magnetic field of changing the magnitude and/or direction of the current
(b)
describe the application of the magnetic effect of a current in a circuit breaker
68
5058 PHYSICS (WITH SPA) ORDINARY LEVEL 2009 (c)
describe experiments to show the force on a current-carrying conductor, and on a beam of charged particles, in a magnetic field, including the effect of reversing (i) the current (ii) the direction of the field
(d)
deduce the relative directions of force, field and current when any two of these quantities are at right angles to each other using Fleming's left-hand rule
(e)
describe the field patterns between currents in parallel conductors and relate these to the forces which exist between the conductors (excluding the Earth's field)
(f)
explain how a current-carrying coil in a magnetic field experiences a turning effect and that the effect is increased by increasing (i) the number of turns on the coil (ii) the current
(g)
discuss how this turning effect is used in the action of an electric motor
(h)
describe the action of a split-ring commutator in a two-pole, single-coil motor and the effect of winding the coil on to a soft-iron cylinder
22.
Electromagnetic Induction
Content •
Principles of electromagnetic induction
•
The a.c. generator
•
The transformer Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
deduce from Faraday's experiments on electromagnetic induction or other appropriate experiments: (i) that a changing magnetic field can induce an e.m.f. in a circuit (ii) that the direction of the induced e.m.f. opposes the change producing it (iii) the factors affecting the magnitude of the induced e.m.f.
(b)
describe a simple form of a.c. generator (rotating coil or rotating magnet) and the use of slip rings (where needed)
(c)
sketch a graph of voltage output against time for a simple a.c. generator
(d)
describe the structure and principle of operation of a simple iron-cored transformer as used for voltage transformations
(e)
recall and apply the equations VP / Vs = NP / Ns and VPIP = VsIs to new situations or to solve related problems (for an ideal transformer)
(f)
describe the energy loss in cables and deduce the advantages of high voltage transmission
SUMMARY OF KEY QUANTITIES, SYMBOLS AND UNITS Students should be able to state the symbols for the following physical quantities and, where indicated, state the units in which they are measured. Students should be able to define those items indicated by an asterisk (*). Quantity
speed*
ment of
Length
accelerati
force*
Area
on*
work
Volume
accelerati
done*
weight*
on of free
energy
Mass
fall
power*
time
force*
pressur
period*
m
density*
o
e*
69
5058 PHYSICS (WITH SPA) ORDINARY LEVEL 2009 Symbol I, h ... A
atmospheric pressure temperature
Unit km, m, cm, m
V
heat capacity
22
W
specific heat capacity*
m , cm
m, M
latent heat specific latent heat*
33
m , cm
t
N*
T
frequency*
kg, g, mg
p
wavelength*
h, min, s, ms s
u, v a
3
focal length angle of incidence
3
g/cm , kg/m km/h,
g
m/s, cm/s
angles of reflection, refraction
m/s
F, f
2
2
critical angle
m/s , N/kg N
potential difference*/voltage
W, E
Nm
current*
EP
J*
charge
p, P
J, kW h* W*
e.m.f.*
Pa*, N/m
resistance
e, T, t
CcL
2
use of millibar °C, K J/°C, J/K J/(g
I
°C), J/(kg K)
f
J J/kg, J/g Hz
X
m, cm m, cm
f irc
degree (°) degree (°) degree (°)
V I
V*, mV
q, Q
A, mA
ER
C, A s V Q.
PRACTICAL GUIDELINES Scientific subjects are, by their nature, experimental. It is therefore important that the candidates carry out appropriate practical work to support and facilitate the learning of this subject. A list of suggested practical work is provided below. •
Measurements of length, time interval, temperature, volume, mass and weight using the appropriate instruments
•
Determination of the density of solids and liquids
•
Determination of the value of free fall
•
Investigation of the effects of balanced and unbalanced forces
•
Verification and application of the principle of moments
•
Investigation of the factors affecting thermal energy transfer
•
Determination of heat capacities of materials and latent heat of substances 70
5058 PHYSICS (WITH SPA) ORDINARY LEVEL 2009 •
Verification and application of the laws of reflection
•
Determination of the characteristics of optical images formed by plane mirrors
•
Verification and application of the refraction of light through glass blocks
•
Verification and application of the principle of total internal reflection
•
Investigation of the properties of images obtained through a thin converging lens
•
Determination of the speed, wavelength and frequency of sound waves
•
Measurements of current and voltage by using appropriate ammeters and voltmeters
•
Determination of the resistance of a circuit element using appropriate instruments
•
Investigation of the magnetic effect of current in a conductor
•
Investigation of the effects of electromagnetic induction
This is not intended to be an exhaustive list. Reference may be made to the techniques used in these experiments in the theory papers but no detailed description of the experimental procedures will be required.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN PHYSICS PAPERS _________ It is hoped that the glossary will prove helpful to candidates as a guide, although it is not exhaustive. The glossary has been deliberately kept brief not only with respect to the number of terms included but also to the descriptions of their meanings. Candidates should appreciate that the meaning of a term must depend in part on its context. They should also note that the number of marks allocated for any part of a question is a guide to the depth of treatment required for the answer. 1.
Define (the term(s) ...) is intended literally. Only a formal statement or equivalent paraphrase, such as the defining equation with symbols identified, being required.
2.
Explain/What is meant by ... normally implies that a definition should be given, together with some relevant comment on the significance or context of the term(s) concerned, especially where two or more terms are included in the question. The amount of supplementary comment intended should be interpreted in the light of the indicated mark value.
3.
State implies a concise answer with little or no supporting argument, e.g. a numerical answer that can be obtained 'by inspection'.
4.
List requires a number of points with no elaboration. Where a given number of points is specified, this should not be exceeded.
5.
Describe requires candidates to state in words (using diagrams where appropriate) the main points of the topic. It is often used with reference either to particular phenomena or to particular experiments. In the former instance, the term usually implies that the answer should include reference to (visual) observations associated with the phenomena. The amount of description intended should be interpreted in the light of the indicated mark value.
6. 7.
Discuss requires candidates to give a critical account of the points involved in the topic. Predict or deduce implies that candidates are not expected to produce the required answer by recall but by making a logical connection between other pieces of information. Such information may be wholly given in the question or may depend on answers extracted in an earlier part of the question.
8.
Suggest is used in two main contexts. It may either imply that there is no unique answer or that candidates are expected to apply their general knowledge to a 'novel' situation, one that formally may not be 'in the syllabus'.
9.
Calculate is used when a numerical answer is required. In general, working should be shown.
10.
Measure implies that the quantity concerned can be directly obtained from a suitable measuring instrument, e.g. length, using a rule, or angle, using a protractor. 71
5058 PHYSICS (WITH SPA) ORDINARY LEVEL 2009 11.
Determine often implies that the quantity concerned cannot be measured directly but is obtained by calculation, substituting measured or known values of other quantities into a standard formula.
12.
Show is used when an algebraic deduction has to be made to prove a given equation. It is important that the terms being used by candidates are stated explicitly.
13.
Estimate implies a reasoned order of magnitude statement or calculation of the quantity concerned. Candidates should make such simplifying assumptions as may be necessary about points of principle and about the values of quantities not otherwise included in the question.
14. Sketch, when applied to graph work, implies that the shape and/or position of the curve need only be qualitatively correct. However, candidates should be aware that, depending on the context, some quantitative aspects may be looked for, e.g. passing through the origin, having an intercept, asymptote or discontinuity at a particular value. On a sketch graph it is essential that candidates clearly indicate what is being plotted on each axis. Sketch, when applied to diagrams, implies that a simple, freehand drawing is acceptable: nevertheless, care should be taken over proportions and the clear exposition of important details.
2.4
Science 5118, 5117, 5116 Syllabus 2009
72
5058 PHYSICS (WITH SPA) ORDINARY LEVEL 2009
2.4.1 Science ( Physics, Chemistry ) 5116 Syllabus 2009
SCIENCE GCE ORDINARY LEVEL 5116 SCIENCE (PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY) 5117 SCIENCE (PHYSICS, BIOLOGY) 5118 SCIENCE (CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGY)
AIMS ________________________________________________ These are not listed in order of priority.
The aims are to: 1. provide, through well designed studies of experimental and practical science, a worthwhile educational experience for all students, whether or not they go on to study science beyond this level and, in particular, to enable them to acquire sufficient understanding and knowledge to
2.
3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4. 5.
1.1
become confident citizens in a technological world, able to take or develop an informed interest in matters of scientific import;
1.2
recognise the usefulness, and limitations, of scientific method and to appreciate its applicability in other disciplines and in everyday life;
1.3
be suitably prepared for studies beyond Ordinary level in pure sciences, in applied sciences or in science-dependent vocational courses.
develop abilities and skills that 2.1
are relevant to the study and practice of science;
2.2
are useful in everyday life;
2.3
encourage efficient and safe practice;
2.4
encourage effective communication.
develop attitudes relevant to science such as accuracy and precision; objectivity; integrity; enquiry; initiative; inventiveness. stimulate interest in and care for the environment. promote an awareness that 73
5058 PHYSICS (WITH SPA) ORDINARY LEVEL 2009 5.1
the study and practice of science are co-operative and cumulative activities, and are subject to social, economic, technological, ethical and cultural influences and limitations;
5.2
the applications of science may be both beneficial and detrimental to the individual, the community and the environment;
5.3
science transcends national boundaries and that the language of science, correctly and rigorously applied, is universal;
5.4
the use of information technology is important for communications, as an aid to experiments and as a tool for implementation of experimental and theoretical results.
ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES A
Knowledge with Understanding
Students should be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding in relation to: 1.
scientific phenomena, facts, laws, definitions, concepts, theories;
2.
scientific vocabulary, terminology, conventions (including symbols, quantities and units contained in 'Signs, symbols and systematics 16-19', Association for Science Education, 2000);
3.
scientific instruments and apparatus, including techniques of operation and aspects of safety;
4.
scientific quantities and their determination;
5.
scientific and technological applications with their social, economic and environmental implications.
The subject content defines the factual material that candidates need to recall and explain. Questions testing
these objectives will often begin with one of the following words: define, state, describe, explain or outline. (See
the Glossary of Terms) B
Handling Information and Solving Problems
Students should be able - in words or by using other written, symbolic, graphical and numerical forms of
presentation - to: 1.
locate, select, organise and present information from a variety of sources;
2.
translate information from one form to another;
3.
manipulate numerical and other data;
4.
use information to identify patterns, report trends and draw inferences;
5.
present reasoned explanations for phenomena, patterns and relationships;
74
5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2009 C
Experimental Skills and Investigations
Students should be able to: 1.
follow a sequence of instructions;
2.
select and use techniques, apparatus and materials;
3.
make and record observations, measurements and estimates;
4.
interpret and evaluate observations and experimental results;
5.
plan investigations, select techniques, apparatus and materials;
6.
evaluate methods and suggest possible improvements. Weighting of Assessment Objectives Theory Papers (Papers 1, 2, 3 and 4)
A
Knowledge with Understanding, approximately 60% of the marks with approximately 30% allocated to recall.
B
Handling Information and Solving Problems, approximately 40% of the marks. Practical
Assessment (Paper 5) Paper 5 is designed to test appropriate skills in C, Experimental Skills and Investigations. In one or more of the questions in Paper 5, candidates will be expected to suggest a modification or an extension, which does not need to be executed. Depending on the context in which the modification/extension element is set, the number of marks associated with this element will be in the range of 10% to 20% of the total marks available for the practical test.
Candidates are required to enter for Paper 1, Paper 5 and two of Papers 2, 3 and 4. Paper 1 2 3 4 5
Type of Paper Multiple Choice Structured and Free Response (Physics) Structured and Free Response (Chemistry) Structured and Free Response (Biology) Practical Test
Duration 1h 1 h 15 min 1 h 15 min 1 h 15 min 1 h 30 min
Science (Physics, Chemistry), Syllabus 5116 Paper 1 will be based on the Physics and Chemistry sections of the syllabus. Paper 2 will be based on the Physics section of the syllabus. Paper 3 will be based on the Chemistry section of the syllabus. Paper 5 will be based on the Physics and Chemistry sections of the syllabus.
75
Marks 40 65 65 65 30
Weighting 20.0% 32.5% 32.5% 32.5% 15.0%
5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2009
SCHEME OF ASSESSMENT
Science (Physics, Biology), Syllabus 5117
Paper 1 will be based on the Physics and Biology sections of the syllabus.
Paper 2 will be based on the Physics section of the syllabus.
Paper 4 will be based on the Biology section of the syllabus.
Paper 5 will be based on the Physics and Biology sections of the syllabus.
Science (Chemistry, Biology), Syllabus 5118
Paper 1 will be based on the Chemistry and Biology sections of the syllabus.
Paper 3 will be based on the Chemistry section of the syllabus.
Paper 4 will be based on the Biology section of the syllabus.
Paper 5 will be based on the Chemistry and Biology sections of the syllabus. Theory papers Paper 1 (1 h, 40 marks)
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5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2009
This paper
multiple choice questions of the direct choice type providing approximately equal
consists of 40
coverage of the two appropriate sections of the syllabus.
compulsory
This paper will be set at the same time for all three syllabuses, 5116, 5117, 5118.
A copy of the Data Sheet will be printed as part of Paper 1 for syllabus 5116 and
5118. Paper 2 (1 h 15 min, 65 marks)
This paper consists of two sections.
Section A will carry 45 marks and will contain a number of compulsory structured
questions of variable mark value. Paper 3 (1 h 15 min, 65 marks) Section B will carry 20 marks and will contain three questions, each of 10 marks.
Candidates are required to answer any two questions. The questions will be based on the Physics section of the syllabus. Paper 4 (1 h 15 min, 65 marks)
This paper consists of two sections.
Section A will carry 45 marks and will contain a number of compulsory structured
questions of variable mark value.
Section B will carry 20 marks and will contain three questions, each of 10 marks.
Candidates are required to answer any two questions.
77
5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2009
The questions will
printed as part of this Paper. This paper consists of two sections.
be based on the Section A will carry 45 marks and will contain a number of compulsory structured Chemistry section questions of variable mark value. of the syllabus. A Section B will carry 20 marks and will contain three questions, each of 10 marks. copy of the Data Candidates are required to answer any two questions. Sheet will be The questions will be based on the Biology section of the syllabus. Practical assessment
Paper 5 (1 h 30 min, 30 marks) consisting of one or two compulsory questions on each of the two Sciences. The
Physics question(s) will be identical in Papers 5116 and 5117. The Chemistry and the Biology question(s) will,
likewise, be common to the respective papers. This Paper will be set at the same time for all three syllabuses,
5116, 5117, 5118. The use of reference material, other than the Chemistry Practical Notes, is not permitted. In one or both questions, candidates will be expected to suggest a modification or extension, which does not need to be executed.
PHYSICS SECTION INTRODUCTION
The 'O' Science (Physics) Syllabus provides students with a coherent understanding of energy, matter, and their
interrelationships. It focuses on investigating natural phenomena and then applying patterns, models (including
mathematical ones), principles, theories and laws to explain the physical behaviour of the universe. The theories and
78
5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2009
concepts presented in this syllabus belong to a branch of physics commonly referred to as classical physics. Modern
physics, developed to explain the quantum properties at the atomic and sub-atomic level, is built on knowledge of these
classical theories and concepts.
Students should think of physics in terms of scales. Whereas the classical theories such as Newton's laws of motion apply
to common physical systems that are larger than the size of atoms, a more comprehensive theory, quantum theory, is
needed to describe systems that are very small, at the atomic and sub-atomic scales, or that move very fast, close to the
speed of light. It is at this atomic and sub-atomic scale that physicists are currently making new discoveries and inventing
new applications.
It is envisaged that teaching and learning programmes based on this syllabus would feature a wide variety of learning
experiences designed to promote acquisition of scientific expertise and understanding, and to develop values and attitudes
relevant to science. Teachers are encouraged to use a combination of appropriate strategies to effectively engage and
challenge their students. It is expected that students will apply investigative and problem-solving skills, effectively
communicate the theoretical concepts covered in this course and appreciate the contribution physics makes to our
understanding of the physical world.
CONTENT STRUCTURE SECTION I. MEASUREMENT II. NEWTONIAN MECHANICS
1. 2. 3. 4.
79
Topics Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement Kinematics Dynamics Mass, Weight and Density
5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2009
III. THERMAL PHYSICS
IV. WAVES
V. ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
Turning Effect of Forces Pressure Energy, Work and Power Kinetic Model of Matter Transfer of Thermal Energy Thermal Properties of Matter General Wave Properties Light Electromagnetic Spectrum Sound Static Electricity Current of Electricity D.C. Circuits Practical Electricity Magnetism and Electromagnetism
SUBJECT CONTENT SECTION I: MEASUREMENT Overview
In order to gain a better understanding of the physical world, scientists use a process of investigation commonly known as
the "scientific method". Galileo Galilei, one of the earliest architects of this method, believed that the study of science had a
strong logical basis that involved precise definitions of terms and a mathematical structure to express relationships.
In this section, we examine how a small set of base physical quantities and units is used to describe
all other physical quantities. These precisely defined quantities and units, with accompanying order-
of-ten prefixes (e.g. milli, centi and kilo) can then be used to describe the interactions between objects
in systems that range from celestial objects in space to sub-atomic particles.______________________________
1.
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement Content
•
Physical quantities
•
SI units
•
Prefixes
•
Scalars and Vectors
•
Measurement of length and time
Learning Outcomes:
80
5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2009 Candidates should be able to: (a)
show understanding that all physical quantities consist of a numerical magnitude and a unit
(b)
recall the following base quantities and their units: mass (kg), length (m), time (s), current (A), temperature (K)
(c)
use the following prefixes and their symbols to indicate decimal sub-multiples and multiples of the SI units: nano (n), micro milli (m), centi (c), deci (d), kilo (k), mega (M)
(d)
show an understanding of the orders of magnitude of the sizes of common objects ranging from a typical atom to the Earth
(e)
state what is meant by scalar and vector quantities and give common examples of each
(f)
add two vectors to determine a resultant by a graphical method
(g)
describe how to measure a variety of lengths with appropriate accuracy by means of tapes, rules, micrometers and calipers, using a vernier scale as necessary
(h)
describe how to measure a short interval of time including the period of a simple pendulum with appropriate accuracy using stopwatches or appropriate instruments SECTION II: NEWTONIAN MECHANICS Overview
Mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of motion and its causes. Through a careful process of
observation and experimentation, Galileo Galilei discovered the flaws in Aristotle's ideas of the motion of objects that
dominated physics for about 2,000 years. Galileo's approach, which is now a standard procedure in physics, involved
studying an idealised system in which complicating factors (like friction) are absent, and then transferring this
understanding to a real physical process with its complexities and subtleties. But the greatest contribution to the
development of mechanics is from arguably the greatest physicist of all time, Isaac Newton.
Newton's three laws of motion and his law of universal gravitation, developed in the seventeenth century, have been
successfully applied to explain and predict motion of terrestrial as well as celestial objects. He showed that nature is
governed by a few special rules or laws that can be expressed in mathematical formulas. Newton's combination of logical
experimentation and mathematical analysis shaped the way science has been done ever since.
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5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2009
In this section, we examine important concepts in mechanics which include speed, velocity, acceleration, force,
gravitational field and energy conversion and conservation. Analysis of the motion of an object is performed using free-
body and vector diagrams, graphical analysis as well as mathematical formulas. Examples of the effects of forces
introduced include the moment of a force and pressure. The law of conservation of energy and two important physical
quantities, work and power are introduced to study and explain the interactions between objects in a system.
2. Kinematics Content •
Speed, velocity and acceleration
•
Graphical analysis of motion
•
Free-fall
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
state what is meant by speed and velocity
(b)
calculate average speed using distance travelled / time taken
(c)
state what is meant by uniform acceleration and calculate the value of an acceleration using change in velocity / time taken
(d)
interpret given examples of non-uniform acceleration
(e)
plot and interpret a distance-time graph and a speed-time graph
(f)
deduce from the shape of a distance-time graph when a body is: (i) (ii) (iii)
at rest moving with uniform speed moving with non-uniform speed
(g)
deduce from the shape of a speed-time graph when a body is: (i) at rest (ii) moving with uniform speed (iii) moving with uniform acceleration (iv) moving with non-uniform acceleration
(h)
calculate the area under a speed-time graph to determine the distance travelled for motion with uniform speed or uniform acceleration
(i)
state that the acceleration of free fall for a body near to the Earth is constant and is approximately 10 m/s
3.
2
Dynamics Content
•
Balanced and unbalanced forces
•
Free-body diagram
•
Friction Learning Outcomes:
82
5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2009 Candidates should be able to: (a)
describe the effect of balanced and unbalanced forces on a body
(b)
describe the ways in which a force may change the motion of a body
(c)
identify forces acting on an object and draw free body diagram(s) representing the forces acting on the object (for cases involving forces acting in at most 2 dimensions)
(d)
recall and apply the relationship resultant force = mass x acceleration to new situations or to solve related problems
(e)
explain the effects of friction on the motion of a body
4.
Mass, Weight and Density Content
•
Mass and weight
•
Gravitational field and field strength
•
Density
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
state that mass is a measure of the amount of substance in a body
(b)
state that mass of a body resists a change in the state of rest or motion of the body (inertia)
(c)
state that a gravitational field is a region in which a mass experiences a force due to gravitational attraction
(d)
define gravitational field strength, g, as gravitational force per unit mass
(e)
recall and apply the relationship weight = mass x gravitational field strength to new situations or to solve related problems
(f)
distinguish between mass and weight
(g)
recall and apply the relationship density = mass / volume to new situations or to solve related problems
5.
Turning Effect of Forces Content
•
Moments
•
Centre of gravity
•
Stability
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
describe the moment of a force in terms of its turning effect and relate this to everyday examples
(b)
recall and apply the relationship moment of a force (or torque) = force x perpendicular distance from the pivot to new situations or to solve related problems
(c)
state the principle of moments for a body in equilibrium
(d)
apply the principle of moments to new situations or to solve related problems
(e)
show understanding that the weight of a body may be taken as acting at a single point known as its centre of gravity
(f)
describe qualitatively the effect of the position of the centre of gravity on the stability of objects
6.
Pressure Content
83
5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2009 •
Pressure Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
define the term pressure in terms of force and area
(b)
recall and apply the relationship pressure = force / area to new situations or to solve related problems
7.
Energy, Work and Power Content
•
Energy conversion and conservation
•
Work
•
Power
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
show understanding that kinetic energy, elastic potential energy, gravitational potential energy, chemical potential energy and thermal energy are examples of different forms of energy
(b)
state the principle of the conservation of energy
(c)
apply the principle of the conservation of energy to new situations or to solve related problems
(d)
state that kinetic energy Ek = 1A mv2 and gravitational potential energy Ep = mgh (for potential energy changes near the Earth's surface)
(e)
apply the relationships for kinetic energy and potential energy to new situations or to solve related problems
(f)
recall and apply the relationship work done = force x distance moved in the direction of the force to new situations or to solve related problems
(g)
recall and apply the relationship power = work done / time taken to new situations or to solve related problems
SECTION III:
THERMAL PHYSICS
Overview
Nearly all the energy we use come from the Sun. Solar energy provides an almost infinite source of heat which is essential
for plants and animals. Early scientists thought of heat as some kind of invisible, massless fluid called "caloric" that flowed
into objects when they are heated. This view, which endured for some time as it was adequate for explaining many
thermodynamic phenomena, was eventually proven wrong by the famous Joule experiment. The results of this experiment
showed that heat is a form of energy.
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5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2009
In this section, we examine how changes in temperature or state of matter are related to internal energy and heat (or more
precisely, thermal energy transfer). The kinetic model of matter is used to explain and predict the physical properties and
changes of matter in terms of the microscopic molecular interactions level. The different processes of thermal energy
transfer are introduced.
8.
Kinetic Model of Matter Content
•
States of matter
•
Kinetic model Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
compare the properties of solids, liquids and gases
(b)
describe qualitatively the molecular structure of solids, liquids and gases, relating their properties to the forces and distances between molecules and to the motion of the molecules
(c)
describe the relationship between the motion of molecules and temperature
9.
Transfer of Thermal Energy Content
•
Conduction
•
Convection
•
Radiation
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
show understanding that thermal energy is transferred from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature
(b)
describe, in molecular terms, how energy transfer occurs in solids
(c)
describe, in terms of density changes, convection in fluids
(d)
explain that energy transfer of a body by radiation does not require a material medium and the rate of energy transfer is affected by: (i)
colour and texture of the surface
(ii)
surface temperature
(iii)
surface area
(e)
apply the concept of thermal energy transfer to everyday applications
10.
Thermal Properties of Matter Content
•
Internal energy
•
Melting, boiling and evaporation
Learning Outcomes:
85
5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2009 Candidates should be able to: (a)
describe a rise in temperature of a body in terms of an increase in its internal energy (random thermal energy)
(b)
describe melting/solidification and boiling/condensation as processes of energy transfer without a change in temperature
(c)
explain the difference between boiling and evaporation
SECTION IV: WAVES Overview Waves are inherent in our everyday lives. How we hear, see and communicate is due to the way waves travel and transfer energy. Much of our understanding of wave phenomena has been accumulated over the centuries through the study of light (optics) and sound (acoustics). In this section, we examine the nature of waves and wave propagation and its uses by studying the properties of light, electromagnetic waves and sound, and their applications in communication, home appliances, and medical and industrial use.
11.
General Wave Properties Content
•
Describing wave motion
•
Wave terms
•
Longitudinal and transverse waves
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
describe what is meant by wave motion as illustrated by vibrations in ropes and springs and by waves in a ripple tank
(b)
show understanding that waves transfer energy without transferring matter
(c)
define speed, frequency, wavelength, period and amplitude
(d)
state what is meant by the term wavefront
(e)
recall and apply the relationship velocity = frequency x wavelength to new situations or to solve related problems
(f)
compare transverse and longitudinal waves and give suitable examples of each
12.
Light Content
•
Reflection of light
•
Refraction of light
•
Thin converging lenses
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
recall and use the terms for reflection, including normal, angle of incidence and angle of reflection
(b)
state that, for reflection, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection and use this principle in constructions, measurements and calculations
(c)
recall and use the terms for refraction, including normal, angle of incidence and angle of refraction
(d)
recall and apply the relationship sin i / sin r = constant to new situations or to solve related problems
(e)
define refractive index of a medium in terms of the ratio of speed of light in vacuum and in the medium
86
5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2009 (f)
explain the terms critical angle and total internal reflection
(g)
describe the action of a thin converging lens on a beam of light
(h)
define the term focal length for a converging lens
(i)
draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of real and virtual images of an object by a thin converging lens
13.
Electromagnetic Spectrum Content
•
Properties of electromagnetic waves
•
Applications of electromagnetic waves Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
state that all electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that travel with the same speed in vacuo and state the magnitude of this speed
(b)
describe the main components of the electromagnetic spectrum
(c)
state examples of the use of the following components:
14.
(i)
radiowaves (e.g. radio and television communication)
(ii)
microwaves (e.g. microwave oven and satellite television)
(iii)
infra-red (e.g. infra-red remote controllers and intruder alarms)
(iv)
light (e.g. optical fibres for medical uses and telecommunications)
(v)
ultra-violet (e.g. sunbeds and sterilisation)
(vi)
X-rays (e.g. radiological and engineering applications)
(vii)
gamma rays (e.g. medical treatment)
Sound Content
•
Sound waves
•
Speed of sound
•
Echo Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a
describe the production of sound by vibrating sources
)
describe the longitudinal nature of sound waves in terms of the processes of compression and rarefaction
(b ) (c)
explain that a medium is required in order to transmit sound waves and the speed of sound differs in air, liquids and solids
(d
relate loudness of a sound wave to its amplitude and pitch to its frequency
) (e
describe how the reflection of sound may produce an echo, and how this may be used for measuring distances
)
SECTION V:
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM 87
TKGS Science Department Handbook Overview
The investigation of electric currents was triggered by a chance observation of an Italian biologist, Luigi Galvani.
Frog legs that he was preparing twitched when touched by a charged scalpel. This led to his discovery of the role
of electricity in living systems. It was only after the physicist, Allessandro Volta, invented the first type of battery
that the understanding of electricity developed rapidly. Perhaps the greatest achievements in this area came from
a German school teacher, Georg Simon Ohm. Ohm introduced the important quantities of voltage, current, and
resistance and discovered the relationship between them.
Magnetism was first observed when small pieces of iron, nickel and certain other metals were observed to be
attracted by a naturally occurring ore called lodestone. The Chinese were probably the first to discover that a
piece of lodestone will align itself North and South if suspended by a thread or floated on a piece of wood. This
led to the invention of the compass which is an indispensable navigation instrument used by scientists and
travellers.
In this section, we examine the interaction and effects of electric charges; the relationship between current flow,
resistance, potential difference, charge, energy and power in electrical circuits; effects of magnetism and
applications of electromagnetism. The concepts of electric and magnetic fields are introduced as regions of space
in which electric charges and magnets experience a force respectively.
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Static Electricity
Content •
Principles of electrostatics
•
Electric field
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
state that there are positive and negative charges and that charge is measured in coulombs
(b)
state that unlike charges attract and like charges repel
(c)
describe an electric field as a region in which an electric charge experiences a force
(d)
draw the electric field of an isolated point charge and recall that the direction of the field lines gives the direction of the force acting on a positive test charge
(e)
draw the electric field pattern between 2 isolated point charges
16.
Current of Electricity
Content •
Conventional current and electron flow
•
Electromotive force
•
Potential Difference
•
Resistance
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
state that current is a rate of flow of charge and that it is measured in amperes
(b)
distinguish between conventional current and electron flow
(c)
recall and apply the relationship charge = current x time to new situations or to solve related problems
(d)
define electromotive force (e.m.f.) as the work done by a source in driving a unit charge around a complete circuit
(e)
state that the e.m.f. of a source and the potential difference (p.d.) across a circuit component is measured in volts
(f)
define the p.d. across a component in a circuit as the work done to drive a unit charge through the component
(g)
state the definition that resistance = p.d. / current
(h)
apply the relationship R = V/I to new situations or to solve related problems
(i)
describe an experiment to determine the resistance of a metallic conductor using a voltmeter and an ammeter, and make the necessary calculations
(j) recall and apply the formulae for the effective resistance of a number of resistors in series and in parallel to new situations or to solve related problems (k) recall and apply the relationship of the proportionality between resistance and the length and cross-sectional area of a wire to new situations or to solve related problems
17.
D.C. Circuits
Content •
Current and potential difference in circuits
•
Series and parallel circuits
89
TKGS Science Department Handbook Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
draw circuit diagrams with power sources (cell or battery), switches, lamps, resistors (fixed and variable), fuses, ammeters and voltmeters
(b)
state that the current at every point in a series circuit is the same and apply the principle to new situations or to solve related problems
(c)
state that the sum of the potential differences in a series circuit is equal to the potential difference across the whole circuit and apply the principle to new situations or to solve related problems
(d)
state that the current from the source is the sum of the currents in the separate branches of a parallel circuit and apply the principle to new situations or to solve related problems
(e)
state that the potential difference across the separate branches of a parallel circuit is the same and apply the principle to new situations or to solve related problems
(f)
recall and apply the relevant relationships, including R = V/I and those for current, potential differences and resistors in series and in parallel circuits, in calculations involving a whole circuit
18.
Practical Electricity
Content •
Electric power and energy
•
Dangers of electricity
•
Safe use of electricity in the home Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
describe the use of the heating effect of electricity in appliances such as electric kettles, ovens and heaters
(b)
recall and apply the relationships P = VI and E = Vlt to new situations or to solve related problems
(c)
calculate the cost of using electrical appliances where the energy unit is the kWh
(d)
state the hazards of using electricity in the following situations (i)
damaged insulation
(ii)
overheating of cables
(iii)
damp conditions
(e)
explain the use of fuses and circuit breakers in electrical circuits and of fuse ratings
(f)
explain the need for earthing metal cases and for double insulation
(g)
state the meaning of the terms live, neutral and earth
(h)
describe the wiring in a mains plug
(i)
explain why switches, fuses, and circuit breakers are wired into the live conductor
19.
Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Content •
Laws of magnetism
•
Magnetic properties of matter
•
Magnetic field
•
Magnetic effect of a current
•
Application of the magnetic effect of a current
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Force on a current-carrying conductor Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to: (a)
state the properties of magnets
(b)
describe induced magnetism
(c)
describe electrical methods of magnetisation and demagnetisation
(d)
distinguish between the properties and uses of temporary magnets (e.g. iron) and permanent magnets (e.g. steel)
(e)
draw the magnetic field pattern around a bar magnet and between the poles of two bar magnets
(f)
describe the plotting of magnetic field lines with a compass
(g)
draw the pattern of the magnetic field due to currents in straight wires and in solenoids and state the effect on the magnetic field of changing the magnitude and/or direction of the current
(h)
describe the application of the magnetic effect of a current in a circuit breaker
(i)
describe experiments to show the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field, including the effect of reversing (i) the current (ii) the direction of the field
(j)
deduce the relative directions of force, field and current when any two of these quantities are at right angles to each other using Fleming's left-hand rule
SUMMARY OF KEY QUANTITIES, SYMBOLS AND UNITS Students should be able to state the symbols for the following physical quantities and, where indicated, state the
units in which they are measured. Students should be able to define those items indicated by an asterisk (*). Quantity
Symbol
Unit
length
l, h...
km, m, cm, m
area
A
m2, cm2
volume
V
m3, cm3
weight
W
N*
mass
m, M
kg, g, mg
time
t
h, min, s, ms
period*
T
s
density*
p
g/cm3, kg/m3
speed*
u, v
km/h, m/s, cm/s
acceleration*
a
m/s2
acceleration of free fall
g
m/s2, N/kg
force*
F, f.
N
moment of force*
Nm
work done*
W, E
J*
energy
E
J, kWh*
power*
P
W*
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TKGS Science Department Handbook pressure*
p, P
atmospheric pressure
Pa*, N/m2 use of millibar
temperature
e, T
째C, K
frequency*
f
Hz
wavelength*
A
m, cm
focal length
f
m, cm
angle of incidence
i
degree (째)
angles of reflection, refraction
r
degree (째)
critical angle
c
degree (째)
potential difference*/voltage
V
V*, mV
current*
I
A, mA
charge
q, Q
C, As
e.m.f.*
E
V
resistance
R
Q
CHEMISTRY SECTION INTRODUCTION This syllabus is designed to place less emphasis on factual materials and greater emphasis on the understanding
and application of scientific concepts and principles. This approach has been adapted in recognition of the need
for students to develop skills that will be of long term value in an increasing technological world rather than
focusing on large quantities of factual materials, which may have only short term relevance. It is important that, throughout the course, attention should be drawn to: (i)
the finite life of the world's resources and hence the need for recycling and conservation;
(ii)
economic considerations in the chemical industry, such as the availability and cost of raw materials and energy;
(iii)
the social, environmental, health and safety issues relating to the chemical industry;
(iv)
the importance of chemicals in industry and in everyday life.
It is envisaged that teaching and learning programmes based on this syllabus will feature a wide variety of
learning experiences designed to promote acquisition of expertise and understanding. Teachers are encouraged
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to use a combination of appropriate strategies including developing appropriate practical works for their students
to facilitate a greater understanding of the subject.
CONTENT STRUCTURE I. II.
SECTION EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND STOICHIOMETRY
III.
CHEMISTRY OF REACTIONS
IV.
PERIODICITY
V. VI.
ATMOSPHERE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
1. 2. 3.
Topic Experimental Chemistry The Particulate Nature of Matter Formulae, Stoichiometry and the Mole
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Concept Energy Changes Chemical Reactions Acids, Bases and Salts The Periodic Table Metals Air Organic Chemistry
SUBJECT CONTENT SECTION I:
EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY
Overview
Chemistry is typically an experimental science and relies primarily on practical work. It is important for students to
learn the techniques of handling laboratory apparatus and to pay special attention to safety while working in the
laboratory. Accidents happened even to German chemist, Robert Bunsen, while working in the laboratory. Robert
Bunsen spent most of his time doing experiments in the laboratory and at the age of 25, he lost an eye in a
laboratory explosion due to the lack of proper eye protection.
In this section, students examine the appropriate use of simple apparatus and chemicals, and the experimental
techniques. Students need to be aware of the importance of purity in the electronic, pharmaceutical, food and
beverage industries, and be allowed to try out different methods of purification and analysis in school science
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laboratories. Students should be able to appreciate the need for precision and accuracy in making readings and
also value the need for safe handling and disposing of chemicals.
1.
Experimental Chemistry Content
1.1
Experimental design
1.2
Methods of purification and analysis
1.3
Identification of ions and gases
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: 1.1
Experimental design
(a)
name appropriate apparatus for the measurement of time, temperature, mass and volume, including burettes, pipettes, measuring cylinders and gas syringes
(b)
suggest suitable apparatus, given relevant information, for a variety of simple experiments, including collection of gases and measurement of rates of reaction
1.2
Methods of purification and analysis
(a)
describe methods of separations and purification for the components of the following types of mixtures: (i)
solid-solid
(ii)
solid-liquid
(iii)
liquid-liquid (miscible)
Techniques to be covered for separations and purification include: (i)
use of a suitable solvent, filtration and crystallisation or evaporation
(ii)
distillation and fractional distillation
(iii)
paper chromatography (b)
describe paper chromatography and interpret chromatograms
(c) 1.3
deduce from the given melting point and boiling point the identities of substances and their purity Identification of ions and gases
(d)
describe the use of aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia to identify the following aqueous cations: ammonium, calcium, copper(II), iron(II), iron(III), lead(II) and zinc (formulae of complex ions are not required)
(e)
describe tests to identify the following anions: carbonate (by the addition of dilute acid and subsequent use of limewater), chloride (by reaction of an aqueous solution with nitric acid and aqueous silver nitrate), nitrate (by reduction with aluminium and aqueous sodium hydroxide to ammonia and subsequent use of litmus paper) and sulfate (by reaction of an aqueous solution with nitric acid and aqueous barium nitrate)
(f)
describe tests to identify the following gases: ammonia (using damp red litmus paper), carbon dioxide (using limewater), chlorine (using damp litmus paper), hydrogen (using a burning splint), oxygen (using a glowing splint) and sulfur dioxide (using acidified potassium dichromate(VI))
SECTION II:
ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND STOICHIOMETRY
Overview
94
TKGS Science Department Handbook For over 2000 years, people have wondered about the fundamental building blocks of matter. As far back as 440 BC, the Greek Leucippus and his pupil Democritus coined the term atomos to describe the smallest particle of matter. It translates to mean something that is indivisible.
In the eighteenth century, chemist, John Dalton, revived the term when he suggested that each element was
made up of unique atoms and the atoms of an element are all the same. At the time, there were about 35 known
elements. This simple model could explain the millions of different materials around us. Differences between the
atoms give the elements their different chemical properties.
In this section, the idea of atoms and chemical bonding being the most important fundamental concept in
Chemistry is introduced. The knowledge of atomic structure opens the door for students to understand the world
of chemical reactions. Students are also introduced to the use of models and theories in the study of the
structures of atoms, molecules and ions, and the bonding in elements and compounds. Calculations involving
chemical formulae, reacting masses and volumes, and concentrations introduce students to the fundamentals of
stoichiometry.
2.
The Particulate Nature of Matter
Content 2.1
Kinetic particle theory
2.2
Atomic structure
2.3
Structure and properties of materials
2.4
Ionic bonding
2.5
Covalent bonding
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: 2.1
Kinetic particle theory
(a)
describe the solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter and explain their interconversion in terms of the kinetic particle theory and of the energy changes involved Atomic structure
2.2
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TKGS Science Department Handbook (a)
state the relative charges and approximate relative masses of a proton, a neutron and an electron
(b)
describe, with the aid of diagrams, the structure of an atom as containing protons and neutrons (nucleons) in the nucleus and electrons arranged in shells (energy levels) (no knowledge of s, p, d and f classification will be expected; a copy of the Periodic Table will be available in the examination)
(c)
(a)
define proton number (atomic number) and nucleon number (mass number) 12 6C
(d)
interpret and use symbols such as
(e)
define the term isotopes
(f)
deduce the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms and ions given proton and nucleon numbers
2.3
Structure and properties of materials
describe the differences between elements, compounds and mixtures 2.4
Ionic bonding
(a)
describe the formation of ions by electron loss/gain in order to obtain the electronic configuration of a noble gas
(b)
describe the formation of ionic bonds between metals and non-metals, e.g. NaCZ; MgCZ2
(c)
relate the physical properties (including electrical property) of ionic compounds to their lattice structure
2.5
Covalent bonding
(a)
describe the formation of a covalent bond by the sharing of a pair of electrons in order to gain the electronic configuration of a noble gas
(b)
describe, using 'dot and cross' diagrams, the formation of covalent bonds between non-metallic elements, e.g. H2, O2, H2O, CH4 and CO2
(c)
deduce the arrangement of electrons in other covalent molecules
(d)
relate the physical properties (including electrical property) of covalent substances to their structure and bonding
3.
Formulae, Stoichiometry and the Mole Concept Learning
Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
state the symbols of the elements and formulae of the compounds mentioned in the syllabus
(b)
deduce the formulae of simple compounds from the relative numbers of atoms present and vice versa
(c)
deduce the formulae of ionic compounds from the charges on the ions present and vice versa
(d)
interpret chemical equations with state symbols
(e)
construct chemical equations, with state symbols, including ionic equations
(f)
define relative atomic mass, Ar
(g)
define relative molecular mass, Mft and calculate relative molecular mass (and relative formula mass) as the sum of relative atomic masses
(h)
calculate stoichiometric reacting masses and volumes of gases (one mole of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure); calculations involving the idea of limiting reactants may be set (The gas laws and the calculations of gaseous volumes at different temperatures and pressures are not required.)
(i)
apply the concept of solution concentration (in mol/dm3 or g/dm3) to process the results of volumetric experiments and to solve simple problems (Appropriate guidance will be provided where unfamiliar reactions such as redox are involved. Calculations on % yield and % purity are not required. )
SECTION III:
CHEMISTRY OF REACTIONS 96
TKGS Science Department Handbook Overview
Chemists like Svante Arrhenius played an important role in providing a comprehensive understanding of what
happens in chemical reactions. In 1887, the Swedish chemist, Svante Arrhenius proposed the theory that acids,
bases, and salts in water are composed of ions. He also proposed a simple yet beautiful model of neutralisation -
the combination of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions to form water.
In this section, students examine the chemical characteristic properties of acids, bases and salts, and also their
reactions with substances, the factors affecting the rate of reaction and also the energy changes during a
reaction. Students should be able to appreciate the importance of proper laboratory techniques and precise
calculations for accurate results, and the importance of controlling variables in making comparisons. They should
also value the knowledge of the hazardous nature of acids/alkalis and the safe handling, storing and disposing of
chemicals.
4.
Energy Changes
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
describe the term exothermic as a process or chemical reaction which transfers energy, often in the form of heat, to the surroundings and may be detected by an increase in temperature, e.g. the reaction between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid
(b)
describe the term endothermic as a process or chemical reaction which takes in energy, often in the form of heat, from the surroundings and may be detected by a decrease in temperature, e.g. the dissolving of ammonium nitrate in water
5.
Chemical Reactions
Content 5.1
Speed of reaction
5.2
Redox
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to:
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TKGS Science Department Handbook 5.1
Speed of reaction
(a)
describe the effect of concentration, pressure, particle size and temperature on the speeds of reactions and explain these effects in terms of collisions between reacting particles
(b)
interpret data obtained from experiments concerned with speed of reaction
5.2
Redox
(a)
define oxidation and reduction (redox) in terms of oxygen/hydrogen gain/loss
(b)
define redox in terms of electron transfer and changes in oxidation state
(c)
describe the use of aqueous potassium iodide and acidified potassium dichromate(VI) in testing for oxidising and reducing agents from the resulting colour changes 6. Acids, Bases and Salts Content
6.1
Acids and bases
6.2
Salts
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: 6.1
Acids and bases
(a)
describe the meanings of the terms acid and alkali in terms of the ions they produce in aqueous solution and their effects on Universal Indicator
(b)
describe how to test hydrogen ion concentration and hence relative acidity using Universal Indicator and the pH scale
(c)
describe the characteristic properties of acids as in reactions with metals, bases and carbonates
(d)
describe the reaction between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions to produce water, H+ + OH neutralisation
(e)
describe the importance of controlling the pH in soils and how excess acidity can be treated using calcium hydroxide
(f)
describe the characteristic properties of bases as in reactions with acids and with ammonium salts
(g)
classify oxides as acidic, basic, amphoteric or neutral based on metallic/non-metallic character
6.2
Salts
(a)
describe the techniques used in the preparation, separation and purification of salts as examples of some of the techniques specified in Section 1.2(a)
-
H2O as
(methods for preparation should include precipitation and titration, together with reactions of acids with
metals, insoluble bases and insoluble carbonates) (b)
suggest a method of preparing a given salt from suitable starting materials, given appropriate information
SECTION IV: PERIODICITY Overview
The development of the Periodic Table started in the 1800s as chemists began to recognise similarities in the
properties of various elements and place them in families. The most famous and successful classification, widely
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accepted by chemists, was published in 1869 by Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist. His periodic table
arranged the elements known at that time, in order of increasing atomic masses.
In this section, students examine the periodic trends and group properties of elements, occurrence of metals,
their properties, reactivity and uses. Students should be able to appreciate the development of the Periodic Table
and hence to envisage that scientific knowledge changes and accumulates over time, and also the need for
conserving some of the finite resources.
7.
The
Periodic
Table
Content 7.1
Periodic trends
7.2
Group properties
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: 7.1
Periodic trends
(a)
describe the Periodic Table as an arrangement of the elements in the order of increasing proton number (atomic number)
(b)
describe how the position of an element in the Periodic Table is related to proton number and electronic structure
(c)
explain the similarities between the elements in the same group of the Periodic Table in terms of their electronic structure
(d)
describe the change from metallic to non-metallic character from left to right across a period of the Periodic Table
(e)
describe the relationship between group number, number of valency electrons and metallic/non-metallic character
(f)
predict the properties of elements in Group I and Group VII using the Periodic Table
7.2
Group properties
(a)
describe lithium, sodium and potassium in Group I (the alkali metals) as a collection of relatively soft, low density metals showing a trend in melting point and in their reaction with water
(b)
describe chlorine, bromine and iodine in Group VII (the halogens) as a collection of diatomic non-metals showing a trend in colour, state and their displacement reactions with solutions of other halide ions
(c)
describe the lack of reactivity of the elements in Group 0 (the noble gases) in terms of their electronic structures
8. Metals Content
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TKGS Science Department Handbook 8.1
Properties of metals
8.2
Reactivity series
8.3
Extraction of metals
8.4
Recycling of metals
8.5
Iron
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: 8.1
Properties of metals
(a)
describe the general physical properties of metals as solids having high melting and boiling points, being malleable and good conductors of heat and electricity
(b)
describe alloys as a mixture of a metal with another element, e.g. brass; stainless steel
(c)
identify representations of metals and alloys from diagrams of structures
8.2
Reactivity series
(a)
place in order of reactivity calcium, copper, (hydrogen), iron, lead, magnesium, potassium, silver, sodium and zinc, by reference to the reactions, if any, of the metals with water, steam and dilute hydrochloric acid
(b) 8.3
deduce the order of reactivity from a given set of experimental results Extraction of metals
(a) describe the ease of obtaining metals from their ores by relating the elements to their positions in the reactivity series 8.4
Recycling of metals
(a)
describe metal ores as a finite resource and hence the need to recycle metals, e.g. the recycling of iron
(b)
discuss the social, economic and environmental issues of recycling metals
8.5
Iron
(a)
describe and explain the essential reactions in the extraction of iron using haematite, limestone and coke in the blast furnace
(b)
describe the essential conditions for the corrosion (rusting) of iron as the presence of oxygen and water; prevention of rusting can be achieved by placing a barrier around the metal, e.g. painting; greasing; plastic coating
SECTION V: ATMOSPHERE Overview
Our atmosphere has been taken for granted in the past. In the last few decades, scientists and the general public
began to realise the adverse effects of pollutants on the air we breathe. It is now recognised that pollutants such
as sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, and particulates released into the atmosphere as a result of energy
generation and increased use of motor vehicles, have serious health and environmental consequences.
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In this section, the sources of air pollutants and their effects are examined. Students should be able to value the
knowledge of the hazardous nature of pollutants and the environmental issues related to air pollution.
9. Air Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
describe the volume composition of gases present in dry air as 79% nitrogen, 20% oxygen and the remainder being noble gases (with argon as the main constituent) and carbon dioxide
(b)
name some common atmospheric pollutants, e.g. carbon monoxide; methane; nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2); ozone; sulfur dioxide; unburned hydrocarbons
(c)
state the sources of these pollutants as:
(d)
(i)
carbon monoxide from incomplete combustion of carbon-containing substances
(ii)
nitrogen oxides from lightning activity and internal combustion engines
(iii)
sulfur dioxide from volcanoes and combustion of fossil fuels
discuss some of the effects of these pollutants on health and on the environment: (i)
the poisonous nature of carbon monoxide
(ii)
the role of nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide in the formation of 'acid rain' and its effects on respiration and buildings ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
SECTION VI: Overview
In the nineteenth century, chemists believed that organic chemicals originated in tissues of living organisms.
Friedrich Wohler, in 1828, changed this belief and synthesised the organic compound, urea, a compound found in
urine, under laboratory conditions. His work led other chemists to attempt synthesis of other organic compounds.
In this section, students examine the sources of fuels, some basic concepts of organic chemistry like homologous
series, functional group, general formula and structural formula, and polymers. Students should be able to identify
and name unbranched alkanes, alkenes, alcohols and carboxylic acids. They should recognise that materials
such as plastics, detergents and medicines, and even the food that we eat are examples of organic compounds.
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Students should be able to value the need for assessing the impacts of the use of synthetic materials and the
environmental issues related to the use of plastics. 10.
Organic Chemistry
Content 10.1
Fuels and crude oil
10.2
Alkanes
10.3
Alkenes
10.4
Alcohols
10.5
Carboxylic acids
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: 10.1
Fuels and crude oil
(a)
name natural gas, mainly methane, and petroleum as sources of energy
(b)
describe petroleum as a mixture of hydrocarbons and its separation into useful fractions by fractional distillation
(c)
name the following fractions and state their uses : (i) petrol (gasoline) as a fuel in cars (ii) naphtha as feedstock for the chemical industry (iii) paraffin (kerosene) as a fuel for heating and cooking and for aircraft engines (iv) diesel as a fuel for diesel engines (v) lubricating oils as lubricants and as a source of polishes and waxes (vi) bitumen for making road surfaces Alkanes
10.2 (a)
describe an homologous series as a group of compounds with a general formula, similar chemical properties and showing a gradation in physical properties as a result of increase in the size and mass of the molecules, e.g. melting and boiling points; viscosity; flammability
(b)
describe the alkanes as an homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2
(c)
draw the structures of unbranched alkanes, C1 to C3 and name the unbranched alkanes, methane to propane
(d)
describe the properties of alkanes (exemplified by methane) as being generally unreactive except in terms of burning and substitution by chlorine Alkenes
10.3 (a)
describe the alkenes as an homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n
(b)
draw the structures of unbranched alkenes, C2 to C3 and name the unbranched alkenes, ethene to propene
(c)
describe the manufacture of alkenes and hydrogen by cracking hydrocarbons and recognise that cracking is essential to match the demand for fractions containing smaller molecules from the refinery process
(d)
describe the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons from their molecular structures and by using aqueous bromine
102
TKGS Science Department Handbook (e)
describe the properties of alkenes (exemplified by ethene) in terms of combustion and the addition reactions with bromine and hydrogen
(f)
state the meaning of polyunsaturated when applied to food products
(g)
describe the manufacture of margarine by the addition of hydrogen to unsaturated vegetables oils to form a solid product
(h)
describe the formation of poly(ethene) as an example of addition polymerisation of ethene as the monomer
(i)
state some uses of poly(ethene) as a typical plastic, e.g. plastic bags; clingfilm
(j)
deduce the structure of the addition polymer product from a given monomer and vice versa
(k)
describe the pollution problems caused by the disposal of non-biodegradable plastics
10.4
Alcohols
(a)
describe the alcohols as an homologous series containing the -OH group
(b)
draw the structures of unbranched alcohols, C1 to C3 and name the unbranched alcohols, methanol to propanol
(c)
describe the properties of alcohols in terms of combustion and oxidation to carboxylic acids
(d)
describe the formation of ethanol by fermentation of glucose
10.5
Carboxylic acids
(a)
describe the carboxylic acids as organic acids containing the -CO2H group
(b)
describe the formation of ethanoic acid by the oxidation of ethanol by atmospheric oxygen or acidified potassium dichromate(VI)
103
5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2009
Test for anions anion
2-
carbonate (CO3 ) chloride (CO [in solution] -
test result effervescence, carbon dioxide produced white ppt. acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add aqueous silver nitrate ammonia produced add aqueous sodium hydroxide, then aluminium foil; warm carefully white ppt. acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add add dilute acid
nitrate (NO3 ) [in solution] 2sulfate (SO4 ) [in solution] aqueous barium nitrate Test for aqueous cations cation effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide ammonium (NH4+) ammonia produced on warming 2 calcium (Ca +) white ppt., insoluble in excess 2 copper(II) (Cu +) light blue ppt., insoluble in excess 2
iron(II) (Fe +) 3 iron(III) (Fe +) 2 lead(II) (Pb +) 2
zinc (Zn +)
green ppt., insoluble in excess red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess white ppt., soluble in excess giving a colourless solution white ppt., soluble in excess giving a colourless solution
effect of aqueous ammonia no ppt. light blue ppt., soluble in excess giving a dark blue solution green ppt., insoluble in excess red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess white ppt., insoluble in excess white ppt., soluble in excess giving a colourless solution
Test for gases ammonia (NH3) carbon dioxide (CO2) chlorine (CZ2) hydrogen (H2) oxygen (O2) sulfur dioxide (SO2)
test and test result turns damp red litmus paper blue gives white ppt. with limewater (ppt. dissolves with excess CO2) bleaches damp litmus paper "pops" with a lighted splint relights a glowing splint turns aqueous acidified potassium dichromate(VI) from orange to green
104
5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2009
NOTES FOR QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
105
beryllium
39 K
45 Sc
22 91 Zr
139 La 178 Hf 57 * 72 Ac
56
Ra
88
55
Fr
87
X
b
b = proton (atomic) number
X = atomic symbol
Key a = relative atomic mass a
89 f *58-71 Lanthanoid series f90-103 Actinoid series
actinium
lanthanum
137 Ba
133 Cs
40
39
91
protactinium
Pa
59 92
Np 93
neptunium
60 238 U
61
78
195 Pt
46
94
plutonium
Pu
62 -
95
157 Gd
96
65 Zn
81
204 T2
49
31 115 In
Cf
66
97
98
californium
65 Bk
dysprosium
106
Es
67
99
-
165 Ho
82
einsteinium
-
antimony
207 Pb
50
32 119 Sn
polonium
100 101
nobelium
Md
69
ytterbium
169 Tm
84
Po
52
34 128 Te
mendeleviu
Fm
68
167 Er
83
209 Bi
51
33 122 Sb
selenium
0
71
103
Lr
175 Lu
86
Rn
54
36 131 Xe
84 Kr
18
40 Ar
10
2 20 Ne
4 He
lawrencium
102
No
70
173 Yb
85
At
53
35 127 I
80 Br
16 79 Se
17
32 S
31 P 15 75 As
9 35.5 Cl
8
19 F
VII
7
VI
16 O
V
14 N
phosphorus
73 Ge
14
28 Si
6
12 C
IV
germanium
13 70 Ga
III
159 Tb 162 Dy
berkelium
Cm
64
5 27 Al
11 B
aluminium
29 30 108 112 Cd Ag cadmium 48 47 197 201 Hg Au 80 79
64 Cu
gadolinium
Am
63 ericium
europium
150 Sm 152 Eu
77
28 106 Pd
59 Ni
palladium
192 Ir
45
27 103 Rh
59 Co
samarium
-
Pm
76
promethium
144 Nd
75
190 Os
44
ruthenium
186 Re
43
26 101 Ru
56 Fe
1
1 H
Group
The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and
90
58 232 Th
141 Pr
74
Tc
praseodymiu mneodymium
140 Ce
73
184 W
42
25
technetium
24 96 Mo
molybdenu m
181 Ta
41
23 93 Nb
hydrogen
55 Mn
manganese
52 Cr
chromium
51 V
vanadium
48 Ti
yttriumzirconium
21 89 Y
scandium
38
20 88 Sr
40 Ca
37
strontium
19 85 Rb
potassium
II
4 24 Mg
9 Be
23 Na 11 magnesium 12
3
7 Li
I
The Periodic Table of the Elements
5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2009
5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2009
Colours of Some Common Metal Hydroxides
Calcium hydroxide Copper(II) hydroxide Iron(II) hydroxide Iron(III) hydroxide Lead(II) hydroxide Zinc hydroxide
white light blue green red-brown white white
107
BIOLOGY SECTION INTRODUCTION _______________________________________
This syllabus is designed to have less emphasis on factual materials, but a much greater emphasis
on the understanding and application of scientific concepts and principles. This approach has been
adopted in recognition of the need for students to develop skills that will be of long-term value in an
increasingly technological world, rather than focusing on large quantities of factual material, which
may have only short-term relevance.
It is envisaged that teaching and learning programmes based on this syllabus will feature a wide
variety of learning experiences designed to promote inquiry. Teachers are encouraged to use a
combination of appropriate strategies in teaching topics in this syllabus. The assessment will be
specifically intended to test skills, comprehension and insight in familiar and unfamiliar contexts.
CONTENT STRUCTURE THEMES I. PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
II. MAINTENANCE AND REGULATION OF LIFE PROCESSES
1. 2. 3. 4.
Topics Cell Structure and Organisation Movement of Substances Biological Molecules Animal Nutrition
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Plant Nutrition Transport in Flowering Plants Transport in Humans Respiration Co-ordination and Response
108
III. CONTINUITY OF LIFE
IV. MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT
10. 11. 12. 13.
Reproduction Molecular Genetics Inheritance Organisms and their Environment
SUBJECT CONTENT ___________________________________ THEME I:
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
A basic characteristic of life is the hierarchy of structural order within the organism. Robert Hooke (1635-
1703), one of the first scientists to use a microscope to examine pond water, cork and other things, was the
first to refer to the cavities he saw in cork as "cells", Latin for chambers. Subsequent scientists developed
Hooke's discovery of the cell into the Cell Theory on which modern Biology is built upon. The Cell Theory
states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, and that those cells have arisen from pre-
existing cells.
In this section, we study two key principles of biology. The first principle is the correlation of structure
to function. This is illustrated by how each part of the cell is suited for its intended function.
The second principle is that specialisation results in the division of labour which enables the cell to
effectively carry out a number of vital life processes. A strong foundation in the principles of biology
will pave the way for students to master the content in the subsequent topics. _____________________________
1. Cell Structure and Organisation Content â&#x20AC;˘
Plant and Animal Cells
â&#x20AC;˘
Specialised Cells, Tissues and Organs Learning Outcomes:
109
Candidates should be able to: (a)
identify organelles of typical plant and animal cells from diagrams, photomicrographs and as seen under the light microscope using prepared slides and fresh material treated with an appropriate temporary staining technique:
•
chloroplasts
•
cell membrane
•
cell wall
•
cytoplasm
•
cell vacuoles (large, sap-filled in plant cells, small, temporary in animal cells)
•
nucleus
(b)
identify the following organelles from diagrams and electronmicrographs:
•
mitochondria
•
ribosomes
(c)
state the functions of the organelles identified above.
(d)
compare the structure of typical animal and plant cells.
(e)
state, in simple terms, the relationship between cell function and cell structure for the following:
•
absorption - root hair cells
•
conduction and support - xylem vessels
•
transport of oxygen - red blood cells
(f)
differentiate cell, tissue, organ and organ system.
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems 2.
Movement of
Substances Content •
Diffusion
•
Osmosis
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
define diffusion and describe its role in nutrient uptake and gaseous exchange in plants and humans.
(b)
define osmosis and describe the effects of osmosis on plant and animal tissues.
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
3.
Biological
Molecules Content •
Water and Living Organisms
•
Carbohydrates, Fats and Proteins
•
Enzymes
110
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
state the roles of water in living organisms.
(b)
describe and carry out tests for
(c)
•
starch (iodine in potassium iodide solution)
•
reducing sugars (Benedict's solution)
•
protein (biuret test)
•
fats (ethanol emulsion)
state that large molecules are synthesised from smaller basic units •
glycogen from glucose
•
polypeptides and proteins from amino acids
•
lipids such as fats from glycerol and fatty acids
(d)
explain enzyme action in terms of the 'lock and key' hypothesis.
(e)
investigate and explain the effects of temperature and pH on the rate of enzyme-catalysed reactions.
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems. THEME II: MAINTENANCE AND REGULATION OF LIFE PROCESSES
Life is sustained through the integrated organisation of the whole organism. In humans, the maintenance
and regulation of life processes include nutrition, transport, respiration, excretion, homeostasis and co-
ordination and response. The key overarching theme in the study of the organ systems is the correlation
between form and function.
4.
Animal
Nutrition Content •
Human Alimentary Canal
•
Chemical Digestion
•
Absorption and Assimilation
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
describe the functions of main regions of the alimentary canal and the associated organs: mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, gall bladder, liver, ileum, colon, rectum, anus, in relation to ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion of food, as appropriate.
111
(b)
describe digestion in the alimentary canal, the functions of a typical amylase, protease and lipase, listing the substrate and end-products.
(c)
state the function of the hepatic portal vein as the route taken by most of the food absorbed from the small intestine.
(d)
state the role of the liver in: •
the metabolism of glucose
•
the metabolism of amino acids and the formation of urea
•
the breakdown of alcohol
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
5.
Plant
Nutrition Content •
Leaf Structure
•
Photosynthesis
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
identify the cellular and tissue structure of a dicotyledonous leaf, as seen in cross-section under the microscope and state their functions: •
distribution of chloroplasts - photosynthesis
•
stomata and mesophyll cells - gaseous exchange
•
vascular bundles - transport
(b)
state the equation, in words only, for photosynthesis.
(c)
describe the intake of carbon dioxide and water by plants.
(d)
state that chlorophyll traps light energy and converts it into chemical energy for the formation of carbohydrates and their subsequent storage.
(e)
investigate and state the effect of varying light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature on the rate of photosynthesis (e.g. in submerged aquatic plants).
(f)
briefly explain why most forms of life are completely dependent on photosynthesis.
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
6.
Transport in Flowering
Plants Content •
Water and Ion Uptake
•
T
ranspiration and Translocation Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
112
(a)
identify the positions of xylem vessels and phloem in sections of a typical dicotyledonous stem and leaf, under the light microscope, and state their functions.
(b)
relate the structure and functions of root hairs to their surface area, and to water and ion uptake.
(c)
state that transpiration is the loss of water vapour from the stomata.
(d)
briefly explain the movement of water through the stem in terms of transpiration pull.
(e)
describe • the effects of variation of air movement, temperature, humidity and light intensity on transpiration rate •
(f)
how wilting occurs
define the term translocation as the transport of food in the phloem tissue.
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
7.
Transport in
Humans Content •
Circulatory System
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
name the main blood vessels to and from the heart, lungs, liver and kidney.
(b)
state the functions of blood •
red blood cells - haemoglobin and oxygen transport
•
white blood cells - phagocytosis, antibody formation and tissue rejection
•
platelets - fibrinogen to fibrin, causing clotting • plasma - transport of blood cells, ions, soluble food substances, hormones, carbon dioxide, urea, vitamins, plasma proteins
(c)
relate the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries to their functions.
(d)
describe the structure and function of the heart in terms of muscular contraction and the working of valves. (Histology of the heart muscle, names of nerves and transmitter substances are not required).
(e)
describe coronary heart disease in terms of the occlusion of coronary arteries and list the possible causes, such as diet, stress, smoking, and the possible preventative measures.
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems. 8.
Respirat
ion Content •
Human Gaseous Exchange
•
Aerobic Respiration
•
Anaerobic Respiration
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
identify on diagrams and name the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and associated capillaries and state their functions in human gaseous exchange.
113
(b)
state the characteristics of, and describe the role of, the exchange surface of the alveoli in gaseous exchange.
(c)
describe the effect of tobacco smoke and its major toxic components - nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide, on health.
(d)
define and state the equation, in words only, for aerobic respiration in humans.
(e)
define and state the equation, in words only, for anaerobic respiration in humans.
(f)
describe the effect of lactic acid in muscles during exercise.
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
9.
Co-ordination and Response
Content •
Receptors - Eye
•
Nervous System - Neurones (Reflex Action)
•
Effectors - Endocrine Glands Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to:
(a)
state the relationship between receptors, the central nervous system and the effectors.
(b)
state the principal functions of component parts of the eye in producing a focused image of near and distant objects on the retina.
(c)
describe the pupil reflex in response to bright and dim light.
(d)
outline the functions of sensory neurones, relay neurones and motor neurones.
(e)
define a hormone as a chemical substance, produced by a gland, carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs and is then destroyed by the liver.
(f)
state what is meant by an endocrine gland, with reference to the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
(g)
outline how the blood glucose concentration is regulated by insulin and glucagon.
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems. THEME III:
CONTINUITY OF LIFE
The many aspects of form and function that we have examined in this syllabus can be viewed in the widest
context as various adaptations aimed at ensuring reproductive success. Reproduction is vital for the survival
of species across generations. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick developed the model for
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a chemical that had then recently been deduced to be the physical carrier of
114
inheritance. In this section, we examine how genes interact to produce hereditary characteristics in the
offspring. This section focuses on understanding the processes involved in the continuity of life and how
genetic information is passed from one generation to the next.
10. Reproduction Content •
Asexual Reproduction
•
Sexual Reproduction in Plants
•
Sexual Reproduction in Humans
•
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to:
(a)
define asexual reproduction as the process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent.
(b)
define sexual reproduction as the process involving the fusion of nuclei to form a zygote and the production of genetically dissimilar offspring.
(c)
state the functions of the sepals, petals, anthers and carpels.
(d)
outline the process of pollination.
(e)
describe the growth of the pollen tube and its entry into the ovule followed by fertilisation.
(f)
identify on diagrams of the male reproductive system and give the functions of: testes, scrotum, sperm ducts, prostate gland, urethra and penis.
(g)
identify on diagrams of the female reproductive system and give the functions of: ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix and vagina.
(h)
briefly describe the menstrual cycle with reference to the alternation of menstruation and ovulation, the natural variation in its length, and the fertile and infertile phases of the cycle, with reference to the roles of estrogen and progesterone only.
(i)
briefly describe fertilisation and early development of the zygote simply in terms of the formation of a ball of cells which becomes implanted in the wall of the uterus.
(j) discuss the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and methods by which it may be controlled. Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems. 11. Molecular Genetics Content •
The Structure of DNA
115
•
T
he Role of DNA in Protein Synthesis Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
outline the relationship between genes, chromosomes, and DNA.
(b)
state the structure of DNA in terms of the bases, sugar and phosphate groups found in each of the nucleotides.
(c)
state the rule of complementary base pairing.
(d)
state that DNA is used to carry the genetic code (Details of translation and transcription are not required).
(e)
state that each gene •
is a sequence of nucleotides, as part of a DNA molecule
•
controls the production of one polypeptide
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems. 12. Inherita nce Content •
The Passage of Information from Parent to Offspring
•
The Nature of Genes and Alleles, and their Role in Determining
•
Monohybrid Crosses
•
Variation
the Phenotype
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
define a gene as a unit of inheritance and distinguish clearly between the terms gene and allele.
(b)
describe the difference between continuous and discontinuous variation and give examples of each.
(c)
explain the terms dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype and genotype.
(d)
predict the results of simple crosses with expected ratios of 3:1 and 1:1, using the terms homozygous, heterozygous, F1 generation and F2 generation.
(e)
state why observed ratios often differ from expected ratios, especially when there are small numbers of progeny.
(f)
describe the determination of sex in humans - XX and XY chromosomes.
(g)
describe mutation as a change in the structure of a gene such as in sickle cell anaemia, or in the chromosome number such as the 47 chromosomes in a condition known as Down Syndrome.
(h)
name radiation and chemicals as factors which may increase the rate of mutation.
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
116
5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2009
THEME IV:
MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT
All living organisms are part of a complex network of interactions called the web of life. This section focuses
on the interrelationships among living things. These include two major processes. The first is the cycling of
nutrients, as illustrated by the carbon cycle. The second major process is the flow of energy from sunlight to
organisms further down the food chain.
13. Organisms and their Environment Content •
Energy Flow
•
Food Chains and Food Webs
•
Carbon Cycle
•
Effects Of Man on the Ecosystem
•
Environmental Biotechnology
Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a)
Briefly describe the non-cyclical nature of energy flow,
(b)
establish the relationship of the following in food webs: producer; consumer; herbivore; carnivore; decomposer, food chain, trophic level
(c)
describe energy losses between trophic levels and infer the advantages of short food chains.
(d)
interpret pyramids of numbers and biomass.
(e)
explain the importance of the carbon cycle.
(f)
evaluate the effects of
•
water pollution by sewage
•
pollution due to insecticides including bioaccumulation up food chains and impact on top carnivores.
(g)
outline the roles of microbes in sewage disposal as an example of environmental biotechnology.
117
(h)
discuss reasons for conservation of species with reference to the maintenance of biodiversity, management of fisheries and management of timber production.
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN SCIENCE PAPERS It is hoped that the glossary (which is relevant only to science papers) will prove helpful to candidates as a
guide, i.e. it is neither exhaustive nor definitive. The glossary has been deliberately kept brief not only with
respect to the number of terms included but also to the descriptions of their meanings. Candidates should
appreciate that the meaning of a term must depend in part on its context.
1. Calculate is used when a numerical answer is required. In general, working should be shown, especially where two or more steps are involved. 2.
Classify requires candidates to group things based on common characteristics. 3. Comment is intended as an open-ended instruction, inviting candidates to recall or infer points of interest relevant to the context of the question, taking account of the number of marks available. 4. Compare requires candidates to provide both similarities and differences between things or concepts. 5. Construct is often used in relation to chemical equations where a candidate is expected to write a balanced equation, not by factual recall but by analogy or by using information in the question. 6. Define (the term(s)...) is intended literally. Only a formal statement or equivalent paraphrase being required. 7. Describe requires candidates to state in words (using diagrams where appropriate) the main points of the topic. It is often used with reference either to particular phenomena or to particular experiments. In the former instance, the term usually implies that the answer should include reference to (visual) observations associated with the phenomena. In the latter instance the answer may often follow a standard pattern, e.g. Apparatus, Method, Measurement, Results and Precautions.
In other contexts, describe and give an account of should be interpreted more generally, i.e. the
candidate has greater discretion about the nature and the organisation of the material to be
included in the answer. Describe and explain may be coupled in a similar way to state and explain.
118
8. Determine often implies that the quantity concerned cannot be measured directly but is obtained by calculation, substituting measured or known values of other quantities into a standard formula. 9.
Discuss requires candidates to give a critical account of the points involved in the topic. 10. Estimate implies a reasoned order magnitude statement or calculation of the quantity concerned, making such simplifying assumptions as may be necessary about the points of principle and about values of quantities not otherwise included in the question.
11.
Explain may imply reasoning or some reference to theory, depending on the context.
12.
Find is a general term that may be variously interpreted as calculate, measure, determine etc. 13. List requires a number of points, generally each of one word, with no elaboration. Where a given number of points is specified, this should not be exceeded. 14. Measure implies that the quantity concerned can be directly obtained from a suitable measuring instrument, e.g. length, using a rule, or angle, using a protractor.
15.
Outline implies brevity, i.e. restricting the answer to giving essentials. 16. Predict or deduce implies that the candidate is not expected to produce the required answer by recall but by making a logical connection between other pieces of information. Such information may be wholly given in the question or may depend on answers extracted from an earlier part of the question. Predict also implies a concise answer with no supporting statement required. 17. Sketch, when applied to graph work, implies that the shape and/or position of the curve need only be qualitatively correct, but candidates should be aware that, depending on the context, some quantitative aspects may be looked for, e.g. passing through the origin, having the intercept, asymptote or discontinuity at a particular value.
In diagrams, sketch implies that a simple, freehand drawing is acceptable; nevertheless, care
should be taken over proportions and the clear exposition of important details. 18. State implies a concise answer with little or no supporting argument, e.g. a numerical answer that can be obtained 'by inspection'. 19. Suggest is used in two main contexts, i.e. either to imply that there is no unique answer, or to imply that candidates are expected to apply their general knowledge to a 'novel' situation, one that may be formally 'not in the syllabus'. 20. What do you understand by/What is meant by (the term(s)... ) normally implies that a definition should be given, together with some relevant comment on the significance or context of the term(s) concerned, especially where two or more terms are included in the question. The amount of supplementary comment intended should be interpreted in light of the indicated mark value.
SPECIAL NOTE Nomenclature
119
Students will be expected to be familiar with the nomenclature used in the syllabus. The proposals in "Signs,
Symbols and Systematic^' (The Association for Science Education Companion to 16-19 Science, 2000) and
the recommendations on terms, units and symbols in 'Biological Nomenclature (2000)' published by the
Institute of Biology, in conjunction with the ASE, will generally be adopted although the traditional names
sulfate, sulfite, nitrate, nitrite, sulfurous and nitrous acids will be used in question papers. Sulfur (and all
compounds of sulfur) will be spelt with f (not with ph) in question papers, however students can use either
spelling in their answers.
3
It is intended that, in order to avoid difficulties arising out of the use of l as the symbol for litre, use of dm in
place of l or litre will be made.
In chemistry, full structural formulae (displayed formulae) in answers should show in detail both the relative
placing of atoms and the number of bonds between atoms. Hence, -CONH2 and -CO2H are not satisfactory
as full structural formulae, although either of the usual symbols for the benzene ring is acceptable. Units, significant figures
120
Candidates should be aware that misuse of units and/or significant figures, i.e. failure to quote units where
necessary, the inclusion of units in quantities defined as ratios or quoting answers to an inappropriate
number of significant figures, is liable to be penalised. Calculators
Any calculator used must be on the Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board list of approved
calculators.
PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT
Scientific subjects are, by nature, experimental. It is therefore important that an assessment of a candidate's
knowledge and understanding of Science should include a component relating to practical work and
experimental skills. This assessment is provided in Paper 5, as a formal practical test, and is outlined in the
Scheme of Assessment. Paper 5
Practical Test
Physics Practical Test Candidates may be asked to carry out exercises based on: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)
measurements of lengths with appropriate accuracy by means of tapes, rules, micrometers and callipers, using a vernier as necessary; measurements of time intervals, including the period of a simple pendulum, by means of clocks and stopwatches; measurements of temperature by using appropriate thermometers; measurements of mass and weight by using appropriate balances; measurements of the volume of a liquid or solid by using a measuring cylinder; determination of the density of a liquid, of a regularly and irregularly shaped solid, which sinks in water; the principle of moments;
121
(h) (i)
determination of the position of the centre of gravity of a plane lamina; the law of reflection; (j) determination of the position and characteristics of an optical image formed by a plane mirror or a thin converging lens; (k) the refraction of light through glass blocks; (l) measurements of current and voltage by using appropriate ammeters and voltmeters; (m) determination of the resistance of a metallic conductor using a voltmeter and an ammeter.
This is not intended to be an exhaustive list. Reference may be made to the techniques used in these
experiments in the theory papers, but no detailed description of the experimental procedures will be
required. Chemistry Practical Test Candidates may be asked to carry out exercises based on: (a)
(b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)
quantitative experiments involving the use of a pipette, burette and an indicator such as methyl orange or screened methyl orange; if titrations other than acid/alkali are set, full instructions and other necessary information will be given; speeds of reaction; measurements of temperature based on thermometers with 1 째C graduations; problems of an investigatory nature, possibly including suitable organic compounds; simple paper chromatography; filtration; tests for oxidising and reducing agents as specified in the syllabus; identification of ions and gases as specified in the syllabus.
This question paper will contain Notes For Qualitative Analysis for the use of candidates in the examination. Candidates may also be required to perform simple calculations. Biology Practical Test 1. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)
The practical examination is designed to test candidates' abilities to: follow carefully a sequence of instructions within a set time allowance; use familiar and unfamiliar techniques to record their observations and make deductions from them; recognise and observe features of familiar and unfamiliar biological specimens, record their observations and make deductions about functions of whole specimens or their parts; make clear line drawings of the specimens provided, indicate magnification and to label familiar structures; interpret unfamiliar data and draw conclusions from their interpretations; design/plan an investigation to solve a problem; comment on a procedure used in an experiment and suggest an improvement;
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(h)
(j)
employ manipulative skills in assembling apparatus, in using chemical reagents and in using such instruments as mounted needles, scalpels and razor blades, forceps and scissors; (i) observe reactions, read simple measuring instruments and perform simple arithmetical calculations; measure to an accuracy of 1 mm, using a ruler. 2.
Candidates may be asked to carry out simple physiological experiments, involving tests for food substances (specifically reducing sugars with Benedict's solution, starch using iodine solution, protein using the Biuret test and fats using the ethanol emulsion test), enzyme reactions, hydrogen carbonate indicator solution, cobalt(II) chloride paper etc. It is expected that glassware and instruments normally found in a laboratory (e.g. beakers, test-tube racks, funnels, thermometers, droppers and so on) should be available for these experiments.
3.
Candidates may be asked to carry out simple physiological experiments, involving the use of the above mentioned instruments 1(h) on plant or animal materials. Accurate observations of these specimens will need a hand lens of not less than x6 magnification for each candidate.
4.
The material set will be closely related to the subject matter of the syllabus, but will not necessarily be limited to the particular types mentioned therein. In order to assist their own practical work, and to supply possible examination specimens, schools are asked to build up a reference collection of material.
5.
When planning practical work, teachers should make sure that they do not contravene any school, education authority, or government regulations which restrict the sampling, in educational establishments, of urine, saliva, blood or other bodily secretions and tissues.
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Biology
3.1
(Staff Morale)
Staff Engagement (Staff involvement in school improvement )
Key Areas
• Address teachers’ concerns
4. Seek teachers’ views
3. Contribute suggestions at department meeting and on own accord (On going)
Teachers
Teachers
HOD
• learning (Nov) and sharing of good 2. HOD gives timely feedback practices / encouragement to teachers to share good practices • eWSS (On contribution going) s
Resources EPMS file
Strategies ( with time-frame )
1. HOD conducts • Work Review • target setting with twice a year teachers (Jan) • Mid-year work review (July) • Year-end work review
Targets
Department : Science Biology/ Sc(Biology) Strategic Thrust : A Nurturing and Caring Community of Learners
Work Plan
3
Teachers
Subject coordinator
Teacher Climate Survey
HOD
Review Area Owners Teachers/ HOD
eWSS records
Teacher Climate Survey
Teachers’ Work Review document
Data Source
Positive feedback from Teacher Climate survey
2 suggestions per teacher
Positive feedback from Teacher Climate survey
Evidence of success Reporting officer and teacher comments after mid-year and year-end review
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Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Targets through buzzing sessions / dept meetings
Strategies ( with time-frame )
4. Carry out lesson • Lesson observations and feedback observation ( Term 1-3) / Peer Coaching 5. Conduct peer coaching and self-reflection for the experienced teachers (Term 1-3)
3. Conduct sharing by each teacher on effective teaching strategies / learning after attending courses
Staff 1. Conduct scheduled • Monthly Development & buzzing buzzing on Fridays to Training discuss matters related to sessions (Develop ‘O’ level Biology curriculum Competent (Term 1-3). Staff and • Professional 2. Conduct buzzing where Identification of sharing teachers share their Strategic teaching packages or Competencies ) resources (Term 1-3)
Key Areas
Subject Notes of discussion / coordinator teacher questionnaire
Data Source
Review Area Owners
Senior teachers
SH
Teachers
Positive feedback from Teacher Climate survey SH / teachers
RO / teachers
Feedback report by SH/ Teacher portfolio
Work Review with teachers
Positive
Positive feedback from teacher questionnaire
Positive teacher reflection
Positive feedback from teacher questionnaire
Evidence of success
Notes of Subject discussion / coordinator teacher questionnaire
Teacher Teaching Level resources by questionnaire coordinator teachers
Teaching resources
Resources
Department : Science Biology/ Sc(Biology) Strategic Thrust : A Nurturing and Caring Community of Learners
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Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
6. Encourage teachers to build up their professional portfolios (on going)
Strategies ( with time-frame )
2. 7 key areas to include in the SOW: − Curriculum Differentiation (10% of lessons) − Cooperative Learning − Habits of Mind − Aesthetics (in line with ST 3)
1. Provide opportunities for students to be actively engaged by adopting the inquiry approach.
8. Attend training in accordance to the needs of teachers 9. Apply relevant learning in teaching
• Relevant training workshops / 7. Identify training needs of dept / individual teachers courses
Targets
Student • Student Engagement engaging (Recognition approaches and Affirmation, in lessons and Conducive Learning Environment )
Key Areas
Teachers
Various training agencies
Resources
Department : Science Biology/ Sc(Biology) Strategic Thrust : A Nurturing and Caring Community of Learners
TRAISI Record/ Work Review document
Pupil survey
Biology teachers
Data Source
Biology teachers
Biology teachers
Review Area Owners
Positive feedback from pupil survey
Evidence of success feedback from teachers Positive feedback by teachers during work review
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Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Targets − ICT (30% of lessons) − Integration across subjects − NE integration
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Resources Data Source
Department : Science Biology/ Sc(Biology) Strategic Thrust : A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Key Areas
Department : Science Biology/ Sc(Biology) Strategic Thrust : A Nurturing and Caring Community of Learners Review Area Owners
Evidence of success
127
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
2. Monitoring academic performance ( Monitor and Review Effectiveness )
1. Monitoring Academic Performance Setting exam targets
Key Areas
Train pupils in answering GCE ‘O’ Level Exam. Questions starting with the simple to the application kind of questions after each sub-topic. Give short essay questions of different questioning style for practice. Immediate feedback would be given too.
2.2
Give out practical worksheets / practical exercise from workbook and past year papers and SPA resource package for reinforcement after each topic. (on-going)
2.1
Sec 4 Pure Biology Mid-yr MSG : 3.5 Prelims MSG : 3.0 GCE ‘O’ Level MSG : 2.2 Mid Yr - 85% passes - 20% distinctions Prelims - 90 % passes - 40% distinctions O’s 100% passes 60% distinction
- 85 % passes - 25 % distinctions Overall results - 85 % passes - 20 % distinctions - MSG: 3.0;
1.1 Draw up Schemes of Work that include activities, assignments and resources which infuse, SPA training, IT, NE, CL, HOM and Thinking Skills into lessons. The Sec 3 Scheme of Work includes lessons to be conducted during the extended Sec 3 study period in Term IV. 1.2 Administer the following assessment: Term 1 & 3 – one structured CA each term Term 1 to 3 – regular short formative tests, practical tests and alternative mode of assessment Term 2 – Mid-year examination
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Pupils will be able to attain the following targets: Sec 3 Pure Biology Mid Yr - 85% passes - 20% distinctions End of Yr
Targets
Teachers
Past GCE ‘O’ Level Exam. questions
Practical Workbooks, MOE SPA resources
Biology ‘O’ level syllabus 5094, Five Years Series
Resources
Exam Analysis Results
Exam Analysis Results
Data Source
Biology
Biology teachers
Biology teachers
Positive feedback by teachers on quality of answers by pupils
Meeting / surpassing the exam targets
128
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009 Review Area Evidence of Owners success
Key Areas
Science (Biology) Mid-yr MSG : 4.0 Prelims MSG : 3.0 GCE ‘O’ Level MSG : 1.8 Mid Yr - 85% passes - 20 % distinctions Prelims - 90 % passes - 40% distinctions O’s 100% passes 60% distinction
Targets
Monitor the performance of weaker pupils and conduct structured remedial lessons fortnightly for weaker students.
2.4
Design appropriate ‘O’ Level SPA teaching and learning practicals
2.6
Monitor attendance of pupils for scheduled remedial
Sec 4 Monitor the results for CAs, midyear examination and prelims
Check that pupils complete all assignments (on-going)
2.5
Sec 4 –starts in Term 1 Week 2 based on 2008 final term Biology results
Sec 3 Term 1 – starts after the results of first CA
Mark written assignments accurately so as to give effective feedback to pupils. (on-going)
2.3
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Termly Analysis Results
SPA resources on MOE intranet
Biology Teachers
FYS / remedial worksheets
Resources
Department : Science Biology/ Sc(Biology) Strategic Thrust : A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Termly Analysis Results
Data Source teachers
Review Area Owners
Regular attendance of pupils for remedial lessons
Improvement of results for pupils who have attended remedial lessons
Evidence of success
129
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
4. Alternative
3. Varied pedagogical approaches (Varied and Integrated pedagogical approaches )
Key Areas
SPA assessment for Sec 3s
Targets
3.5 Train pupils to summarise main points for Biology topics by using graphic organisers such as concept maps, mind maps and flow chart. (on-going) 4.1 ‘O’ Level SPA assessment to begin in
3.4 Use questioning techniques with higher order thinking questions.(on-going)
3.3 Design student-centred lessons by using Cooperative Learning strategies e.g. Jigsaw method, group discussions, presentations, memory game (on-going).
3.2 Develop process skills by conducting investigative practical work in pairs or individual students each week (on-going).
3.1 Conduct SPA teaching and learning for SPA ‘O’ Level Skills
Strategies ( with time-frame )
SPA assessment
Teacher examples, Biology and Comprehensive Biology Worknook
Teacher lesson plans
Comprehensive Biology for ‘O’ Level and Biology Insights Practical Workbook
SPA resources on MOE intranet and Biology Insights practical workbook
Resources
Department : Science Biology/ Sc(Biology) Strategic Thrust : A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Marks of assessments
Lesson observation report
e-record book of teachers
e-record book of teachers
MOE SPA assessment package
MOE intranet
Data Source
Sec 3 Biology teachers
Biology teachers
Review Area Owners
100% of pupils scores at least
Feedback from teachers of students ability to handle higher order thinking questions through the survey
Through pupils’ and science teachers’ survey
Evidence of success
130
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
6. Integration of subjects
30% IT-based lessons in Biology lessons
Creating comic strips
assessment modes (Varied and Integrated pedagogical approaches )
5. Integration of IT (Optimise use of teaching and learning resources )
Targets
Key Areas
6.1 Relate everyday experiences in Biology teaching. (on-going)
5.4 Purchase suitable IT media resources e.g. CD-ROMs on botany (plant anatomy and physiology)
Software distributors
Practical activity in Workbook
5.2 Incorporate the use of dataloggers in practical lessons 5.3 Incorporate the use of Internet as a resource for students’ research work and in classroom activities. (on-going)
CD-ROMs e.g. Adam- The Inside Story; Ultimate Human Body, Air Com.
package
Resources
5.1 Conduct pair or group work using interactive CD-ROMs and worksheets (on-going)
4.2 To start early in term 2 and present after mid yr exam.
term 4 for sec 3s and completed by term 3 for Sec 4s
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Department : Science Biology/ Sc(Biology) Strategic Thrust : A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Feedback by teachers in survey
Feedback Report by teachers
Pupils’ and teachers’ survey results
Sec 3 SOW
Survey of IT usage
Marks of assessments
Data Source
Biology teachers
Biology teachers
Biology teachers
Sec 3 Biology teachers
Biology teachers
Sec 3 Biology teachers
Review Area Owners
Using the resources purchased in lessons Positive feedback for Pupils’ Survey
Positive feedback by teachers in survey and review of URLs
Incorporating the use of dataloggers in the lesson plan.
Achievement of target: 35 % IT-based lessons in Biology
level 1 for SPA ‘O’ Level.
Evidence of success
131
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Partnership with Dunman Secondary School East Zone Learning Centre
To help the weaker pupils to improve in their results
8. Differentiated teaching & learning ( Provide
Targets
7. Partnerships ( Partnership with external organizations )
(Varied and Integrated pedagogical approaches )
Key Areas
8.1 Grouping of combine science pupils from 4/1 and 4/3
7.1 Students will utilize facilities provided by Dunman Sec for any projects they undertake
6.3 Encourage interested pupils to take part in the enrichment/research programme or competitions organised by tertiary institutions. â&#x20AC;˘ Biotechnology Fair Competition / Greenwave Competition/Tan Kah Kee Young Inventors Award
6.2 Incorporate the study of life sciences into the Sec 4 curriculum : Sec 4 : Bacterial Transformation
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Mrs Ngin
Dunman Secondary School East Zone Learning Centre
Resources
Department : Science Biology/ Sc(Biology) Strategic Thrust : A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Analysis of results
SH monitoring partnership
SH monitor activities participated in 2009
Sec 4 SOW
Data Source
Mrs Ngin
SH
Biology teachers
Review Area Owners
Improvement in results after the banding
Pupils taking on projects after their workshops
Participation of competitions
Positive feedback by pupils
Questions
Evidence of success
132
Tanjong Katong Girlsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; School Work Plan 2009
9. Staff Training to build capacity (Develop Competent Staff and Identification of Strategic Competencies )
differentiated teaching and learning )
Key Areas
Targets
9.1 Training in courses that are relevant to the teaching and learning of Biology. E.g. problem-based learning, and seminars, Biology O Level marking
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Courses subjected to availability in 2008
Resources
Department : Science Biology/ Sc(Biology) Strategic Thrust : A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
TRAISI training record
Data Source
SH
Review Area Owners
Teachers attending courses of relevance to the teaching of Biology
Evidence of success
133
Tanjong Katong Girlsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; School Work Plan 2009
Chemistry
Targets
Staff Developme nt & Training
EPMS file
1. HOD conducts • target setting with teachers (Jan) • Mid-year work review (July) • Year-end work review (Nov)
3 Each teacher contribute at lease 2 suggestions at department meeting and at individual level
1. Conduct formal and informal • 1 formal and sharing sessions on Tuesdays 1informal / Fridays using protected time sharing session to discuss matters related to per term Chemistry curriculum (Term 13)
• eWSS contributions
Notes of discussion
Teacher
Experienced
Teacher Climate Survey
Teacher Climate Survey
Teachers’ Work Review document
Data Source
Teachers Relevant books/maga zines/articles / internet
Teachers
HOD
Resources
Strategies ( with time-frame )
• learning and 2. HOD gives timely feedback / sharing of good encouragement to teachers to practices share good practices (On going)
Staff • Work Review Engagemen twice a year t
Key Areas
Department : Science Subject: Chemistry / Science (Chemistry) Strategic Thrust 1 : A Nurturing and Caring Community of Learners
3.2
Level
Subject coordinator
Teachers
HOD
Review Area Owners Teachers/ HOD
134
Positive feedback from teacher reflection
2 suggestions per teacher
Positive feedback from Teacher Climate survey
Evidence of success Positive feedback from teacher
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Key Areas
• Relevant training workshops / courses
• Pathway for lesson observation
• Professional sharing
Targets
.7. Attend training in accordance
6. Identify training needs of dept / individual teachers. Dept training on Inquiry Approach and Authentic Assessment (2 days in Term 1)
5. Conduct peer coaching and self-reflection for the experienced teachers (Term 1-3)
Various training agencies
Senior teachers
HOD
3. Conduct sharing by each teacher on effective teaching strategies / learning after attending courses (Term 2) 4. Carry out lesson observations and feedback ( Term 1-3) - Observation HOD/SH
Teachers
teachers
Resources
2. Conduct buzzing where experienced teachers guide teachers teaching the subject for the first time on the approach to a new topic (Term 1-3)
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Department : Science Subject: Chemistry / Science (Chemistry) Strategic Thrust 1 : A Nurturing and Caring Community of Learners
Traisi
Work Review with teachers
Feedback report by HOD/ Teacher portfolio
Notes of discussion / teacher questionnair e
questionnair e
Data Source
Teachers
HOD / teachers
HOD / teachers
Subject coordinator
Review Area Owners coordinator
135
Positive feedback by
Positive feedback from teachers
Positive feedback from Teacher Climate survey
Positive feedback from teacher
Evidence of success Positive feedback from teacher reflection
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Targets
• Identify students’ needs and better support their learning and development
Student • Student Engagemen engaging t approaches in lessons
Key Areas
3. Include 7 key areas in the SOWs • Curriculum Differentiation (10% of lessons) • Cooperative Learning • Habits of Mind • Aesthetics (in line with ST 3) • ICT (30% of lessons) • Integration across subjects
2. FMs and subject teachers work closely with Level Coordinators to proactively address concerns/ issues of the cohort.
1. Provide opportunities for students to be actively engaged in learning by adopting the inquiry approach
to the needs of teachers and teachers to apply relevant learning in teaching
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Pupil survey
Pupil survey
Level Coordinators
Record/ Work Review document
Data Source
Teachers
Resources
Department : Science Subject: Chemistry / Science (Chemistry) Strategic Thrust 1 : A Nurturing and Caring Community of Learners
Teachers
HOD/ teachers
Review Area Owners
136
Meeting KPIs for each areas
Positive feedback from pupil survey
Evidence of success teachers during work review
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Key Areas
Targets â&#x20AC;˘ NE integration
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Resources
Department : Science Subject: Chemistry / Science (Chemistry) Strategic Thrust 1 : A Nurturing and Caring Community of Learners
Data Source
Review Area Owners
137
Evidence of success
Tanjong Katong Girlsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; School Work Plan 2009
Monitoring academic performance
Key Areas
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Set examination 1. Target setting: targets: • Conduct target setting Sec 3: with Sec 4 classes Pure Chemistry (Jan ) Mid-year Exam • Review targets after Mid% dist % pass year and Prelim Exam 45% 90% (July, Sept) Final-year Exam % dist % pass 2. Prepare students for the 20 % 80 % GCE ‘O’ level Examinations in order to attain the exam Sec 4 Pure targets: Chem: • Train pupils to answer Mid-year Exam GCE ‘O’ level past year % dist % pass exam papers. (Jan – 20% 70% Oct ) • Mark written work of Prelim Exam students and provide % dist % pass feedback to students 40% 90% (Jan – Oct) • Conduct regular short ‘O’ level Exam formative tests and MSG: 2.2 termly Sec 4 common tests (Jan – Oct) • Go over common Sec 4 Sc Chem: mistakes from markers’
Targets Notes of meeting with teachers
Exam results
‘O’ level syllabus, Ten Year Series, Exercises from textbooks, printed worksheets, Examiners’ Report
Subject Coordinator /HOD
HOD
Review Data Source Area Owners
Teachers
Resources
Department : Science Subject: Chemistry / Science(Chemistry) Strategic Thrust 2 : A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
138
Positive feedback by teachers
Evidence of success Meeting / surpassing exam targets
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Key Areas report by Cambridge examiners (Jan –
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Resources
Oct) SPA booklet by MOE • Conduct structured revision lessons in the afternoon in Term 2 & 3 Implement ‘O’ for Sec 4 students level SPA Chemistry 2. Implement ‘O’ level SPA for practical Sec 3 and 4 students. workbooks • Introduce the 3 skills of SPA and the generic mark scheme at Sec 3 SPA (Term 1) assessment file • Train students on by MOE practical skills by conducting practical work for relevant topics • Carry out ‘O’ level assessment: Sec 3 - Skill 1 & 2 expt at the Monitor pupil end of Sec3 ( Nov performance by 2009) Subject • level Sec 4 • class - Skill 1 & 2 expt in Sec4 analysis / List of under Carry out follow(March performers up action form 2009)
Mid-year Exam MSG: 4.5 Prelim Exam MSG: 3.5 ‘O’ level Exam MSG: 1.9
Targets
Department : Science Subject: Chemistry / Science(Chemistry) Strategic Thrust 2 : A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Sec 3 level coordinator
Subject teachers/ Subject Coordinator /HOD
Feedback report by teachers
Attendance list of remedial lessons & results of CAs &
Review Data Source Area Owners
139
Improvement in performance of pupils identified for remedial
‘To what extent are your pupils prepared for SPA?’
Positive feedback from teachers for Question
Evidence of success
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Key Areas
underperforming classes and students
Targets
4. Conduct Post Test
3. Identify students who are under- performing to attend remedial lessons Sec 4 (Jan 2009) Sec 3 (after CA 1 of 2008) • Conduct remedial lessons for the identified students. (every fortnight ) • Group students for Sec 4 Pure Chemistry remedial students into 3 groups to handle manpower constraint. • Monitor the attendance and performance of pupils in remedial lessons. ( Jan – Sept ) • Carry out follow-up action for classes/ pupils who are underperforming (Jan -Oct)
- Skill 3 expt in Sec 4 (June 2009)
Strategies ( with time-frame )
PTR forms
Resources
Department : Science Subject: Chemistry / Science(Chemistry) Strategic Thrust 2 : A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Notes of meeting with teachers
examinations
Subject teachers/ HOD
Review Data Source Area Owners
140
Positive feedback by teachers
Evidence of success
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Varied pedagogical approaches
Key Areas
Strategies ( with time-frame )
2. Organise enrichment activities to support teaching and learning of Chemistry: Sec 3 Guided tour to Marina
Reflection (PTR) to help students identify and focus to improve on their weakness (after common tests) Streamline 1 Employ teaching pedagogical strategies with emphasis approaches with on Inquiry Approach and clear learning include: outcomes. • Lecture-demonstration Wherever approach possible, • Predict, Observe, linkage is made Explain (POE) approach to other • Cooperative learning subjects. approach • Concept mapping / graphic organising approach • Mini-research / problem solving approach to carry out differentiated teaching
Targets
External Tour Organiser
Teaching packages developed by teachers
Resources
Department : Science Subject: Chemistry / Science(Chemistry) Strategic Thrust 2 : A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Pupil survey after each activity
Teacher reflection
Pupil Survey Results
Teachers
HOD
Review Data Source Area Owners
141
Meeting achievement target
Positive pupil feedback after each activity.
Positive teacher reflection
Evidence of success
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Alternative assessment modes
Key Areas
Devise and employ alternative modes of assessment in addition to
Top 3 positions or Merit awards
Achievement target: 55 % distinctions 15% credits
Targets (Term 3)
1. Carry out an assessment on practical skills using video for Sec 4 students: • Subject teachers capture students’ practical work during daily practical, edit
3. Identify top 1 % students to participate in science competitions: • Australian National Chemistry Quiz (International) • Rio Tinto Science competition (International) • Chemistry Quiz at NUS : Fact or Fantasy (National) • Chemistry Communication Challenge (National)
Sec 4 Chemistry workshop on topics related to organic chemistry by Singapore Polytechnic (Term 1)
Barrage
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Video clips of students practical work Students’ template for good skills and
Organiser of Competition
Singapore Polytechnic
Resources
Department : Science Subject: Chemistry / Science(Chemistry) Strategic Thrust 2 : A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Feedback Report by teachers
Results of the competition
Subject coordinator
Teacher in charge
Review Data Source Area Owners
142
Responses from students’ scripts Positive feedback by teachers / students
Meeting top 3 positions or Merit awards
Meeting target % distinctions and credits
Evidence of success
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Integration of IT
Key Areas
Integrate 30 % IT in Chemistry lessons
formative tests and common tests.
Targets
3. Train students to conduct experiments using data loggers:
2. Train practical skills for SPA using IT: • Sec 3 and 4 subject teachers collaborate to work on videos of practical skills • Students use these videos to critique their own practical skills
1. Conduct lessons using IT eg resources from the Internet, Powerpoint slides, CD ROMs, digital media resources prepared by ETD and the interactive whiteboard.
and use video clip as assessment for students to identify good skills and areas for improvement (titration skills) (Term 2)
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Pascal dataloggers/ Training
The Internet, purchased CD ROMs, resources by ETD Contribution by teachers, online resources for whiteboard lessons
areas for improvement
Resources
Department : Science Subject: Chemistry / Science(Chemistry) Strategic Thrust 2 : A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Pupil Survey Results/ Feedback Report by teachers
Survey of IT usage by Science Dept / Pupil Survey Results/ Feedback Report by teachers
Subject Coordinator
HOD / Subject Coordinator
Subject Head of IT (Term 4)
Review Data Source Area Owners
143
Achieving the target of 30 % usage of IT in lessons
Evidence of success
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Relate the learning of Chemistry with • Geography • Social Studies • National Education
Integration of subjects
Differentiated Cater to the learning needs teaching & of students of learning different abilities
Targets
Key Areas
1. Band students according to ability for effective revision during Intensive Revision before Mid Year exam (Apr/May) and Block periods after Prelim Exam (Sept)
Teachers
External Tour Organiser
Internet
1. Align the topic on Environment Chemistry to be taught at the same time as geography. 2. Organise visits to Marina Barrage as part of National Education
Resources contributed by teachers
manuals
Resources
4. Expand the use of Edulearn as the school e-portal: • Design e-learning lessons (quizzes, crossword puzzles) to be made accessible through the e-portal ( Term 1 and 2)
Sec 3 topic on neutralisation Sec 4 topics on rate of reaction ( Terms I and 2 )
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Department : Science Subject: Chemistry / Science(Chemistry) Strategic Thrust 2 : A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Feedback Report by teachers
Pupil survey
Feedback Report by teachers
Pupil Survey / Feedback Report by teachers
Subject coordinator / HOD
HOD / Subject Coordinator
HOD / Subject Coordinator
HOD / Subject Coordinator
Review Data Source Area Owners
144
Positive feedback from teachers
Positive feedback from pupils
Positive feedback from teachers
Evidence of success
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Targets
Equip teachers with relevant
Staff Training Engage to build teachers in capacity professional sharing / buzzing
Key Areas
1. Organise buzzing sessions among teachers to share / work on • smooth implementation of SPA • effective teaching strategies / approaches • learning after attending
Teachers Relevant books/ magazines/ Articles
Existing resources/ Relevant books & materials from courses attended
3. Reflect strategies, tasks and worksheets for differentiated teaching in SOWS. Curriculum differentiation to be categorized into 3 levels: (Nov 2008) Level 1 – product (differentiated worksheets) Level 2 – pedagogy (differentiated approach) Level 3 – content (extension of content for greater challenge) Notes of meeting / Feedback Report by teachers
SOWs
Feedback Report by teachers
Teachers
2. Channel students who are weaker in the subject to do Combined Science (Chem) at the end of Sec 3
Level coordinators
Level Coordinators/ Subject Coordinator
HOD
Review Data Source Area Owners
Resources
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Department : Science Subject: Chemistry / Science(Chemistry) Strategic Thrust 2 : A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
145
Positive feedback from teachers
Positive feedback from teachers
Evidence of success Positive feedback from teachers
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Key Areas
skills
Targets
2. Teachers to attend training on the inquiry approach to teaching and learning of Chemistry / other relevant training (Term 1)
relevant courses / workshops • readings from relevant books / articles from magazines or Internet • strategies to address misconceptions and reduce common mistakes made by students • preparing and building of teaching resources eg, SPA video clips
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Relevant workshops
Resources
Department : Science Subject: Chemistry / Science(Chemistry) Strategic Thrust 2 : A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Traisi record of teachers
Teachers/ HOD
Review Data Source Area Owners
146
Positive feedback from teachers
Evidence of success
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Incorporate aesthetics related activities in the teaching and learning of Science
Provide opportunities for students to appreciate
Appreciation of the aesthetics
Targets
Opportunities for aesthetics expression in the subjects
Key Areas
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Resources Data Source
Review Area Owners
Evidence of success
Department : Science Subject: Lower Sec Science Strategic Thrust 3: A Learning Environment Rich in Aesthetics (visual art, music, drama, dance, design, photography)
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Key Areas
aesthetics related activities in the teaching and learning of Science
Targets
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Resources Data Source
Review Area Owners
Evidence of success
Department : Science Subject: Lower Sec Science Strategic Thrust 3: A Learning Environment Rich in Aesthetics (visual art, music, drama, dance, design, photography)
148
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Physics
Targets
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Staff 1. HOD conducts • Work Review Engagemen twice a year • target setting with teachers t (Jan) (Increase • Mid-year work review (July) staff • Year-end work review involvement (Nov) in school improvemen • learning and t sharing of good 2. HOD gives timely feedback / ) practices encouragement to teachers to share good practices • eWSS (On going) contributions 3. Contribute suggestions at department meeting and on own accord Staff 1. Conduct buzzing sessions on • Fortnight Developme Tuesdays / Fridays to discuss buzzing nt & matters related to Physics sessions Training curriculum (Term 1-3) (Develop Competent 2. Conduct buzzing where Staff and experienced teachers guide Identificatio • Professional teachers teaching the subject n of sharing for the first time on the Strategic
Key Areas
Level coordinator
feedback report by teachers
Experienced teachers
HOD / SH
HOD
149
Positive teacher reflections
Positive teacher reflections
2 suggestions per teacher
Positive feedback from Teacher Climate survey
Review Area Evidence of Owners success Teachers/ Reporting officer and HOD teacher comments after mid-year and year-end review
Subject coordinator
eWSS records
Teacher Climate Survey
Teachers’ Work Review document
Data Source
Notes of Teachers discussion Relevant books/maga zines/articles
Teachers
HOD
EPMS file
Resources
Department : Science Subject: Physics / Science (Physics) Strategic Thrust 1 : A Nurturing and Caring Community of Learners
3.3
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Competenci es )
Key Areas
• Relevant training workshops / courses
• Lesson observation / Peer Coaching
Targets
7. Identify training needs of dept / individual teachers. Dept training on Inquiry Approach
6. Encourage teachers to build up their professional portfolios (on going)
5. Conduct peer coaching and self-reflection for the experienced teachers (Term 1-3)
4. Carry out lesson observations and feedback ( Term 1-3) (a) Observation HOD/SH (b) Peer Observation (c) Video observation
3. Conduct sharing by each teacher on effective teaching strategies / learning after attending courses and teachers to apply relevant learning in teaching. (Term 2)
approach to a new topic (Term 1-3)
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Various training agencies
Traisi Record/ Work Review
Work Review with teachers
Teachers
HOD / teachers
150
Positive feedback by teachers during work review
Positive feedback from teachers
Positive feedback from Teacher Climate survey HOD / teachers
Feedback report by HOD/ Teacher portfolio
HOD/ ST
Senior teachers
Positive teacher reflections
Subject coordinator
Evidence of success
Notes of discussion
Data Source
Review Area Owners
Teachers
Resources
Department : Science Subject: Physics / Science (Physics) Strategic Thrust 1 : A Nurturing and Caring Community of Learners
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Targets
Student Engagemen • Student t engaging (Review the approaches in level of lessons student engagemen • Identify t in lessons) students’ needs and better support their learning and development
Key Areas
4. 7 key areas to address: − Curriculum Differentiation (10% of lessons) − Cooperative Learning − Habits of Mind − Aesthetics (in line with ST 3) − ICT (30% of lessons) − Integration across subjects − NE integration
3. FMs and subject teachers work closely with Level Coordinators to proactively address concerns/ issues of the cohort
2. Provide opportunities for students to be actively engaged in learning by adopting the inquiry approach
and Authentic Assessment (2 days in Term 1)
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Level Coordinators
Level Coordinators
Teachers
Resources
Department : Science Subject: Physics / Science (Physics) Strategic Thrust 1 : A Nurturing and Caring Community of Learners
Lesson observation reports
Pupil survey Quality School Experience (QSE) survey Pupil survey
document
Data Source
Teachers
Level Coordinators
HOD/ teachers
Review Area Owners
151
Meeting KPIs for each areas
Positive feedback from pupil survey
MRI above national average
Evidence of success
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
152
Tanjong Katong Girlsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; School Work Plan 2009
Targets
Sc Phy % dist 87.5% % pass 100 % MSG: 1.9
‘O’ level Exam % dist 71.9% % pass 100 % MSG: 2.2
Strategies (with time frame)
•
•
‘O’ level Exam % dist % pass
Mark assignments accurately so that effective feedback is given
Design worksheets to include higher order thinking questions to test the concepts of students.
2. Prepare students for the GCE ‘O’ Level Examinations: • Train pupils to answer ‘O’ level questions especially the application questions. Questions starting with the simple to the application kind of questions after each sub-topic. Give short essay questions of different questioning style for practice. Immediate feedback would be given too.
1. Target setting: • Conduct target setting with Sec 4 classes (Jan) • Review targets after Mid-year and Prelim Exam (July, Sept)
Prelim Exam % dist % pass 40 % 95 % MSG: 2.8
Sec 4: Pure Physics Mid-year Exam % dist %pass 40 % 90 % MSG: 3.0
Final-year Exam % dist % pass 25 % 80 %
Physics Exam Monitoring Targets: academic performance (Monitor and Sec 3: Pure Physics Review Effectiveness Mid-year Exam % dist % pass ) 20 % 80 %
Key Areas Exam Analysis Results
Data Source
153
Positive value added for the subject
Review Area Evidence of Owners Success Meeting / surpassing Subject Coordinator / the exam targets Teachers
GCE ‘O’ Exam results Subject coordinator Level syllabus, Ten Year Series and printed worksheets , Examiners’ report, Exercises from textbooks
Teachers
Resource s
Department : Science Subject: Physics Strategic Thrust 2: A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Key Areas
‘O’ Level Exam MSG: 1.9
Prelim Exam MSG: 3.5
Sec 4: Science Physics Mid-year Exam MSG: 4.5
40 % 95 % MSG: 2.2
Targets
•
•
•
•
Topics in physics (i) Highlight important keywords and key concepts to students. (ii) Students to be briefed on the acceptable presentation skills in units, significant figures and graphing skills (on-going) (iii) All pupils will use the syllabus printed in the beginning of the year. Before the start of a new topic,
Train students in definition of terms and formulas. After which a compilation of the students’ work will be shared (on going)
Go through common mistakes from markers’ report by Cambridge examiners
Conduct peer marking session and share good answers from students (on-going)
to the pupils.
Strategies (with time frame)
Resource s
Department : Science Subject: Physics Strategic Thrust 2: A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Data Source
Review Area Evidence of Owners Success
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Key Areas
Monitor student performance by o level o class Carry out followup action for under-performing classes and students
Targets
(ii)
To have at least 1 assignment on 2 tier MCQ approach to identify students’ misconceptions and correct their alternative conceptions accordingly
Exercises/Assignments (i) Questions to be classified according to the concepts taught in each topic. Students will be taught to solve these questions with appropriate problem solving skills (on-going)
Sec 3 Starts after the results of first CA
2. Identify and monitor the performance of weaker pupils and conduct structured remedial lessons fortnightly
•
students are asked to read the SIOs found in the syllabus (on-going)
Strategies (with time frame)
Subject analysis / List of under performers
Resource s
Department : Science Subject: Physics Strategic Thrust 2: A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Attendance list of remedial lessons & results of CAs & examination s
Data Source
Subject Coordinators & Teachers
155
Improvement in performance of pupils identified for remedial
Review Area Evidence of Owners Success
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Key Areas
Implement ‘O’ level SPA
Targets
•
•
•
•
•
Carry out follow-up action for under-performing classes and students. (Jan.- Oct)
Monitor attendance and progress of remedial pupils. (Jan.- Oct)
Train weaker pupils to answer class assignments that they do not understand. (Jan Oct)
Identify the difficult topics faced by students and address the problems during remedial classes
A common pool of topical exercises will be used /compiled for students to use during remedial lessons/ for their self-study (Jan – Oct)
Sec 4 –starts in Term 1 Week 2 based on 2008 final term Physics results
Strategies (with time frame)
SPA
PTR forms
Resource s
Department : Science Subject: Physics Strategic Thrust 2: A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Feedback report by
Notes of meeting with teachers
Data Source
Teachers/ Subject
Subject coordinator
156
Through pupils’ and science teachers’
Positive feedback by teachers
Review Area Evidence of Owners Success
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Varied
Key Areas
Streamline
Targets Conduct Post Test Reflection (PTR) to help students identify and focus to improve on their weakness (after common tests)
resource file/package
Resource s
Carry out ‘O’ level assessment: Sec 3 - Skill 1 & 2 expt at the end of Term 3 Sec 3 ( Nov 2009) Sec 4 - Skill 1 & 2 expt in Sec4 (March 2009) - Skill 3 expt in Sec 4 (July 2009)
• Set up a common pool of resources for teaching of SPA skills 1. Employ teaching strategies with
•
3. Implement ‘O’ level SPA for Sec 3 & 4 students. • Introduce the 3 skills of SPA and the generic mark scheme at SPA Sec 3 (Term 1) assessment • Train students on practical skills by conducting practical work for file by MOE relevant topics
•
Strategies (with time frame)
Department : Science Subject: Physics Strategic Thrust 2: A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP) Review Area Evidence of Data Source Owners Success teachers Coordinator/ survey HOD
157
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
pedagogical approaches (Varied and Integrated pedagogical approaches)
Key Areas
pedagogical approaches with clear learning outcomes. Wherever possible, linkage is made to other subjects.
Targets
•
Use suitable Physics apparatus and models to explain concepts
emphasis on Inquiry Approach and include: − Co-operative learning approach − Curriculum Differentiation − Habits of Mind − Aesthetics (in line with ST 3) − ICT − Integration across subjects − NE integration − Teacher-demonstrations − Pupil-centred activities − use of analogies in everyday life − Lecture-demonstration approach − Predict-Observe-Explain (POE) approach − Mini-research / problem solving approach to carry out differentiated teaching − Concept mapping/graphic organizing approach − Case study from newspaper/magazines/the Internet (on-going)
Strategies (with time frame)
Teaching packages developed by teachers
Science journals/ Internet/ CD ROMs/ Physics demonstrat ion set, Newspaper s
Resource s
Department : Science Subject: Physics Strategic Thrust 2: A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Pupil Survey results
Feedback Report by teachers
Data Source Teachers/ HOD
158
Positive feedback from teachers and students
Review Area Evidence of Owners Success
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Devise and employ alternative modes of assessment in addition to formative and common tests.
Incorporate 30%
Integration of
Targets
Alternative assessment mode (Varied and Integrated pedagogical approaches )
Key Areas
Relate Physics concepts to some natural phenomena e.g. lightning and applications in home and industry e.g. Use of endoscope in hospital and also ultra-sound in industry, photocopying machine. (Jan Sept) Other learning institutions
Resource s
Pupil survey after each activity
Data Source
1. Conduct lessons using ICT eg
•
The
Survey of IT
Train pupils to summarise main points of a topic by using graphic organizers/ mind maps/ flow charts (Jan – Oct) ‘O’ Level SPA assessment to begin in SPA Marks of term 4 for sec 3s and completed by assessmen assessments term 3 for Sec 4s t package
•
and to stimulate thinking (e.g. Van De Graff Generator for Static Electricity. Brownian motion apparatus for molecular theory)
Strategies (with time frame)
Department : Science Subject: Physics Strategic Thrust 2: A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
SH of IT
Teachers
Teachers / Subject Coordinator/ HOD
159
Meeting target of 30
100% of pupils scores at least level 1 for SPA ‘O’ Level
Positive feedback from teachers and students
Review Area Evidence of Owners Success
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
IT (Optimise use of teaching and learning resources )
Key Areas
ICT in Physics lessons.
Targets
3. Expand the use of Edulearn eportal: • Re-package the current ICT resources for Sec 3 & 4 and upload over the e-portal (Term 4) • Design e-learning lessons (quizzes, crossword puzzles) to be made accessible through
2. Train students to conduct experiments using data loggers: • Sec 3 topic on heat • Sec 4 topic on sound
resources from the Internet, Powerpoint slides, CD ROMs, digital media resources prepared by ETD
Strategies (with time frame)
Resources contributed by teachers
Multilog training manuals
Internet/ CD ROMs, Multilog training manuals
Resource s
Department : Science Subject: Physics Strategic Thrust 2: A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Feedback Report by teachers Pupil Survey result
Subject Coordinator
160
Positive feedback by teachers and students
Review Area Evidence of Data Source Owners Success % usage in lessons usage by Meeting ICT baseline HOD Science (end of Term standards Dept/ Pupil Survey IV) results/ Feedback report by teachers Subject Pupil Survey Coordinator results/ feedback report by teachers
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Relate the learning of Physics with Chemistry, Social Studies, National Education and Mathematics
Partner with relevant learning institution for the learning of Physics
Partnerships (Partnership with external organization s)
Targets
Integration of subjects (Varied and Integrated pedagogical approaches )
Key Areas
Encourage interested pupils to take part in the enrichment programme or competitions organised by tertiary institutions.
•
Participate in relevant activities organized by institutions of higher learning eg NUS, NTU or the Polytechnics
Incorporate NE in the following topics: calculation of cost of electricity
•
• Introduce URLs on interesting topics related to Physics • Draw the common skills and links in the following topics with Chemistry and Math: Kinematics, Kinetic Theory of Matter, Static Electricity– composition of a nucleus, Straight Line Equations, Straight Line Graphs
the e-portal
Strategies (with time frame)
Positive feedback from teachers and students HOD (end of Term IV) Feedback report by teachers Institutions of higher learning
161
Meeting achievement target
Positive feedback from teachers
Teacher in charge
Teachers
Results of competition /pupil survey after each activity
Feedback report by teachers
Data Source
Review Area Evidence of Owners Success
Organizer of competitio n
Textbook
Resource s
Department : Science Subject: Physics Strategic Thrust 2: A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Differentiated teaching & learning (Provide differentiated teaching and learning )
Key Areas
Adopt different approaches to help students of different abilities to learn physics
Targets
Teachers
Teachers
2. Band students according ability (Sec 4/8 & 4/9) for effective revision during block periods after Prelim Exam (Sept) 3. Channel students who are weaker in the subject to do Combine Science (Phy) at the end of Sec 3 4. Identify top 1 % students to participate in Science competitions E.g. Physics Olympiad competition & PET rocket competitions.
Teachers
Teachers
Resource s
1. Adopt different approaches for classes of different abilities: • To include simple, comprehension type of questions for practice and drilling for: classes that are academically weak. • For classes that are academically better/strong, exercises will include at least 1 challenging question on analysis and application of concepts type
Strategies (with time frame)
Department : Science Subject: Physics Strategic Thrust 2: A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
CA/ exam results
Sec 3 end of year exam results
Prelim results
Subject coordinator
Subject coordinator
Subject coordinator
162
Meeting target to achieve top 3 positions / merit awards
Improvement in results
Improvement in results
Review Area Evidence of Data Source Owners Success Positive feedback Subject Feedback Coordinator / from teachers and report by students teachers and HOD students
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Staff training to build capacity (Develop Competent Staff and Identification of Strategic Competencie s)
Key Areas
Equip teachers with relevant skills
Engage teachers in professional sharing / buzzing
Targets
2. Organise buzzing sessions among teachers to share / work on • smooth implementation of SPA • effective teaching strategies / approaches • learning after attending relevant courses / workshops • readings from relevant books / articles from magazines or Internet • strategies to address misconceptions and reduce common mistakes made by students
1. Teachers to attend relevant training on: • Physics by inquiry and misconceptions in physics courses
Strategies (with time frame)
Teachers Relevant books/ magazines / Articles
NIE / MOE training branch
Resource s
Department : Science Subject: Physics Strategic Thrust 2: A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Notes of meeting / Feedback Report by teachers
Subject coordinators
163
Positive feedback from teachers
Review Area Evidence of Data Source Owners Success Teachers TRAISI Positive feedback records of from teachers teachers
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Lower Secondary Science
Staff Development & Training (Develop Competent Staff and Identification of Strategic Competencies )
Staff Engagement (Staff involvement in school improvement )
Key Areas 5. HOD conducts • target setting with teachers (Jan) • Mid-year work review (July) • Year-end work review (Nov)
Strategies ( with time-frame )
• Scheduled buzzing sessions
• eWSS contributions
1. Conduct formal and informal buzzing on Tuesdays/Fridays to discuss matters related to LSS curriculum e.g. SPA assessment, marking of CA, emphasis of important points for teaching of new concepts and e-learning approach. (Term 1-3)
7. Contribute suggestions at department meeting / buzzing sessions and on own accord at eWSS (On-going)
• learning and 6. HOD gives timely feedback / sharing of good encouragement to teachers to practices share good practices (On- going)
• Work Review twice a year
Targets
Department : Science Subject: Lower Secondary Science Strategic Thrust 1: A Nurturing and Caring Community of Learners
3.4
Positive feedback from teacher reflection
Subject coordinator Notes of discussion Teachers, relevant reference materials
2 suggestions per teacher
Teachers
eWSS records
Positive feedback from Teacher Climate survey
Teachers
HOD
Teacher Climate Survey
HOD
Evidence of success Positive feedback from teacher
Teachers’ Work Review document
Data Source
Review Area Owners Teachers/ HOD
EPMS file
Resources
164
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Key Areas
• Relevant training
• Lesson observation / Peer coaching
• Professional sharing
Targets Experienced teachers
Teachers
HOD
Experienced teachers
Senior teachers
3. Conduct sharing by each teacher on effective teaching strategies / learning after attending courses /sharing of teaching packages developed by teachers (Semester 1 & 2) 4. Carry out lesson observations and feedback - Observation by HOD (Term 1-3) 5. Experienced teachers coach untrained teachers / peer coach relief teachers (Term 1-3)
6. Encourage teachers to build up their professional portfolios (On-going)
Resources
2. Conduct buzzing where experienced teachers guide teachers teaching the subject for the first time on the approach to a new topic (Term 1-3)
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Department : Science Subject: Lower Secondary Science Strategic Thrust 1: A Nurturing and Caring Community of Learners
Work Review
Work Review with teachers
Feedback report by HOD
Notes of discussion / teacher questionnaire
Teacher questionnaire
Data Source
RO / Teachers
Experienced teachers / teachers
HOD / teachers
Subject coordinator
Review Area Owners Level coordinator
Positive feedback from teachers
Positive feedback from teacher reflections
Positive feedback from Teacher Climate survey
Positive feedback from teacher reflection
Evidence of success Positive feedback from teacher reflection
165
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Student Engagement (Review the level of student engagement in lessons)
Key Areas
Pupil Survey
Lesson Observation Reports / SEM reports
Level Coordinators
Level Coordinators
2. FMs and subject teachers work closely with Level Coordinators to proactively address concerns/ issues of the cohort. (Term 1-4) 3. Include 7 key areas in the LSS SOWs:
• Identify students’ needs and better support their learning and development
• Curriculum Differentiation (10% of lessons)
Pupil survey
Teachers
Various training agencies
8. To attend training in accordance to the needs of teachers and teachers to apply relevant courses in teaching (Term 1-4) 1. Provide opportunities for students to be actively engaged in learning by adopting the inquiry approach (Term 1-4)
TRAISI Record / Work Review
Various training agencies
TRAISI Record / Work Review
Data Source
7. Identify training needs of dept / individual teachers. Dept training on Inquiry Approach and Authentic Assessment (2 days in Term 1)
Resources
• Student engaging approaches in lessons
workshops / courses
Targets
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Department : Science Subject: Lower Secondary Science Strategic Thrust 1: A Nurturing and Caring Community of Learners
Positive feedback by teachers during work review Positive feedback from pupil survey
Meeting KPIs for each areas
Meeting KPIs for each areas
HOD/ teachers
Teachers
Teachers
Positive feedback by teachers during work review
Evidence of success
Teachers
HOD / Teachers
Review Area Owners
166
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Targets • Cooperative Learning • Habits of Mind • Aesthetics (in line with ST 3) • ICT (30% of lessons) • Integration across subjects • NE integration (On-going)
Resources
Monitoring academic performance
Key Areas
Set examination targets for final term examination
Targets
1. Target setting: • Set different targets for differentiated teaching.
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Teachers/ PSLE science grades / Past
Resources
Department : Science Subject: Lower Secondary Science Strategic Thrust 2: A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Key Areas
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Department : Science Subject: Lower Secondary Science Strategic Thrust 1: A Nurturing and Caring Community of Learners
Examination Analysis Results
Data Source
Data Source
Review Area Owners Subject coordinator/ Teachers
Review Area Owners
Evidence of success Meeting the targets set
Evidence of success
167
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
(Monitor and Review Effectiveness )
Key Areas
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Sec 1: • Review targets after Final-year Exam termly CA (end of each % dist % pass term) 40% 100% (1/1) 30% 95% (other 2. Prepare students for classes) tests/examinations to attain Target: 92% the set targets: scores at least 60 • Bring out common marks misconceptions and correcting them in the Sec 2: course of teaching a topic. Final-year Exam (on-going) % dist % pass • Train students on 45% 100% (2/1) answering skills especially 40% 95% (other those involving higher classes) order thinking skills. (onTarget: 92% going) scores at least 60 • Select questions to include marks higher order thinking questions to test the application of concepts. (on-going) • Design additional challenging worksheets/ questions to include higher order thinking skills/use different pedagogical approach to stretch the
Targets
(Termly printouts)
Feedback Report from teachers / Pupil Survey / Exam results
Students’ workbook, printed worksheets from Teacher’s Resource File, Past Years’ Exam papers
Data Source cohorts’ performance
Resources
Department : Science Subject: Lower Secondary Science Strategic Thrust 2: A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Subject coordinator/ Level coordinator / SH / teachers
Review Area Owners
Positive feedback from pupils and teachers
Evidence of success
168
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Key Areas
Targets
•
•
•
•
•
•
higher ability students of 1/1 & 2/1 (A-star science classes). Highlight important words and key concepts to give students a better focus when discussing challenging questions. (ongoing) Mark assignments accurately so that effective feedback is given to the students. (on-going) Conduct sessions for sharing of good answers from students. (on-going) Conduct sessions to get peers to evaluate students’ answers as a form of peer teaching (on-going) Carry out drill and practice for reinforcement of definitions, formulae and concepts. (on-going) Share with the class about the class performance after each term (using the Subject Analysis Results)
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Resources
Department : Science Subject: Lower Secondary Science Strategic Thrust 2: A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Data Source
Review Area Owners
Evidence of success
169
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Key Areas
Monitor student performance by: - level - class
Targets
3. Identify weak pupils for remedial class (Term 1-3): Sec 1 – based on CA 1 marks (starts late Term 1) Sec 2 – based on 2008 SA 2 (starts Term 1 week 2) • Conduct remedial lessons for the weaker students on a weekly basis • Monitor the attendance of remedial students and to take follow-up action for those absent. • Identify the difficult concepts/topics faced by students and address the problems during remedial classes. • Encourage weaker students to clarify doubts for topics that they do not understand. • Monitor the progress of the remedial students for tests and daily work.
and to help class set targets for next term. (Termly)
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Subject Analysis Printouts
Resources
Department : Science Subject: Lower Secondary Science Strategic Thrust 2: A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Attendance list for remedials/ Results of CAs & examinations
Data Source
Subject Coordinator / Teachers
Review Area Owners
At least 1 grade improvement in performance of students identified
Evidence of success
170
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Varied pedagogical approaches (Varied and Integrated pedagogical approaches )
Key Areas
5. Identify weaker classes and to alert next subject teacher to take note for Semester 2 changeover of teachers
Teaching packages designed by teachers, handouts from courses/ workshops, ‘A Guide to Teaching and Learning of Lower Secondary
Subject Analysis printouts / Teachers
Feedback Report by teachers / Pupil Survey results
Feedback reports from teachers
Notes of meeting with teachers
4. Conduct Post Test Reflection to help students identify their weakness and focus to improve on the next assessment. (after each common test) Post Test Reflection Forms
Data Source
Resources
Strategies ( with time-frame )
1. Use a variety of teaching Streamline methodologies that pedagogical include : approaches with clear learning • Curriculum Differentiation outcomes. o A-star science classes Wherever • Cooperative Learning possible, linkage is o Write-pair-share made to other o Rally Robin subjects. o Round Robin • Habits of Mind • Aesthetics • ICT
Targets
Department : Science Subject: Lower Secondary Science Strategic Thrust 2: A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Teachers / SH / HOD
Level coordinator / Teachers
Teachers
Review Area Owners
Positive feedback from teachers and students
Teachers’ reflections
Positive feedback from teachers
Evidence of success
171
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Key Areas
Targets
External vendors /
Science’ (from MOE), Practical workbooks & worksheets
• Integration across subjects • NE integration • Inquiry approach o Sec 1: Factors affecting the period of a pendulum (Term 1) o Sec 2: Mystery Spongee (Term 1) • concept mapping & graphic organizing approach • lecture-demonstration approach • Show & Tell • Use of analogies in daily life • POE – Predict, Observe & explain strategy • Fun activities: o Sec 1: A series of inquiry-based activities (Term 1) o Sec 2: An Eggcellent Demonstration on Osmosis’ (Term 3) 2. Conduct enrichment activities to support the teaching and learning of
Resources
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Department : Science Subject: Lower Secondary Science Strategic Thrust 2: A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Pupil survey
Data Source
Teachers-incharge /
Review Area Owners
Positive feedback
Evidence of success
172
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Key Areas
Targets
• Singapore Amazing Flying Machine (Term 1-2)
Various competition organizers
learning organizations / Science Centre / Teachers
Science. • Infusion of life science lessons into curriculum: o Sec 1: Extraction of DNA from Broccoli (Term 1) o Sec 2: Culturing Decomposers on Agar Plate (Term 3) • Scienzation Day for all sec 1 students (16th Mar) • Workshops organized by Singapore Science Centre and / or East Zone Life Science Centres 3. Identify top students / students inclined in science to participate in science competitions: • Rio Tinto Big Science Competition (Term 3)
Resources
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Department : Science Subject: Lower Secondary Science Strategic Thrust 2: A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Results of competition / students’ certificates
Data Source
Teachers’ incharge
Review Area Owners Subject coordinator / Level coordinator
Any award in
Meeting target % distinctions and credits
Evidence of success from teachers and students
173
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
2. Use the AsknLearn as a platform for teaching and
1. Conduct IT lessons through the use of Internet, PowerPoint, CD ROMs, video clips, applets, CPS & Interactive White Board (Term 1-3)
Alternative assessment modes (Varied and Integrated pedagogical approaches )
Integration of IT Integrate 30 % IT (Optimise use of in LSS lessons teaching and learning resources )
• Tan Kah Kee Young Inventors’ Award Competition
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Teach and assess practical skills in alignment with the ‘O’ level SPA. Carry out SPA assessment for: • Sec 1 - Skill 1.1-1.3 (Term 3) • Sec 2 - Skill 1.2, 1.3 & 2.2 (Term 2)
Targets
Design and carry out at least 1 alternative modes of assessment in addition to formative and common tests.
Key Areas
The Internet, purchased CD ROMs, IT lessons developed by teachers, AsknLearn, ETD, Internet, Practical
SPA training materials, Assessment Guidelines
Resources
Department : Science Subject: Lower Secondary Science Strategic Thrust 2: A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
At least one alternative mode of assessment carried out for each level
Achieving the target of 30 % usage of IT in lessons
SH of IT/ HOD Survey results of IT usage by Science dept
Any award / recognition in various categories
Evidence of success various categories
Subject Coordinator / SH
Review Area Owners
Marks showing level of performance of students
Data Source
174
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Integration of subjects (Varied and
Key Areas
Relate the learning of Science with: • Home
Targets
Pascal dataloggers/ Training manuals
3. Conduct experiments using data-loggers. • identify appropriate sensors and conduct experiments using data loggers • Sec 1: Force & Temperature sensors (‘Forces’ & ‘Heat Transmission’) (Term 3) Sec 2: pH, light & temperature sensors (‘Ecology’) (Term 3) Textbooks
workbooks
learning • design e-learning lessons to be uploaded (Sec 1: ‘Classification of Materials’ (Term 2) & ‘Particulate Model of Matter’ (Term 4) ) • build up shared resources on the portal
1. Relate science concepts learnt with examples of how concepts are applied
Resources
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Department : Science Subject: Lower Secondary Science Strategic Thrust 2: A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Feedback from teachers
Pupil Survey Results/ Feedback Report by teachers
Data Source
Teachers
Subject coordinator / Teachers
Review Area Owners
Positive feedback from teachers
Students’ work
Evidence of success
175
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Integrated pedagogical approaches )
Key Areas
• •
•
Strategies ( with time-frame ) in other subjects: Sec 1: • Formation and expansion of gases in baking (Term 3) • Infuse NE message no. 4 in the teaching of water scarcity and desalination of sea water (Term 2) • Conversion of units, formulae for area and volume of regular shapes and concept of straight line graphs (Term 3) Sec 2: • Importance of different types of nutrients in a balanced diet and digestion of food (Term 3) • Infuse NE message no. 4 in the teaching of water scarcity and reverse osmosis. (Term 3) • Sexuality education in ‘Birth Control and STIs’ (Term 3) • Draw the common skills
Targets
Economics National Education LEGACY Mathematics
Resources
Department : Science Subject: Lower Secondary Science Strategic Thrust 2: A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Data Source
Review Area Owners
Evidence of success
176
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
1. Allocate Sec 1 pupils who are strong in Science to the same class (1/1) during Sec 1 class allocation of classes (Jan) 2. Create protected periods within the time table for teachers to develop resources for curriculum differentiation (Jan)
Collaborate with external organizations
Group higher ability students in Science
Develop a differentiated curriculum for higher ability students
Partnerships (Partnership with external organizations )
Differentiated teaching & learning (Provide differentiated teaching and learning )
1. Participate in relevant activities organized by institution of learning such as Singapore Science Centre, East Zone Life Science Centre or the Polytechnics
learnt in processing of results obtained (eg. finding average, drawing and interpreting graphs, accuracy of answers with units expected (Term 13)
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Targets
Key Areas
Registration forms
Data Source
HOD
Time-table of teachers involved
PSLE Science Feedback from teachers grades, and students/ HOD Exam results of 1/1 and 2/1
Learning institutions
Resources
Department : Science Subject: Lower Secondary Science Strategic Thrust 2: A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
HOD
Subject coordinator/ HOD
Teachers/ Subject Coordinator
Review Area Owners
Positive feedback from teachers
Exam targets set for 1/1 and 2/1 achieved
Positive feedback from teachers
Evidence of success
177
Tanjong Katong Girlsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; School Work Plan 2009
Targets
Staff Training to Engage teachers in build capacity professional
Key Areas
Teachers
Assigned teachers
4. Teachers to adopt a more challenging approach for higher ability students (On-going) 5. Plan and conduct additional enrichment programme (Science Quest Programme) for 1/1 and 2/1 to develop their potential (Term 1-3) • Class 1/1 – ‘Learning thru Play’ (Inquiry Lessons based on toy automobiles) • Class 2/1 – Competitions-based research related to life sciences Relevant teachers /
Internet, science reference materials
3. Incorporate challenging and higher order thinking activities and questions into the scheme of work (Term 1-3)
1. Organise buzzing sessions among teachers to share /
Resources
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Department : Science Subject: Lower Secondary Science Strategic Thrust 2: A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Notes of meetings /
Science Quest Programme SOWs / letters to parents
Feedback from teachers and students
SOWs, worksheets
Data Source
Subject coordinator
Assigned teachers
Teachers
Review Area Owners Teachers / Subject coordinator
Positive feedback
competitions)
Photographs of students ‘at work’, achievements at various stages of the progammes (e.g. awards won or recognition given at
Positive feedback from teachers and students
Evidence of success Worksheets in Teacher’s Resource File
178
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
sharing / buzzing
(Develop Competent Staff and Identification of Strategic Competencies )
Strategies ( with time-frame )
work on (Term 1-3) • smooth implementation of Equip teachers SPA assessments with relevant skills • effective teaching strategies / approaches • learning after attending relevant courses / workshops • readings from relevant books / articles from magazines or Internet • strategies to address misconceptions and reduce common mistakes made by students • use of dataloggers, CPS or interactive whiteboard for new teachers • conducting life science experiments for new teachers • standardizing marking schemes for assessments 2. Teachers identify their training needs & attend relevant courses (Ongoing)
Targets
Key Areas
feedback by teachers
Records of teacher training (TRAISI)
Training courses by SEAB, MOE, NIE or
Data Source books / magazines / articles
Resources
Department : Science Subject: Lower Secondary Science Strategic Thrust 2: A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
Teachers
Review Area Owners
Positive feedback from teachers
Evidence of success from teachers
179
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Targets
Strategies ( with time-frame ) external vendors
Resources Data Source
Review Area Owners
Evidence of success
Opportunities for aesthetics
Key Areas
Incorporate aesthetics
Targets
Sec 2: 1. Students role-play the
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Worksheets, Students
Resources Data Source Studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; answers in
Review Area Owners Teachers
Evidence of success Positive feedback from
Department : Science Subject: Lower Secondary Science Strategic Thrust 3: A Learning Environment Rich in Aesthetics (visual art, music, drama, dance, design, photography)
Key Areas
Department : Science Subject: Lower Secondary Science Strategic Thrust 2: A Robust, Vibrant Progressive Curriculum (IP and non-IP)
180
Tanjong Katong Girlsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; School Work Plan 2009
Provide Sec 2: opportunities 1. Students to put their understanding of the basic for students to atomic structure into a 3-D appreciate model. Imagination and aesthetics creativity required (Term 1) related activities in the teaching and learning of Science
Appreciation of the aesthetics (Nurture & showcase talents in aesthetics )
behaviour of particles in 3 different states of matter (Term 1)
related activities in the teaching and learning of Science
expression in the subjects (Aesthetics integration into curriculum )
Strategies ( with time-frame )
Targets
Key Areas
Practical worksheets, Students
Resources
Studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; handiwork
Data Source their worksheets
Teachers
Review Area Owners
Positive comments from student response
Evidence of success teachers
Department : Science Subject: Lower Secondary Science Strategic Thrust 3: A Learning Environment Rich in Aesthetics (visual art, music, drama, dance, design, photography)
181
Tanjong Katong Girlsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; School Work Plan 2009
Biology 5094 Chemistry 5072
4.1 4.2
TOPIC
Redox
Redox
1
1-2
(e) define redox in terms of changes in oxidation state (f) identify redox reactions in terms of changes in oxidation state (g) describe the use of aqueous potassium iodide, acidified potassium dichromate(VI) in testing for oxidising and reducing agents from the resulting colour changes
(a) define oxidation and reduction ( redox ) in terms of oxygen/hydrogen gain/loss (b) identify redox reactions in terms of hydrogen/oxygen gain/loss (c) define redox in terms of electron transfer (d) identify redox reactions in terms of electron,gain/loss
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
Curriculum Differentiation (key topics, projects, no. of lessons) Cooperative Learning (state strategy) HOM (state the habit) Aesthetics (state the form eg rap, song ) ICT (state the ICT code) Integration (state the subject) NE(state the message)
WEE K
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Strategic Focus (2009) C2HAI2N
Scheme of Work
4
-Practice 1 Printed Worksheet Ex 10.3 , 10.4 -Practice 1 Workbook Worksheet 9 Pg 74 – 81 2 Textbook Ex 13 pg 225 -226
-Practice 1 Printed Worksheet Ex 10.1 2 Printed Worksheets Ex 10.2
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
HOM (Persisting ) CL (Write – pairshare) Curriculum Diff (level 1) Differentiated worksheets
(Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS
2
1
No of pds
182
RESOURCES
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Identification of ions and gases
Identification of ions and gases
3
TOPIC
2-3
WEE K
(b) Describe tests to identify the following anions: carbonate (by reaction with dilute acid and subsequent use of limewater); chloride (by reaction of an aqueous solution with nitric acid and aqueous silver nitrate); iodide (by reaction of an aqueous solution with nitric acid and with aqueous lead(II) nitrate); nitrate (by reduction with aluminium and aqueous sodium hydroxide to ammonia and subsequent use of litmus paper) and sulphate (by reaction of an aqueous solution with nitric acid and aqueous barium nitrate
Ammonia ( using damp red litmus paper ) , carbon dioxide ( using limewater ) , chlorine ( using damp litmus paper ) , hydrogen ( using burning splint ) , oxygen ( using glowing splint ) and sulphur dioxide ( using acidified potassium dichromate (VI) )
(a) Describe tests to identify the following gases:
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
Workbook Worksheet 8 Pg 68-73 QA [Pg 72 Q10 for triple science classes only] SPA TASK 2 Practical : QA Experiment 19 ( Pg 117 – 120 ): Confirmatory Tests For Anions
Assignment
SPA TASK 1 Practical : QA Experiment 17 ( Pg 107 – 112 ) : Testing For Gases IT Lesson
Assignment
IT Lesson
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES (Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS No of pds
183
Chemistry Matters Practical Book
PowerPoint Slides Worksheet / Chemistry TYS
PowerPoint Slides Worksheet / Chemistry TYS Chemistry Matters Practical Book
RESOURCES
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Reactivity series
Properties of metals
Metals
Identification of ions and gases
4-5 CNY week
6
TOPIC
WEE K
lead, magnesium, potassium, silver, sodium and zinc by reference to: (i) the reactions, if any, of the metals with: water or steam; dilute hydrochloric acid (ii) the reduction, if any, of their oxides by carbon and/ or with hydrogen
(a) place in order of reactivity calcium, copper, (hydrogen), iron,
melting points, malleable, good conductors of heat and electricity in terms of their structure (b) describe alloys as a mixture of a metal with another element eg brass; stainless steel (c) identify representations of metals and alloys from diagrams of structures (d) explain why alloys have different physical properties to their constituent elements
(a) describe the general physical of metals as solids having high
(c ) To find out the action of heat on some common substances
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
SPA TASK 4 Practical: VA Experiment 8 (Pg 67 -70 ) Volumetric Analysis IV : Redox Titration
Assignment
Assignment SPA TASK 3 Practical: QA Experiment (Printed Worksheet) Action of heat on common substances IT Lesson
IT Lesson
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES (Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS No of pds
184
Chemistry Matters Practical Book
Chemistry TYS
Selected pictures and video clips from CD ROM The Chemistry Set and GCSE Chem 1
Worksheet / Chemistry TYS
PowerPoint Slides
RESOURCES
Tanjong Katong Girlsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; School Work Plan 2009
Metals Reactivity series
Metals Extraction of metal
Metals Iron
8
9
TOPIC
7
WEE K
relating the elements to their positions in the reactivity series (b) describe metal ores as a finite resource and hence the need to recycle metals discuss the social, economic and environmental advantages and disadvantages of recycling metals (a) describe and explain the essential reactions in the extraction of iron using haematite, limestone and coke in the blast furnace (b) describe steels as alloys which are a mixture of iron with carbon or other metals and how controlled use of these additives changes the properties of the iron, eg high carbon steels are strong but brittle whereas low carbon steels are softer and more easily shaped (c ) state the uses of mild steel (eg car bodies; machinery) and stainless steel (eg chemical plant; cutlery; surgical instruments)
Assignment SPA TASK 7 Practical: VA (Printed Worksheet): Redox Titration
IT Lesson
SPA TASK 6 Practical: VA (Printed Worksheet): Redox Titration
Assignment SPA TASK 5 Practical: QA (Printed Worksheet) Test for Redox Reagents
metal to form its positive ion, illustrated by its reaction with: (i) the aqueous ions of the other listed metals (ii) the oxides of the other listed metals (c) deduce the order of reactivity from a given set of experimental results listed metals and relate thermal stability to the reactivity series
(a) describe the ease of obtaining metals from their ores by
IT Lesson
(b) describe the reactivity series as related to the tendency of a
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
ICT(M)
(Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS No of pds
185
SPA Resource Package
Chemistry TYS
Science Series II: Materials CDROM
LJ Rasanayagam, Practical Chemistry for ‘O’ Level Volume 2
Chemistry TYS
CD ROM GCSE Chem 3:
RESOURCES
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Metals Iron
TOPIC
1
reactions Speed of reaction
TERM II
10
WEE K
(a) *describe the effect of concentration, pressure, particle size and temperature on the speeds of reactions and explain these effects in terms of collisions between reacting particles (b) define the term catalyst and describe the effect of catalysts (including enzymes) on the speeds of reaction (c) Explain how pathways with lower activation energies account for the increase in speeds of reactions (d) state that some compounds act as catalysts in a range of industrial processes and that enzymes are biological catalyst
(d) describe the essential conditions for the corrosion (rusting) of iron as the presence of oxygen and water; prevention of rusting can be achieved by placing a barrier around the metal (eg painting; greasing; plastic coating; galvanising) (e) describe the sacrificial protection of iron by a more reactive metal in terms of the reactivity series where the more reactive metal corrodes preferentially (eg underwater pipes have a piece of magnesium attached to them)
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
Practical: SPA Assessment Skill 1&2 S/12/1
SPA TASK 8 Practical: QA (Printed Worksheet) To determine unknown cation and anion
[pg 92 Q10 for triple science classes only ]
Workbook Worksheet 10 Pg 82 – 93
Assignment
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
( Practical )
Rusting :Sacrificial protection
CD(2) Approach:
(Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS No of pds
186
SPA Assessment Package
Exploring Chemistry CD ROM Chapter 4 ( or new Interactive Resource )
LJ Rasanayagam, Practical Chemistry for ‘O’ Level Volume 2
Chemistry TYS
RESOURCES
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Chemical reactions Speed of reaction
Chemical reactions Speed of reaction
3
TOPIC
2
WEE K
(g) suggest a suitable method for investigating the effect of a given variable on the speed of a reaction (h) *interpret data obtained from experiments concerned with speed of reaction
(e) suggest a suitable method for investigating the effect of a given variable on the speed of a reaction (f) *interpret data obtained from experiments concerned with speed of reaction
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
[pg 133 Q14-15 for triple science classes only ]
SPA TASK 10 Practical : (Printed Worksheet) Using Data-Loggers to investigate the effect of temperature on the speed of reaction Workbook Worksheet 14 Pg 122 – 134
SPA TASK 9 Practical : Rate of reaction (Printed Worksheet) To study the effect of temp on rate of reaction
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES (Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS No of pds
187
Practical Worksheet
LJ Rasanayagam, Practical Chemistry for ‘O’ Level Volume 2 Expt 12 : To study the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and dil HCl
RESOURCES
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
4
WEE K
Atmosphere and Environment Air
TOPIC
describe the volume composition of gases present in dry air as 79% nitrogen, 20% oxygen, with the remainder being noble gases (with argon as the main constituent) and carbon dioxide name some common atmospheric pollutants ( carbon monoxide, methane, nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), ozone, sulphur dioxide , unburnt hydrocarbons ) (c ) state the source of each of these pollutants (i) carbon monoxide from the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing substances (ii) nitrogen oxides from lightning activity and internal combustion Engines (iii) sulphur dioxide from volcanoes and combustion of fossil fuels Describe the reactions used in possible solutions to the problems arising from some of the pollutants named in (b) (i) The redox reactions in catalytic converters to remove combustion pollutants (ii) The use of calcium carbonate to reduce the effect of ‘acid rain’ and in flue gas desulphurisation
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
SPA TASK 11 SPA Skill 3 Training Plan an experiment to study the effect of concentration on rate of reaction
Assignment
Online leasson Co-operative Learning
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES (Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS No of pds
188
SPA Resource Package
Chemistry TYS
http://www.gov.s g/feedback http://www.moe. edu.sg
RESOURCES
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
9-10
SPA Skill 3 Training: Planning and Feedback
Mid-Year Exam – Review
8
(e) discuss some of the effects of these pollutants on health and on the environment (i) the poisonous nature of carbon monoxide (ii) the role of nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide in the formation of ‘acid rain’ and its effects on respiration and buildings (f) discuss the importance of ozone layer and the problems involved with the depletion of ozone by reaction with chlorine containing compounds, chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs) (g) describe the carbon cycle in simple terms. To include (i) the processes of combustion, respiration and photosynthesis (ii) how the carbon cycle regulates the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (h) state that carbon dioxide and methane are greenhouse gases and may contribute to global warming, give the source of these gases and discuss the possible consequences of an increases in global warming Revision for Mid-Year Exam
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
Mid-Year Exam
Atmosphere and Environment Air
TOPIC
6-7
5-6
4-5
WEE K
SPA TASK 12 SPA Skill 3: SPA Planning only
Workbook Worksheet 16 Pg 140 – 145 [pg144 Q7-9 for triple science classes only
Practical : SPA Skill 3 Training Rate of Reaction: To carry out the planned experiment
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES (Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS No of pds
189
LJ Rasanayagam, Practical Chemistry for ‘O’ Level Volume 2 Expt 14 : To study the effect of mass of catalyst on the rate of reaction
TKGS
http://qlink.quee nsu.ca/`41rm4
http://www.epa.g ov/docs/acidrain/ so2emis
http://www.epa.g ov/acidrain/stude nt
RESOURCES
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Rate of reaction
TOPIC
1
Electrolysis
TERM III
JUNE VAC ATIO N
WEE K
(a) *describe electrolysis as the conduction of electricity by ionic compound (an electrolyte), when molten or dissolved in water, leading to the decomposition of the electrolyte (b) *describe electrolysis as evidence for the existence of ions which are held in a lattice when solid but which are free to move when molten or in solution (c) describe, in terms of the mobility of ions present and the electrode products, the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride, using inert electrodes (d) predict the likely products of the electrolysis of a molten binary compound
SPA Assessment
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
IT lesson on electrolysis I
SPA Skill 3 Assessment: Printed Question Paper
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES (Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS No of pds
190
Electrochemistry
CD ROM:
SPA Assessment Package
RESOURCES
Tanjong Katong Girlsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; School Work Plan 2009
2
WEE K
Electrolysis
TOPIC
(e) Apply the idea of selective discharge based on cations: linked to the reactivity series anions: halides, hydroxide and sulphates (e.g. aqueous copper(II) sulphate and dilute sodium chloride solution (as essentially the electrolysis of water) concentration effects (as in the electrolysis of concentrated and dilute aqueous sodium chloride) (in all cases above, inert electrodes are used) (f) predict the likely products of the electrolysis of an aqueous electrolyte, given relevant information (g) construct ionic equations for the reactions occurring at the electrodes during the electrolysis given relevant information (h) *describe the electrolysis of purified aluminium oxide dissolved in molten cryolite as the method of extraction of aluminium (i) *describe the electrolysis of aqueous copper (II) sulphate with copper electrodes as a means of purifying copper ( no technical details are required) (j) *describe the electroplating of metals eg copper plating, and state one use of electroplating (k) describe the production of electrical energy from simple cells (ie two electrodes in an electrolyte) linked to the reactivity Series and redox reaction
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
(Practical)
Workbook Worksheet 11
** Triple Science classes to carry out expt on simple cell using different electrolytes and metals, measure the potential difference set up hence deduce the relative reactivity of the unknown metals
[ Pg 94 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 102 [pg 102 Q7 for triple science classes only ]
CD(2) Approach Simple Cell : To find out the relative reactivity of metals
(Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS
IT Lesson on electrolysis II
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
No of pds
191
CD ROM: Exploring Chemistry
RESOURCES
Tanjong Katong Girlsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; School Work Plan 2009
3
WEE K
Introduction to Organic ChemistryFuels and Crude oil
TOPIC
(a) Name natural gas, mainly methane, and petroleum as sources of energy (b) Describe petroleum as a mixture of hydrocarbons and its separation into useful fractions by fractional distillation (c ) Name the following fractions and state their uses: o Petrol (gasoline) as a fuel in cars o Naphtha as feedstock for the chemical industry o Paraffin (kerosene) as a fuel for heating and cooking and for aircraft engines o Diesel as a fuel for diesel engines o Lubricating oils as lubricants and as a source of polishes and waxes o Bitumen for making road surfaces State the naphtha fraction from crude oil is the main source of hydrocarbons used as the feedstock for the production of a wide range of organic compounds Discuss the issues relating to the competing uses of oil as an energy source and as a chemical feedstock
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
Workbook Worksheet 17 Pg 146 – 152
Assignment
IT Lesson
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES (Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS No of pds
192
Chemistry TYS
Powerpoint slides: Introduction to Organic Chemistry
RESOURCES
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Organic Chemistry Alkanes
Organic Chemistry Alkenes
4-5
TOPIC
3-4
WEE K
(a) describe the alkenes as an homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n (b) *draw the structures of branched and unbranched alkenes, C2 to C4 and name the unbranched alkenes, ethene to butene (c) describe the manufacture of alkenes and hydrogen by cracking hydrcarbons and recognise that cracking is essential to match the demand for fractions containing smaller molecules from the refinery process (d) describe the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons from their molecular structures and by using aqueous bromine (e) describe the properties of alkenes in terms of combustion, polymerisation and the addition reactions with bromine, steam and hydrogen (f) state the meaning of polyunsaturated as applied to food products (g) describe the manufacture of margarine by the addition of hydrogen to unsaturated vegetable oils to form a solid product
terms and substitution by Chlorine
(a) describe a homologous series as a group of compounds with a general formula, similar chemical properties and showing a gradation in physical properties as a result of increase in the size and mass of the molecules, eg melting and boiling points; viscosity; flammability (b) describe the alkanes as an homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2 (c) *draw the structures of branched and unbranched alkanes, C1 to C4 and name the unbranched alkanes, methane to butane (d) define isomerism and identify isomers (e) describe the properties of alkanes (exemplified by methane) as being generally unreactive in
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
Workbook Worksheet 19 Pg 159 – 166 [pg 165 Q10-11 for triple science classes only ]
Assignment
IT Lesson
Workbook Worksheet 18 Pg 153 – 158 [pg 158 Q12 for triple science classes only
Assignment
IT Lesson
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES (Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS No of pds
193
Chemistry TYS
CD ROM : Carbon Chemistry
Chemistry TYS
CD ROM : Carbon Chemistry
RESOURCES
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Organic Chemistry Alcohols
Organic Chemistry Carboxylic acids
7
TOPIC
6
WEE K
–OH group (b) *draw the structures of alcohols, C1 to C4 and name the unbranched alcohols, methanol to butanol (c) describe the properties of alcohols in terms of combustion and oxidation to carboxylic acids (d) describe the formation of ethanol by the catalysed addition of steam to ethene and by fermentation of glucose (e) state some uses of ethanol, eg as a solvent; as a fuel; as a constituent of alcoholic beverages (a) describe the carboxylic acids as an homologous series containing the –COOH group (b) *draw the structures of carboxylic acids, methanoic acid to butanoic acid and name the unbranched acids, methanoic to butanoic acids (c) describe the carboxylic acids as weak acids, reacting with carbonates, bases and some metals (d) describe the formation of ethanoic acid by the oxidation of ethanol by atmospheric oxygen or acidified potassium dichromate(VI) (e) describe the reaction of ethanoic acid with ethanol to form the ester, ethyl ethanoate (f) state some commercial uses of esters, eg perfumes; flavourings; solvents
(a) describe the alcohols as a homologous series containing the
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
Workbook Worksheet 20 Pg 167 – 177 [pg 176 Q20-21 for triple science classes only ]
Assignment
Practical Tr Demo: • Fermentation of glucose • Oxidation of alcohol • Making of Esters
IT Lesson
Assignment
IT Lesson
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES (Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS No of pds
194
Chemistry TYS
LJ Rasanayagam, Practical Chemistry for ‘O’ Level Volume 1
CD ROM : Carbon Chemistry
Chemistry TYS
CD ROM : Carbon Chemistry
RESOURCES
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
8
WEE K
Organic Chemistry Macromolecule s
TOPIC
C N
C H
N C
O
C O
C
O C
O C O
O O
H
N
(Details of manufacture and mechanisms of these polymerisations are not required.) (f) state some typical uses of man-made fibres such as nylon and Terylene, e.g. clothing; curtain materials; fishing line; parachutes; sleeping bags (g) describe the pollution problems caused by the disposal of non-biodegradable plastics
O
O
H
C N
O
and the partial structure of Terylene as
H
O
O
(a) *describe macromolecules as large molecules built up from small units, different macromolecules having different units and/or different linkages (b) describe the formation poly(ethene) as an example of addition polymerisation as ethene as the monomer (c) state some uses of poly(ethene) as a typical plastic, eg plastic bags, clingfilm (d) deduce the structure of the polymer product from a given monomer and vice versa (e) describe nylon, a polyamide, and Terylene, a polyester, as condensation polymers, the partial structure of nylon being represented as
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
Workbook Worksheet 21 Pg 178- 186 [ pg 185 Q12-13 for triple science classes only ]
Assignment
IT Lesson
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES (Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS No of pds
195
Chemistry TYS
CD ROM: Carbon Chemistry
RESOURCES
Tanjong Katong Girlsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; School Work Plan 2009
Preliminary Examinations Preliminary Examinations Feedback/ Block Period Revision Sec 4 Study Leave ‘O’ Level Examination
1
2-4
5-6
7-10
TERM IV
Preliminary Examination
10
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
Revision for Prelim Exam
TOPIC
9
WEE K
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES (Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS No of pds
196
Other Schools’ Prelim Papers
Chemistry TYS TKGS Past Year Prelim Papers
CD ROM: Carbon Chemistry
RESOURCES
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Experimental Chemistry
Identification of ions and gases (gases)
2
TOPIC
1
WEE K
(a) describe tests to identify the following gases: ammonia (using damp red litmus paper), carbon dioxide (using limewater), chlorine (using damp litmus paper), hydrogen (using a burning splint), oxygen (using a glowing splint) and sulphur dioxide (using acidified potassium dichromate(VI))
a) Introduction to Qualitative Analysis - Practical technical techniques and observations (b) observing colour and investigating solubility substances.
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
Physics 5058 Science 5116 / 5118
TERM : 1
4.3 4.4
FT 1 (Week 2)
Assignment
Teacher’s demonstration of skills QA Practical : Test for gases (Wk 2)
QA Practical: Colours and solubilities of salts (Wk 1) IT Lesson - Video clips on gas tests
Practical : Teacher Demo on basic skills & techniques
Presentation of overview of QA
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
1
1
CL (Think-PairShare) on 3 gas tests that was taught by teacher earlier on
2
No of pds
ICT (M)
ICT (M)
(Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS
197
Worksheet: Identification of ions and gases / Chemistry TYS
QA book : Test for gases
Worksheet : Colour and solubility of salts http://www.cresce nt.edu.sg/crezlab/ Webpages/GasAna lysisLab2.htm#
Powerpoint slides on QA
RESOURCES
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Identification of ions and gases
5
TOPIC
Identification of ions and gases (anions)
4 (CNY wk)
WEE K
Identification of ions and gases (cations)
TOPIC
3
WEE K
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
(a) to test for anions (b ) to find out the action of heat on some common substances
(c) describe tests to identify the following anions: carbonate (by the addition of dilute acid and subsequent use of limewater), chloride (by reaction of an aqueous solution with nitric acid and aqueous silver nitrate), nitrate (by reduction with aluminium and aqueous sodium hydroxide to ammonia and subsequent use of litmus paper) and sulphate (by reaction of an aqueous solution with nitric acid and aqueous barium nitrate)
(b) describe the use of aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia to identify the following aqueous cations: ammonium, calcium, copper(II), iron(II), iron(III), lead(II) and zinc (formulae of complex ions are not required)
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
CA 1
QA Practical : Effect of heat on a solid (Wk 5)
QA Practical : Test for anions (Wk 5)
Teacher’s demo on flame tests Video clips on flame tests
Revision on ionic equations to reinforce on understanding of ppt formed. (AgCl, BaSO4)
Teacher’s demonstration of skills QA Practical : Test for cations (Wk 3)
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
(Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS
CL (Write-PairShare) on 3 anions tests that was taught by teacher earlier on
ICT (M)
CL (Think-PairShare)
(Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS
No of pds
1
1
No of pds
198
RESOURCES
Worksheet : Effect of heat on as solid
QA book : Test for anions
Notes on flame tests
Worksheet: Test for cations
RESOURCES
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
7
Metals
6
Metals Reactivity series
Properties of metals
TOPIC
WEE K
(a) place in order of reactivity calcium, copper, (hydrogen), iron, lead, magnesium, potassium, silver, sodium and zinc, by reference to the reactions, if any, of the metals with water, steam and dilute hydrochloric acid (b) deduce the order of reactivity from a given set of experimental results
(a) describe the general physical properties of metals as solids having high melting and boiling points, being malleable and good conductors of heat and electricity (b) describe alloys as a mixture of a metal with another element, e.g. brass; stainless steel (c) identify representations of metals and alloys from diagrams of structures
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
199
Discover Chemistry Workbook : Worksheet 10 – Metals
Discover Chemistry Workbook : Worksheet 10 – Metals
http://www.ch em.iastate.edu /group/Greenb owe/sections/p rojectfolder/flas hfiles/redox/ho me.html
Selected pictures and video clips from CD ROM The Chemistry Set and GCSE Chem 1
RESOURCES
Assignment
2
No of pds
Worksheet
ICT (M)
(Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS
VA Practical Titration - Finding concentration of sulphuric acid
Assignment
video clips/ animations to show properties of metals
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Metals Recycling of metals
Metals Iron
9
10
TERM : 2
Metals Extraction of metal
TOPIC
8
WEE K
(a) describe and explain the essential reactions in the extraction of iron using haematite, limestone and coke in the blast furnace (b) describe the essential conditions for the corrosion (rusting) of iron as the presence of oxygen and water; prevention of rusting can be achieved by placing a barrier around the metal, e.g. painting; greasing; plastic coating
(a) describe metal ores as a finite resource and hence the need to recycle metals, e.g. the recycling of iron (b) discuss the social, economic and environmental issues of recycling metals
(a) describe the ease of obtaining metals from their ores by relating the elements to their positions in the reactivity series
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
Assignment
QA Practical: To identify the substance X, Y and Z IT - Flash animations
Assignment
ICT (M)
1
200
Discover Chemistry Workbook : Worksheet 10 – Metals Chemistry TYS
Briggs resources Science Series II: Materials CDROM
QA book
Discover Chemistry Workbook : Worksheet 10 – Metals Test it Question 7, 8 Pg 84 – 85
Worksheet
RESOURCES
Practical: Displacement of metals from salt solutions (Wk 8)
No of pds
Discover Chemistry Workbook : Worksheet 10 – Metals
(Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS
Assignment
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
1 -2
WEE K
Speed of reaction
Chemical reactions
TOPIC
(b) interpret data obtained from experiments concerned with speed of reaction
(a) describe the effect of concentration, pressure, particle size and temperature on the speeds of reactions and explain these effects in terms of collisions between reacting particles
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
FT 2 (Week 2)
Assignment
Practical: Effect of particle size on speed of reaction (Wk 2) Practical: Effect of concentration on speed of reaction (Wk 2)
IT – video to show effect of concentration and particle size on rate, relating to collision theory
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES ICT (M)
(Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS
2
No of pds
201
Discover Chemistry Workbook : Worksheet 13 – Speed of Reaction Chemistry TYS QA book
Worksheet s
Exploring Chemistry CD ROM Chapter 4 ( or new Interactive Resource ) http://www.bbc.co .uk/schools/gcsebit esize/chemistry/ch emicalreactions/5e nzymesrev1.shtml http://www.chemg uide.co.uk/physical /basicrates/catalyst .html
Video tape – The Speed of Chem Change 541 SPE READ@TN
RESOURCES
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Organic Chemistry Fuels and crude oil
4
5
Atmosphere Air
TOPIC
3
WEE K
2
Revision for Mid-Year Exam
unburned hydrocarbons (c) state the sources of these pollutants as: (i) carbon monoxide from incomplete combustion of carboncontaining substances (ii) nitrogen oxides from lightning activity and internal combustion engines (iii) sulphur dioxide from volcanoes and combustion of fossil fuels (d) discuss some of the effects of these pollutants on health and on the environment: (i) the poisonous nature of carbon monoxide (ii) the role of nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide in the formation of ‘acid rain’ and its effects on respiration and buildings (a) name natural gas, mainly methane, and petroleum as sources of energy (b) describe petroleum as a mixture of hydrocarbons and its separation into useful fractions by fractional distillation (c) name the following fractions and state their uses : (i) petrol (gasoline) as a fuel in cars (ii) naphtha as feedstock for the chemical industry (iii) paraffin (kerosene) as a fuel for heating and cooking and for aircraft engines (iv) diesel as a fuel for diesel engines (v) lubricating oils as lubricants and as a source of polishes and waxes (vi) bitumen for making road surfaces
(a) describe the volume composition of gases present in dry air as 79% nitrogen, 20% oxygen and the remainder being noble gases (with argon as the main constituent) and carbon dioxide (b) name some common atmospheric pollutants, e.g. carbon monoxide; methane; nitrogen oxides (NO and NO ); ozone; sulphur dioxide;
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
QA Practical 2002 Paper (Wk 4)
Assignment
Video to show fractional distillation process of crude oil
QA Practical : 2001 Paper
Assignment
Digital images on sources and effects of air pollutants
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
ICT (M) NE msg 6: The role of petrochemical industries in the economy of Singapore
NE msg 5 : Awareness of regional problem of air pollution
ICT (M)
(Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS
1
1
No of pds
202
Chemistry TYS / TKGS Mid Year Papers
QA book
Discover Chemistry Workbook: Worksheet 15 – An Introduction to organic Chemistry
http://science.ho wstuffworks.com/ oil-refining4.htm
Video clip – Fractional distillation of crude oil
QA book
Discover Chemistry Workbook: Worksheet 14: the Atmosphere and Environment / Chemistry TYS
Oxygen PowerPoint slides
RESOURCES
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
WEE K
TOPIC
TERM : 3
3
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
unbranched alkanes, methane to propane (d) describe the properties of alkanes (exemplified by methane) as being generally unreactive except in terms of burning and substitution by chlorine
1
(c) draw the structures of unbranched alkanes, C to C and name the
2n+2
Organic Chemistry Alkanes
9 - 10 n
(a) describe a homologous series as a group of compounds with a general formula, similar chemical properties and showing a gradation in physical properties as a result of increase in the size and mass of the molecules, e.g. melting and boiling points; viscosity; flammability
Organic Chemistry Alkanes
8
(b) describe the alkanes as an homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula C H
Sec 4 Mid-Year Exam
7
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES Sec 4 Mid-Year Exam
TOPIC
6
WEE K
(Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS
No of pds
203
RESOURCES
QA book
QA Practical : 2004 Paper (Wk 10)
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
QA book
3 Dimensional models, Worksheet: Models of organic molecules
Powerpoint slides: Introduction to Organic Chemsitry
RESOURCES
QA Practical : 2003 Paper (Wk 9) 1
1
No of pds
Discover Chemistry Workbook: Worksheet 16 – Alkanes
HOM (metacognition)
CL (Think-PairShare) HOM (Interdependent thinking)
(Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS
Assignment
Students work in pairs 3D Models to form molecules of simple organic compounds
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
3
1-2
WEE K
Organic Chemistry Alkenes
TOPIC
n
2n
2
3
(f) state the meaning of polyunsaturated when applied to food products (g) describe the manufacture of margarine by the addition of hydrogen to unsaturated vegetables oils to form a solid product (h) describe the formation of poly(ethene) as an example of addition polymerisation of ethene as the monomer (i) state some uses of poly(ethene) as a typical plastic, e.g. plastic bags; clingfilm
(c) describe the manufacture of alkenes and hydrogen by cracking hydrocarbons and recognise that cracking is essential to match the demand for fractions containing smaller molecules from the refinery process (d) describe the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons from their molecular structures and by using aqueous bromine (e) describe the properties of alkenes (exemplified by ethene) in terms of combustion and the addition reactions with bromine and hydrogen
unbranched alkenes, ethene to propene
(b) draw the structures of unbranched alkenes, C to C and name the
(a) describe the alkenes as an homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons with the general formula C H
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
2006 Paper for Practical Test: (Wk 2)
Video clip to teach concept of addition polymerisation / making and uses of polyethene OR Activity using paper clips joining up to form long chain
QA Practical : 2005 Paper (Wk 2)
Tr Demo - Test for unsaturation in hydrocarbons OR Video to show unsaturation in alkenes
Video to show cracking and its importance/
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
ICT (M)
ICT (M)
ICT (M)
(Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS
1
No of pds
204
Test paper
http://www.tvo. org/iqm/plastic /animations.ht ml#
http://www.lstlc w.edu.hk/t9544 /animation/ad d_polymerizatio n/add_poly.ht ml
QA book
http://www.lstlc w.edu.hk/t9544 /animation/cra cking/cracking. htm
Video tape â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The World of Chemistry Series : The Age of Polymers 547.7 WOR (READ@TN)
RESOURCES
Tanjong Katong Girlsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; School Work Plan 2009
3
unbranched alcohols, methanol to propanol (c) describe the properties of alcohols in terms of combustion and oxidation to carboxylic acids (d) describe the formation of ethanol by fermentation of glucose
1
(a) describe the alcohols as an homologous series containing the -OH group (b) draw the structures of unbranched alcohols, C to C and name the
Organic Chemistry Alcohols
5
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES (j) deduce the structure of the addition polymer product from a given monomer and vice versa (k) describe the pollution problems caused by the disposal of nonbiodegradable plastics
TOPIC
4
WEE K
Assignment
Tr demo Fermentation of glucose
Assignment
QA Practical : 2007 Paper (Wk 4)
Practice on deducing/ drawing the structure of monomer or polymer
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES CL (Write-PairShare)
(Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS No of pds
205
Discover Chemistry Workbook: Worksheet 18 – Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids
http://it.spcolle ge.edu:8500/e dtech/instructor Resources/RLO/ RLO_Objects/st aticRLO/gener al/chemAlchols /
Discover Chemistry Workbook: Worksheet 17 – Alkenes Chemistry Worksheet : Fermentation of glucose
QA book
RESOURCES
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Sec 4 Preliminary Exam
9
TERM : 4
General Revision
Sec 4 Preliminary Exam
group (b) describe the formation of ethanoic acid by the oxidation of ethanol by atmospheric oxygen or acidified potassium dichromate(VI)
8
10 (Wk 10 - Trs’ Day )
2
(a) describe the carboxylic acids as organic acids containing the CO H
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
Revision for Preliminary Exam
Organic Chemistry Carboxylic acids
TOPIC
7
6
WEE K
QA book
QA Practical : 2000 Paper (Wk 6)
206
Discover Chemistry Workbook: Worksheet 18 – Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids / Chemistry TYS
RESOURCES
Assignment
No of pds
Worksheet : Oxidation of alcohols
(Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS
Tr Demo Oxidation of alcohol
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
Preliminary Examinations Feedback/ Block Period Revision
Study Leave ‘O’ Level Written Examination
2-3
4-5
6-10
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES Sec 4 Preliminary Exam
TOPIC
1
WEE K
Last QA Practical 2008 (Wk 2)
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES (Curriculum Diff, CL, HOM, Aesthetics, ICT, Integration, NE)
STRATEGIC FOCUS No of pds
207
QA book
RESOURCES
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Work Plan 2009
208
Tanjong Katong Girlsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; School Work Plan 2009
5
5.1
Laboratory Matters Science Laboratory Manual
(BACK SIDE OF FRONT COVER)
Š Copyright 2006 Curriculum Planning and Development Division. This publication is not for sale. FOR RESTRICTED CIRCULATION ONLY. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior permission of the Ministry of Education, Singapore.
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations For all Primary and Secondary Schools, Junior Colleges and Centralised Institutes in Singapore
Science Unit, Sciences Branch Curriculum Planning and Development Division Ministry of Education
Published Published by Curriculum Planning and Development Division Ministry of Education 1 North Buona Vista Drive MOE Building Singapore 138675 December 2006
While every effort has been made to acknowledge copyright holders of materials reproduced, we have been unsuccessful in some instances. To these copyright holders, we offer our sincere apologies and hope that they will take our liberty in good faith. We welcome any information that will enable us to acknowledge the copyright holders/owners concerned. ISBN 981-05-7292-1
~ 212 ~
PREFACE Laboratory work and investigations are an integral part of effective science teaching and learning. >? the last few years, students and teachers in schools have been engaging in experiments and activities beyond those which are 'traditional' or routine. Some schools have established specialised laboratories such as photonics laboratories, nanoscience laboratories and Science and Technology Centres. There are also schools offering science research subjects that engage students in more in-depth and complex investigations. >? the light of the increased variety of science activities in schools, there was a need to review existing laboratory safety regulations and recommend safety measures to mitigate the potential risks that could arise. A working committee was commissioned in June 2006, comprising practioners from schools and professionals from the institutions of higher learning, government ministries and government agencies. The committee reviewed current regulations and guidelines on safety in science laboratories found in the P r i nc i p al ' s Ha n d b o o k , Sc i e nc e D e p ar tm e n t H a n d b o ok and the Li f e S c i e nc es L a b o r at or y S a f et y G ui d e l i n es . The result of the review is this handbook on S c h o ol S c i e nc e L a b o r at or y S af ety R e g ul ati o ns , which has incorporated both the general science and Life Sciences safety regulations. This handbook guides teachers and laboratory staff on safe working practices in school science laboratories. The regulations are written to assist teachers and laboratory staff in developing appropriate procedures for safe work on a range of laboratory activities. This would include activities that are guided by the curriculum as well as extension or specialised investigations. No publication, however, can completely describe the procedures for ensuring safety under all conditions. Teachers have to exercise professional judgement and take precautions when dealing with less familiar procedures, equipment, hazardous chemicals and microorganisms. Although many science laboratory and prudent safety measures can
activities present potential hazards, reasonable greatly reduce the likelihood of accidents. The Sc i e nc e L a b o r at o r y S af et y R e g ul a ti o n s aims to support teachers in their role of teaching and learning while ensuring that laboratories are safe and conducive for science learning and investigation.
~ 213 ~
WORKING COMMITTEE FOR THE REVIEW OF LABORATORY SAFETY REGULATIONS CHAIRPERSON Mdm Poon Chew Leng Deputy Director, Sciences Curriculum Planning and Development Division (CPDD) Ministry of Education
MEMBERS Dr Paul Chiew King Tiong Deputy Director (Veterinary Public Health) Veterinary Public Health Service Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore
MrChooi Khee Wai Dean of Chemistry Anglo-Chinese School (Independent)
Mr Go Heng Huat Deputy Director (Risk Assessment and Occupational Safety and Health Management) Occupational Safety and Health Specialist Department Ministry of Manpower
Associate Professor Koh Chong Lek Head DNA Centre@NIE National Institute of Education Nanyang Technological University
Mrs Koh Siok Im Section Head School of Chemical & Life Sciences Singapore Polytechnic
Mr Lee Siew Lin Head of Department (Science) Innova Junior College
Mrs Michelle Lim Head of Department (Science) Seng Kang Primary School
Mrs LimWoon Foong Head of Department (Science) River Valley High School
Dr Ling Ai Ee Head Biosafety Branch Ministry of Health
Ms Quek Hui Leng Facility Manager Environmental Health Institute National Environment Agency
Mr Saravanan I/0 Gunaratnam Manager Office of Safety, Health & Environment National University of Singapore
DrSe ThoeSu Yun Deputy Head Biosafety Branch Ministry of Health
Mrs Tan Ai Chin Director of Research studies Science and Technology Centre Hwa Chong Institution
Ms Jeanne Teh Hsiao Chuin Teacher Raffles Junior College
Assistant Professor Zaher Judeh Chairman, Safety Committee School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University
SECRETARIAT Curriculum Planning Officers, CPDD, Ministry of Education Mr Cheong Tien Beng
Mr Oliver Chia Kiat Say
Mr Derek Tan Kok Hwee
Mr Jason Tan Chong Lee
~ 214-
RESOURCE PANEL The working committee would like to acknowledge the input from our resource panel:
Mrs Judina Cheong Principal Montfort Junior School Mdm Lim Hong Peng Principal Temasek Secondary School
Associate Professor Lim Tit Meng Vice Dean Faculty of Science National University of Singapore Mr David Miklos Executive Director Dolan DNA Learning Centre, USA Dr Tan Kok Keng Chief Operating Officer Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory Limited National University of Singapore Associate Professor Walter Hunziker Chairman, Safety Committee Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology Dr Lim Kah Leong Head Neurodegeneration Research Lab National Neuroscience Institute Mdm Low Khah Gek Principal Victoria Junior College
Assistant Professor Sow Chorng Haur Faculty of Science National University of Singapore Professor Paul Teng Piang-Siong Dean Graduate Programmes and Research Office National Institute of Education Nanyang Technological University
~ v~
CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1.
General laboratory safety regulations.................................................................................. 1
1.2.
Role of science teachers in the laboratory........................................................................... 2
1.3.
Role of school laboratory technicians .................................................................................. 3
2. PROPER AND SAFE USE OF OF LABORATORY EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT 2.1.
General operations .............................................................................................................. 4
2.2.
Safety in using electrical equipment .................................................................................... 4
2.3.
Glassware ........................................................................................................................... 5
2.4.
Sharp objects....................................................................................................................... 6
2.5.
High temperature equipment ............................................................................................... 6
2.6.
2.7.
2.5.1.
Autoclaves............................................................................................................
6
2.5.2.
Hot bead sterilisers................................................................................................ 7
2.5.3.
Hot plates and isomantles ..................................................................................... 7
2.5.4.
Incubators.............................................................................................................. 8
2.5.5.
Ovens - conventional and microwave ovens ........................................................
8
2.5.6.
Thermocyclers (Polymerase chain reaction machines) ........................................
8
2.5.7.
Water baths ........................................................................................................... 9
Centrifuges and mixers ......................................................................................................
9
2.6.1.
Centrifuges/Micro-centrifuges ............................................................................... 9
2.6.2.
Vortex mixers ........................................................................................................ 10
Other equipment ................................................................................................................. 10 2.7.1.
Electrophoresis chambers...................................................................................... 10
2.7.2.
Biosafety cabinets ................................................................................................. 10
2.7.3.
Laminar flow cabinets ........................................................................................... 11
2.7.4.
High power laser devices ...................................................................................... 11
2.7.5.
Ultraviolet transilluminators ................................................................................... 12
3. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 3.1.
Moving and transporting hazardous materials in the school ................................................ 13
3.2.
Microorganisms .................................................................................................................... 13 3.2.1.
Risk classification of microorganisms .................................................................... 14
3.2.2.
Handling of microorganisms in the laboratory ....................................................... 16
~ 216 ~
3.2.3.
Culturing microorganisms in the laboratory ............................................................ 18
3.2.4.
Recombinant DNA involving microorganisms ....................................................... 19
3.2.5.
Storage and labelling of microorganisms and culture media .................................. 20
3.2.6.
Handling and storage of tissue and body fluids ....................................................
3.2.7.
Disposal of biological materials ............................................................................. 22
3.2.8.
NACLAR guidelines on the use of vertebrate animals........................................... 24
21
3.3. Chemicals............................................................................................................................... 25 3.3.1.
Classification of hazardous chemicals................................................................... 25
3.3.2.
Labelling of hazardous chemicals ......................................................................... 26
3.3.3.
Handling of commonly used chemicals in the laboratory....................................... 26
3.3.4.
General guidelines for storing chemicals............................................................... 28
3.3.5.
Commonly used hazardous chemicals in Life Sciences experiments............................................................................................................ 30
3.3.6.
Disposal of chemicals............................................................................................ 32
4. FIRE PREVENTION AND CONTROL 4.1.
Fire prevention .................................................................................................................... 34
4.2.
Fire control .......................................................................................................................... 35 4.2.1.
Clothing or hair on fire ........................................................................................... 35
4.2.2.
Explosion................................................................................................................ 35
4.2.3.
Fire........................................................................................................................ 35
4.3.
Fire-fighting ......................................................................................................................... 35
4.4.
Fire extinguishers ...............................................................................................................
36
5. ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES EMERGENCIES 5.1.
Accidents in the laboratory..................................................................................................
5.2.
Emergency response contact list ......................................................................................... 37
5.3.
Biological spills ...................................................................................................................
5.4.
37
37
5.3.1.
Dealing with microorganism spills ......................................................................... 37
5.3.2.
Decontamination of microorganism spills.............................................................. 38
5.3.3.
Dealing with specific accidents involving microorganisms .................................... 39
5.3.4.
First aid after exposure to microorganisms ........................................................... 40
Chemical spills ..................................................................................................................... 40 5.4.1.
Dealing with chemical spills .................................................................................. 40
5.4.2.
Minor chemical spills ............................................................................................. 40
5.4.3.
Major chemical spills ............................................................................................. 41
~ 217 ~
5.4.4. Dealing with accidents involving chemicals ............................................................... 41 5.5.
5.6.
Other emergencies ............................................................................................................. 42 5.5.1.
Fainting ................................................................................................................. 42
5.5.2.
Electrical injury ...................................................................................................... 43
5.5.3.
Heat burns and scalds........................................................................................... 43
5.5.4.
Cuts and bleeding ................................................................................................. 43
5.5.5.
Gas poisoning ....................................................................................................... 44
Reporting and recording of incidents................................................................................... 44 5.6.1.
Importance of reporting ......................................................................................... 44
5.6.2.
Incident investigation ............................................................................................. 44
6. ASSESSMENT OF RISKS IN IN SCHOOL SCIENCE LABORATORIES LABORATORIES 6.1.
Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 45
6.2.
Hazards and risks................................................................................................................ 45
6.3.
Conducting risk assessments .............................................................................................. 45 6.3.1.
Identifying and analysing safety and health hazards associated with work ............................................................................................................... 45
6.3.2.
Evaluating the risks involved................................................................................. 46
6.3.3.
Prioritising measures to control hazards and reduce risks .................................... 47
REFERENCES
ANNEXES A Methods of treatment of materials and apparatus contaminated in Life Sciences experiments
B Microorganisms allowed for use in school laboratory work C Classification of microorganisms by risk group in relation to category of laboratory D Commonly used chemicals in school laboratory experiments E Sample parental consent form - use of human cheek cells for school science laboratory experiments
F Ethidium bromide/polyacrylamide checklist G Sample template - contact list for emergencies H Assessment of risks for school science laboratories I
Sample format - risk assessment template for school science laboratory activities
~ 218 ~
Chapter 11ntroduction
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. General laboratory safety regulations 1.1.1.
School laboratories should be safe environments for students to carry out scientific experiments and investigations. Accidents can be avoided if safety regulations are conscientiously observed and enforced. It is important that all students, especially those entering the laboratory for the first lesson in the year, be briefed on laboratory safety prior to carrying out laboratory work.
1.1.2.
The following general laboratory safety regulations apply to all laboratory activities. When younger students are concerned, closer supervision by teachers would be required. a.
Students must not teacher is present.
b.
Laboratory storerooms bounds to all students.
c.
Long hair should laboratory work.
d.
Eating and drinking are prohibited in laboratories.
e.
Students should always work thoughtfully and Practical jokes and other acts of carelessness prohibited!
f.
Students should seek clarification from instructions for an experiment are not Students should not proceed with an experiment if in doubt.
g.
Safety goggles injury to the eyes.
h.
Protective gloves and hazardous materials.
i.
Hands must always be thoroughly washed before laboratory, regardless of whether or not gloves are worn.
j.
k.
I.
m.
enter
be
or
work
and
tied
must
be
back
laboratories
preparation
to
worn
clothing
in
must
avoid
rooms
any
whenever
be
unless
are
interference
out
with
the teacher if thoroughly understood.
is
when
any
handling
leaving
the
Equipment used to handle or transfer hazardous materials must be inspected for leaks, cracks and other forms of damage before use. Damaged equipment, breakages, accidents should be immediately reported to the teacher.
and
spillage
Electrical wirings must be kept away from naked flames and heaters. Areas around electrical equipment should be kept dry and where appropriate, kept far from water. Unlabelled chemicals should not containers should be reported to the teacher.
~ 219 ~
be
of
purposefully. are strictly
there
worn
a
used.
Unlabelled
risk
of
Chapter 11ntroduction
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
?.
Chemicals or other materials specifically directed by the teacher.
o.
Students should not take apparatus or laboratory without the permission of a teacher.
p.
Unauthorised experiments are prohibited.
q.
Pipetting should always never by mouth.
r.
Sharps (such as needles, razors or pins) should not be discarded in waste-bins or trash bags. Instead, a sturdy container should be used for sharp waste objects.
be
must
carried
For activities that involve materials (like chemicals or need to be taken. These will subsequent sections.
never
out
be
tasted
chemicals
using
a
unless
out
pipette
of
the
aid
and
specific procedures, equipment or microorganisms), additional measures be described in greater detail in the
1.1.3.
All laboratories regulations.
1.1.4.
Students must be alerted on the locations and use of safety devices such as emergency eye-washers, showers, first-aid boxes and fire extinguishers in the laboratory.
1.1.5.
It is important for all students to be briefed on the appropriate actions they should take concerning accidents or fire, students must know the evacuation route in the event of emergencies such as fire. The evacuation route must be prominently displayed in each laboratory.
should
clearly
display
the
general
laboratory
safety
1.2. Role of science teachers in the the laboratory 1.2.1.
Science teachers play an important role and conducive for learning and investigation.
1.2.2.
The following list guides teachers laboratory safety. Teachers should:
on
in
making
their
roles
a.
Brief students on laboratory safety during lesson in the year. The briefing should laboratory safety regulations in section 1.1. ;
b.
Demonstrate laboratory;
c.
Give clear instructions, highlighting precautions to be taken by students where students begin their laboratory work;
d.
Be present in the laboratory working in the laboratory; and
good
safety
~220~
practices
at
all
at
times
laboratories
safe
pertaining
to
the first laboratory cover the general
all
times
particular appropriate,
when
in
the
safety before
students
are
Chapter 11ntroduction
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
e.
Record and report all incidents that occur in the laboratory. A log book should be maintained for laboratory incidents.
1.2.3.
Before carrying out any laboratory work, teachers must ensure that the apparatus and materials are safe for use. When viewing a demonstration (especially those that have potential risks), students should be kept at a safe distance or view the demonstration through a safety screen where appropriate.
1.2.4.
Teachers are not trained fire-fighters useful for teachers to be familiar with:
or
paramedics.
However,
a.
Basic first aid;
b.
Fire prevention and control measures; and
c.
Procedures for handling spills and proper disposal of materials.
it
is
1.3. Role of school laboratory technicians 1.3.1.
1.3.2.
School laboratory technicians report to the HOD (Science) and science teachers in the day-to-day running of science laboratories. They contribute to a safe working environment in the laboratory by: a.
Maintaining laboratory good working conditions;
b.
Checking that safety devices in the laboratory, such emergency eye-washers, showers and fire extinguishers working;
c.
Inspecting gas and water repair or maintenance work;
d.
Ensuring labelled;
e.
Maintaining a record or file of the Material Safety and Sheets (MSDS) that accompany purchased chemicals. also section 3.3.1. 3.3 on classification of hazardous chemicals.
f.
Maintaining a stock book and breakage ordering of replacements where necessary;
g.
Replenishing first aid supplies; and
h.
Briefing laboratory attendants on laboratory safety.
that
equipment,
materials
materials
systems
such
as
and
and
specimens
initiating
chemicals
properly
to
Data See
initiate
Laboratory technicians also perform other duties assigned by HOD (Science) and science teachers, which may be related to general safety in science laboratories.
~221~
as are
necessary
are
record
in
the the
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Chapter 2 Proper and safe use of laboratory equipment
2. PROPER AND SAFE USE OF LABORATORY EQUIPMENT 2.1. General operations a.
Teachers or trained laboratory technicians must demonstrate proper and safe use of all equipment, especially if students are using the equipment for the first time. Reference should be made to the instruction manual accompanying the equipment before using.
b.
Instruction manuals accompanying the equipment must be properly filed and made accessible to all teachers and technicians. It would be helpful for key steps and safety measures to be posted on or next to the equipment. This would facilitate quick reference and alert users on important operation points.
c.
Students must not be allowed to operate any equipment without the supervision of a teacher or trained technician. Equipment must not be left in operation without any supervision.
d.
Equipment should not be moved around excessively so as to minimise damage, which could lead to malfunctioning and potential risks to users. The power supply must be turned off before moving any equipment.
e.
All equipment should be returned to its original state after use. Where appropriate, equipment should be switched off at the end of the day.
f.
Equipment meant for Life Sciences activities any other purposes to avoid contamination.
should
not
be
used
for
2.2. Safety in using electrical equipment a.
All mains of electrical apparatus are potentially lethal. It is very important to maintain any equipment and its accompanying cables in good condition.
b.
Electrical faults often cause fires. Electrical equipment should be inspected and tested regularly, including its earthing (grounding). All laboratory electrical equipment should be earthed, preferably through 3-prong plugs. Double-insulated devices with 2-prong plugs may require separate earthing. Equipment that is intended to be earthed should never be used without an earth earth connection. An earth-free supply may become live as a result of an undetected fault.
c.
Circuit breakers protect wiring from overheating and thus prevent fires. Earth fault interrupters protect against electric shock. These devices provide additional protection. However, they should not be relied upon as the first line of defence against electrocution.
d.
Switches hands.
or
electrical
cables
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must
never
be
handled
with
wet
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Chapter 2 Proper and safe use of laboratory equipment
e.
Voltages may vary in different countries. Singapore uses a 230V outage. Care should always be taken to ensure that fuses of the correct rating are used.
f.
Teachers and students hazardous situations:
h.
be
aware
of
i.
Wet or moist surfaces near electrical equipment.
ii.
Long electrical cables (which may cause tripping).
iii.
Damaged insulation on cables.
iv.
Overloading of circuits when using adapters.
V.
g.
should
the
following
potentially
Sparks from equipment near flammable substances and vapours.
vi.
Electrical equipment left on and unattended.
vii.
Use of the wrong type of fire extinguisher on electrical fires (water or foam instead of carbon dioxide).
The following steps should been found to be faulty:
be
taken
when
using
equipment
i.
Turn off the main switch.
ii.
Unplug the equipment from the electric socket.
iii.
Clearly label the equipment with a hazard warning such as "FAULTY EQUIPMENT, DO NOT USE".
iv.
Send the equipment for repair. Do not try to repair it yourself.
Maintenance must be teachers or students.
carried
out
by
qualified
personnel
and
that
not
has
by
2.3. Glassware a.
Glassware should be stored or assembled in a secure manner. Do not store glassware too high or with heavy apparatus.
b.
Chipped or broken glassware should never be used.
c.
Broken glassware should be carefully discarded, puncture-proof container meant for sharp objects.
d.
Glassware should be used for its intended design and purpose. For example, conical flasks and beakers may be used to contain liquids for heating, whereas volumetric flasks should not be used to heat liquids.
~223~
for
and convenient
example,
using
a
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Chapter 2 Proper and safe use of laboratory equipment
2.4. Sharp objects Some examples of sharp objects and hypodermic syringe needles.
or
sharps
include:
scalpel
blades,
knives
a.
Care should be taken when handling instruments with pointed ends or sharp edges. It is advisable for these instruments to be kept in a safe storage box when not in use.
b.
Scalpel blades must never be pushed into the handle by hand. This should be done using a pair of forceps. Used blades must always be removed with the aid of forceps or blade removers and disposed of immediately.
c.
If it is necessary to re-sheath hand-held during the operation.
d.
Discard sharps carefully using a puncture-proof container.
e.
For pointers on disposing experiments, see Annex A.
a
needle,
contaminated
the
sharps
sheath
used
must
in
Life
not
be
Sciences
2.5. High temperature equipment 2.5.1. Autoclaves a.
Autoclaves can be dangerous unless properly used and serviced. Laboratory staff or teachers should be adequately trained in their use and be aware that there are procedural differences among different makes and models.
b.
Students must not operate autoclaves.
c.
Autoclaves should be located in a well-ventilated room. For safety against explosions, autoclaves should be positioned beside solid walls and not partitions.
d.
Foreign objects or substances must not be placed directly into the chamber. Instead, baskets or buckets must be used for loading.
e.
Before use, the exhaust bottle must be filled with water to at least the "LOW WATER LEVEL" mark if applicable. Users should refer to the manual accompanying the autoclave for model-specific operating instructions.
f.
Heat-proof autoclave.
g.
Autoclave bags should be partially and to allow for steam circulation.
gloves
should
~224~
be
worn
when
filling
opened
to
or
emptying
prevent
an
bursting
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Chapter 2 Proper and safe use of laboratory equipment
>R.
Flasks and tubes used in an autoclave should not be sealed with rubber or silicon caps to avoid bursting. Caps on screwcap bottles should be loosened prior to autociaving. Bottles, flasks and beakers must be loaded in an upright position.
i.
The chamber lid must be securely sealed before the autoclave power is switched on. Failure to do so may cause steam to escape and this may injure the user.
j.
Users must not touch the autoclave or go near the chamber lid immediately after sterilisation. The pressure gauge should indicate room pressure before opening the autoclave. Caution should be exercised when opening the autoclave lid after sterilisation in view of possible residual pressure which may expel hot water or steam.
k.
Safety checks and certification must must be carried out on all autoclaves at least once a year by licensed service providers accredited by the Ministry of Manpower (MOM). Please refer to the Internet site maintained by MOM for more information. The site can be accessed via the hyperlink at: http://intranet.moe.gov.sg/science/labsafety/labsafety.htm
2.5.2. Hot bead sterilisers a.
Items to be sterilised such as forceps and streaking loops must only be immersed for a few seconds and not left in contact with the hot beads for prolonged periods.
b.
Other apparatus which may steriliser should be cleared away.
c.
Flammable substances must be kept away from the steriliser.
obstruct
the
user
when
using
the
2.5.3. Hot plates and isomantles isomantles a.
Hot plates and isomantles must never be left unattended.
b.
Flammable substances such as alcohol should not be warmed or heated directly on a hot plate. A water or steam bath should be used.
c.
When using hot plates or isomantles, always assume the equipment is hot as there may be no visible signs (for example, a red glow or an operation light) to indicate that it is on. It is advisable to put a sign such as 'HOT SURFACE - PLEASE BE CAREFUL', next to the equipment.
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School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Chapter 2 Proper and safe use of laboratory equipment
2.5.4.
2.5.5.
Incubators a.
Incubators should not be operated in an containing flammable vapours. Greater caution exercised when handling volatile samples or organic solvents.
b.
The temperature setting applied must temperature range specified for the incubator.
c.
Materials or containers placed in the incubator clearly labelled (for example, date, time and contents).
d.
Items should be removed after incubation to avoid overcrowding of the incubator.
the appropriate duration of and possible contamination
e.
The incubator should example, monthly.
and
be
cleaned
environment should be
adhere
disinfected
to
the
should
be
regularly,
for
Ovens - conventional and microwave ovens a.
Metal components or parts must not be used microwave oven. Containers used must be microwave-safe.
b.
Heat-proof gloves must be worn when moving items in or out of ovens for protection against burns. When heated in a microwave oven, liquids may undergo super-heating and cause scalding owing to the 'hot water eruption' phenomenon.
c.
Bottles or any container used for boiling liquids in a microwave oven should not be closed too tightly. For example, when melting agarose gel or microbiological media in a microwave oven, a small gap should be left between the cover and the container so as to avoid pressure accumulation due to hot air expansion.
d.
Ovens must monthly.
e.
Ovens must not be used for heating food.
f.
Microwave radiation may interfere with the functioning of pacemakers. Persons with pacemaker implants should not go near a microwave oven in view of possible stray microwave radiation.
be
cleaned
and
disinfected
regularly,
for
in
a
example,
2.5.6. Thermocyclers (Polymerase chain reaction machines) a.
A
thermocycler should be positioned in such a way that there is no obstruction to any of its air vents for the purpose of heat dissipation.
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School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Chapter 2 Proper and safe use of laboratory equipment
b.
The lid must be closed before starting an operation and should not be opened while the thermocycler is in operation.
c.
Care should be exercised to avoid touching the top of reaction vessels and the surfaces of the heated lid assembly (in particular the inner surface) as they can be very hot immediately after operation. Refer to the thermocycler instruction manual for model-specific information.
2.5.7. Water baths a.
Any bath fluids other than water should not be used. The water bath should be filled to at least half the height of the inner chamber before use.
b.
A "HIGH TEMPERATURE, DO NOT TOUCH" sign should be displayed to alert users if the temperature setting is higher than
60 째c.
c.
For water baths that rely on liquid-in-bulb thermometers for temperature measurements, extra caution should be taken to avoid breaking the thermometer in the bath.
d.
The water bath must be regularly, for example, monthly.
emptied,
cleaned
and
disinfected
2.6. Centrifuges and mixers 2.6.1. Centrifuges/MicroCentrifuges/Micro-centrifuges a.
Users must ensure that the tubes are balanced (for example, using dummy tubes or tubes filled with an appropriate amount of water) and the rotor secured in the spindle. NonNon-standard tubes must never be used. Two examples of correct loading of tubes are shown below:
Two tubes
Three tubes
b.
The centrifuge/micro should never be moved centrifuge/microentrifuge/micro-centrifuge while it is in operation. The safety catches must be in place to prevent the opening of the centrifuge/micro-centrifuge lid while the rotor is moving.
c.
>? the event of a power failure or if the machine stops suddenly, the main power supply must be switched off. The rotor must be allowed to come to rest before opening the lid.
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School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Chapter 2 Proper and safe use of laboratory equipment
d.
Care must be taken to the centrifugation process.
avoid
inhaling
aerosols
generated
from
e.
After use, the centrifuge/micro-centrifuge must be cleaned and the rotor stored if appropriate. Any condensation should be wiped off from the centrifuge bowl. The lid should be left open to allow any moisture to evaporate.
2.6.2. Vortex mixers a.
The vortex mixer must not be used next to any breakable item as it causes vibration.
b.
If flammable chemicals like that ignition sources are absent.
c.
Care must be taken to avoid inhaling aerosols generated by the mixing. Users should also ensure that the contents do not spill out of the container when the vortex mixer is used.
alcohol
are
being
mixed,
ensure
2.7. Other equipment 2.7.1.
2.7.2.
Electrophoresis chambers a.
Sufficient buffer in the chamber must be operating the apparatus for gel electrophoresis. to ensure that there are no leaks in the chamber.
b.
Electrodes must be connected to their the metal components must not be touched.
present while It is important
respective
sockets
and
Biosafety cabinets a.
The work surface, side walls and inner back of a biosafety cabinet should be decontaminated before starting work, for example, using 70% isopropyl alcohol. Apparatus and materials should be surface-decontaminated before placing them inside the working area of the cabinet.
b.
The working area should not be overcrowded. Air circulation at the rear plenum must not be blocked. The glass-viewing panel of the biosafety cabinet must not be opened when the cabinet is in use. All work should be carried out in the middle or rear part of the working surface where visibility is convenient through the viewing panel.
c.
Bunsen burners must not buoyancy effect due to the affect containment.
be used flame will
in the cabinet. distort the airflow
Please also see section 2.7.3. on laminar flow cabinets.
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The and
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Chapter 2 Proper and safe use of laboratory equipment
2.7.3. Laminar flow cabinets a.
At a glance, a laminar flow cabinet may be mistaken for a biosafety cabinet as both are similar in many ways. A laminar flow cabinet protects samples inside the working area from external airborne contamination. It does not protect the user against contamination that may arise from working on the sample. If in doubt on the differences, refer to the specifications in the instruction manual that comes with the equipment.
b.
Biohazardous activities should never be carried out in the laminar flow cabinet as it offers no protection to the user. The laminar flow cabinet should never be used as a fume cupboard or for storing biohazardous materials.
c.
Ultraviolet (UV) lamps are a feature the presence of fluorescent lighting noticeable that the UV lamp is on. it is a good practice to ensure that before using the laminar flow cabinet.
of or To the
laminar flow cabinets. >? sunlight, it may not be prevent accidental burns, UV lamp is switched off
Please also see section section 2.7.2. on biosafety cabinets.
2.7.4. High power laser devices a.
High power lasers (Class 3b and Class 4) may be part of specialised school science laboratory equipment such as optical tweezers. Optical tweezers make use of a focused laser beam to manipulate microscopic objects through the gradient force that arises from the interaction between the beam and the microscopic objects.
b.
Lasers are classified according to the power of the emitted light. The classification for commercially purchased lasers can usually be found on the equipment. c. Proper eyewear (for example, laser shields) must be worn. These offer protection against accidental exposure to stray or diffused reflection of laser beams. Protective eyewear is designed to filter out specific wavelengths which are characteristic of certain types of laser beams. It is very important to check and use the appropriate protective eyewear.
d.
Never look directly into the path of a laser beam even when using protective eyewear as some may only offer partial protection.
e.
Warning signs should be attached to prominently displayed at the location used.
~ 229-
the laser equipment and where the equipment is
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Chapter 2 Proper and safe use of laboratory equipment
f.
High power laser devices come Radiation Protection (Non-Ionising 1 1991 . The Regulations specify that:
under the control of the Radiation, NIR) Regulations
i.
Licences are required for the possession and use of high power laser apparatus; and
ii.
Personnel operating NIR equipment must be adequately trained, possess an operating license and have special knowledge on the safe use of lasers.
g.
According to the Health Sciences Authority, owners of NIR irradiating apparatus need to apply for an N2 licence for each of the NIR apparatus. If the NIR apparatus is a Class 3b or Class 4 laser, personnel using the laser will have to apply for an N3 licence.
h.
Please see the Internet website maintained by the Centre of Radiation Protection, Health Sciences Authority for updated information. The site can be accessed via the hyperlink at: http://intranet.moe.gov.sg/science/labsafety/labsafety.htm
2.7.5. Ultraviolet transilluminators a.
An ultraviolet (UV) transilluminator should be fitted with a UV blocking cover. The UV light source must not be viewed directly and steps must be taken to protect the eyes and skin from UV exposure. For example, laboratory coats and gloves should be worn to provide added protection against skin burns.
b.
The UV blocking cover whenever the UV light is shield or visor must be used.
c.
Switch off the ultraviolet lamp immediately after use. Avoid touching the equipment surface as it may be hot, especially after long use.
should be in a closed position turned on. Alternatively, a full face
1 The Regulations can be found on the website maintained by the Health Sciences Authority, Centre for Radiation Protection. See section 2.7.4. h. for the hyperlink to this site.
~ 230-
Chapter 3 Hazardous materials
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
3. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 3.1. Moving Moving and transporting hazardous materials in the school a.
Risks often arise from the careless handling of that are not properly contained during transport or movement.
b.
Trolleys should be used to transport heavy exercised when lifting heavy items on or off 2.5 litre bottle of acid or alkali should be lifted hand under the base. A heavy duty carrier should be used for transporting bottles.
c.
Crowded locations in the school, such as the canteen corridors should be avoided in the route of movement materials.
d.
All hazardous materials must be properly labelled and packaged before transporting. The packaging should provide containment in the event of an accident. Please see sections 3.2.5. and hazardous materials.
3.3.2 for
hazardous
materials
items. Caution must be trolleys. For example, a with two hands, with one or the original packaging
more
information
and common of hazardous
on
labelling
3.2. Microorganisms Preamble There is a wide range of microorganisms which includes protozoans, fungi, algae, bacteria, and viruses. Some pose low risks to individuals and the community, whilst others are known to cause human diseases. The National Institutes of Health (NIH), Centres for Disease Control and 2 and World Health Organisation (WHO) in their Prevention (CDC) assessment and management of risks posed by microorganisms, provide definitions and categorisations of Risk Groups (RG) for microorganisms and the associated Biological Safety Level (BSL) containment. It must be noted that the guidelines were written in the context of research laboratories and hospital facilities, with the BSL recommendations being regarded as a minimum set of practices. Guidelines for biosafety therefore need to take into consideration the entire environment that the BSL laboratories are situated in. For example, biosafety precautions go beyond the laboratories to the entire hospital and research centre environment where the laboratories are normally situated. While there are slight differences in definitions and categorisations across the three organisations, the overall thrust is for all potential hazards and processes to be taken into account so as to mitigate risks to laboratory users when handling microorganisms. The school environment poses additional risks in microorganisms. >? schools, we are dealing with minors to appreciate the potential risks involved when working on microorganisms.
2
The NIH and CDC are organisations based in the United states of America.
~ 231-
the handling who are less
of able
Chapter 3 Hazardous materials
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Unlike full-time adult researchers, who are required to be very disciplined in implementing safety measures on a regular basis in laboratories, students in schools are minors and are more likely to compromise on safety. The density of student traffic in the school environment adds to the complexity of containment. >? particular, the risks posed by Risk Group II (RG-II) and higher categorisation microorganisms demand the need for greater expertise and caution. Risk Group II microorganisms are pathogens that can cause human disease. Under normal circumstances, these microorganisms are unlikely to pose a serious hazard, but can infect handlers who for example, have low immunity or an open wound. Examples of RG-II microorganisms include human herpes, hepatitis and rubella viruses. >? addition, the use of fresh tissue or blood/body fluids obtained from humans and vertebrates have also been linked to risks of causing disease as these may host human pathogens. Overall, having considered the need to strike a balance in enabling schools to explore a wide range of investigations and experiments involving microorganisms and the safety of staff and students, MOE has decided that:
•
Schools must restrict work involving microorganisms to those Risk Group I listed in Annex B while ensuring Biosafety Biosafety Level containment and practising proper disposal;
•
The use of human or cultures in schools is prohibited; and
•
The use of human or animal blood/blood products is prohibited.
vertebrate/mammalian
cell
and
in 1
tissue
3.2.1. Risk classification of microorganisms microorganisms The following microorganisms: a.
section
is
an
elaboration
of
the
risk
classification
All microorganisms should be treated as potential human pathogens. Human pathogens are classified into four Risk Groups, I to IV (IV being the most dangerous), based on the following factors: i.
Pathogenicity of the agent (that is, the degree of harm the agent has on humans).
ii.
Infectiousness of the dose.
iii.
Mode of transmission of the agent.
iv.
Host range of the agent.
V.
Availability of effective preventive measures; and
vi.
Availability of effective treatment.
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of
Chapter 3 Hazardous materials
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
b.
This classification also determines the type of laboratories that should be used, ranging from those which can be adequately handled by teaching and research laboratories to those which require maximum containment laboratory facilities.
c.
The risk levels of microorganisms in Risk Groups I to IV 3 and the types of laboratories capable of handling them are given below. Examples of microorganisms in each of the risk groups can be found in Annex c. Risk Group I These microorganisms are of low risk to the individual and the community. They are unlikely to cause diseases in healthy individuals. These microorganisms can be handled in teaching laboratories, including those in schools. Risk Group Group II These microorganisms are of moderate risk to the individual but of low risk to the community. They can cause human diseases but under normal circumstances, are unlikely to be a serious hazard to laboratory users, the community, livestock, or the environment. Laboratory exposures rarely cause infection leading to serious disease. Effective treatment and preventive measures are available and the risk of the disease spreading is limited. The handling of Risk Group II microorganisms requires laboratories with appropriate biosafety cabinets. Risk Group III These microorganisms are of high risk to the individual but of low risk to the community. They usually cause human diseases but do not ordinarily spread by casual contact from one individual to another, and can be treated by anti-microbial agents. The handling of Risk Group III microorganisms requires special containment facilities available in diagnostic or research laboratories. Risk Group IV These microorganisms are of high risk to the individual and the They usually produce very serious human community. diseases, often unbeatable, and may be readily transmitted from one individual to another or from animal to human or viceversa, directly or indirectly, or by casual contact. The handling of Risk Group IV microorganisms requires maximum containment laboratories.
d.
3
The Ministry of Health (MOH) is the regulatory authority for the import of human pathogens in Singapore. The import of
Adapted from the World Health Organisation publication,
(2004).
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Laboratory Biosafety Manual, 3rd edition
Chapter 3 Hazardous materials
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
microorganisms of Risk Groups II to IV (or Schedule 1, 2, 4 biological agents) 4 require permits from the Biosafety Branch, MOH. Pathogens of zoonotic origin (which could cause disease in humans and animals) are co-regulated by MOH and Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA). e.
Schools must restrict work involving microorganisms to those in Risk Group I that are listed in Annex B.
3.2.2. Handling of microorganisms in the laboratory a.
Microorganisms are a potential hazard to persons performing microbiological experiments. Working with microorganisms requires special handling, storage and disposal techniques.
b.
All work must be supervised by a trained teacher or qualified supervisor. Teachers and students must be aware of the importance of safety precautions associated with microbiological experiments and must ensure the use of proper aseptic handling techniques at all times. The teacher should exercise professional judgement when deciding whether teacher demonstration for a particular procedure is to be used over students working on individual experiments.
c.
Teachers must be aware of the hazards infectious/pathogenic microorganisms and sources. Occurrences of accidental infections may be caused by the following:
presented by the their possible laboratory-acquired
i.
Hand-to-mouth operations such as chewing, sucking, licking labels or mouth pipetting. These should be strictly prohibited during microbiological experiments. Pipette fillers should be used when transferring liquid cultures by pipettes.
ii.
Entry of microorganisms from dissecting instruments through cuts body. All cuts on the body surface water-proof dressing before experiments.
used glassware and and scratches on the should be covered with starting microbiological
iii. Contact and exposure to spills of microbial cultures. Airborne contaminants entering the body through the respiratory tract via inhalation of the aerosols 5 formed above the microbial cultures. iv. Accidental syringe inoculation or sprays from syringes.
4
Guidelines on the Import, Transport, Handling and Disposal of Human Pathogens for Diagnosis, Scientific Research and Industrial Uses in Singapore (2004), for Please refer to the MOH publication,
more information. 5 Fine droplets of water containing cells and/or spores of microorganisms that are released into the air can be formed whenever liquid surfaces are broken or materials are crushed. The resulting particles, which are very minute, are easily carried by air currents and can penetrate the respiratory system.
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Chapter 3 Hazardous materials
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
d.
All work surfaces should be swabbed with a cloth/absorbent towel soaked in an appropriate disinfectant (refer to Annex D, D i s i nfec t a n ts ) before and after all microbiological operations and sufficient time should be allowed for the disinfection to occur.
e.
Liquid disinfectants and germicidal agents generally have limited effectiveness. For complete sterilisation, all apparatus used in microbiological experiments must be autoclaved.
f.
Specially designed bins provided by licensed waste collectors must be used for the disposal of used pipette tips and syringes after autoclaving.
g.
Microorganisms should never be isolated from potentially dangerous sources such as polluted water, human mucus, pus and faeces. Blood agar culture media should never be used. Only known microorganisms from recognised suppliers should be used for inoculation. Microorganisms of unknown pathogenicity or from unknown sources should not be brought into a school laboratory without proper precautions and authorisation.
h.
An investigation using unknown microorganisms that are unlikely to cause disease in humans or animals may be treated as a BSL-1 study and carried out in a school science laboratory under the following conditions: i.
The microorganism is cultured in a other standard non-breakable container) and sealed.
plastic
ii.
The experiment involves only procedures in which the Petri dish remains sealed throughout the experiment (such as counting the organisms or colonies).
iii. The sealed Petri dish is disposed of in the manner under the supervision of the teacher laboratory technician.
Petri
appropriate or trained
iv. A culture must not be opened for identification, subculturing or isolation. >? this context, the culture should be treated as containing RG-II or higher risk level microorganisms. Working with this culture is therefore prohibited in the school. Please refer cultures.
to
section
3.2.7.
for
information
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on
disposing
microbial
dish
(or
Chapter 3 Hazardous materials
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
3.2.3. 3.2.3. Culturing microorganisms in the laboratory a.
All work involving microbial using aseptic techniques.
b.
Microbial cultures may sometimes be contaminated by microorganisms that may be potentially pathogenic. Cultures should always be handled with caution.
c.
Microbial cultures used for class inspection should be kept in the sealed containers in which they are grown to prevent contamination and infection. The containers should be autoclaved before disposal.
d.
When culturing bacteria, it is Petri dishes be used. After the be autoclaved before disposal.
e.
for If it is necessary for students to open cultures the cultures must first be killed. This can be examination, done by placing a filter paper moistened with 40% (v/v) ?Rethanal (formalin) solution in the culture dish, in an inverted position, 24 hours before the examination. Eye protection, gloves, masks or face protection and careful handling are necessary.
f.
A pipette should never be used to bubble air through liquid cultures or contaminated liquid. One should also not blow liquid out of the pipette forcefully. Both of these actions will produce microbial aerosols. Contaminated pipettes should be immersed in a germicidal solution immediately after use and then autoclaved.
g.
During the inoculation of cultures, precautions must be taken to prevent the contamination of persons and work surfaces as well as the contamination of the culture media with unwanted microorganisms.
h.
Culture media, Petri dishes, pipettes, droppers used in the inoculation process should be sterilised by autoclaving before use.
i.
Inoculating loops and spreaders should be sterilised before and after inoculation. They can be sterilised by immersing in 70% (v/v) alcohol first, followed by flame heating. Use of individually wrapped sterile spreader and loops are encouraged. The mouths of all containers, tubes, flasks and McCartney bottles should also be heat sterilised using a flame after removing the caps and before the caps are replaced. This should be done with caution and away from flammable materials.
j.
cultures
should
be
recommended that disposable experiment, the dishes should
and glass rods pre-sterilised or
The film held by an inoculating loop used for microorganisms may break and contaminate Any action that might result in producing a microbial aerosol
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performed
the the
transfer of atmosphere.
Chapter 3 Hazardous materials
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
must be avoided, for example, jerky motion, shaking the loop and agitating the liquid. A contaminated loop, when placed immediately into a flame for sterilisation, may also produce an aerosol through volatilisation. To prevent aerosol production, use disposable loops. k.
The lids of Petri dishes should be opened only just enough to allow the inoculating tool to be manipulated and for as short a time as possible.
I.
Petri dishes should be incubated in avoid condensation dripping onto cultures.
an
inverted
position
to
m. During incubation, the lid of the Petri dish should be secured to the base with tape or paraffin film so that the lid cannot be accidentally removed. ?.
Yeast cultures generate considerable quantities dioxide gas. Therefore, the incubation containers plugged with cotton wool to allow excess gas to escape.
of carbon should be
3.2.4. Recombinant DNA involving microorganisms a.
All recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology studies involving RG-I microorganisms and RG-I host vector systems may be conducted in a BSL-1 laboratory under the supervision of a trained teacher or qualified scientist. Examples include cloning of DNA in Es c h er i c hi a c ol i K-12, S a c c h ar o my c e s c e r ev i s i a e , and B a c i l l us s u bti l i s host-vector systems, students must be properly trained in standard microbiological practices before starting work.
b.
Work involving host-vector systems with as vectors may be conducted in a plasmids under the supervision of a trained teacher or qualified scientist.
c.
Biological expression systems are vectors and host cells that fulfil a number of criteria that make them safe to use. A good example of a biological expression system suitable for use in schools is plasmid pUC18 (or derivatives thereof), which is c ol i frequently used as a cloning vector in combination with E. K-12 cells. The pUC18 plasmid and its derivatives have been entirely sequenced. More importantly, all genes required for efficient transfer to other bacteria have been deleted from the precursor plasmid pBR322 providing significant containment, c ol i K-12 is a strain that is, the plasmid is non-conjugative. E. E. coli strains that lacks the genes known to render some E. c ol i K-12 cannot permanently pathogenic. Furthermore, colonise the gut of healthy humans or animals. Thus, most routine genetic engineering experiments can be performed E. coli K-12/pUC18 at BSL-1 provided the inserted safely in foreign DNA sequences do not require a higher BSL.
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nonnon-conjugative BSL-1 laboratory,
Chapter 3 Hazardous materials
d.
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Work involving the following are prohibited when: i.
ii.
The expression of DNA pathogenic organisms (which may the genetically modified organism); Inserted DNA sequences example, during preparation pathogenic microorganisms;
are of
sequences increase
the
derived from virulence of
not well characterised, genomic DNA libraries
for from
iii. Gene products have potential pharmacological activity; and iv. Recombinants other human, involved. These BSL-1.
conditions
containing plant or
would
DNA animal
warrant
coding toxins
biosafety
levels
for oncogenes (including viruses)
higher
or are
than
3.2.5. Storage and labelling of microorganisms and culture media a.
It is unwise to store microorganisms in schools for any length of time except perhaps to maintain cultures for future microbiological work. Such microorganisms should be sub-cultured every three months or so. Aseptic techniques must be used each time.
b.
Prepared culture media should be properly sterilised by autoclaving to prevent possible contamination by spores of pathogenic bacteria from the atmosphere. Once sterilised by autoclaving, the culture media may be stored for several months in tightly-sealed screw-capped bottles.
c.
For long-term storage, powder or tablets.
d.
All containers containing microorganisms must be properly labelled. Petri dishes containing microbial cultures must be clearly labelled, for example, with permanent ink. The following should be included on the label:
culture
media
should
i.
Name of the microorganism and culture medium.
ii.
Date of start of culture.
iii.
Date of completion of culture.
iv.
Name of student and teacher.
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be
stored
as
dry
Chapter 3 Hazardous materials
e.
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
All containers for microorganisms must display the biohazard symbol. The international biohazard symbol is:
Infectious substance f.
The above biohazard symbol should also be displayed Petri-dishes containing microorganisms are stored. example, the symbol could be displayed on an incubator.
where For
3.2.6. Handling and storage of tissue and body fluids a.
Studies involving fresh tissue, blood or body fluids obtained from humans or vertebrates are prohibited in schools as these may contain microorganisms and have the potential of causing disease. i.
Any study involving higher categorisation schools.
ii.
Studies involving human or products should be considered as are therefore prohibited in schools.
body fluids which biological agents
contain RG-2 RG is prohibited
animal BSL-2 BSL
or in
blood/blood and studies
b.
Studies involving human or and tissue cultures should also studies and are prohibited in schools.
c.
Studies involving human breast milk of unknown origin, unless certified free of HIV and Hepatitis c, should be considered as BSL-2. Studies involving domestic animal milk may be considered as BSL-1.
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vertebrate/mammalian cell BSL-2 be considered as BSL
Chapter 3 Hazardous materials
d.
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
The following types of tissues do not need to be treated as potentially hazardous biological agents: i.
Plant tissue.
ii.
Human cheek cells DNA is easily obtained from human cheek cells, for example, through a mouth wash. Extraction of human cheek cells should be done from healthy individuals. Individuals who are unwell (for example, having a cough, cold or fever) should not perform the procedure. The procedure must be designed to minimise possible risks of transmission of infective agents between individuals (for example, having students work only with their own DNA samples). Parental consent must be sought if any genetic work is to be done using human cheek cells. cells. Annex E provides a sample of a consent form that may be used.
typing
Culturing of human cheek cells is prohibited. iii.
Meat or meat by-products restaurants, or packing houses.
obtained
from
food
stores,
iv. Hair. V.
Teeth that have been sterilised to kill any blood borne pathogen that may be present (Chemical disinfection or autoclaving at 121 c for 20 minutes is recommended).
vi.
Fossilised tissue or archaeological specimens.
vii. Prepared fixed tissue slides.
3.2.7. Disposal of biological materials a.
Laboratory waste must be decontaminated so that it will leave the laboratory premises or be recycled without posing significant health risks. Annex A illustrates the various methods of treatment of contaminated materials and apparatus.
b.
Reusable glassware (for example, flasks and pipettes) laboratory coats that are not heat sensitive should autoclaved. Items that are heat sensitive should be disinfected.
c.
All biohazardous waste (for example, agar plates, plastic pipettes, glass slides), including biological liquid waste should be autoclaved or disinfected. After decontamination, if the waste contains toxic chemical waste, it should be collected and disposed of by an NEA-licensed toxic chemical waste collector.
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and be
Chapter 3 Hazardous materials
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
If the disinfected waste contains no toxic chemicals, it can be disposed of as normal waste. Using an autoclave d.
Contaminated apparatus or materials should be placed in a doubled-layered autoclave bag (1 bag inside another to prevent leakage into the autoclave) and heat sterilised. Heat sterilisation at 121 째c for 20 minutes should be adequate in most cases.
Using disinfectants e.
Contaminated apparatus and materials should be soaked in either 10% (v/v) Lysol or 15 to 20% (v/v) chlorine bleach for at least 15 minutes. For contaminated liquid cultures, household bleach (5.25% (V/v) sodium hypochlorite) should be added up to a concentration of 10% (v/v) and left to stand for 1 hour.
f.
Contaminated sharp or pointed objects (for example, needles, disposable pipettes, glass slides, cover slips, ?Ricropipette tips, razor blades, scalpel, broken glass) should be properly disposed of into specially designed bins provided by an NEA-licensed biohazardous waste collector.
g.
Dead animals collection by disposal.
h.
It is not necessary to disinfect materials that have come into contact with DNA and restriction enzymes (for example, from gel electrophoresis). These materials can be disposed of as normal waste.
should be a licensed
properly packed and frozen until biohazardous waste collector for
A list of licensed waste collectors can be obtained from the Internet website maintained by the National Environment Agency (NEA). The hyperlink to this site can be found at: http://intranet.moe.gov.sg/science/labsafety/labsafety.htm http://intranet.moe.gov.sg/science/labsafety/labsafety.htm
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Chapter 3 Hazardous materials
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
3.2.8. NACLAR guidelines on the use of vertebrate animals a.
The Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority (AVA) has introduced licensing requirements to regulate the care and use of animals for research. From 15 November 2004, the Animals and Birds (Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes) Rules came into effect requiring any research facility that uses animals for scientific purposes to apply for a licence from AVA. The research facility must comply with Guidelines set by the National Advisory Committee for Laboratory Animal Research (NACLAR) before being issued a licence. The Guidelines cover all live fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
b.
Schools are not licensed to deal with a large number of animals used frequently for testing. If and when students work on investigations involving animals, they are to do so in the context of participation in the Singapore Science & Engineering Fair or attachments to universities or A*STAR research institutes. >? these cases, the projects would have to be reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).
c.
Schools should raise the awareness of staff and students to the importance of care, concern and respect for animal life as provided in the NACLAR Guidelines. The philosophy of the Guidelines is for careful and due consideration to be given to the care and use of animals for scientific purposes. The following will be important points for schools to note: i.
The purpose of and responsible purposes.
ii.
The key is to always examine whether there is a justifiable scientific purpose and value for using animals. The following "3 R'I" Principles of the NACLAR guidelines are useful to note: • •
the Guidelines is to promote the humane care and use of animals for scientific
R e pl ac e the need for animal use by alternative means. R e d uc e the number of animals used to an unavoidable minimum.
•
R efi n e investigation procedures to minimise the impact on animals.
For more information on the NACLAR please Guidelines, refer to the Internet site maintained by AVA. The site can be accessed via the hyperlink at: http://intranet.moe.gov.sg/science/labsafety/labsafety.htm
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Chapter 3 Hazardous materials
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
3.3. Chemicals 3.3.1. Classification of hazardous chemicals a.
Chemicals may be corrosive, toxic or harmful by inhalation, skin absorption or ingestion. > ? the following sections, some hazardous chemicals commonly encountered in the laboratory are described and the appropriate precautions outlined.
b.
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) accompany all (MSDS) commercially available chemicals and contain information necessary for the safe handling of hazardous or potentially hazardous chemicals. Some examples of the types of information provided by an MSDS for a chemical include: i.
The product name, chemical name and formula;
ii.
Physical and chemical properties;
iii. Hazard identification chemical, adverse overexposure; and
-
types health
of hazard(I) effects and
posed by symptoms
iv. Measures to deal with spillage or accidental release. Specific MSDS for chemicals may also Internet. Some hyperlinks can be found at:
be
obtained
from
the
http://intranet.moe.gov.sg/science/labsafety/labsafety.htm
c.
d.
Classifications Oxidising Flammable Corrosive Irritant Mutagenic Carcinogenic
Some chemicals show acute effects upon contact and may cause irritation or corrosion after short-term exposure. Chemicals like heavy metals may have high chronic toxicity. Others may be carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic (damaging to the embryo or foetus). Examples of these chemicals available in some school laboratories are ethidium bromide, methanal (formaldehyde) and chloroform. A summary of some broad hazard classifications and corresponding effects is given in the table below. Effects Flammable properties even when not in contact with other combustible materials Low flash point Can cause skin burns Can cause significant skin inflammation Can cause heritable genetic damage Can cause cancer
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the of
Chapter 3 Hazardous materials
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
3.3.2. Labelling of hazardous chemicals a.
b.
Reagent bottles for hazardous appropriate warning labels. Labels on chemicals should bear the following information i.
Identity of the chemical, generic chemical name
ii.
Hazard warning in words information regarding the reactivity of the chemical equipment required.
These hazard labels wherever appropriate.
which
should
Oxidising
may
chemicals should carry the storage containers of
be
a
trade
name
or
or symbols, which provide health hazard, flammability, and the personal protective
be
prominently
displayed
Flammable
Harmful or Irritant
3.3.3. Handling of commonly used chemicals in the laboratory laboratory a.
The following measures should be observed when handling hazardous chemicals:
Toxic
Explosive
i.
Care should be taken in selecting protective equipment to ensure that it is fitting and appropriate for protection against the hazardous chemical.
ii.
Work area involving hazardous designated and labelled.
chemicals
should
be
clearly
iii. All work surfaces should be covered with stainless steel or plastic trays, dry absorbent plastic-backed paper or other impervious material in order to contain any spills. Please see section 5.4 on chemical spills.
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Chapter 3 Hazardous materials
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
iv.
Procedures that involve volatile chemicals or may result in the release of airborne contaminants should be performed in a chemical fume cupboard. This includes the weighing of hazardous chemicals.
V.
Hands must chemicals.
be
thoroughly
washed
after
any
contact
with
Concentrated acids b.
Proper protective equipment (protective gloves, safety goggles and laboratory coats) must be worn when handling concentrated acids. Work should be carried out in a fume cupboard. Any contact of the chemical with the skin should be washed with plenty of water immediately.
c.
When diluting acids, always add the acid slowly to water, never water to the acid. Mixing with water produces heat, which may result in splashes or the formation of hazardous mists.
Concentrated ammonia d.
Work involving concentrated ammonia must be performed in a fume cupboard as ammonia vapour is highly pungent, severely irritating and tear-inducing. Proper protective equipment must be worn.
e.
Bottles containing concentrated ammonia should with care as pressure may accumulate inside the bottles.
be
opened
Hydrogen peroxide f.
Hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidiser. Although pure hydrogen peroxide is fairly stable, it decomposes into water and oxygen (which in turn supports combustion) when heated above about 80째c. It also decomposes in the presence of catalysts like most metals and acids'
g.
It is advisable to put on gloves and safety goggles when handling hydrogen peroxide as it irritates the skin and can cause eye burns.
Metals - mercury h.
Mercury can be found in liquid-in-bulb thermometers. Mercury must not be used as a chemical in school laboratories. The vapour is poisonous in concentrations as low as 1 ppm.
i.
Mercury spills usually arise from broken mercury-filled thermometers. Spills should be cleared by the teacher or a laboratory staff member. Mercury droplets can be collected, for example, using a capillary tube or dropper. Any remaining traces of mercury should be covered with sulphur to produce a
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Chapter 3 Hazardous materials
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
non-volatile salt of the metal which should be disposed toxic solid waste. Note that salts of mercury are also toxic.
of
as
Metals - sodium, lithium and potassium j.
These metals react violently when exposed to moisture and should therefore be stored in oil, in a cool and dry environment. The metals should only be purchased when required for use. Do not store the metals for long periods in the laboratory as superoxides of the metals may form and explode when subject to friction or shock.
Organic chemicals k.
>? general, organic chemicals are flammable and often carcinogenic. Gloves and safety goggles must be worn when handling organic chemicals. Naked flames and ignition sources must be kept away from organic chemicals. Work should be performed in a fume cupboard or a well-ventilated area.
A list of commonly used chemicals in school laboratory experiments together with more information on the handling, storage and disposal of these chemicals is given in Annex D.
3.3.4. General guidelines for storing chemicals chemicals a.
Good housekeeping, regular inspection as well as clear and exact labelling are essential for minimising accidents resulting from the storage of chemicals. The following precautions should be closely observed when storing chemicals: i.
Chemicals should be stored in a cool and well-ventilated place. Chemicals, especially hazardous chemicals, should be stored for easy access by laboratory staff. It is not advisable to store chemicals on high shelves.
ii.
Chemical stores should be examined regularly and checked for its expiry date. Chemicals that show signs of deterioration or are redundant must be disposed of according to established procedures. Refer to the MSDS accompanying each chemical for information on disposal procedures.
should be stored according to hazard iii. Chemicals classification (for example, oxidising, flammable, corrosive and explosive) rather than according to alphabetical order. Incompatible classes of chemicals must be physically separated from each other, for example, by placing them on different shelves or by using a secondary container.
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Chapter 3 Hazardous materials
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Flammable chemicals b.
Flammable chemicals should not be stored on open shelves but should instead be stored in a place where there is no likelihood of ignition from a naked flame. It is advisable to store flammable chemicals in a fire resistant metal cabinet. Flammable chemicals should never be left exposed.
c.
Flammable liquids (for example, alcohol, diethyl ether and propanone) should be stored in a cool place away from heat sources and direct sunlight. Their containers should not be completely filled.
d.
Highly flammable volatile liquids must be labelled "HIGHLY FLAMMABLE" and should not be stored in refrigerators because vapour from flammable liquids may potentially ignite due to electrical sparks from the refrigerator.
e.
Flammable solids must be kept dry or in suitable "immersion" liquids. For example, sodium in paraffin and phosphorus in water. Sodium perchlorate is unstable and potentially explosive when it comes into contact with combustible materials. These flammable solids should be clearly labelled.
Unstable chemicals f.
Unstable chemicals should be stored in a fire resistant cabinet, away from heat and moisture, and regularly inspected.
g.
It is always advisable to keep only a minimum sufficient for current use. Two examples is for chemicals are chlorates(V) and peroxides.
metal
amount that of unstable
Moisture-absorbing chemicals h.
Chemicals which readily absorb moisture must be kept in tightly sealed containers or desiccators. Some examples are, aluminium chloride, calcium chloride, phosphorus(V) chloride, phosphorus(V) oxide, sodium peroxide and thionyl chloride.
Acids and alkalis i.
Main stocks of concentrated sulphuric, nitric and hydrochloric acids, ammonia, and inflammable liquids should be stored as near to floor level as possible.
Incompatible hazard classes of chemicals j.
Incompatible chemicals refer to chemicals that can possibly react violently with each other to produce heat, flammable products or toxic products.
k.
The following table shows two lists of chemicals commonly found in school laboratories. The chemicals in List A are incompatible with those in List B.
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Chapter 3 Hazardous materials
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
List A Organic Flammable Flammable Poison Acid Acid Acid Organic acid Water reactive
I.
List B Oxidiser Oxidiser Poison Corrosive Base Cyanide Sulphide Oxidising acid Aqueous solution
For a comprehensive list of incompatible chemicals, please refer to the Guidelines on Prevention and Control of Chemical that can be obtained from the Ministry of Hazards Manpower Internet website. The hyperlink to this site can be found at: http://intranet.moe.gov.sg/science/labsafety/labsafety.htm
3.3.5. Commonly used hazardous chemicals in Life Sciences experiments The handling procedures for some commonly Life Sciences experiments are described below.
used
hazardous
chemicals
in
Ethidium bromide (EtBr) a.
Students are not allowed to handle EtBr.
b.
Schools should use the suggested checklist in Annex F to ensure that teachers and laboratory technicians meet the necessary criteria before they are allowed to work with EtBr in laboratories.
c.
EtBr, especially in powder form, is mutagenic. It should also be regarded as a possible carcinogen and reproductive toxin. >? solution form, EtBr poses a hazard at concentrations of equal or more than 0.1% (V/v), that is, about 1 mg/ml. EtBr would be less hazardous at concentrations lower than 0.1% (V/V). d. The use of EtBr in its powder form is prohibited. It is strongly recommended that schools purchase and use a pre-mixed 5 mg/ml solution from a supplier. This 5 mg/ml stock
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Chapter 3 Hazardous materials
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
solution can then be diluted to make a staining solution with a final concentration of 1 |0,g/ml (approximately 0.0001 %). e.
Preparation of EtBr solutions must be fume cupboard to prevent exposure by inhalation.
f.
Protective gloves must always be worn when preparing and using EtBr solutions. The use of EtBr should also be limited to a restricted sink area. The area should be marked out clearly and made out of bounds to students.
g.
All contaminated gloves and staining solutions should be disposed of according to accepted laboratory procedures. Electrophoresis buffers and other solutions that come into contact with EtBr should be treated with activated charcoal before disposal. Please see section 3.3.6.d. d. on disposal procedures related to EtBr.
conducted
in
a
Notes of staining of DNA The following chart shows some examples of DNA staining techniques. Where possible, schools should explore using safer alternatives to EtBr such as Methylene blue or SYBR Safe. Care must also be exercised when using these alternatives. Staining of DNA using rhemiralc
other than EtBr Ethidium bromide (EtBr) methods Soaking gels in EtBr
SYBR safe
Methylene blue
Adding a drop of EtBr when casting gels
An alternative method for the staining of DNA Instead of soaking gels in a solution of EtBr, a drop of EtBr solution could be added to the gel before it is polymerised. Generally, 2 ILL> of 5 mg/ml EtBr should be used for every 100 ml of gel. This method allows the DNA to be stained directly in the gel and reduces the risk of EtBr contamination. The gel should subsequently be discarded as solid waste.
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Chapter 3 Hazardous materials
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Polvacrylamide/acrylamide >R.
Students Students are not allowed to handle polyacrylamide.
i.
Schools should use the suggested checklist in Annex F to ensure that teachers and laboratory technicians meet the necessary criteria before they are allowed to work with polyacrylamide in laboratories.
j.
Acrylamide and bisacrylamide are neurotoxins. The and use of acrylamide and bisacrylamide in purchase powder form to prepare polyacrylamide are strictly prohibited. Schools are permitted to handle and use only precast polyacrylamide (gel) from a reliable supplier.
k.
Appropriate impermeable gloves should protect the skin when handling polyacrylamide.
always
be
worn
to
Ethanol I.
Ethanol is a flammable liquid and its vapour can travel a considerable distance to an ignition source and cause a "flash back". Ethanol vapour also forms explosive mixtures with air at concentrations of 4 to 19% (by volume).
m. Quantities greater than 1 litre should be stored in tightly sealed metal containers in areas separate from oxidisers. Ethanol should not come into contact with strong oxidisers and peroxides as this may result in fires and explosions. Tris powder ?.
A
mask must always be avoid inhaling Tris powder.
worn
over
the
nose
and
mouth
to
3.3.6. Disposal of chemicals a.
The Environmental Public Health (Toxic Industrial strial Waste) Indu 6 to be collected Regulations require certain chemical waste for disposal by licensed toxic chemical waste collectors approved by the National Environment Agency (NEA). A list of licensed toxic chemical waste collectors can be found at the Internet site maintained by NEA. The site can be accessed via the hyperlink at: http://intranet.moe.gov.sg/science/labsafety/labsafety.htm
6
The list of Toxic Industrial/Chemical Waste (under Schedule 1) is stated in Appendix 6 of the National
Environment Agency's
Code of Practice on Pollution Control (amended in 2004). ~250~
Chapter 3 Hazardous materials
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Y.
Chemical waste from laboratories includes used chemicals, expired laboratory chemicals, used oil and coolant, used organic solvent and ethidium bromide waste. Organic waste must be separated from aqueous waste. Waste organic solvents used in DNA extraction, for example, phenol, chloroform and isoamyl-alcohol are to be collected in clearly labelled chemical waste bottles, separating phenol-chloroform waste from alcohol waste.
c.
All chemical waste bottles NEA-licensed toxic waste collectors.
d.
Special care must be taken for the disposal of the following:
should
be
disposed
of
by
Ethidium bromide i.
Electrophoresis buffer waste contaminated with EtBr has to be treated with activated carbon bags (for example, Bio101 EtBr Green Bags) overnight before discharging into a dilution tank.
ii.
Agarose gels and EtBr Green bags contaminated with EtBr dyes should be collected in a biohazard bag (doublebagged) and disposed of by a licensed toxic chemical waste collector.
Polyacrylamide i.
The used precast forms of polyacrylamide should be collected in a biohazard bag and disposed of by a licensed toxic chemical waste collector.
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Chapter 4 Fire prevention and control
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
4. FIRE PREVENTION AND CONTROL CONTROL 4.1. Fire prevention a.
Combustible materials, potentially explosive substances, fuel sources, electrical supplies, and reactions evolving large amounts of heat and mechanical energy constitute the main fire hazards within the laboratory.
b.
There should be an awareness of properties of substances. Highly reactive hazard in the laboratory setting.
c.
Many commonly used organic solvents have properties that constitute a serious fire hazard. The following are common hazards of organic solvents: i.
the physical and chemicals constitute
chemical a major
Low flash point The fl as h p o i n t is the lowest temperature at which a liquid gives off vapour in sufficient quantity to ignite with air when a spark or flame is applied. For example, the flash point of ethanol (ethyl alcohol) is 13째c.
ii.
Ease of ignition of vapour Vapour-air mixtures can be ignited by a very electrical energy such as a static discharge, the contacts, or even the shorting of small dry cell batteries.
iii.
small amount of sparking of relay
Properties in confined spaces Volatile solvents kept in confined spaces readily vaporise to produce an air/vapour mixture that is explosive. For example, ethanol, diethyl ether and propanone at percentages as low as one or two percent of vapour in air are explosive. These solvents should be kept in a well-ventilated area.
iv.
Spills If the spill of the flammable substance is large, Civil Defence Force recommends the immediate the area and notification of the Singapore Civil Defence Force.
d.
Gases such as hydrogen, methane, and propane hazards because of the ease of their ignition and concentration of explosive gas/air mixtures.
e.
Precautions similar oxygen as well.
to
those
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of
flammable
gases
should
the Singapore evacuation of
pose wide
be
explosion limits of
taken
for
Chapter 4 Fire prevention and control
4.2.
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Fire control Clothing or hair on fire
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
a.
Water is the most effective extinguisher on an individual.
remedy.
Never
use
a
fire
b.
A fire blanket should be used to smother the fire by wrapping the blanket around the burning individual.
Explosion
The following measures should be followed in the event of an explosion in the laboratory:
4.2.3.
4.3.
a.
Extinguish all burners and heaters.
b.
Stop adding reagents.
c.
Evacuate present.
d.
Assist the injured by giving the necessary first aid.
e.
Follow the school's protection procedures.
the
room
immediately
fire
since
evacuation
toxic
gases
procedures
or
may
be
in-place
Fire a.
The first concern and responsibilities of teachers should evacuate students from the fire area. The potential from the fire must be determined immediately.
b.
If there is a possibility that the fire might spread or present a danger to the students in the room, the fire alarm must be sounded and the main office notified.
c.
If working with biohazardous materials when the fire alarm rings, cap all bottles of media, cells, etc., and leave the room, closing the door behind you.
Fire fighting a. i.
The following procedures should be followed in dealing with fires: For small fires, for example, fires contained within a beaker, test tube, or other small container, smother with an incombustible mat or an appropriate cover. Small fires may also be put out using a bucket of sand.
~253~
be to danger
Chapter 4 Fire prevention and control
b.
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
ii.
For larger fires, cool the physical area immediately surrounding the fire with an extinguisher to prevent the flames from spreading. Then, extinguish the base of the blaze and smother the scattered remains of the fire. Please see section 4.4. for some examples of types of fire extinguishers.
iii.
For electrical fires, turn off the main switch or pull the plug if it can be safely done. Do not use water to extinguish the fire.
As teachers are not professional fire fighters, help should be where necessary, from the Singapore Civil Defence Force to fires.
4.4. Fire extinguishers a.
Fire extinguishers should be regularly inspected and maintained. The shelf-life should also be noted.
b.
Types and uses of fire extinguishers:
Type
To b e us e d f o r
NOT t o b e us e d f or
Water
Paper, wood fabric
Electrical fires, flammable liquids, burning metals Alkali metals, paper
C02 Dry powder Foam
c.
Flammable liquids and gases, electrical fires Flammable liquids and gases, alkali metals, electrical fires Flammable liquids
Electrical fires
The following four steps are generally applicable to operating a fire extinguisher - P ul l , A i m , S q u e ez e and S w e e p (PASS) p - Pull out the safety device of the fire extinguisher. A - Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire. I - Squeeze the top lever of the fire extinguisher. I - Sweep the discharge over the entire area of the fire.
~254~
sought control
Chapter 5 Accidents and emergencies
5. ACCIDENTS
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
AND EMERGENCIES EMERGENCIES
5.1. Accidents in the laboratory a.
If an accident occurs in a laboratory, the teacher in the laboratory or laboratory staff should take reasonable and appropriate measures to contain the situation. Teachers and laboratory staff should also know and use the school's standard operational procedure in the event of emergencies.
b.
First aid and emergency procedures could save lives. The 7 guidelines listed below can help laboratory users respond to emergencies. i.
Remain calm.
ii.
Do not move the casualty unless he or she is in immediate danger.
iii.
Call for a doctor or an ambulance.
iv.
Initiate life saving measures if required.
general medical
5.2. Emergency response contact list a.
Each laboratory should have an emergency response contact list. The list should be located near the exit of the laboratory and near a telephone. An example of the information that could be included in the list is given in Annex G.
5.3. Biological spills 5.3.1. Dealing with microorganism spills
7
a.
When pursuing investigations involving microorganisms, I schools are restricted to using the Group Risk microorganisms listed in Annex B.
b.
Students must be reminded microorganisms to their teacher.
c.
Microorganism spills should be cleaned up immediately by the teacher or laboratory staff. > ? addition, other laboratory users must be alerted or warned of the spill.
d.
Appropriate personal protective equipment (laboratory coat, disposable gloves, safety goggles and footwear) should be used for all decontamination and clean-up operations. This will minimise contact with contaminated surfaces and protect the eyes and skin surfaces from exposure to spilled materials.
to
always
This refers to those in the vicinity, including students, teachers and laboratory staff.
~255~
report
any
spillage
of
Chapter 5 Accidents and emergencies
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
5.3.2. Decontamination of microorganism spills The following sections guide users to deal with microorganism spills. a.
b.
c.
d.
For minor spillage liquid containing splashing onto a surface):
(for example, microorganisms
when a spills
small amount of gently, without
i.
The spill should be covered with a piece towel. Disinfectant (like Dettol or Lysol) over the spill and left to stand for at least 30 minutes.
ii.
Absorbents and any autoclaved before disposal.
broken
material
of cloth or paper should be poured
should
For major spillage (for example, when containers cultures of microorganisms are dropped on the splashing occurs):
be
with liquid floor and
i.
Do not inspect the spill or damage at very close range so as to avoid coming into contact with the aerosol cloud. If the spill is extensive, all persons in the room should leave the laboratory immediately.
ii.
Laboratory staff or teachers involved procedure must wear protective clothing.
iii.
The spill should be contained by covering with pieces of cloth or paper towels. Disinfectant should be applied concentrically, beginning at the outer margin of the spill area and working towards the centre. The materials may be cleared after at least 30 minutes.
iv.
Any clothing that has been affected by the spill should be removed immediately and autoclaved.
in
the
clean-up
Spillage due to breakage in centrifuges i.
If breakage occurs to centrifuge buckets and disinfection and autoclaving.
ii.
The centrifuge bowl removing any glass fragments
the tubes in rotor must
should
also
be
a be
centrifuge, removed
disinfected
Other guidelines i.
All breakages (for example, glass fragments) or damaged packages containing microorganisms should be picked up using forceps and properly disinfected before disposal.
~256~
the for
after
Chapter 5 Accidents and emergencies
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
ii.
The contaminated leakage from immediately.
area the
that resulted from package should
iii.
Protective gloves that are worn for the operations should be properly disinfected before Hands should be thoroughly washed with soap and water.
the be
spill or disinfected
clean-up disposal.
5.3.3. 5.3.3. Dealing with specific accidents involving microorganisms Injection, cuts and abrasions a.
Clothing around the affected part should be removed. Gently squeeze the wound to encourage slight bleeding. Hands and the affected part should be washed and an appropriate antiseptic should be applied.
b.
Consult a doctor. The doctor should be nature of the wound and the microorganism involved.
informed
of
the
Ingestion of microorganisms c.
If microbiological materials are swallowed, several glasses of water should be drunk and then vomiting induced. This can be done by stimulating the back of the throat with the tip of a finger. Consult a doctor immediately. The doctor should be informed of the material ingested.
Microorganism spills on the body - contact with skin d.
The affected area should and water. Contaminated disinfected.
e.
If the contamination involves broken skin, thoroughly affected area immediately with copious amounts of soap. Antiseptics such as alcohol, tincture of iodine, chlorohexidine preparations should be applied.
f.
Obtain medical attention if necessary.
be washed immediately with soap clothing should be removed and
wash the water and idophor or
Microorganism spills on the body - contact with eves g.
Flush the eyes with running water, for example, using the eyewashers in the laboratory for a minimum of 15 minutes. Ophthalmic saline irrigation solution may also be used.
h.
Call or consult a doctor for further advice.
~257~
Chapter 5 Accidents and emergencies
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
5.3.4. First aid after exposure to microorganisms a.
b.
First aid steps:
after
exposure
to
microorganisms
consists
i.
Removal or dilution of infectious material and application of first aid;
ii.
Assessment of the infection risk; and
iii.
Referral to a doctor or hospital, if necessary.
Hands must always to avoid the risk possible, protective first aid.
of
three
be washed before and after giving first aid of infection and transmission of disease. If gloves should be worn before rendering
5.4. Chemical spills 5.4.1.
5.4.2.
Dealing with chemical spills a.
The range and quantity of hazardous substances used in laboratories require pre-planning to respond safely to chemical spills. The cleanclean-up of a chemical spill should only be done by knowledgeable and experienced teachers or laboratory staff.
b.
Spill kits with protective equipment spills.
c.
Solid sodium spills.
d.
A minor chemical spill is one that the laboratory staff are capable of handling safely without the assistance of safety and emergency personnel. All other chemical spills are considered major.
instructions, should be
hydrogencarbonate
may
absorbents, available to
be
used
to
reactants, clean up
contain
acid
Minor chemical spills a.
Alert all laboratory users on the immediate area of the spill.
b.
Protective equipment (laboratory safety goggles and footwear) must operation.
c.
Avoid breathing vapour from the spill.
d.
Contain or cover the spill with absorbent.
e.
Ventilate the affected area, for example, by opening windows.
~258~
coat, disposable be worn for the
gloves, clean-up
and minor
Chapter 5 Accidents and emergencies
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
f.
If the spilled chemical is an inorganic appropriate kit to neutralise and absorb other chemicals besides inorganic acids spill with vermiculite, dry sand or diatomaceous earth.
g.
Collect the residue and dispose it as chemical waste.
acid the and
or base, use chemical spill. bases, absorb
an For the
> ? the case of small spills of flammable substances: h.
Alert all those who might be affected and evacuate from the immediate vicinity until the area is cleaned up.
i.
Extinguish all flames electrical equipment.
j.
k.
I.
m.
5.4.3.
5.4.4.
Turn on ventilation windows.
immediately
equipment
and turn
or
where
off
none
any
Flush with large amounts of water is not reactive to water and is not toxic.
to
a
drain,
motors, and
exists,
Absorb liquids with paper towels, cloths, or material and dispose these using closed containers.
students
other
open
all
absorbent
if the substance substance
Clean contaminated area with soap and water and (Commercial laboratory spill kits are available for solvents.)
mop dry. flammable
Major chemical spills a.
Attend to exposure.
any
b.
Alert other laboratory users to evacuate.
c.
Turn off flammable.
d.
Close doors to affected area.
e.
Call the Singapore Civil Defence Force by dialling 995.
ignition
casualties
and
heat
and
sources
remove
if
spilled
them
material
from
further
is
Dealing with accidents involving chemicals Chemical spills on the body - contact with skin a.
Flood the exposed safety shower for clothing and make the footwear.
b.
Seek medical attention.
area with running water from the tap or at least 5 minutes. Remove contaminated sure that the chemical does not seep into
~259~
Chapter 5 Accidents and emergencies
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Chemical spills on the body - contact with eyes c.
Flush the eyes with running water, for example, using the eyewashers in the laboratory for a minimum of 15 minutes. Eyelids have to be forcibly opened to ensure that the water/eye solution goes behind the eyelids. Washing should be done from the direction of the nose out to the ear so as to avoid washing chemicals back into the eye or into an unaffected eye.
d.
Remove contact lenses as soon as off any harmful chemical from the victim's eyes with clean or sterile gauze.
e.
Call for an ambulance by dialling 995.
possible in order to rinse eyes. Cover both of the
Solid or liquid poisoning by ingestion f.
Get the victim to spit the poison out if it is still in the mouth and wash the mouth with plenty of water. Induce vomiting by stimulating the back of the throat with the tip of a finger.
g.
Seek medical attention immediately.
Chemical burns h.
If a victim is burned by contact victim's clothes and shoes if necessary.
i.
Use water only for treating chemical burns. Wash the injured area with running water for at least 10 minutes. This can prevent further damage to the burnt tissue.
j.
Minor burns are best treated by soaking the affected area in cold water. Do not apply burn ointments/spray to affected areas. Cover with sterile or dry and clean material. affected
areas,
with
chemicals,
seek
medical
remove
the
k.
For large immediately.
attention
I.
Protective gloves and safety goggles should be worn when attempting to assist a casualty covered with chemicals (so that the person assisting does not in turn become a victim).
5.5. Other emergencies 5.5.1. Fainting A certain degree of faintness or dizziness may accident and the following treatment should be administered: a.
Let the casualty lie down with feet slightly raised.
b.
Clothing should be loosened at the neck, chest and waist.
c.
The casualty should be kept adequately warm.
~260~
result
from
any
Chapter 5 Accidents and emergencies
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
d.
Verbal reassurance should be given.
e.
On recovery, sips of water may be given. (No be made to give liquids to an unconscious casualty.)
f.
If the injury has resulted in unconsciousness, 8 should be placed in the Recovery Position .
g.
If breathing becomes difficult, the casualty should be turned on his side to facilitate drainage of any liquid from the mouth.
h.
If breathing stops, apply medical attention immediately.
artificial
attempt should
the
resuscitation
casualty
and
seek
remove
him
5.5.2. Electrical injury
5.5.3.
5.5.4.
a.
Switch off the supply affecting from contact with the apparatus.
the
casualty,
and
b.
Artificial resuscitation and cardiac massage must be started immediately if the shock has produced asphyxia and cardiac arrest. It should be noted that recovery from electric shock is 90% certain if artificial resuscitation is started not later than one minute after the electric shock has been suffered. Recovery is only 10% certain if there is a delay of as little as six minutes.
c.
Check the body contact area for burns, which may be severe. Seek medical attention.
Heat burns and scalds a.
The injured reduce pain.
area should be cooled
with lots
b.
Do not remove any burnt clothing unless it comes off easily.
c.
Do not apply any chemicals like ointments or sprays. Use dry, sterile gauze or lint dressing and then apply a bandage to cover the area.
d.
Seek medical treatment an ambulance by dialling 995.
immediately.
of cold
If
water
to
necessary,
Cuts and bleeding a.
Remove dirt or glass, wash under clean, dry, sterile dressing for minor cases.
running
water
and
apply
8 The main aim of the recovery position is to protect the airway of an unconscious person, so that the person can breathe.
~261~
call
for
Chapter 5 Accidents and emergencies
b.
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
For serious cases, let the casualty lie down. Apply pressure to the wound with a thick pad of gauze and a firm bandage. Do not apply tourniquet. Call for an ambulance at once by dialling 995.
5.5.5. Gas poisoning a.
Carry the casualty into the open and provide him with fresh air.
b.
Seek medical by dialling 995.
treatment.
If
necessary,
call
for
an
ambulance
5.6. Reporting and recording of incidents 5.6.1.
5.6.2.
Importance of reporting a.
Reporting of incidents is hazards >? the laboratory. to address the identified of the incident.
essential for the Remedial action can hazards and prevent
b.
Incidents with potential for injury or damage reported. The incident report also acts as a reference should there be any subsequent example, delayed health effect.
identification of then be taken any recurrence
should also be record for future complication, for
Incident investigation a.
Reported incidents should be promptly school. The investigation should identify incident and any hazards involved.
b.
The school should then take action to control the hazards that have been identified.
~262~
investigated the cause
by of
the the
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Chapter 6 Assessment of risks in school science labs
6. ASSESSMENT OF RISKS IN IN SCHOOL SCIENCE LABORATORIES LABORATORIES 6.1. Introduction A risk assessment refers to a careful examination of the factors that could possibly cause harm to personal safety or health. The objective of a risk assessment is to mitigate or adequately control the risks posed by possible hazards, as far as it is reasonable to do so.
6.2.
6.3.
Hazards and risks a.
A hazard is something with the potential to cause harm or injury. Some examples of hazards in school science laboratories include flammable substances, noxious fumes, infectious biological agents and slippery surfaces.
b.
A risk refers to the likelihood damage to property.
of
a hazard causing
harm
to persons
or
Conducting risk assessments 9
According to The Ministry of Manpower , risk assessments for all routine and non-routine work.
every
workplace
should
conduct
Risk assessments involve: I.
Identifying and analysing safety and health hazards associated with work;
II.
Evaluating the risks involved; and
III. Prioritising measures to control hazards and reduce risks. Each of these points is elaborated in the following sections.
6.3.1. Identifying and analysing safety and health hazards associated associated with work
9
a.
A general risk assessment that is representative of school science laboratories has been carried out by MOE. Please see Annex H for details. The possible risks posed by potential hazards associated with laboratory activities were identified to include those guided by the curriculum and some specialised extension activities.
b.
Teachers should refer to the S c h o ol S c i e nc e L a b or a t or y S af ety R e g ul ati o ns for guidance on measures for safe laboratory work.
Reference was made to the MOM publication,
A Guide to the Workplace Safety and Health (Risk
Management) Regulations (May 2006). ~263~
Chapter 6 Assessment of risks in school science labs
c.
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
> ? situations where the laboratory investigations are outside of regular activities or the guided curriculum, it is good practice for schools to carry out a risk assessment to adequately reduce risks to a reasonable level.
6.3.2. Evaluating the risks involved involved a. > ?
Severity Minor Moderate Major
Likelihood Remote Occasional Frequent
Description No injury or incidents requiring first-aid treatment only (for example, minor cuts, bruises or irritation) Incidents requiring medical treatment (for example, lacerations, burns and minor fractures) Fatal or life-threatening incidents (for example, poisoning, fatal diseases and multiple injuries) Description Not likely to occur. Possible or known to have occurred Common or repeating occurrence
b.
\Ukelihood
evaluating the risks of a potential hazard, it would be useful to consider the severity of the hazard and the likelihood of an 10 accident occurring. The following tables provide an elaboration.
Upon establishing the severity and can be determined. One approach 11 matrix .
likelihood, the risk level is to use the following
Remote
Occasional
Frequent
Low Risk Low Risk Medium Risk
Low Risk Medium Risk High Risk
Medium Risk High Risk High Risk
Severity^\ Severity^\. Minor Moderate Major
For example, if the severity of a hazard is moderate and the likelihood of occurrence is remote, then the risk level would be low.
10
Adapted or extracted from the MOM publication,
Workplace Safety and Health. Risk Management:
Risk Assessment Guideline (revised in 2006). 11
Adapted or extracted from the MOM publication,
Workplace Safety and Health. Risk Management:
Risk Assessment Guideline (revised in 2006). ~264~
Chapter 6 Assessment of risks in school science labs
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
6.3.3. Prioritising measures to control hazards and reduce risks a.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
(f) (g)
When considering the best method for addressing risks, teachers may use the hierarchy of hazard controls 12 listed in the table below as a guide.
Method of hazard control Eliminate the hazard or task if it is not essential. Substitute the hazard with something less hazardous. Minimise the volume or concentration of the hazard or duration of exposure. Isolate the hazard or process by introducing reasonable distance or barriers. Establish safe work practices, for example, -
Restricting access to the area of work
-
Keeping the area free of clutter
Provide training and supervision to persons involved in the activity. Use personal protective equipment b.
A possible template for conducting a risk assessment as Annex I. I. Two examples are also provided in the annex.
c.
More information on risk assessments may be obtained from the Internet website maintained by the Ministry of Manpower. The hyperlink to this site can be found at: http://intranet.moe.gov.sg/science/labsafety/labsafety.htm
12
Adapted from the MOM publication,
Workplace Safety and Health. Risk Management: Risk
Assessment Guideline (revised in 2006). ~265~
is
given
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
REFERENCES 1.
American
Type
Culture
Collection
(ATCC).
(2001).
Internet
reference:
ww w . atc c . or g . 2. Department for Education and Ed uc a ti o n. London: The stationery Office.
Employment.
S af ety
(1996).
in
Sc i e nc e
Ministry of Health (2004), G ui d el i n es o n t h e Im p o r t , T r a ns p or t , H a n dl i n g a n d Di s p os al of H um a n P a t h o g e ns f or Di a g n os i s , Sc i e nt i f i c R es e ar c h a n d I n d us tr i al Us es i n Si n g a p or e. Singapore.
3.
Ministry of Manpower (2006), A G ui d e t o t h e W o r k pl ac e S af e ty a n d H e al t h 4. ( Ri s k Ma n a g em e nt ) R e g ul ati o ns . Singapore. 5.
Ministry
of
Manpower
(2006),
G ui d el i n es
on
P r ev e nti o n
and
C o ntr ol
of
C h em i c al H az ar ds . Singapore. 6. Ministry of Manpower (2006), W or k pl ac e M a n a g em e nt: Ri s k As s e s s m e nt G ui d el i n e . Singapore.
S a fet y
Office of Safety, Health and Environment, National 7. Internet reference: w w w . n us .e d u. s g / os h / os h e s er v i c e s .htm .
and
H e al t h.
University
of
8.
Public Health Agency of Canada, Office of Laboratory Security Internet reference: w w w p h a c - as pc . gc . c a/m s d s - ft s s / md e x . ht ml #m e n u
9. School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Institute, Internet reference: w w w. n t u . e d u. s g/s c b e/ S a f e ty . htm .
Nanyang
Risk
Singapore,
-
MSDS,
Technological
The Association for Science Education (2000). A c o l l ec ti on of s af ety a r ti c l es a n d n o t es fr om ' S c h o o l S c i enc e R ev i ew' a n d ' Ed uc ati o n i n S c i e nc e ' . UK: The
10.
Association for Science Education. 11.
The
Association
for
Science
Education
(1996,).
S af e g u a r d s
in
the
Sc h o ol
L a b o r at o r y . ] . K. : The Association for Science Education. The Association for Science Education, Laboratory Technicians 12. (1997). T h e P r e p R o om O r g a ni s e r . U.K. : The Association for Science Education.
Task
Group
1 3.
The Health and Safety Commission, Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (1995). S u p pl e m e nt t o: C at e g o r i s a ti o n of B i o l o gi c al A g e nts a c c or di n g t o H az a r d a n d C at e g o r i es o f C o nt a i nm e nt. UK: HSE Books.
14. ].I. Department of Health and Human Services (1999). Centres for Disease Control and Prevention and National Institutes of Health. Bi os af e ty i n m i c r o bi ol o gi c al a n d bi om e di c al l a b o r at or i es . ].I. Government Printing Office. 15. World Health Organisation, Division of Emerging and other Communicable Diseases Surveillance and Control. (1997). G ui d el i n es f or t h e S af e T r a n s p or t o f Inf ec ti o us S u bs t a nc es a n d Di a g n os ti c S p ec i m e n s . Geneva: WHO. World Health Organisation (2004). L a b o r at or y 16. Geneva: WHO.
Bi os af e ty
M a n u al ,
3^ edition.
reuse
1
Autoclaving Heat stable objects e.g. glassware, flasks, pipettes, laboratory coats
Wash and
Disinfection Heat sensitive objects e.g. autopipettes, ?R icropipettes, safety goggles
_
Reusable
I
as normal waste
Dispose
No
Disinfection Small amount of liquid waste or one or two plastic pipettes, glass slides
I
Contaminated Materials and Apparatus
Autoclaving Liquid, solid waste e.g. contaminated papers, used agar plates, plastic pipettes, disinfected items
I
I
waste collector
chemical
1 Freezing e.g. dead animals
waste collector
biohazardous
NEANEA-licensed
Use of puncturepuncture-proof container for contaminated sharps and pointed objects e.g. needles, disposable pipettes, glass slides, coverslips, ?Ricropipette tips, razor blades, scalpels, broken glass NEA--licensed toxic NEA
Discarded
The choice of the method of treatment is determined by the nature of the materials and apparatus to be treated and the intended uses after treatment.
METHODS OF TREATMENT OF MATERIALS AND APPARATUS APPARATUS CONTAMINATED IN LIFE SCIENCES EXPERIMENTS
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
ANNEX A
~ A-1 ~
ANNEX A
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
ANNEX B MICROORGANISMS ALLOWED ALLOWED FOR USE IN SCHOOL LABORATORY WORK 1.
Bacteria
A c et o b a c t er ac eti A g r o b ac t e r i um t um ef ac i e ns A l c al i g e n es e utr o p h us A z ot o b a c t er v i n e l a n di i B ac i l l u s m e g at er i um B ac i l l u s s t e ar ot h e r m o p hi l us B ac i l l u s s u bti l i s C el l ul om o n as species (except c . h um i l at a ) C hr om ati um species Er w i ni a c a r ot ov or a ( E . a t r os e p t i c a) Es c h er i c hi a c ol i strains K12, MM294, cl, ell, CR63, BE L ac t o b ac i l l us species (except L. v i o c os us ) L ac t o b ac i l l us b u l g ar i c us L e uc o n o s t oc m es e nt e r oi d e s Me t hy l o p hi l us m e t hy l otr o p h us Mi c r oc oc c us l ut e us ( = S ar c i n a l u t e a) Ph o t o b ac t er i um p h os p h o r e um Ps e u d om o n as fl u or es c ei ns R hi z o bi um l e g um i n os a r u m R h o d o p s e u d om o n as p al us tr i s S pi r i l l um s e r p e ns S tr e p t oc oc c us ( = E nt e r o c oc c us ) f a ec al i s (except SF260, WH257, G-KL[153]) S tr e p t oc oc c us ( = L ac t oc oc c us ) l ac ti s ) S tr e p t oc oc c us t h er m o p hi l u s s tr e p t om y c e s gr i s e us (except subspecies g r i s e u s (Krainsky) Waksman and Henrici strains)
T hi o b ac i l l us fe r r o ox i d a n s V i br i o n a tr i e g e ns ( = B e n e c k e a n at r i e g e ns )
2.
Viruses
Bac t e r i o p h a g e ( T ty p e ) (host E .c ol i ) C uc um b e r M os ai c Vi r us Po t at o Vi r us X P o t at o V i r us Y (Not the virulent strain) T o b ac c o M os ai c V i r us T u r ni p M os ai c Vi r us
~ B-269 ~
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
3.
Fungi
S ac c h ar om y c e s c er ev i s i a e
4.
Protozoa (including slime mould), Algae and Lichens Some protozoa are known to be pathogenic. However, samples suppliers or derived from hay infusions are acceptable for use in schools.
obtained
from
school
the
Internet
All species of algae and lichens are acceptable for use in schools.
For more information, site: www.atcc.org.
please
refer
to
the
American
Type
Culture
Collection
at
Reminder: Schools must restrict work involving microorganisms to Group I which are listed in this Annex while ensuring containment and practising proper disposal; The use of human schools is prohibited; and
or
vertebrate/mammalian
The use of human or animal blood/blood products is prohibited.
~B-270~
cell
and
those Biosafety
tissue
Risk sk in Ri Level 1
cultures
in
Maximum containment laboratories. Lassa, Marburg, Ebola, Crimean-Congo, Machupo and Junin haemorrhagic fever viruses, variola, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, simian herpes virus and Nipah virus.
Japanese encephalitis virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, Yellow Fever virus, Chikungunya virus
Special diagnostic or research laboratories with containment facilities.
Nil
Viruses
Adenoviruses, human herpes viruses, enteroviruses, rhinoviruses, rubella virus, rotavirus
1
Handling Laboratory Teaching laboratories including schools. Laboratories with biosafety cabinets when required. Yersinia pestis, Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium botulinum, Francisella tularensis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Coxiella burnetii
Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coll K12, Agrobacterium tumafaciens Bacillus cereus, Fusobacterium spp., Proteus spp., Actinomyces spp.
Microorganisms* Bacteria Fungi
ANNEX c
Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis
Aspergillus spp., Candida albicans
Brewer's yeast
Adapted from the "Guidelines on the Import, Transport, Transfer, Handling and Disposal of Human Pathogens for Diagnosis, Scientific Research and Industrial Uses in Singapore (2004) "1 published by the Ministry of Health.
Please se note that the list is not exhaustive. For a useful reference of material * Examples of microorganisms classified in each Risk Group are given. Plea safety data sheets for infectious substances, please refer to the Internet site maintained by the Public Health Agency of Canada. The hyperlink to this site can be found at: http://intranet.moe.gov.sg/science/labsafety/labsafety.htm
+ Pathogenic microorganisms are classified into various categories ranging from those which can be adequately handled by routine service and research laboratories to those which should be totally prohibited from being imported into Singapore unless maximum containment laboratory facilities are available.
IV. High risk to individual and community
1. Low risk to individual and community II. Moderate risk to individual, low risk to community III. High risk to individual, low risk to community
Risk Group
CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS MICROORGANISMS BY RISK GROUP IN RELATION TO CATEGORY OF
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
~c-1 ~
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
ANNEX c
concentrated hydrochloric acid
Concentrated acids concentrated nitric acid
concentrated sulphuric acid
Store away from: oxidising agents like nitric acid, ?Rethanal and chlorates. Methanal and hydrochloric acid can react to form bis-
Highly corrosive. Concentrated acids and acid fumes cause severe injury when in contact with living tissue and also attack other materials like metals. Store away from: ethanoic acid, propanone, ethanol, phenyla ?dR ine.
Store away from: chlorates, perchlorates and permaganates. Wear protective gloves, safety goggles and laboratory coats at all times during handling. Work should be done in a fume cupboard. Any contact of the chemical with the skin should immediately be washed with plenty of water. When diluting acids, ~ D-273 ~
chloromethyl ether (BCME), a powerful carcinogen.
Antibiotics are drugs used to store in a cool and dry place, away from sources of kill or harm specific bacteria. light, and under lock and Some bacteria can adapt key. and become resistant to antibiotics.
Antibiotics
kanamycin tetracycline ampicillin streptomycin
Highlights of properties storage
Classification Examples
Disposal
ANNEX D
always add the acid slowly to water, never water to the acid. Mixing with water produces heat, which may result in splashes or the formation of hazardous mists. Neutralise acids with sodium hydrogen carbon ate before disposal. This should be done with caution as acids react violently with sodium hydrogen carbon ate to produce carbon dioxide. The neutralised mixture (pH 6-8) can be poured down
the sink. Flush with water for a few minutes.
Antibiotics in the laboratory Do not throw antibiotics into should never be consumed. They are strictly for use during science activities only and should not be taken out of the laboratory without the teacher's permission. the rubbish bins or flush them down the sink. Either return antibiotics to the supplier or engage an NEA licensed toxic biohazardous waste collector (see section 3.3.6.) for disposal.
Handling
T h e i nf o r ma ti o n p r ov i d e d i s n ot ex h a us ti v e. P l e a s e r e f er t o t h e M S D S ac c om p a n y i n g e ac h c h em i c al f or m o r e d et ai l s .
COMMONLY USED CHEMICALS CHEMICALS IN SCHOOL LABORATORY LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Disinfectants
clear phenolics (such as Dettol and Lysol) These compounds are effective against vegetative bacteria. However, they are not effective against spores and non lipidcontaining viruses. Most phenolics are active in the presence of considerable amounts of proteins but are inactivated by rubber, wood and plastics. These compounds are often used for disinfecting laboratory benches. Store in a cool and dry place, and away from
sunlight and other chemicals. These phenolics are usually used at the highest concentration (i.e. 2-5%) for highly "contaminated situations" where they will encounter large amounts of organic matter. If dilution is needed, it should be freshly prepared. Do not use with cationic detergents. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Dilute with plenty of water before disposal.
Store in a cool place. Ammonia is incompatible
~D-274~
as pressure may accumulate inside the bottles. Work should be done in a fume cupboard.
severely irritating and tear-inducing.
Concentrated concentrated alkalis ammonia Highly pungent. Ammonia vapour is
with chemicals like halogens and calcium chlorate(l). Bottles containing concentrated ammonia should be opened with care
Handling
Highlights of properties storage
Classification Examples
The information provided is not exhaustive. Please refer to the MSDS accompanying each chemical for more details.
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Dilute with large volumes of water before pouring down the sink. Flush the drain with water.
Disposal
Avoid handling near naked flames, ignition or heat sources. Use only in well ventilated area. Keep organic waste separate from aqueous waste. Collect in clearly labelled waste bottles in appropriate holding area. Engage an NEAlicensed toxic chemical waste collector (see
Store in a cool and dry place. Avoid storing near oxidisers, toxic chemicals, ignition and heat sources. Containers should never be filled completely.
High volatility. Highly flammable. Low flash points and autoignition points.
alcohol and alcohol mixtures section 3.3.6.) for disposal.
~D-275~
The information provided is not exhaustive. Please refer to the MSDS accompanying each chemical for more details.
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Dyes / Stains / pH indicators acetocarmine Benedict's reagent bromothymol blue bromophenol blue Congo Red solution iodine solution methylene blue
phenolphthalein safranin Toxic. Properties may change in the presence of strong acids, strong bases, strong oxidising and reducing agents. Most dyes are light sensitive. Store in a cool, dry place away from sunlight and heat sources, and in a tightly closed container. Avoid storing near strong acids and bases, and strong oxidising and reducing agents. Wash hands thoroughly after handling. Avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing. Some mixtures contain alcohol and hence, may be flammable. Use only in a well ventilated area.
The active ingredient is chlorine. It is effective against vegetative cells, spores, fungi and viruses. However, hypochlorites are easily inactivated by proteins and to some extent by natural non-protein materials and plastics. They are also not compatible with cationic detergents. Hypochlorites may be used as a surface disinfectant but caution should be exercised as they are corrosive to metals.
Disinfectants (continued)
hypochlorites
Highlights of properties storage
Classification Examples
~D-276~
Non-flammable, noncorrosive, non-metallic, nontoxic, odourless, watersoluble substances may be neutralised and diluted with plenty of water and discarded down laboratory sinks.
Store in a cool and dry place, and away from other chemicals and sunlight. Household bleaches contain 50,000 ppm of available chlorine and dilutions of 1:20 and 1:5 are necessary. For highly contaminating situations, higher concentrations of available chlorine are recommended. As hypochlorites decay rapidly by loss of its active chlorine, diluted solutions should be replaced after 24 hours. Hypochlorites may cause irritation of skin, eyes and lungs so care must be taken when handling them. Dilute with plenty of water before disposal.
Handling
The information provided is not exhaustive. Please refer to the MSDS accompanying each chemical for more details.
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Disposal
Only pre-mixed solutions of 5 mg/ml ethidium bromide are allowed. Only trained personnel can handle ethidium bromide.
Mutagenic. Possible carcinogen and reproductive toxin. Irritates the eyes, skin, mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. No incompatibility is known.
acrylamide bisacrylamide
Dyes / Stains / pH indicators (continued) ethidium bromide (EtBr)
Gelling agents
Acrylamide is a human carcinogen and neurotoxin. Bisacrylamide is a neurotoxin. It is used as a cross-linking agent to prepare polyacrylamide.
Wear protective gloves laboratory coats at and all times during handling. Treat electrophoresis buffer waste contaminated with ethidium bromide with EtBr Green bags (activated carbon bags) for at least 12 hours before discharging into the dilution tank. Place agarose gels and EtBr Green bags contaminated with ethidium bromide dyes in a biohazard bag (doublebagged) and engage an NEA- licensed toxic chemical waste collector (see section 3.3.6.) for disposal.
Do not allow students to ethidium bromide handle solutions.
Highlights of properties storage
Classification Examples
~D-277~
Schools are not allowed to store or use acrylamide and bisacrylamide. Schools are not allowed to use acrylamide and
bisacrylamide to prepare polyacrylamide. Acrylamide and bisacrylamide should be disposed of by an NEAlicensed toxic chemical
Handling
The information provided is not exhaustive. Please refer to the MSDS accompanying each chemical for more details.
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
waste collector (see section 3.3.6.).
Disposal
May ignite spontaneously on exposure to moist air. Combustible solid. Corrosive. Water-reactive. Store in oil, in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area. Keep away from water and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Metals
mercury
Handling
Disposal
~D-278~
waste collector (see section capillary tube and covering any remaining drops with
3.3.6.) for disposal.
mercury drops using a
never be allowed to stand exposed in the atmosphere.
bottle. Engage an NEA-
Recovered mercury should be collected in a waste
waste collector (see section 3.3.6.) for disposal.
licensed toxic chemical
thermometers. Spills should
Mercury spills usually arise from broken mercury-filled
laboratory coats at all times during handling. Collect gels in a biohazard bag and engage an NEAlicensed toxic chemical
be cleared by collecting
laboratories.
concentrations as low as 1 ppm. Mercury should
Mercury must not be used as a chemical in school
polyacrylamide solutions. Only trained personnel can handle polyacrylamide. Students are not allowed to handle polyacrylamide. Wear protective gloves and
A cumulative poison. The vapour is poisonous in
The metals should only be purchased when required for use. Do not store the metals for long periods in the laboratory. Superoxides of the metal may form and explode when subject to friction or shock. Engage an NEA- licensed toxic chemical waste collector (see section 3.3.6.) for disposal.
Avoid storing near strong oxidisers, metals and their salts. Schools should use only precast polyacrylamide (gel) and should not use
Gelling agents polyacrylamide (continued) Irritant. Incompatible with strong oxidising agents, aluminium, copper, iron and iron salts.
sodium lithium potassium
Highlights of properties storage
Classification Examples
T h e i nf o r ma t i o n p r ov i d e d i s n ot e x h a us t i v e. P l e a s e r e f er t o t h e M S D S ac c om p a n y i n g e ac h c h em i c al f or m o r e d et ai l s .
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
~D-279~
sulphur. Note that salts of mercury are also toxic.
T h e i nf o r ma t i o n p r ov i d e d i s n ot e x h a us t i v e . P l e a s e r e f er t o t h e M S D S a c c om p a ny i n g e ac h c h em i c al f or m o r e d et ai l s .
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Organic solvents
Toxic. Carcinogen. Store in a cool and dry place. Avoid storing near oxidisers. Keep away from ignition and heat sources. Containers should never be filled completely.
chloroform methanal (formalin or formaldehyde) Very volatile. Highly flammable and with low flash points and autoignition points.
acetone ethanol ether isopropanol
Classification Examples
Protective gloves must be worn. Use only in a fume cupboard or a well ventilated area. Keep organic waste separate from aqueous waste. Collect in clearly labelled waste bottles in appropriate holding area. Engage an NEA licensed toxic chemical waste collector (see section 3.3.6.) for disposal.
Store in a cool and dry place. Avoid storing near oxidisers and toxic chemicals. Containers should never be filled completely. Avoid handling near naked flames, ignition or heat sources. Protective gloves must be worn. Use only in a fume cupboard or a well ventilated area.
Highlights of properties storage
Handling
Disposal
~D-280~
T h e i nf o r ma t i o n p r ov i d e d i s n ot e x h a us t i v e. P l e a s e r e f er t o t h e M S D S ac c om p a n y i n g e ac h c h em i c al f or m o r e d et ai l s .
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Others
Store away from strong acids, acid chlorides, strong oxidising agents, strong reducing agents, phosphorus halides, copper wool and
Hygroscopic. Toxic if ingested. Irritates skin, eye and respiratory system. Readily absorbed through skin. Store away from strong oxidising agents, acid chlorides and acid anhydrides.
dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) Stable but combustible.
dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP)
Wear laboratory coat, gloves and goggles. Use only in a fume cupboard or a well ventilated area. Collect in clearly labelled waste containers in an appropriate holding area. Engage an NEA- licensed toxic chemical waste collector (see section 3.3.6.) for disposal.
trichloroacetic acid. Wear laboratory coat, gloves and goggles. Use only in a fume cupboard or a well ventilated area.
~D-281~
T h e i nf o rm a t i o n p r ov i d e d i s n ot ex h a us t i v e . P l e a s e r e f er t o t h e M S D S a c c om p a ny i n g e ac h c h em i c al f or m o r e d et a i l s .
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Others (continued)
Strong oxidiser. Skin irritant. Contact with other material may cause a fire as one of its decomposition products is oxygen. Sensitive to light. It is fairly stable when pure but may decompose explosively, for example, in the presence of metals. Store in dark brown bottles. Keep away from heat, sparks, and flame. Do not store near combustible materials. Wear gloves and goggles, especially when handling samples of higher concentration" Dilute with water before pouring down the sink. Flush the drain with water.
Extremely toxic. Sensitive to light and moisture. Generates extremely toxic hydrogen cyanide gas with acid. Store in a poisons cupboard, and under lock and key. Do not store with acids, iodine, peroxides, permanganates, alkaloids, chloral hydrate and metallic salts. Do not breathe in the dust. Wear suitable protective
potassium cyanide
Highlights of properties storage
hydrogen peroxide
Classification Examples
Handling
Disposal
~D-282~
clothing, gloves and goggles. >? case of inhalation or ingestion, seek medical advice immediately. Collect in clearly labelled waste containers in an appropriate holding area. Engage an NEA- licensed toxic chemical waste collector (see section 3.3.6.) for disposal.
T h e i nf o r ma t i o n p r ov i d e d i s n ot e x h a us t i v e. P l e a s e r e f er t o t h e M S D S ac c om p a n y i n g e ac h c h em i c al f or m o r e d et ai l s .
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
ANNEX E
SAMPLE PARENTAL CONSENT CONSENT FORM - USE OF HUMAN CHEEK CELLS FOR SCHOOL SCIENCE LABORATORY LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS School: _____________________________________
Date : ________________________
To the parent/guardian of: ___________________________________________________________________ (enter student's name)
As conduct
an
part
of
the
experiment
school's
using
curriculum,
his/her
DNA.
your The
child/ward
DNA
sample
will will
have be
the
opportunity
collected
from
to
cells
that normally exist in saliva. We will be asking students to perform a mouth wash with a saline solution and spit the sample into a cup. The DNA sample obtained from these cells will
be
amplified
by
a
process
called
polymerase
chain
reaction
(PCR)
and
examined
for
specific DNA markers. Please note that: •
The DNA markers to be examined play no role in the individual's health.
•
Each student will only work with his/her DNA sample.
•
No culturing of the samples will be carried out.
•
The sample will be discarded after completing the experiment.
•
The sample will not be used for any other purpose.
The experiment will be explained clearly beforehand and your child/ward will be given the option to agree or not agree to participate. Please sign below, indicating authorization for your child's/ward's participation in this experiment. If you have any question or require clarification, please contact: __________________________________________________________________ (insert teacher's name and contact number). Yours sincerely,
(Signature of Teacher)
Parent's /Guardian's response: I, ______________________________________ , parent/guardian of, ________________________________ consent to his/her participation in the above-mentioned experiment.
Signature of parent/guardian : ____________________________ Date: ______________________________
~ E-283 ~
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
ANNEX F ETHIDIUM BROMIDE/POLYACRYLAMIDE CHECKLIST CHECKLIST This is a wish to use.
checklist
for
the
use
of
ethidium
bromide/polyacrylamide
which
CheckCheck-point 1 2 3 4 5 6
schools
might
Yes / No
Are you aware of the mutagenic and toxic property of ethidium bromide / acrylamide*? Have you any experience in using and handling ethidium bromide / polyacrylamide*? Do you know how to deal with contamination by ethidium bromide / polyacrylamide*? Do you know how to deal with ethidium bromide / polyacrylamide* spills? Do you know how to dispose of waste ethidium bromide (for example, EtBr cast in agarose gel, EtBr used in staining solutions and EtBr present in running buffer solutions) / polyacrylamide* ? Do you know that students are not to handle ethidium bromide / polyacrylamide*?
* ac c o r di n gl y Name the precautions.
D el et e
organisation
from
which
you
learned
the
above
information,
procedures
or
Declaration I declare my answers to all of the above questions are 'Yes'. I will take all the necessary safety precautions when using ethidium bromide / polyacrylamide*. Name of teacher(I) : ______________________________________________________________________
Name of school :_________________________________________________________________________
Name and signature of school safety officer: ___________________________________________________
Date: __________________
~ F-284 ~
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
SAMPLE TEMPLATE - CONTACT LIST FOR Agency
Contact Person (where applicable)
ANNEX G
Ambulance/Fire
Telephone number 995
Ambulance (non-emergency)
1777
Police
999
SCDF Emergency information hotline
1800-2865555
SCDF public enquiries
6367-7233
Nearest neighbourhood police post Nearest hospital/clinic
Telephone numbers of school key personnel Designation
Name Name
Principal Vice Principal Chief Safety Officer
~G-285 ~
Telephone number
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
ANNEX G
EMERGENCIES Telephone numbers of agencies
~G-286 ~
Infection. Accidental ingestion of culture. Entry of bacteria into open wounds or cuts in skin. Accidental inhalation of aerosols. Residue in used apparatus or culture may be source of infection. Mercury spill. Mercury vapour is harmful if inhaled. Mercury spill. Mercury vapour is harmful if inhaled. Projectiles may cause bodily injury. Physical injury may also result from moving heavy rotors.
7. Centrifuges
6. Boyle's Law apparatus
5. Barometers
Bacterial culture
4.
Low
~ H-287 ~
Caution should be observed in using barometers, students should be reminded to report any breakage, accident and spill immediately to teacher. Caution should be observed in using the apparatus, students should be reminded to report any breakage, accident and spill immediately to teacher. The centrifuge lid must not be opened until it comes to a complete stop. Tubes must be balanced, for example, using dummy tubes filled with water.
Low
Low
Adult supervision is essential. Gloves and laboratory coats must be worn. Pipette fillers must be used when transferring liquid cultures to minimise contact and exposure to microbial cultures. All cuts on body surfaces should be covered with water-proof dressing. All used apparatus and culture media must be autoclaved after the experiment.
Concentrated acids and bases should be stored in separate cabinets, storage amount should be kept to a minimum. Safety eye-washers and showers are available in the laboratory. Personal protective equipment should be worn. Metal components should not be touched. Electrodes must be connected to their respective sockets. Gloves and lab coats must be worn when handling the gels. students must not operate autoclaves. The chamber lid must be properly sealed before operation, otherwise, steam may escape and possibly injure the user.
Existing control measures / safety guidelines
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Electric wiring. Short-circuiting, electric shock. Heat and high pressure. Danger of burns. Injury by firing lid.
2. Agarose gel electrophoresis system 3. Autoclaves
Risk evaluation Low
Hazard and possible accidents/health risk
Irritant. Concentrated acids or alkalis are corrosive.
Equipment, Equipment, hazardous materials and processes 1. Acids and alkalis
ANNEX H
The general precautions when handling glassware would apply. The clean-up of any spill should only be done by the teacher or laboratory staff. When a power failure occurs and the centrifuge comes to a stop, turn off the main switch immediately in case the power comes back on, for example, while users are taking out or putting in centrifuge tubes.
The clean-up of any spill should only be done by the teacher or laboratory staff.
Never use the autoclave for explosive substances, combustible substances, oxidizing agents or flammable substances. Heat-proof gloves should be worn when filling or emptying the autoclave. Restrict work to the BSL-1 microorganisms listed in Annex B. Microorganisms of unknown pathogenicity or from unknown sources must not be used. All containers containing microorganisms must be properly labelled.
Main stocks of concentrated acids or alkalis such as sulphuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and ammonia should be stored as near to floor level as possible.
Additional control measures / safety guidelines
ASSESSMENT OF RISKS FOR FOR SCHOOL SCIENCE LABORATORIES LABORATORIES
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
13. Gas Chromatography system 14. Gas cylinders used >? place of Bunsen burners 15. Glass slides and cover slips 16. Heavyweights (for Physics experiments) Low
Sharp objects. Possibility of cuts and bodily injury. Possible injury to hands and feet directly beneath suspended weights. Low
Moderate
A source of ignition and fire.
~H-288~
All work should be done >? a laminar flow cabinet. Ensure all containers for media, for example, Petri dishes or glass flasks are sealed. Cylinders containing pressurised gases (for example, nitrogen, air and hydrogen) must be secured firmly by steel brackets. The area should be out of bounds to students. Precautions similar to those exercised when using Bunsen burners should be observed. As this equipment is portable, it is important to place it on a stable surface and away from any obstruction. Adult supervision is essential, especially when younger students are handling the equipment. The general guideline is to exercise proper care and observe all safety precautions.
Moderate
Inhalation of allergens. Exposure to pathogenic fungi. Pressurised gas cylinders.
12. Fungal spores
Low
Open flames should be kept away when distilling flammable liquids. An isomantle should be used instead of naked flames.
Moderate
10. Ethidium bromide (EtBr)
Heat source.
The general guideline is to exercise proper care and observe all safety precautions. Students are not allowed to handle EtBr under any circumstances. Protective gloves must be worn by personnel handling EtBr.
The initial resistance of rheostats should be set to the maximum for each resistance setup.
Existing control measures / safety guidelines
11. Fractional distillation and reflux system
Low
Low
Risk evaluation
Moderate
Electric kettles
Fraying. Electric shock.
Hazard Hazard and possible accidents/health risk
Electric shock. Steam scalds. Carcinogenic. Mutagenic. Reproductive toxin.
9.
Equipment, hazardous materials and processes 8. Electric circuits and wires
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Ensure apparatus are arranged >? a stable manner and positioned without obstruction.
students should wear safety goggles for experiments involving wires under tension. Equipment, switches and electrical wires must not be handled with wet hands. The kettle should be positioned >? a stable position. The wires should not cause obstruction to work. Two possible alternatives to EtBr are Methylene Blue and SYBR Safe. Care must also be exercised when using these alternatives. Handling of EtBr must be restricted to trained laboratory staff or teachers. students should be supervised when they first set up the apparatus. Keep ignition sources away. The equipment should not be left unattended when the distillation process is going on. Do not use potential pathogenic fungi. Restrict work to the BSL-1 microorganisms listed >? Annex B.
Additional control measures / safety guidelines
Spilling of chemicals. Evolution of fumes.
23. Laminar flow hood
25. Open-air orbital shakers
Low
Heat. Danger of fire for chemicals with low flash points. Danger of burns.
Explosion of sealed containers. Scalds from hot liquids or steam.
Moderate
Heat. Danger of burns.
24. Microwave ovens
Moderate
Low
Low
Low
Moderate
Caution should be exercised when handling flammable solvents, for example, keep naked flames away, ensure no spillage. Check regularly for leaks in tubing. Dispose spent liquids in proper disposal bottles, students are not allowed to operate this equipment alone. Do not place near volatile substances.
Low
Heat from lamps. Danger of burns. Explosion possible - if it contacts water. Ultraviolet radiation. Harmful to the eyes. Skin burns.
The laser apparatus when not in use should be kept under lock and key so that it is accessible only to authorised members of the staff.
Moderate
May damage the eyes. Possibility of blinding increases for Class 2 and above lasers. Flammable solvents (mobile phase). Fire can occur in the presence of ignition sources. Heat. Danger of burns.
~H-289~
Bottles/containers should not be closed tightly. A small gap should be left between the cap/cover and the bottle/container. Heat-proof gloves should be worn when taking items in and out of the microwave oven. Beakers or flasks should not be over-filled. Work should be done in a fume cupboard, especially if the shaking action could result in evolution of gases or fumes.
Do not allow contact with water as the lamp tends to get very hot.
Adult supervision essential. Metal implements must not be left too long in the hot bead steriliser. Do not place near volatile substances. Heat-proof gloves should be used when moving things in or out, especially when the temperature setting is above 40 c.
Existing control measures / safety guidelines
Risk evaluation
Hazard and possible accidents/health risk
22. Infrared lamps
20. Hot bead sterilisers 21. Incubators (30 to 70째C)
18. High Performance Liquid Chromatography System 19. Hot air ovens
Equipment, hazardous materials and processes 17. He-Ne lasers
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
As with other general electric equipment, lab staff will ensure that all switches are turned off at the end of the day. students should not operate the switches but instead seek adult guidance. Persons with pacemaker implants should not go near a microwave when in operation in case of stray radiation that could interfere with the working of pacemakers.
Do not operate in environment containing flammable vapours. Greater care should be observed when handling ignitable samples or organic solvents. Disposable forceps and streaking loops should be used. Younger students must be more closely supervised. Do not operate in environment containing flammable gas vapours. Take greater care when handling ignitable sample or organic solvent. Label materials or containers placed in incubators (e.g. date, time, contents). As with other general electric equipment, laboratory staff should ensure that all switches are turned off at the end of the day.
Equipment should not be located near burner or hotplate.
students to put on goggles when Class 3 lasers are used. Please also see section 2.7.4. High power laser devices.
Additional control measures / safety guidelines
34. Soldering irons
33. Scalpels and blades
32. Rotary evaporators
31. Pumps
30. Pulley system
29. Protein electrophoresis system
27. Organic chemicals and solvents (for example, alcohols, hexane and propanone). 28. Pollen grains
Equipment, hazardous materials and processes 26. Optical fibres
Burns, electric shock from poor earth connection or melted insulation. Danger of burn and electric shock.
Equipment involves the use of a partial vacuum. Cracking of glassware may hurt user. Sharp objects. Possibility of cuts and bodily injury.
~H-290~
Adult supervision is essential, especially when younger students are handling the equipment, store away from students' reach when not in use. Laboratory staff should ensure that equipment and cables are maintained in good condition
Moderate
Low
students are not allowed to operate this equipment alone. Heavywalled vacuum flasks should be used to avoid implosions.
Moderate
Low
Low
Moderate
Electric wiring. Short-circuiting. Electric shock Gel is toxic. structural collapse. May cause bodily injury. Electric shock.
All work must be done in a laminar flow cabinet. Ensure all containers for media, for example, Petri dishes are sealed. Metal components should not be touched. Electrodes must be connected to their respective sockets. Gels are made of neurotoxic acrylamide and must not be handled with bare hands. Gloves and lab coats must be worn. The general guideline is to exercise proper care and observe all safety precautions. The general guideline is to thoroughly understand the operating instructions before using the equipment.
Flammable liquids should be stored in steel cabinets away from heat sources. Do not store in refrigerators. Fire fighting equipment is present in each laboratory. Personal protective equipment should be worn when handling these chemicals. If heating is required, a water bath or hot plate should be used.
Moderate
Low
Handle optical fibres as glass. Fibres should be disposed carefully and not left lying around on the bench.
Existing control measures / safety guidelines
Low
Risk evaluation
Inhalation of allergens.
Fibres are transparent and brittle. Broken pieces are sharp and could pierce and penetrate the skin. The pieces may be difficult to remove from the skin. Flammable. Possibility of fire or explosion in the presence of ignition sources.
Hazard and possible accidents/health risk
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Laboratory staff should regularly check for any damage to cables.
Ensure apparatus are arranged in a stable manner and positioned without obstruction. Electrical equipment should be handled with care. Equipment, switches and electrical wires must not be handled with wet hands. Do not operate in environment containing flammable gas vapours or exposed flame. Greater care should be exercised when handling ignitable samples or organic solvents.
Face masks should be worn.
Flammable liquids must be clearly labelled. If there is any spillage of flammable liquid, stop work and ventilate the surroundings. Heat and ignition sources must be turned off.
42. Water baths
41. Van de Graff generators
40. Vacuum concentrators
39. Ultraviolet transilluminators
38. Thermometers
Equipment, hazardous materials and processes 35. Stains for biological tissues or materials 36. stroboscopes (light) 37. Syringe needles The general guideline is to thoroughly understand the operating instructions before using the equipment. Adult supervision is essential, especially when younger students are handling the equipment, store away from students' reach when not in use. All breakages, accidents and spillage must be reported immediately to the teacher. The mercury must not come into contact with the body. A full face shield or safety face mask must be used. The lamp should be turned off after use.
Low
Electric wiring. Short-circuiting. Electric shock Danger of scalding.
~H-291~
Fill the bath to at least half the height of the inner chamber. A "HIGH TEMP, DO NOT TOUCH" sign should be displayed to alert users if the temperature setting is higher than 60 째c. Ensure that the bath is turned off at the end of the day.
It is important for users to thoroughly understand the operating instructions before using the equipment.
Low
Low
The equipment must not be used to evaporate substances with low flash points.
Moderate
Low
Moderate
Moderate
Adult supervision essential. Gloves and lab coats must be worn.
Moderate
Potential carcinogen and mutagen on prolonged contact. Spinning discs. May cause bodily injury.
Sharp objects. Possibility of cuts and punctures. Mercury vaporised from broken thermometer. Harmful if inhaled Ultraviolet radiation. Harmful to the eyes. May cause skin burns. Toxic or flammable vapours. Harmful if inhaled. Fire can occur in the presence of ignition sources. Electric shock.
Existing control measures / safety guidelines
Risk evaluation
Hazard and possible accidents/health risk
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Electrical equipment should be handled with care. Equipment, switches and electrical wires must not be handled with wet hands. If liquid-bulb thermometers are used to determine the bath temperature, caution must be exercised to avoid breaking the thermometers and possibly having the liquid (mercury or alcohol) spilling into the bath.
Gloves and laboratory coats should be worn in addition to full face shields or goggles. Avoid touching the equipment surface as it may be hot. When evaporating poisonous liquids, explosive liquids or infectious materials, a suitable chemical or cooling trap should be used to ensure the required condensation and separation of the vapour.
Ensure apparatus are arranged in a stable manner and positioned without obstruction. Used sharps should not be bent or broken but simply disposed in a container for sharps. Do not overfill sharps containers to reduce chances of overflow or protrusions. The clearing of the spill should be done by the teacher or laboratory staff.
Wash area of contact thoroughly.
Possible hazards
Risk evaluation
2 Recrvstallisation Organic solvent z - (ml) Hot plate.
Separating funnel, Organic solvent Y (ml)
Equipment, hazardous materials and processes funnel during extraction, stopper of funnel may be a projectile. Solvent Y is flammable and an irritant. Possibility of fire occurring in the presence of ignition sources like naked flames.
Possible hazards
~ 1-1 ~
Volume of solvent Y is low, likelihood of fire occurring is remote. Overall risk - low
Likelihood - occasional Overall risk - low
Risk evaluation
Description of activity: Extraction of organic compound X from a mixture followed by recrystallisation of X
EXAMPLE
3
2
Equipment, hazardous hazardous materials and processes
Work must be done away from ignition sources, students should be supervised as they perform the procedure. Solvent containers should be closed after use. Warming of Solvent z should be done using a water bath. Safety goggles and gloves must be worn by students.
Measures to reduce the risks posed by hazards
Measures to reduce the risks posed by hazards
Description of activity: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
1
ANNEX >
SAMPLE FORMAT - RISK ASSESSMENT TEMPLATE TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL SCIENCE SCIENCE LABORATORY ACTIVITIES ACTIVITIES
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
Fume cupboards will be used for work involving hazardous chemicals.
Laminar flow cabinets will be used for work involving tissue culturing, where available.
Flammable chemicals will be used away from ignition sources such as naked flames.
Biohazardous waste will be autoclaved before proper disposal.
Waste will be collected by authorised waste collection vendors, where applicable.
Proper protective equipment such as safety goggles and gloves will be worn.
3.
3.
4.
5.
6.
c) proper handling of materials and chemicals.
b) proper use of equipment.
a) laboratory safety regulations.
Staff and students have been briefed on
2.
1.
Generic risk control checklist
Teachers may also consider using this generic checklist. Additional points relevant to the activity may be included where appropriate.
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
□ □ □ □ □
□ □ □ □ □
7.
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
No
□
NA
□
□
□
□
□
Yes
Signature Date
Signature Date
Name of teacher overseeing the activity
Name of school safety officer
~ l-2~
It is suggested that this form be filed in an accessible place for easy reference, for example, in the teacher's record book or in the laboratory.
□
School Science Laboratory Safety Regulations
□
□
TKGS Science Department Handbook
(BACK SIDE OF BACK COVER)
1
TKGS Science Department Handbook
5.2
Laboratory Safety Rules
SCIENCE LABORATORY SAFETY RULES FOR PUPILS 1. Do not enter or work in the laboratory unless a teacher is present. 2. The storerooms and preparation rooms are out of bounds to all students. 3. Sit according to the class register number. Do not change your seat without the permission of the teacher. 4. Do not take apparatus or chemicals out of the laboratory without the permission of a teacher. 5. Do not store, prepare or consume food or drinks in the laboratory. 6. Always wear safety spectacles when mixing, heating or handling chemicals. 7. Report to the teacher any damaged equipment, bottles, containers or scribbling in the drawer. 8. Report all breakages, accidents and spillage immediately to the teacher. 9. Chemicals, once removed from the bottles, must not be put back into the bottles unless instructed to do so by the teacher. 10. Never use flammable liquids near a naked flame. 11. Never taste chemicals or other materials unless specifically directed by your teacher. 12. After working on an experiment, • wash hands thoroughly after all practical work. • throw all solid rubbish into the bins. • hang the towels to dry at the side railings. 13. Before leaving the laboratory, • push all stools neatly under the benches. • close all windows. THANK YOU FOR ENSURING A SAFE ENVIRONMENT IN THE SCIENCE LABS.
2
TKGS Science Department Handbook
5.3 5.4
Laboratory Time Table Requisition Form For Apparatus and Materials
Term: Teacher: Classes: Subject:
Day
1 Mrs Chan P H 4/5, 4/1 & 4/3 (COMBINED) Science (Chem)
Date
Class
Sub
Lab
Week: 1
Lab: 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri
Apparatus to be cleared on: __________ Items Colours and solubilities of salts Chemicals: 1. Sodium carbonate (anhydrous) 2. Potssium nitrate crystals 3. Lead (II) iodide 4. Ammonium sulphate 5. Iron (III) chloride 6. Zinc carbonate 7. Copper (II) sulphate 8. Copper (II) carbonate
Quantity
3
8
9
TKGS Science Department Handbook Term: Teacher: Classes: Subject:
Day
1 Mrs Chan P H 4/5, 4/1 & 4/3 (COMBINED) Science (Chem)
Date
Class
Sub
Lab
Week: 2
Lab: 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri
Apparatus to be cleared on: __________ Items a) Test for gases Chemicals 1. Magnesium ribbon ( about 2 cm length) 2. H2O2 solution ( 20 vol ) 3. MnO2 powder 4. Sodium hypochlorite solution 5. NH4Cl crystals 6. Calcium carbonate 7. Cobalt chloride paper 8. sodium sulphite
Term: Teacher: Classes: Subject:
Quantity
Label bottle as hydrogen peroxide Label bottle as bleach solution
1 Mrs Chan P H 4/5, 4/1 & 4/3 (COMBINED) Science (Chem)
Week: 3
Lab: 2 4
TKGS Science Department Handbook
Day
Date
Class
Sub
Lab
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri
Apparatus to be cleared on: __________ Items
Quantity
a) Test for cations Chemicals 1. CaCl2 solution 2. Zn(NO3)2 solution 3. Al(NO3)3 solution 4. FeSO4 solution 5. FeCl3 solution 6. CuSO4 solution 7. NH4Cl solution 8. Pb(NO3)2 solution b) Identify cations in unknown compound: Chemicals Solution X â&#x20AC;&#x201C; zinc nitrate solution (for extension of skills learnt for cation test)
Term: Teacher: Classes: Subject:
1 Mrs Chan P H 4/5, 4/1 & 4/3 (COMBINED) Science (Chem)
Week: 4
Lab: 2
5
TKGS Science Department Handbook Day
Date
Class
Sub
Lab
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri
Apparatus to be cleared on: __________
Items Teacherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s demo on flame tests Salts to be requested by teacher for flame tests 1 Potassium salt 2 Sodium salt 3 Calcium salt 4 Copper (II) salt 5 Others
Term: Teacher: Classes: Subject: Day
Quantity
1 Mrs Chan P H 4/5, 4/1 & 4/3 (COMBINED) Science (Chem)
Date
Class
Sub
Lab
Week: 5
Lab: 2 1
Mon Tue
6
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
TKGS Science Department Handbook Wed Thu Fri
Apparatus to be cleared on: __________ Quantity
Items a) Test for anions Chemicals: 1. CaCO3 2. Na2SO4 solution 3. NaCl solution 4. KI solution 5. NaNO3 solution 6. Aluminium foil (small pieces that can go into test tube) b) To identify the anion in solid Y Chemicals Y: sodium nitrate (for extension of skills learnt for anion test)
Term: Teacher: Classes: Subject:
Day
1 Mrs Chan P H 4/5, 4/1 & 4/3 (COMBINED) Science (Chem)
Date
Class
Sub
Lab
Week: 5
Lab: 2
1
Mon Tue
7
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
TKGS Science Department Handbook Wed Thu Fri
Apparatus to be cleared on: __________ Quantity
Items Effect of heat on a solid Chemicals 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
ammonium chloride zinc carbonate iron (II) sulphate lead (II) nitrate copper (II) carbonate
Term: Teacher: Classes: Subject: Day
1 Mrs Chan P H 4/5, 4/1 & 4/3 (COMBINED) Science (Chem)
Date
Class
Sub
Lab
Week: 7
Lab: 2 1
Mon Tue Wed Thu
8
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
TKGS Science Department Handbook Fri
Apparatus to be cleared on: __________ Items
Quantity
Titration - Finding concentration of sulphuric acid Chemicals 1. P - 0.050 mol/dm3 sulphuric acid 2. Q - 0.100 mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide 3. phenolphthalein
Term: Teacher: Classes: Subject:
Day
10 bottles
1 Mrs Chan P H 4/5, 4/1 & 4/3 (COMBINED) Science (Chem)
Date
Class
Sub
Lab
Week: 8
Lab: 2
1
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri
9
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
TKGS Science Department Handbook
Apparatus to be cleared on: __________ Items Displacement of metals from salt solutions Chemicals: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Quantity
metal - copper metal - zinc 1.0 M lead (II) nitrate solution 1.0 M copper (II) sulphate solution
Term: Teacher: Classes: Subject:
Day
1 Mrs Chan P H 4/5, 4/1 & 4/3 (COMBINED) Science (Chem)
Date
Class
Sub
Lab
Week: 9
Lab: 2
1
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri
Apparatus to be cleared on: __________
10
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
TKGS Science Department Handbook Items To identify substances X, Y and Z:
Quantity
Unknown: 1. X - copper(II) carbonate 2. Y - lead (II) carbonate 3. solution Z - dilute nitric acid
Term: Teacher: Classes: Subject: Day
2 Mrs Chan P H 4/5, 4/1 & 4/3 (COMBINED) Science (Chem)
Date
Class
Sub
Lab
Week: 2
Lab: 2 1
2
3
4
5
6
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri
Apparatus to be cleared on: __________ Items a) Effect of particle size on speed of reaction b) Effect of concentration on speed of reaction
Quantity
11
7
8
9
TKGS Science Department Handbook
Apparatus: 1. Conical flask with gas syringe 2. Stop-watches 3. 100 cm3 beaker 4. 50 cm3 measuring cylinder 5. weighing balance
21 sets ( 1 set-up on teacher's bench) 20 20 20
Chemicals: 1. large pieces of marbles 2. small pieces of marbles 3. 2 cm length magnesium ribbon 4. 0.5 M HCl solution 5. 2 M HCl solution
Term: Teacher: Classes: Subject:
Day
100 cm3 per pair of student 160 cm3 per pair of student
2 Mrs Chan P H 4/5, 4/1 & 4/3 (COMBINED) Science (Chem)
Date
Class
Sub
Lab
Week: 3
Lab: 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri
Apparatus to be cleared on: __________ Items
Quantity
2001 Paper Chemicals 1. M - mixture containing equal amounts of copper (II) carbonate and sodium chloride by
12
Bent delivery tube for boiling tube
TKGS Science Department Handbook mass
Term: Teacher: Classes: Subject:
Day
2 Mrs Chan P H 4/5, 4/1 & 4/3 (COMBINED) Science (Chem)
Date
Class
Sub
Lab
Week: 4
Lab: 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri
Apparatus to be cleared on: __________ Quantity
Items 2002 Paper Chemicals: 1. Cobalt (II) nitrate solution â&#x20AC;&#x201C; dissolve 146 g of cobalt (II) nitrate in 1 dm3 of distilled water 2. Aluminium foil - cut into 2 cm x 2 cm
13
Each candidate needs about 2 cm3 40 sets of tongs
TKGS Science Department Handbook
Unknown chemicals: 1. P - zinc powder 2. Q - sodium nitrate
Term: Teacher: Classes: Subject:
Day
2 Mrs Chan P H 4/5, 4/1 & 4/3 (COMBINED) Science (Chem)
Date
Class
Sub
Lab
Week: 8
Lab: 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri
Apparatus to be cleared on: __________ Items 3D model formation of simple organic compounds Apparatus: 3 D models
Quantity
21 sets
14
8
9
TKGS Science Department Handbook
Term: Teacher: Classes: Subject:
Day
2 Mrs Chan P H 4/5, 4/1 & 4/3 (COMBINED) Science (Chem)
Date
Class
Sub
Lab
Week: 9
Lab: 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri
Apparatus to be cleared on: __________ Quantity
Items 2003 Paper Chemicals: 1. X : ammonium sulphate 2. Y : aqueous copper (II) sulphate (dissolve 25.0 g of Y in 1 dm3 of distilled water) 3. calcium hydroxide powder
15
Each pupil requires about 5 cm3
9
TKGS Science Department Handbook
Term: Teacher: Classes: Subject:
Day
2 Mrs Chan P H 4/5, 4/1 & 4/3 (COMBINED) Science (Chem)
Date
Class
Sub
Lab
Week: 10
Lab: 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri
Apparatus to be cleared on: __________ Quantity
Items 2004 Paper Chemicals: P : 120 g/dm3 NH4Fe(SO4)2. 12H2O Q: 1 mol/dm3 NaOH S: 0.4 mol/dm3 NaOHâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; R: 0.20 mol/dm3 HCl Phenophthalein indicator Magensium ribbon (3 m length)
Note: Prepare solution P on day of practical itself. If not cannot get some results
Appratus: 1 10 ml measuring cylinder 2 dropper
40 sets 40 sets
16
TKGS Science Department Handbook
Term: Teacher: Classes: Subject:
Day
3 Mrs Chan P H 4/5, 4/1 & 4/3 (COMBINED) Science (Chem)
Date
Class
Sub
Lab
Week: 2
Lab: 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri
Apparatus to be cleared on: __________ Quantity
Items 2005 Paper Chemicals: Solid T : Al(NO3)3.9H2O Solution T: 0.10 mol/dm3 of alumnium nitrate Sodium carbonate Alumnium foil (2 cm square) Appratus: Mineral wool
17
8
9
TKGS Science Department Handbook Term: Teacher: Classes: Subject:
Day
3 Mrs Chan P H 4/5, 4/1 & 4/3 (COMBINED) Science (Chem)
Date
Class
Sub
Lab
Week : 3
Lab: 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri
Apparatus to be cleared on: __________ Quantity
Items 2006 Paper (Practical test) Chemicals: 1. 2.
A: 40g/dm3 of aqueous CuCl2.2H2O Sodium carbonate solution
Term: Teacher: Classes: Subject:
3 Mrs Chan P H 4/5, 4/1 & 4/3 (COMBINED) Science (Chem)
Week: 4
Lab: 2 18
TKGS Science Department Handbook
Day
Date
Class
Sub
Lab
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri
Apparatus to be cleared on: __________ Quantity
Items 2007 Paper Chemicals: 1. salt Q 2. aqueous cobalt (II) nitrate (about 0.2 mol/dm3) Apparatus: 1. dropper
Term: Teacher: Classes: Subject:
Zinc carbonate labelled as Q
40 sets
3 Mrs Chan P H 4/5, 4/1 & 4/3 (COMBINED) Science (Chem)
Week: 5
Lab: 2
19
TKGS Science Department Handbook
Day
Date
Class
Sub
Lab
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri
Apparatus to be cleared on: __________ Items Teacher Demonstration: (a) Test for unsaturation in hydrocarbons (b) Fermentation of sugars (c) Oxidation of alcohols
Quantity
1 set-up required for fermentation of sugars (date to be informed by teacher)
Chemicals: 1. Cyclohexane 2. Cyclohexene 3. Bromine solution 4. Potassium dichromate solution 5. potassium manganate (VII) solution 6. Ethanol 7. Universal Indicator 8. glucose, yeast
Term: Teacher: Classes: Subject:
3 Mrs Chan P H 4/5, 4/1 & 4/3 (COMBINED) Science (Chem)
Week: 6
Lab: 2
20
TKGS Science Department Handbook Day
Date
Class
Sub
Lab
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri
Apparatus to be cleared on: __________ Items
Quantity
2000 Paper Chemicals: 1. hydrochloric acid of concentration 2 mol/dm3 2. aqueous sodium hydroxide of concentration mol/dm3 3. iodine solution of concentration 0.1 mol/dm3 covered (made by dissolving about 25 g of iodine and 60 g of potassium iodide in 1 dm3 of water.) Unknown chemicals: 1. X - anhydrous calcium ethanoate (acetate) 2. Y - propanone (acetone)
To be stoppered as Y is a volatile liquid
Apparatus: 1. 10 ml measuring cylinder 2. dropper
Term: Teacher: Classes: Subject:
Day
40 sets 40 sets
4 Mrs Chan P H 4/5, 4/1 & 4/3 (COMBINED) Science (Chem)
Date
Class
Sub
Lab
Week: 2
Lab: 2
1
Mon
21
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
TKGS Science Department Handbook
Tue Wed Thu Fri
Apparatus to be cleared on: __________ Quantity
Items 2008 Paper (last practical) Chemicals: 1. Salt T 2. starch solution (2% w/v) 3. aqueous potassium iodide â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 0.2 mol
Note: starch solution and aq KI to be prepared not more than 3 days before practical
Apparatus: 1. 10 ml measuring cylinder 2. dropper
40 sets 40 sets
22
TKGS Science Department Handbook 6
6.1
Examination Matters Tracking Form For Vetting Of Examination Paper
Tracking Form for Vetting of Examination Papers for ( )Department * Mid-Year Exam / Preliminary Exam / Final Term Exam 2009 Year:______ Level: Sec * 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 Name of Setter:________________________________ Subject: _______________________ Deadline for submission to HODs/SHs for vetting:________________ A. Attached are (please tick): TOS [ ] Marking Scheme [ ] B The papers have been shown to the teachers teaching the same subject, level and stream: Name of teacher:____________________ Signature:___________________ Date:______ Name of teacher:____________________ Signature:___________________ Date:______ Name of teacher:____________________ Signature:___________________ Date:______ Name of teacher:____________________ Signature:___________________ Date:______ Name of teacher:____________________ Signature:___________________ Date:______ C No
Vetter
1
Subject Coordinator Name:
2
All teachers (For Final Amendment in content)
Date received
Remarks/Comments
23
Date returned and initial
TKGS Science Department Handbook 3
HOD (For Final Amendment)
4
P/VP Name
24
TKGS Science Department Handbook
6.2
Examination Cover Page
TANJONG KATONG GIRLS’ SCHOOL PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2008 SECONDARY FOUR
5072/1
Friday
CHEMISTRY PAPER 1 12 September 2008
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Use Arial font size 12
INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES
25
1 hour
TKGS Science Department Handbook This Question Paper consists of 14 printed pages, including this page.
26
TKGS Science Department Handbook
Class Register No.
Candidate Name ………………………………………………..
TANJONG KATONG GIRLS’ SCHOOL PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2008 SECONDARY FOUR
5072/2
Monday
CHEMISTRY PAPER 2 8 September 2008
1 h 45 min
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES
This Question Paper consists of 17 printed pages, including this page.
27
Paper 1 (40m) Qn No K
TOPIC
K: Knowledge C: Comprehension (understanding) A: Application
Total
Year:
%
%
C
%
A
28
Paper 2: Section A (50m) Qn No K C A
Table Of Specification ( TOS ) for Examination Paper
Subject: Exam Type:
6.3
Paper 2: Section B (30m) Qn No K C A
Subtotal
TKGS Science Department Handbook
TKGS Science Department Handbook
6.4
Yellow Cover Sheet For Printed Examination Papers
T ANJONG K AT ONG GIRLS' S CHOO L SCHOOL EX AM I NAT IONS COVER SHEET FO R QUESTION P AP ERS / ANS WER S CRIPTS TO BE COMPLETED BY SETTER .
Subject :
Paper No :
Name of Setter :
Date of Paper : .
Class :
.
.
Time of Paper :
.
No. of pupils sitting for the paper : (Pls give 2 extra copies of Question Paper to each class)
STATIONERY REQUIRED PER PUPIL Please indicate the type and number of sheets of paper required per pupil 1 Single-lined Writing Paper 5 OMR Answer Sheet (for MCQ) 2 Chinese Writing Paper 6 Drawing Paper 3 Graph Paper 7 String 4 Plain Paper 8 Others (Please specify) Special Instructions to Invigilator / Class :
TO BE COMPLETED BY THE INVIGILATOR(S) Name of Invigilator who starts the paper : Number of pupils present
: [
]
No. of pupils absent : [
]
Name of absentee(s) : 1. ______________________________________ (No.
)
2. ______________________________________ (No.
)
3. ______________________________________ (No.
)
Name of Invigilator who collects the answer scripts :
29
TKGS Science Department Handbook
No. of answer scripts collected : [
]
TO BE COMPLETED BY THE MARKER: Name of Marker : No. of Answer Scripts received
:
Date & Time received :
30
TKGS Science Department Handbook
6.5
Examination Format Exam matters
For 2007 onwards Lower Secondary Science Level Type of Exam Sec 1 & 2
End-of-year exam
Pure Science Level Type of Exam Mid-year exam Sec 3 End-of-year exam
Mid-year exam
Sec 4
Prelim exam
SPA
Level
Format of papers Section A: 30 MCQ Section B:short structured questions Section C: Essay questions Choose 3 out of 4 Q
Marks 30 40
Format of papers Section A: 20 MCQ Section B:short structured questions Section C: 2 Compulsory Essay questions Section A: 25 MCQ Section B:short structured questions Section C: 3 Compulsory Essay questions
Marks 20 40 20 25 45
One qn on data-based qn, [8 -12] Section A: 25 MCQ Section B:short structured questions Section C: 3 Compulsory Essay questions Last question : either /or format, @[10] Paper 1: 40 MCQ Paper 2: 8 short structured questions Paper 2: Section B - 3 Essay questions Last question : either /or format, @[10] SPA 2 assessments on Skill 1 & 2 1 assessment on Skill 3
Sec 3 End-of-year exam
25 45
2h
Total
Duration
80
2h
100
2 h 15 mins
100
2 h 15 mins
30 40 50 30
1h
Section A:10 MCQ
10 20 20
30%
1h 45 mins 216
50% over Sec 3 &4
96
10 20 10
31
100
30
Section A:10 MCQ Section B:short structured questions Section C: 1 Essay question Section B:short structured questions Section C: 3 Essay questions Choose 2 out of 3 Q For each Science subject:
Duration
30
For 2007 onwards Combine Science: Chemistry & Biology, Physics & Chemistry Type of Exam Format of papers Marks For each Science subject: Mid-year exam
Total
Total
40
Duration Total duration
2h Total duration
50
2 h 15 mins
20%
TKGS Science Department Handbook
Mid-year exam
Sec 4 Prelim exam
Section A: 15 MCQ Section B:short structured questions Section C: 3 Essay questions Choose 2 out of 3 Q Paper 1: 20 MCQ for each Science subject Paper 2: short structured questions Paper 2: Section B - 3 Essay questions Choose 2 out of 3 Q, @Q [10] Paper 3: Practical - 1 long Q [15m] At least 1 Q involves modification of expt w/o carrying out expt
32
15 35
70
20 20 45 20
1 h 15 mins 1h
20.0% 32.5%
1h 15 mins 100 15.0%
15
1h 30 mins
TKGS Science Department Handbook
6.6
Standard Format Of Common Test Paper
Standard Format of Common Test Paper:
Tanjong Katong Girlsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; School Secondary X Subject Common Test X Name: ________________________( Class: ____
)
Date: 3 May 2009 Duration: 45 mins Mark:
/40
This question paper consists of ___ printed pages. Section A (10 marks): Write the letter of the chosen answer in the spaces provided on page _ Section B (30 marks) (Arial font, Size 12) Pg number: centre justified
Note to teachers: 1. With mutual agreement from the teachers teaching the same subject, the level coordinator will inform the setter regarding the topics for the CT test. 2. The setter will type a common note to inform all classes regarding the topics. 3. The setter must submit the CT papers (with answers) to the Subject Coordinator at least 1.5 week or earlier before the date of the test. 4. If there is no major amendment, the CT papers (with answers) will be passed to the HOD or SH for vetting. If amendments are necessary, the setter will make the amendments before passing to the HOD or SH. 5. The HOD or SH will return the papers to the setter who will pass the question paper to all teachers teaching the subject. Teachers will check to ensure that the topics were covered and no questions have been used in any daily exercise. 6. The setter will only print the question paper after teachers have taken a look at the question paper. 7. The question paper must be packed according to classes with instructions to invigilators and the class list on top.
6.7
Information For FTs, CAs, Examinations
33
TKGS Science Department Handbook
6.8
Post Test Reflection
Post Test Reflection
Date of test taken: ____________ Marks obtained: ______/ ______ (
%)
1. When did you start preparing for the test? For how many hours per day? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………
2. Are you satisfied with your test results? If not, why? (Write about your successes or where you have improved. If not, write about the difficulties that you face.) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………
3. What are the topics / areas / questions that you have difficulty in? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………
34
TKGS Science Department Handbook
4. Do you feel that you could have obtained better results? If so, please explain your strategy in details. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………
5. Based on this reflection, which three actions could you take next time you study to improve your grades? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………
Teacher’s comments:
Discipline means choices. Every time you say yes to a goal or objective, you say no to many more.
35
Setter and Marker List
Sc (Bio) ? Chemistry
Sec 4
Chan P H
Biology
Sec 3
Tan W L
Peh A T
Cheong PY
Chan P H
Seah C S
S Lim
Sc (Bio)
Chemistry
Sc (Chem)
Physics
Sc (Phy)
D Ngo Week 5
Foo L L
Sc (Phy) ? Biology
Sc(Chem)? Physics
Sharifah
Science
Sec 2
J Chiam
Science
Sec 1
FT Term 1
Subject
Level
S Lim
Seah C S
Chan P H
Liew C L
Ngin P P
Ngin P P
A Tang
Goh S Y
Foo L L
D Ngo
Peh A T
Common Test 1
No Test SPA
No Test SPA
No Test SPA
D Ngo
Tan W L
FT Term2
Setters for Common Test and Examinations 2009
6.9
36
S Lim
Seah C S
Chan P H
Goh S Y
Ngin P P
Tan W L
A Tang
Serene Tee
C Sim
Foo L L
J Chiam
Common Test 2 / Mid Yr Exam
Chan P H
Pract Test
Pract Test
Liew C L
Formative test
S Lim
S Lim
Peh A T
Pract Test
Yap B C
Goh S Y
C Sim
Tan W L
Ho B E
Final Term Exam / Prelim Exam
Ngin P P
Yap B C
Cheong P Y
Sharifah
Peh A T
Yap B C
Common Test 3
These tests will use curr time
S Lim Week 3
Serene Tee
C Sim
J Chiam
Ho B E
FT Term3
TKGS Science Department Handbook
TKGS Science Department Handbook
7
SPA matters
37
TKGS Science Department Handbook 8
8.1
Staff Development EPMS Work Review Form
EDUCATION SERVICE
WORK REVIEW FORM (TEACHERS)
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
SERVICE PARTICULARS Name:
Period of Assessment:
NRIC:
Age:
Substantive Grade:
Date to Grade:
Job Title: School/ Division attached to:
Length of Service:
National Service Rank:
National Service Appointment:
Job Description 1. State the purpose of the job. 2. State major additional jobs / appointments (including mentoring and coaching appointments, PS21 Committee appointments, etc.).
INTER-AGENCY INVOLVEMENT You should use this section to highlight your involvement in inter-agency projects.
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
SECTION 1: KEY RESULT AREAS (KRA) INSTRUCTIONS: • You and your Reporting Officer should use this section to set your targets and review your achievements and progress at mid-year and year-end. • In the setting of the targets, you should refer to the relevant Role Profile for your job level and your School / Department’s Annual Work Plan. Please refer to the Performance Management Guide for the guidelines on how to do this. • You should periodically reflect on your progress and record your observations for the mid-year and year-end reviews under the columns marked ‘Achievement & Progress’. When reviewing the achievements and progress for each KRA, consider: How far have targets /objectives been met? What are the areas of strength and areas for improvement?
• •
Achievements & Progress
Targets
Mid-Year
1. Holistic Development of Students through: Quality Learning of Students
•
Pastoral Care & Well-being of Students
•
Co-Curricular Activities
2. Contribution to School
3. Collaboration with Parents
4. Professional Developments
5. Others
40
Year-End
TKGS Science Department Handbook Achievements & Progress
Targets
Mid-Year
41
Year-End
TKGS Science Department Handbook
SECTION 2: TEACHING COMPETENCIES The Teaching Competency Model shows the competencies that enable teachers to perform exceptionally in their roles more consistently and frequently. Competencies are important in supporting individuals in the achievement of Key Result Areas and the associated performance targets in a given role. There are 13 competencies in the Teaching Competency Model. Officers will be assessed on 9 performance-related competencies, i.e. the Core competency and all the competencies in the Cultivating Knowledge, Winning Hearts & Minds and Working With Others competency clusters. The remaining 4 competencies in the Knowing Self and Others cluster will not be used for assessment purposes. Nevertheless, these emotional intelligence competencies are still considered important for self-development. These are inner qualities that officers should develop and use for self-reflection. Please refer to the Teaching Competency Dictionary for the definitions and level descriptions for each competency.
TEACHING COMPETENCY MODEL Competency Clusters
Core Competency • Nurturing the Whole Child
Cultivating Knowledge • • • •
Winning Hearts & Minds
Subject Mastery Analytical Thinking Initiative Teaching Creatively
Working with Others
• Understanding the Environment • Developing Others
• Partnering Parents • Working in Teams
Knowing Self & Others • • • •
Tuning into Self Personal Integrity Understanding Others Respecting Others
INSTRUCTIONS: • At Performance Planning, you and your Reporting Officer (RO) should discuss how the competencies and target levels relate to your work/job level. • You and your Reporting Officer should use this section to discuss and review how you have demonstrated the 9 assessment competencies at the respective target levels required for your job level. • Your Reporting Officer should give a rating on how consistently you demonstrate your respective target level for each competency during the midyear and year-end reviews. • Please refer to the competency rating scale presented below: Definitions
Rating Scale
Not Observed
Developing Competent Exceeding
Not Observed
: Competency at the target level is not observed.
Developing
: Officer demonstrates competency at the target level to some extent.
Competent
: Officer demonstrates competency at the target level in his work.
Exceeding
: Officer demonstrates competency at the target level consistently and is beginning to demonstrate competency required of the next target level.
SAMPLE ONLY: NURTURING THE WHOLE CHILD: The passion and commitment to nurture the whole child. 1. Shares values Shares values with the child through advice, feedback and discussions with the intent to nurture the whole child. 2. Takes actions Sees the possibilities in each child and takes appropriate actions to convince him of values, and improve his self-confidence. 3. Strives for the best possible provision Acts consistently in the interest of the child and persists in working for the best possible outcomes.
4. Encourages others to act in the best interest of the child Encourages others in the school community to participate in the educational process to realise the child’s full potential. 5. Influences policies, programmes and procedures Takes an active role in initiatives that influence policies, programmes and procedures in line with nurturing the whole child.
Competency Rating
Target Level
Mid-Year
Year-End
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
GEO 1/2, 1A1/ 2A1, 1A2/ 2A2 / 1A3 / 2A3
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
ST
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
MTT1
MTT2
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
Core Competency NURTURING THE WHOLE CHILD: The passion and commitment to nurture the whole child.
Target Level
Competency Rating Mid-Year
1. Shares values Shares values with the child through advice, feedback and discussions with the intent to nurture the whole child. 2. Takes actions Sees the possibilities in each child and takes appropriate actions to convince him of values, and improve his self-confidence. 3. Strives for the best possible provision Acts consistently in the interest of the child and persists in working for the best possible outcomes.
4. Encourages others to act in the best interest of the child Encourages others in the school community to participate in the educational process to realise the childâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s full potential. 5. Influences policies, programmes and procedures Takes an active role in initiatives that influence policies, programmes and procedures in line with Nurturing the Whole Child.
Year-End
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
GEO 1/2, 1A1/ 2A1, 1A2/ 2A2 / 1A3 / 2A3
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
ST
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
MTT1
MTT2
Cultivating Knowledge Subject Mastery
Analytical Thinking
SUBJECT MASTERY: The drive to find out more and stay abreast of developments in oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s field of excellence.
Initiative
Teaching Creatively
Target Level
Competency Rating Mid-Year
1. Has knowledge in subject area and awareness of educational issues Shows keen interest in own subject area and related educational issues within subject area. 2. Keeps abreast with trends and developments in own subject area Takes initiative to stay current and expand content knowledge in own subject area. 3. Applies knowledge of trends and developments into lessons Uses knowledge of trends and developments in own subject area in lessons. Makes systematic effort over a period of time to obtain needed feedback or data to ensure effectiveness and relevance. 4. Develops innovative approaches Demonstrates deep understanding of current or new approaches to the future needs of the education system. Develops approaches that could impact the education system.
Year-End
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
GEO 1A1/ 2A1, 1A2/ 2A2 / 1A3 / 2A3
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
ST
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
GEO 1/2
MTT1
43
TKGS Science Department Handbook 5. Provides thought leadership Explores and pushes the horizon in the oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s subject area/ Teaching Field.
MTT2
44
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
TKGS Science Department Handbook
ANALYTICAL THINKING: The ability to think logically, break things down and recognise cause and effect.
Target Level
Competency Rating Mid-Year
1. Breaks down problems Breaks problems into simple lists of tasks or activities.
2. Sees basic relationships Identifies the cause-and-effect relationships and prioritises tasks in order of importance.
3. Sees multiple relationships Recognises linkages in problems/situations, their likely causes and consequences of actions.
4. Analyses complex problems Systematically breaks down complex problems/processes and evaluates possible courses of action and their implications. 5 Develops solutions to multi-dimensional problems Uses rigorous analytical processes/approaches to develop solutions to multi-dimensional problems
INITIATIVE: The drive and ability to think ahead of the present and act on future needs and opportunities.
GEO 1/2, 1A1/ 2A1
GEO 1A2/ 2A2, / 1A3 / 2A3 / ST
MTT1
MTT2
Year-End
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Target Level
Competency Rating Mid-Year
1. Addresses current opportunities or problems Recognises and acts upon current opportunities/problems.
2. Acts decisively Is decisive in a critical situation. Defuses potential problems before they escalate.
3. Thinks and acts ahead Thinks and acts ahead of time to seize an opportunity or identify and prevent potential problems before they occur. 4. Prepares for future opportunities Anticipates and prepares for possible opportunities or medium-term problems not obvious to others.
5. Creates opportunities to achieve long-term payoffs Anticipates situations a long way off and acts to create opportunities or avoid problems that are not obvious to others.
GEO 1/2
GEO 1A1/ 2A1, 1A2/ 2A2
GEO 1A3 / 2A3/ ST
MTT1
MTT2
45
Year-End
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
TKGS Science Department Handbook
TEACHING CREATIVELY: The ability to use creative techniques to help students learn.
Target Level
Competency Rating Mid-Year
1. Uses routine methods Teaches using routine methods and provides worksheets and notes.
2. Appeals to interest Uses a single technique/approach to teach a concept and ensures learning through simple questioning
3. Uses a range of techniques Uses a range of techniques/ approaches to teach a single concept and uses reflective questioning to help students internalise the concept 4. Teaches a range of concepts simultaneously Exploits learning opportunities beyond the classroom and integrates concepts in an interesting and unusual way. 5. Inspires learning beyond the curriculum Empowers and motivates children to be creative independent learners beyond the curriculum.
GEO 1/2, 1A1/ 2A1
GEO 1A2/ 2A2, / 1A3 / 2A3 / ST
MTT1
MTT2
Year-End
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Winning Hearts & Minds Understanding the Environment
Developing Others
UNDERSTANDING THE ENVIRONMENT: The ability to understand the wider Education Service and to positively use one’s understanding of the school
Target Level
Competency Rating Mid-Year
1. Knows policies and procedures Understands school rules, knows the school operating procedures and the school organisational structure.
2. Recognises organisational capabilities Understands the reasons for people’s resistance.
GEO 1/2
GEO 1A1/ 2A1
Has an awareness and understanding of the school’s capabilities. 3. Understands the rationale for existing policies Understands the rationale for existing policies in the Education Service. Knows who to approach for advice, approval and/or support. 4. Applies understanding of school-related issues Understands the sentiments, climate and culture in school and applies this knowledge to achieve positive outcomes in one’s area of work. Develops activities to align school goals and objectives with wider vision. 5. Applies understanding of socio-economic forces Recognises socio-economic forces that affect the school and factors in this understanding in the conduct
GEO 1A2/ 2A2 / 1A3 / 2A3
ST
MTT1 / MTT2
46
Year-End
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
TKGS Science Department Handbook of school / zonal / national programmes. Address long-term underlying problems and opportunities affecting the school in relation to the external world.
DEVELOPING OTHERS: The drive and ability to develop the capabilities of others and help them realise their full potential.
Exceeding
Exceeding
Target Level
Competency Rating Mid-Year
1. Provides suggestions Provides suggestions and advice on meeting immediate developmental needs.
2. Gives guidance Uses personal expertise and experience to provide guidance. Demonstrates to colleagues/new teachers how to perform a task/activity. 3. Provides feedback & encouragement Provides specific individualised feedback and support. Coaches others for their development.
4. Stretches potential Provides professional development opportunities and encourages individuals to test themselves beyond their immediate comfort zone. 5. Influences professional development of others Has an impact on how others develop professionally and influences school policy and focus on professional development.
GEO 1/2
GEO 1A1/ 2A1, 1A2/ 2A2 / GEO 1A3 / 2A3
ST, MTTI
MTT2
Year-End
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Working with Others Partnering Parents
Working in Teams
PARTNERING PARENTS: The ability to work effectively with parents to meet the needs of students.
Target Level
Competency Rating Mid-Year
1. Keeps parents informed Keeps parents informed about policies, activities and students’ progress.
2. Treats parents as partners Convinces parents that they can contribute to their students’ educational development.
3. Encourages parental involvement Genuinely values and accepts parents’ input and experience and works with them to help students.
4. Works collaboratively with parents Provides opportunities for parents to be involved in school activities.
GEO 1/2
GEO 1A1/ 2A1
GEO 1A2/ 2A2/ 1A3 / 2A3
ST, MTT1
47
Year-End
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
TKGS Science Department Handbook
5. Builds long-term relationships with parents Builds and maintains an on-going parent community to support the school in its programmes and activities.
MTT2
48
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
TKGS Science Department Handbook
WORKING IN TEAMS: The ability to work with others to accomplish shared goals.
Target Level
Competency Rating Mid-Year
1. Sha 1. Shares willingly
GEO 1/2
Willingly helps others. Co-operates with and supports colleagues. Shares information and good ideas. 2. Expresses positive attitudes Expresses positive expectations of others. Speaks positively of team members.
3. Learns from others Displays a willingness to learn. Gathers ideas, opinions, suggestions and advice from others to achieve work objectives. Seeks feedback from colleagues on his/ her own work.
GEO 1A1/ 2A1, 1A2/ 2A2
4. Encourages and empowers team Publicly credits team members who have performed well. Empowers team members to achieve shared goals.
GEO 1A3 / 2A3 / ST
5. Builds team commitment Brings people together and evokes pride in being part of the team. Speaks positively about the team and its achievements to others and stands by the team. Highlights issues that hamper team effectiveness and helps the team overcome these.
MTT1, MTT2
Year-End
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
Not Observed
Not Observed
Developing
Developing
Competent
Competent
Exceeding
Exceeding
SECTION 3: TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT PLANS DURING PERIOD UNDER REVIEW Based on the discussion with your Reporting Officer, select 2 to 3 competencies and areas of skill and knowledge that you would like to develop. (You may refer to the Development Advisor for suggestions on how to do this). Training and Development Plan
No. of Hours
(courses, seminars, workshops, other forms of training)
Total Training Hours Other developmental interventions (e.g. development assignments)
Points of Discussion: (e.g. Analyse training needs; Evaluate effectiveness of training/development received; Feedback on performance)
49
Mid Year Review
Year End Review
TKGS Science Department Handbook
SECTION 4: INNOVATIONS & IMPROVEMENTS You should use this section to highlight your involvement in forums, activities and projects on innovation and continuous improvement (e.g. SSS, WITS, Learning Circles, i-Deal etc) and list the improvements and innovations you have participated in bringing about. Officers with supervisory responsibilities should also include information on how they have promoted continuous improvement and innovation among their staff. Activities
Involvement
SECTION 5: TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT PLANS FOR NEXT ASSESSMENT YEAR
You and your RO should set your training and development plans for the next assessment year, with reference to your targets for next assessment year. Description (courses, seminars, workshops, other forms of training)
No of Hours
Type and Level of Competency / Competencies to Acquire (e.g. Subject Mastery level 5)
Total Training Hours
Other developmental interventions (e.g. development assignments)
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
SECTION 6: REVIEW AND COMMENTS You and your Reporting Officer can use this section to review and comment on your work performance and competencies, as well as include any additional points that came up during your discussion such as 1. 2. 3.
Aspirations for the future (e.g. career track that you are keen to pursue, change of posting etc), personal factors which might influence career development (e.g. health). Information on future development (e.g. next possible posting). Strengths/Weaknesses, Special aptitudes/skills, Obstacles encountered during course of work.
Mid-Year Review Officerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Comments
Signature & Date Reporting Officerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Comments
Name
Designation
Substantive Grade
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Signature & Date
TKGS Science Department Handbook
Year-End Review Officer’s Comments
Signature & Date Reporting Officer’s Comments
Name
Designation
Substantive Grade
Signature & Date
SECTION 7: COUNTERSIGNING OFFICER’S REVIEW AND COMMENTS
Name
Designation
Substantive Grade
52
Signature & Date
TKGS Science Department Handbook
ANNEX A Competency
Definition
Teaching Competencies
Core Competency Nurturing the Whole Child
The passion and commitment to nurture the whole child.
Cultivating Knowledge Subject Mastery
The drive to find out more and stay abreast of developments in one’s field of excellence.
Analytical Thinking
The ability to think logically, break things down and recognise cause and effect.
Initiative
The drive and ability to think ahead of the present and act on future needs and opportunities.
Teaching Creatively
The ability to use creative techniques to help students learn.
Winning Hearts & Minds Understanding the Environment
The ability to understand the wider Education Service and to positively use one’s understanding of the school.
Developing Others
The drive and ability to develop the capabilities of others and help them realise their full potential.
Working with Others Partnering Parents
The ability to work effectively with parents to meet the needs of students.
Working in Teams
The ability to work with others to accomplish shared goals.
Knowing Self & Others
*
Tuning into Self
The ability to know one’s strengths and limitations, and how they impact on one’s performance and interactions with others.
Personal Integrity
The quality of being honest and upright in character, in one’s work and dealings with people.
Understanding Others
The drive and ability to understand the thoughts, feelings and concerns of others.
Respecting Others
The underlying belief that individuals matter and deserve respect.
*Note : The competencies in this cluster will not be assessed. However, they are important and should be taken into consideration when Reporting Officer makes the overall assessment of the Jobholder’s performance and potential
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
8.2
Individual Learning Plan
TANJONG KATONG GIRLS’ SCHOOL Individual Learning Plan 2009 Teaching Staff/EAS School/ Dept’s/ Learning programme/ Course/ Individual’s conference/ sharing sessions/ Learning Goals/Targets OTJ 1. School
Habits of Mind (Session 1)
TKGS
Habits of Mind (Session 2)
Name of staff:_Mrs Cheong_P_Y____ Department : Science Date/ duration
Cost
Status update (Date of completion, Ppcr, application of learning & others)
11 March 6h 30 June 3h
Other egs: Cooperative Learning, Curriculum Differentiation
2.Department: Science
1. Inquiry Based Learning for Secondary Science
29 Jan 3h
2. Authentic Assessment for Secondary Science
12 Feb 3h
3. Use of Interactive Whiteboard Others eg CPS 3.Individual
* for all teaching staff members ** for teaching staff and EAS ( Div 1 to 3) Submitted by:
Approved by:
______________________ Name & Signature of Officer Date:
____________________________ Name & signature of Reporting Officer Date:
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
8.3
Learning Needs Analysis ( LNA ) For Teachers
Tanjong Katong Girlsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; School - Learning Needs Analysis for Teachers
Name: Department: High Need: Moderate Need: Low Need: No Need:
Knowledge and skills demonstrated to a limited extent Knowledge and skills demonstrated to a moderate extent Knowledge and skills demonstrated to a large extent Knowledge and skills demonstrated consistently
â&#x2C6;&#x161;
Competency
Quality Learning of Pupils
Knowledge & skills
High Need
Knowledge Curriculum (up-to-date knowledge about the changing conceptions of curriculum, curriculum design principles, educational philosophies and beliefs, curricular sources, curriculum evaluation and improvement) Pedagogy (up-to-date knowledge about different approaches to teaching and the theoretical reasons for adopting a particular approach) Assessment (up-to-date knowledge about the principles of assessment for and of learning as well as the different modes and methods of assessment) Psychology of learning (up-to-date knowledge about theories and the psychology of human learning so as to serve as a resource in enhancing instructional effectiveness) Global issues, contexts and trends (up-to-date knowledge of the key forces and contexts of global trends which impact teaching and learning processes so as to stay relevant and
55
Moderate Need
Low Need
No Need
TKGS Science Department Handbook Competency
Knowledge & skills
High Need
responsive to studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; learning needs)
Skills Planning skills (identification of ways to better engage students in their learning)
Pastoral Care & Well-Being of Pupils
Collaboration with parents
Research and evaluation skills (the skills required to critically evaluate the success of instructional programmes. This would include skills in action and/or educational research) Knowledge Use a variety of
methods to determine current and future pupil needs and expectations, and provide necessary guidance and support. Knowledge
Working with parents to maximize the learning of students.
56
Moderate Need
Low Need
No Need
TKGS Science Department Handbook
8.4
Pre And Post Course Review ( PPCR )
Pre/Post Course Review (PPCR) Template Name: _____________________
Department: __Science______
Title of Course:_Inquiry-Based Learning in Secondary Science Learning Objectives: •
Learn the importance of IBL in the light of TLLM
•
Learn the 5 essential features/student tasks in IBL
•
Learn to apply 3 key IBL approaches in biology, chemistry and physics lessons
•
Learn (and experience) the use of 5E learning cycle model in designing and implementing IBL lessons in biology, chemistry and physics
•
Be aware of teacher ‘s role in IBL esp. in questioning
•
Use a template to guide students in doing experimental investigations
Post -Course Performance Targets Teachers will conduct at least one IBL lesson in the year.
Supervisor’s Endorsement
Date of Discussion: Signatures: -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Immediate Post Course Review Review of Learning Acquired
Confirmation of Post-Course Performance Targets
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
Job Assignment for Application of Learning
Supervisorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Endorsement
Date of Discussion:
Signatures:
First Periodic Post Course Review Achievement of Post Course Performance Targets
Other Recommendations/Feedback
Supervisorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Endorsement
Date of Discussion:
Signaturs:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Second Periodic Post Course Review Achievement of Post Course Performance Targets
Other Recommendations/Feedback
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
Supervisorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Endorsement
Date of Discussion:
Signatures:
59
TKGS Science Department Handbook Pre/Post Course Review (PPCR) Template Name: _____________________
Department: __Science______
Title of Course:_Inquiry-Based Learning in Secondary Science Learning Objectives: •
Learn the importance of IBL in the light of TLLM
•
Learn the 5 essential features/student tasks in IBL
•
Learn to apply 3 key IBL approaches in biology, chemistry and physics lessons
•
Learn (and experience) the use of 5E learning cycle model in designing and implementing IBL lessons in biology, chemistry and physics
•
Be aware of teacher ‘s role in IBL esp. in questioning
•
Use a template to guide students in doing experimental investigations
Post -Course Performance Targets Teachers will conduct at least one IBL lesson in the year.
Supervisor’s Endorsement
Date of Discussion: Signatures: -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Immediate Post Course Review Review of Learning Acquired
Confirmation of Post-Course Performance Targets
Job Assignment for Application of Learning 60
TKGS Science Department Handbook
Supervisorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Endorsement
Date of Discussion:
Signatures:
First Periodic Post Course Review Achievement of Post Course Performance Targets
Other Recommendations/Feedback
Supervisorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Endorsement
Date of Discussion:
Signaturs:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Second Periodic Post Course Review Achievement of Post Course Performance Targets
Other Recommendations/Feedback
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TKGS Science Department Handbook Supervisorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Endorsement
Date of Discussion:
Signatures:
62
TKGS Science Department Handbook Pre/Post Course Review (PPCR) Template Name: _____________________
Department: __Science______
Title of Course: Authentic Assessment in Secondary Science Learning Objectives: • Meaning of, and rationale for, alternative and authentic assessment. •
Alternative authentic assessment methods appropriate to Sc, Math, EL, MT and humanities
•
Framework in which to carry out authentic methods of assessment.
•
Examples of rubrics for assessing selected process skills and inquiry skills
•
Hands-on Crafting rubrics for assessment of selected process skills and attitudes
Post -Course Performance Targets Teachers will explore one authentic assessment for Science.
Supervisor’s Endorsement
Date of Discussion: Signatures: -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Immediate Post Course Review Review of Learning Acquired
Confirmation of Post-Course Performance Targets
Job Assignment for Application of Learning
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
Supervisor’s Endorsement
Date of Discussion:
Signatures:
First Periodic Post Course Review Achievement of Post Course Performance Targets
Other Recommendations/Feedback
Supervisor’s Endorsement
Date of Discussion:
Signaturs:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Second Periodic Post Course Review Achievement of Post Course Performance Targets
Other Recommendations/Feedback
Supervisor’s Endorsement
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
Date of Discussion:
Signatures:
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
8.5 Lesson Observation 8.5.1 Lesson Observation By Reporting Officer Lesson Observation Key areas of observation • Goals/ Purpose and objectives • Planning • Developing the lesson (content and presentation) • Communicating • Managing ( Atmosphere and r/s, Student experience) • Evaluating (achievement) Key Areas Goals/ Purpose and objectives
Planning (pre-conference and lesson pd)
Developing the lesson
Communication
Managing
Details Comments -Aims and Objectives are made explicit -Links are made to related learning ( previous topics and next topic, integration to related subjects ) - Content knowledge of teacher - Selecting content/ resources -determining procedures /methods used appropriate to students’ level and imaginative/interesting, allows for curriculum differentiation - pace, breadth, depth, logical development - arousing interest -stimulating thinking, using HOM, -presentation is clear and interesting -encouraging participation, -lesson closure - Questioning and responding -use of voice -command of language - use of media adequately and effectively Establishing rapport – atmosphere is positive, good teacher and student r/s. Managing behaviour -efforts made to achieve mutual
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TKGS Science Department Handbook respect, establish procedures for routine tasks, clear expectations Managing group /pair/ individual work Evaluating
The student Experience – Students are engaged /active participation – Using and giving student feedback, learning is checked and corrected - Encouraging responses by listening /praising - Activities looked into the abilities of students - Monitoring student understanding, asking questions –dipsticking, developing HOT, - Students demonstrate that learning has taken place. -Lesson objectives were met
Overall Feedback:_________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________
Name and signature of supervisor: ____________________________________ Teacher’s Comments:
________________________________________________________________________ Name and signature of teacher:________________________
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
Peer Lesson Observation Lesson Observation (For Peer Observation –trs may identify areas of focus) Key areas of observation ( Tick the appropriate box) • Goals/ Purpose and objectives • Planning • Developing the lesson (content and presentation) • Communicating • Managing ( Atmosphere and r/s, Student experience) • Evaluating (achievement) Key Areas Goals/ Purpose and objectives
Planning (pre-conference and lesson pd)
Developing the lesson
Communication
Managing
Details Comments -Aims and Objectives are made explicit -Links are made to related learning ( previous topics and next topic, integration to related subjects ) - Content knowledge of teacher - Selecting content/ resources -determining procedures /methods used appropriate to students’ level and imaginative/interesting, allows for curriculum differentiation - pace, breadth, depth, logical development - arousing interest -stimulating thinking, using HOM, -presentation is clear and interesting -encouraging participation, -lesson closure - Questioning and responding -use of voice -command of language - use of media adequately and effectively Establishing rapport – atmosphere is positive, good teacher and student r/s. Managing behaviour -efforts made to achieve mutual respect, establish procedures
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TKGS Science Department Handbook for routine tasks, clear expectations Managing group /pair/ individual work Evaluating
The student Experience – Students are engaged /active participation – Using and giving student feedback, learning is checked and corrected - Encouraging responses by listening /praising - Activities looked into the abilities of students - Monitoring student understanding, asking questions –dipsticking, developing HOT, - Students demonstrate that learning has taken place. -Lesson objectives were met
Some examples of practices used in the class that I find useful, practical and /or effective _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________
Any other comments:______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
Name and signature of peer: ____________________________________ Date:
Teacher’s reflection:
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
________________________________________________________________________ Name and signature of teacher:________________________
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
Information Required For Lesson Observation INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR LESSON OBSERVATION Name of Teacher:__________________________________ Class to be taught:____________________________
Date:__________
Lesson Time:____________
Lesson Topic:____________________________________________ Lesson Objectives:
Instructional Techniques:
Resource Utilisation:
________________( Date)
________________________(signature of Officer)
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
Monitoring Exercise â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Checking Of Files Monitoring Exercises Section A (To be completed by subject teacher) Subject Area: __________________________ Teacher: _________________________ Date:______ Books/Assignments/Files Submitted S/N
Class
Type of assignments
Number of books/ Assignments/Files
Section B (To be completed by Supervisor) Worksheets
V Good (1)
Good (2)
Average (3)
Variety
Wide range of work assignments given to test almost all the wide spectrum of skills required for the topics covered Thinking skills pitched to the profile of students and provides scope for differentiation
Above expected range of work assignments to test the many skills required. Thinking skills pitched to the general profile of students with some scope for differentiation Number of assignments given is just above requirement and at expected intervals Generally
Expected range of work assignments to test sufficient skills required
Suitable range of difficulty
Number of Assignments and regularity
Number of assignments given is well above what is required and is done regularly
Accuracy &
Very Accurate &
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Unsatisfactory/ Poor (4) Less than expected range of assignments. Only test some of the skills required
Thinking skills tested are limited
Thinking skills are not pitched at appropriate level and there is no differentiation
Meet Expectations As required/adequate and at expected intervals
Below expectations Less than expected and very long intervals
Generally
Inaccurate in a
Rate
TKGS Science Department Handbook comprehensive ness of marking
comprehensive
Feedback
Feedback is clear and to the point –easily understood by student. Teacher also gives other feedback on students’ progress All students do and corrections are checked
Corrections
accurate & comprehensive to a large extent. Few and minor errors Feedback is clear and to the point –easily understood by student
accurate with some errors and comprehensive to some extent
number of key areas and lack comprehensiveness
Some feedback is given. Feedback is ambiguous in some areas.
Hardly any feedback given
Students do corrections and most are checked
Students do most corrections and teachers do check for major areas. (Meet Expectations)
Limited checking – most corrections are not checked. No expectations of students to correct. Students do not do corrections
Overall feedback( to include quality and effort of students’ work) Strengths:
Weakness:
Suggestions for Improvement:
Note these are the basics but with different dept may have specific work task, additional aspects maybe included. Examples would be organization of files, setting of assessments, monitoring of lab work etc. Name & Signature of supervisor:___________________ Date:_____________________
Optional –where applicable to depts Organisation of work (students work) including SPA portfolio
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
Area of concern Filing /Record of work Content Page Appearance/ Neatness
1
2
3
4
Comments
Assessment (Applicable when teachers set their own assessments â&#x20AC;&#x201C; NA for CA unless they are setters) Area of concern Scope and depth of questions Suitable range of difficulty of questions Marking and awarding of marks
1
2
3
4
Comments
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Departmental Matters
E-Record Book Template
9
9.1
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
Science Remedial Lessons Schedule
Sec 4
Sec 3
Sec 2
Level Sec1
Goh S Y Cheong PY
Liew C L
Chemistry
4E1
4E4,4E6,
4E2,4E3, 4E7,
3E3, 3E5, 3E7
C Sim
D Ngo
S Lim
Seah C S 4E7,4E9
4E6,4E8
Monday Physics
3E4, 3E6
Wednesday Biology A Tang 3E1, 3E2,3E8
Biology (curri pd) Ngin 4E5 PP
3E7, 3E9
Physics 3E6, 3E8
1E1, 1E3 1E2,1E5,1E7 1E4,1E6,1E8 Thursday Enrichment activities
Sharifah
Foo LL
Peh A T Tan W L J Chiam
Even Week Thursday
Science Remedial lessons 2009 (Draft copy ) Time: 2.15 to 3.30 pm
9.2
76
Ngin P P
Peh A T
Tan W L
4E4, 4E5, 4E6
4E3,4E7
4E1,4E2
Liew CL
3E1,3E3,3E9 Monday Chemistry
Chan P H Biology
3E4, 3E8
3E2, 3E5
Chemistry 3E6, 3E7
MT
4E5, 4E1,3
4E5
Sc(C) 3.00-3.45 pm 4E5 Chan 4E1,3 PH
C Sim
Sc(P)/ Sc(B) 2.15 -3.00pm 4E8,4E9 S Lim
Thursday 2E2,2E4,2E8 2E1, 2E6 2E3,2E5, 2E7 Wednesday
Goh SY
Serene T
Cheong PY
Teaching Interns J Chiam D Ngo
Odd Week Thursday Enrichment activities
TKGS Science Department Handbook
TKGS Science Department Handbook
9.3
Copy Of Duties Of Science Teachers
Special duties Cheong P Y (HOD/Sc)
Lower Sec
Upper Sec
General
School Com
HOM Driver
SMC
Ho B E
Australian Chem Quiz Rio Tinto Sc Competition
Liew C L (ST)
Chem Quiz at NUS 'Fact ot Fantasy'
Chem Resource Developer
HOM Champion ISS Rep
Chan P H
Australian Chem Quiz Rio Tinto Sc Competition
Dept Handbook
School Cockpit
Chemistry Communication Challenge
Dept Web assistant manager
NE Rep
Goh S Y Serene Tee (adj tr)
Scienzation Day Advisor
Physics Olympiad TKK Science Competitions by S &T Centre @ VJC
Yap B C (ST)
Sc Talent Dev Prog Scienzation Day National Junior Robotics
Christine Sim (SH)
Sc Talent Dev Prog Scienzation Day
Ngin P P
Scienzation Day Advisor
S Lim (ST) Seah C S
A Tang
Tay L L
Sc Talent Dev Prog Scienzation Day Sc Talent Dev Prog Scienzation Day
Tan W L
Scienzation Day I/C
Peh AT
Physics Resource Developer Dept Handbook advisor
HOM Champion PDS
SWC HOM Champion
Life Science related competitions
Greenwave Competition TKK
Dept Web manager
PDS
Biology Resource Developer
SWC
Sc Innovation Driver
Marketing
LSS Resource Developer /
Marketing,HOM Champion
Biotechnology Competition
ISS Rep
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
Sharifah
J Chiam
Scienzation Day I/C
Life Science related competitions
NE Rep LSS enrichment coordinator
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
9.4
Science Teachers For Semester One and Two
2009 Lower Sec Science Teachers for Semester 1 and 2 Sec 1 Class 1E1
Semester 1 Teacher Peh A T
Semester 2 Teacher (tentative) Yap B C
Tan W L Peh A T J Chiam Tan W L J Chiam Tan W L J Chiam Peh A T / Alex Tang
Ho B E Ho B E J Chiam Yap B C Ho B E Yap B C J Chiam
Semester 1 Teacher Foo LL [FM]
Semester 2 Teacher (tentative) Peh A T Foo LL [FM]- maternity leave Foo LL (RT) Tan W L J Chiam Tan W L J Chiam [FM] Peh A T Tan W L
(A* Science)
1E2 1E3 1E4 1E5 1E6 1E7 1E8 Science Quest Programme
Sec 2 Class 2 E1 (A* Science)
2 E2 2 E3 2 E4 2 E5 2 E6 2 E7 2 E8 Science Quest Programme
Ho B E / Chiew Ning Xin D Ngo Ho B E / Chiew Ning Xin D Ngo J Chiam [FM] D Ngo Ho B E / Leong Xin Yi Foo L L/ Christine Sim
2009 Upper Sec Science Teachers Sec 3 Class
Physics/ (SPA assistant)
3E1 3E2 3E3 3E4 3E5 3E6 3E7
A Tang [FM] (S Lim) A Tang (Seah C S)
Chemistry/ (SPA assistant) Chan P H [FM] (Liew C L) Serene Tee (Liew C L) Chan P H (Ho B E) Goh S Y (Chan P H) Serene Tee [FM] (Cheong P Y) Serene Tee (Ho B E) Cheong P Y (Chan P H)
79
Biology/ (SPA assistant) Foo LL (C Sim) Foo LL (Sharifah) C Sim [FM] /Lubna (Tan W L) Sharifah [FM] (Foo L L) C Sim / Lubna (Sharifah) Sharifah (Foo L L) C Sim / Lubna (Peh A T)
TKGS Science Department Handbook 3E8
S Lim [FM](1/2 class)
3E9
D Ngo / Yap B C (Alex)
Goh S Y (Chan P H) Chan P H (Goh S Y)
Foo LL (Ngin P P)
Chemistry/ (SPA assistant) Cheong P Y [FM] (Goh S Y)
Biology/ (SPA assistant) Tan WL (Foo LL) Tan WL [FM] (Peh AT) Peh AT [FM]
Sec 4 Class
Physics/ (SPA assistant)
4E1 4E2
4E5
Sc(P) S Lim
Liew C L (Ho B E) Liew C L (Goh S Y) Goh S Y [FM] (Cheong P Y) Sc(C) Chan P H
4E6
Seah CS (S Lim) S Lim (Seah C S) Seah CS (S Lim)
Goh S Y (Liew C L) Liew C L [FM] (Ho B E) Liew C L (Cheong P Y)
S Lim (A Tang)
Goh S Y (Cheong P Y)
4E3 4E4
4E7 4E8 4E9 4E1 & 3
Sc(C) Chan P H
80
Ngin PP (Tan WL) Ngin PP [FM] (C Sim ) Sc(B) Peh AT Ngin PP (Tan WL) Peh AT (Foo L L)
Sc(B) Ngin P P
TKGS Science Department Handbook
9.5
LSS Program
Present situation: The current Lower Secondary Science Syllabus from the Ministry of Education is organised into 6 main themes. They are: Science & Technology; Measurement; Diversity; Models and Systems; Energy; and Interactions. Within each theme, the scientific concepts taught are further classified under the three branches of Science: Physics, Chemistry and Biology.
Suggestion for improvement: We have started a new initiative at Tanjong Katong Secondary School that redefines science curriculum at secondary level. Our new science curriculum is a trinity of theme-based, problem-based and skill-based. It also breaks down science into digestible, learnable and applicable knowledge. Learning science will be elevated to a level that challenges our students to explore, to ask questions, and to discover the whys and the hows. Students must be pushed to challenge themselves. Science thus comes alive in the mind of an inquisitive student when he starts to question basic scientific assumptions, probe deeply to unravel their flaws and apply the knowledge to different contexts and settings. The aim of the new curriculum is to nurture learners whose sustenance is curiosity, self-motivation and an adaptable mind.
(a) Relevance of Themes This project aims to create a more vibrant curriculum by realigning the scientific concepts around another set of themes without segregating them into the 3 Sciences. The themes are: What is Science?; DIY; Food and Health; Sports and Games; Forensic Science and Building and Construction. The school has carefully determined the themes as they have immediate significance for students in terms of their intrinsic interest and their applications to students' individual lives and preoccupations. The themes provide depth, connections and variety of perspectives to support studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; development of understandings.
(b) Curriculum framework The school has adopted the pedagogical framework, Teaching for Understanding (TfU by Project Zero, Harvard Graduate School of Education), in re-designing this new curriculum. The TfU framework essentially focuses on the development of understanding. Understanding is being able to carry out a variety of actions or performances that show oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s grasp of a topic and at the same time advance it. In addition, this framework advocates ongoing assessment. Ongoing assessment is the process of providing students with clear responses to their performances in a way that will help them improve the next performance. This is one of the innovative aspects of this project that enhances the syllabus offered by MOE. (c) Interrelationships and Interdisciplinary Inquiry The syllabus for this project has been designed to set the content, ideas, skills, processes and applications of science in the broadest possible contexts. It sets out to make teachers and
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TKGS Science Department Handbook students continuously aware of the interrelationships between the main areas of science while allowing the teachers to retain the rigour of the content in biology, chemistry and physics. For example, instead of teaching Acid, Alkalis and Salts under one topic with no context, these concepts have been dismantled and realigned under the relevant themes and real life contexts. This feature distinguishes this syllabus from the syllabus offered by MOE. This syllabus recognizes that some principles and concepts are common to all science, whilst others are more particular to the separate sciences of biology, chemistry and physics. Despite this, it aims to promote interdisciplinary inquiry through practical investigations and through the coordination of the subject matter of the three separate sciences.
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Addestation Electricity toolkit
Video Clips
Classroom Performance System (CPS)
Interactive Whiteboard
EduLearn e-portal
Dataloggers
ICT tools
•
•
Physics teachers
Mrs Liew Chor Leng
•
•
Mrs Foo Ling Ling ISS Rep
•
•
Mrs Tan Woei Ling
ISS Rep
•
Term 1
Term1 Wk 2/3
Term 1
NIL
Subject coordinators
ISS Rep
NIL
Training NIL
Subject coordinators
Driver Subject coordinators
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sec 3 and 4 Phy and Chem teachers - video tape students performing expts Sec 2 - 1 hands-on activity on Electricity
LSS
Sec 1-4 for every Sc subj
‘My World and I’ online resources for Sec 3 triple science and Science Quest ( A* Science classes)
e-learning for Sec 1-4 - During elearning day or school holiday
2009 Target Sec 1-4 - 2 expts per Sc subj
Science Department ICT Plan 2009-2010
TKGS Science Department ICT Plan 2009-10
9.6
•
•
•
•
•
•
83
Collaboration between lower and upper sec Physics coordinator
All teachers work in pairs to prepare at least 1 lesson using Interactive Whiteboard All LSS teachers to work in pairs to prepare at least 1 lesson Teachers work in pairs to prepare lesson package
Teachers in triple science and Science Quest ( A* Science classes) to design activities to tap on ‘My World and I’ online resources
Teachers work in pairs (Sc coordinator and another teacher) to design e-learning packages
Teacher involvement • All Sc teachers
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sec 2 - at least 1 hands-on activity on
Sec 1-4
Sec 1-4
Sec 1-4 for every Sc subj
e-forum for upper sec classes to discuss Science issues
Target Sec 1-4 - At least 2 expts per Sc subj e-assessment for LSS
•
•
•
•
•
•
Collaboration between lower and upper sec Physics teachers
Teachers work in pairs to prepare lesson package
All teachers work in pairs to prepare at least 1 lesson using Interactive Whiteboard All teachers to work in pairs to prepare at least 1 lesson
Upp Sec teachers work in pairs (LSS coordinator and another teacher)
LSS teachers work in pairs (LSS coordinator and another teacher)
2010 Teacher involvement • All Sc teachers
TKGS Science Department Handbook
Driver
Training
Teacher involvement •
Target Electricity Science Quest Programme to include the use of Addestation Electricity toolkit
2010 Teacher involvement
TKGS Science Department Handbook
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Note: • Teachers are to save lesson resources into the thumbdrive which is kept by the respective subj coordinator. • Teachers who have designed CPS lessons are required to save the lessons into the folder of the PC found in Sc lab 3 as well.
ICT tools
2009 Target
TKGS Science Department Handbook
10
SOP
10.1
2009 Guidelines For Teachers : To preparation For and Conduct of School Internal Examinations
2009 GUIDELINES FOR TEACHERS: TO PREPARATION FOR AND CONDUCT OF SCHOOL INTERNAL EXAMINATIONS 1.
PRINTING OF QUESTION PAPERS BY ALL SETTERS
1a.
Book the date / time (within given allocated dates) for printing of QPs by Ms Gandhi Mathi on the schedule put up in the printing room. The setter must be present to supervise the duplication of the QP, and to ensure that there is no breach in security (e.g. all spoilt copies must be shredded )
1b. Each level is allotted a cabinet in the Examination Centre for the storage of printed QPs. Obtain the Examination Centre and exam cabinet keys from the VPâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s room key-press. 1c. Sort out the printed QPs and pack them according to the requirement of each class. Get ready the correct class enrolment list/namelist of students(*for combined grouping subjects) for attendance marking by invigilators. Provide 2 extra copies above each class requirement for each class. On the day of the paper, 5 extra copies of error-free QPs for office use are to be given to the HODs incharge after the exam. (Mdm Tan KK/Ms Yvonne Tan) 1.d Sorted QPs for each Paper are to be wrapped up with brown paper (available in the Examination Centre), sealed up the package with masking tape and labelled clearly before storing them in the exam cabinet for the level. Once this is done, initial against your name on the Settersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; List put up in the Examination Centre. All IP Heads are to counter-check and ensure that all their setters get ready their errors free SA papers at least 2 days before their date of exam. 1e. The sorting and packing of QPs must be done in the Examination Centre. QPs must not be taken out of the Examination Centre. 1f. In the event that errors are found after a paper has been printed, corrections must be made early and not on the day of the examination. Erratum slip stating instructions on amendments must be prepared and issued to invigilators. 1g. On the day of the Paper, setter(s) are to report to Exam Centre at least 20 minutes before the exam time; to walk round the examination venues at intervals to answer any queries, and to station at the Examination Centre throughout the entire duration of the Paper. 2.
INVIGILATION
2a. Invigilators are to report to the Examination Centre at least 15 minutes before the start of every paper to collect the QPs from the setters. Mutual switches in invigilation time slots or venues are NOT ALLOWED unless they have been approved by the HODs in-charge of the Exam with valid reason given. 85
TKGS Science Department Handbook
2b. Before the commencement of every paper, invigilators are to instruct and ensure that pupil do not have in their possession any books, notes or memoranda not authorised for use in the examination. 2c. Invigilators are to start and end a paper strictly according to the times scheduled in the examination time-table. Write clearly the title/subject of the examination paper, and its starting and finishing times on the board. Take note of any last-minute instructions / amendments, and convey them to pupils. Ensure that corrections or amendments to the paper are clearly explained and then written on the board. 2d. There should be active invigilation while the examination is in progress. Teachers should not be marking, reading or doing work whilst performing invigilation duties. Please alert the pupils 15 minutes before the end of the paper. Once the instruction is given to pupils to stop writing and to put the pens down, please ensure that this is adhered to by all pupils. 2e. Collect the answer scripts in order of the index numbers while pupils are seated. Invigilators are to ask pupils to assist in the collection of examination scripts at the end of the paper. This is to ensure that invigilators can actively monitor pupils to prevent cheating at this point. Invigilators must count the scripts themselves and are responsible for the correct number. 2f. Please note that pupils are not allowed to remove from the classroom/hall any used or unused examination writing paper. At the end of every paper, instruct pupils to return all unused examination writing papers to you, and to crush and dispose all used and unwanted papers. 2g. Dismiss pupils quietly and in good order, with due regard for others who might be sitting for another paper at the time of dismissal. 2h. Ensure that collected answer scripts are handed direct to the setter(s) at the Exam Centre. Invigilators are to record absentees by Name and Index number on the cover page of the answer scripts collected. 3.
ANSWER SCRIPTS
3a.
Setters will receive the answer scripts from the invigilators at the Examination Centre.
3b.
In order to ensure that the correct number of answer scripts are handed over from the invigilator to the setter, and then to the marker/s, count the number of answer scripts as they are passed from one person to another.
INTERNAL ASSESSMENTS COMMITTEE TANJONG KATONG GIRLSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; SCHOOL
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
10.2
Out of School Activity Form And Summary Sheet
OUT-OF-SCHOOL ACTIVITIES FORM To be completed for activities outside of school, including activities in school outside school hours Name of Activity : ________________________________ Objective of Activity : ___________________________________ (Please tick accordingly)
□ IP □ Mandatory
/ /
□ Non- IP (CCA, CIP, Learning Journey, Others) □ Non-mandatory
Contact of Teachers involved Name of Teacher-in-charge : ________________________ Hp. No..: _______________ Accompanying Teacher : ___________________________ Hp. No.: ________________ Other Accompanying Teacher : _____________________ Hp. No.: ________________ Other Accompanying Teacher : _____________________ Hp. No.: ________________
Details of trip Date : _____________________________ Duration : ____________________________ Venue : ____________________________ Any physical activity involved? If yes, please describe. ___________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
Compulsory Attachments (to be put in the Out-of-School-Activities File before the trip) (Please tick)
□ □ □ □ □
Copy of Information / Consent Form given to parents Summary Sheet (Names & classes of students, parents’ hp. nos.) Completed RAMS checklist (if necessary) Signed Indemnity Form by Vendor (if external vendors are involved) Signed Reply / Consent Forms collected from ALL students (to be submitted to Qadri for non-IP trips and Siti for IP trips for filing
OUT-OF-SCHOOL ACTIVITIES 87
TKGS Science Department Handbook
Summary Sheet One copy to be filed in Out-of-School Activities File One copy to be brought along by Accompanying Teacher Activity: __________________________________ Date: ________________________ S/N
Name of Students (Reg. No.)
Class
Signed Consent/ Parent/Guardian Ack Form(Tick) Hp. No.
School Emergency Numbers TKGS General Office 6344 1593 Mrs Phyllis Lim 9626 4065 Mrs Marilyn Chia 9176 8663 Mrs Tan Ming Fern 9476 0710
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
10.3
SOP Out of School Activities (V1)
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR OUT OF SCHOOL ACTIVITIES (V 1) Out of school activities cover IP (e.g. project work, field trips, academic competitions) and non-IP activities (e.g. Learning Journeys, CCA and class-based CIP, team-bonding activities). They also include activities in school after school hours. 1. Information and Consent Forms • For mandatory school activities, schools need not seek the consent of parents or guardians. However, they must inform parents or guardians of the activities. • For non-mandatory activities, the written consent of parents and guardians must be obtained. (New) P/VP to countersign before letters are printed and distributed to students 2. Collection of Reply and Consent Forms • All forms with parent’s signature and hp no. to be collected for ALL students involved in the activity. No student should proceed on the activity without parents’ signed acknowledgement or consent as documentation. 3. (New) Pre-Trip Documentation for Submission (a) • • • • •
File the following in the Out-of-School Activities File in the General office Out-of-School Activities Form Copy of Information / Consent Form given to parents Summary Sheet (Names & classes of students, parents’ hp. nos.) Completed RAMS checklist (if necessary) For trips over weekends or public holidays, these have to be filed in the G.O. the working day before the activity.
(b) Before the trip, submit the signed Acknowledgement / Consent Forms collected from ALL students for filing. Please submit to • Qadri for non-IP trips / Siti for IP trips 4. Bring a copy of the summary list for your reference. Bring your handphone along and always remain contactable. In case of emergencies, please remember to keep the School Leaders informed and updated. When 5. External Vendors’ Indemnity Form. (See External Vendors’ Indemnity Form Template) engaging external vendors to organize school activities, schools are advised to obtain a written indemnity from vendors to be wholly responsible for the safe conduct of activities. This requirement should be clearly stated in all Gebiz ITQs. 6. RAMS should be carried out if necessary. (See RAMS Template and Explanatory Notes).
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
10.4
1.
2
3
SOP For Out Of School Activities (14/3/09) SOP Rationale Consent / This will enable Information Forms the SL to have a to Parents should better sense of bear the signature of the range of School Leader activities to anticipate To Parents Through P/VP(Signature/Dat e)
Make a copy of the signed consent form for Ming Fern’s keeping. Out of School Activity Form
Summary sheet of student name/ class / emergency nos.
Findings Some Out of School Activities Form could not be traced back to any of SchoolLeader signed consent forms
Changes to be noted If there is no teacher accompanying the students at any point of the activity, the consent form to parents must clearly reflect that so parents are duly informed and don't expect otherwise.
Sometimes teachers do not accompany students. Then what? While this was not stated in the SOP, it is important for a copy to be given to Ming Fern
This will enable the SL to have more details about the activities This will facilitate calls to parents in the event of an emergency.
Not always properly filled – boxes in the checklist left unchecked Teachers found it tedious compiling the emergency numbers each time
Nil
All emergency numbers would be updated termly and kept in the light green register for the school’s reference. When the activity takes place during school hours, the summary sheet need only reflect student name (in full), register no. and class. This is as the GO can surface emergency numbers. However, when the activity takes place whenever the GO is not open, i.e. during week nights, Saturdays (afternoons), Sundays and Public Holidays, the teacher in charge must have the emergency numbers of all students and parents on hand. For ease of submission, all signed consent/ acknowledgement forms are to be filed with the Out of School Activity Form in a plastic pocket in the Out of School
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TKGS Science Department Handbook Activity Files (Dark Green File kept at the GO front desk). There will be 3 separate files for IP, non IP (CCA) and non-IP (CIP).
4
Submission of Signed Consent/ Acknowledgement Forms from Parents Siti (IP) Qadri (non-IP)
Documentation that parents have been duly informed / given consent
5
External Vendors Indemnity Form
6
RAMS checklist
MOE requirement to ensure vendors assume responsibility to safety if organizing the trip Nil For trips with Were these adventure submitted when element, there was need? exposure to weather elements
Not all All Signed Consent/ submitted for Acknowledgement Forms every Out of from Parents whether for School IP/non-IP trip are to be placed Activity Form. in a in plastic pocket in the Some relevant Out of School submitted Activity File mistakenly to counter staff. Teacher to sign Siti/ Qadri/ not and counter staff to submitted at all acknowledge in a designated exercise book Nil Were these submitted when there was need?
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10.5
Withdrawal Of Funds For Edusave Account ( Form E3 ) Please complete and return form to school.
Form E3 APPLICATION FOR WITHDRAWAL OF FUNDS FROM EDUSAVE ACCOUNT
Principal ________________________________ School
USE OF EDUSAVE FUNDS FOR _______________ PROGRAMME Pupil’s Name
: ______________________________________
Level/Class : ______________________________________ Birth Certificate/NRIC No13:
-
-
Please refer to your letter dated ______________. 2. I wish to withdraw an amount14 of S$ _____________ [amount to be inserted by school] from my above-named child’s/ward’s15 Edusave account for payment of the abovementioned programme.
3. I also undertake to make the payment in cash if there are insufficient funds in my child’s/ward’s3 Edusave account to meet the payment.
_______________________________ Signature of Father/Mother/Guardian*
___________ Date
13
Pupil’s Ident No. is written in this format: S(prefix) – 1234567(Birth Cert/NRIC No) – A(suffix) This is an estimated amount. If the actual cost is lower, the lower amount will be withdrawn from your child’s Edusave account. 15 Delete whichever is not applicable 14
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10.6
Claim For Reimbursement By Staff
I certify that I have paid for the receipts* listed below. S/No.
Unit Price $
Description of Item
Total Amt $
Total Amount ($) *Receipts to be attached. Date of receipt should not be more than 30 days from the date of claim.
1
Name, signature & date of Staff
2
NRIC No.
3
Description of expenditure
4
Name of budget account to be charged
5
Name, signature & date of Budget Officer
6
Signature & date of Approving Officer
7
Signature & date of Bursar
______________________________________________ #SOF / Edusave (EG) / PF / SAC / Cluster / Project Grant
# Pls circle the required option. (For admin use only) Approving Officer Code
Payment Voucher No. (3013) Date of Approval in IFAAS
Signature of Approving Officer GST Amt Charged
Remarks
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
10.7
Report of Absences For Teachers ( 24 Mar 2009 )
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Standard Operating Procedure for Sit-In Report of Absence (Teachers) A. Report of Absence due to : • • •
Medical Leave (Self) Childcare Leave (with MC) Urgent Leave
Officer to do as follows before 7.15 am : 1. Email • Subject of Email : “Your Name” is on Leave • To tkgs@moe.edu.sg (and NOT any other email accounts of the office staff) • MUST cc email to Reporting Officer • Complete the Attached Template (compulsory) for Instructions to be given to Sit-In Teachers or Class Chairman. Do NOT attach any other files. The office staff will not be able to print and copy for the whole class. [Attached Template will be available in RDMC drive, “Admin” folder, filename “SOP for Sit-In”.]
If you have no Email Access : Call Your buddy to arrange for work to be given to your classes. (Buddy will be arranged by Department Head.) 2. Call • General Office at T : 6344-1593 to inform of your leave. • Specify if template has been submitted through email or buddy. 3. SMS • To T : 9172-9674 IF you are not able to contact General Office at the abovementioned number. • Identify yourself by including your name in the message. • Do NOT give instructions for work to be given. Instructions are to be done via the abovementioned template through email only. • Your message should be simple, eg. “Mary is on MC today. Template has been sent via email to TKGS.” or “Mary is on MC today. Template will be provided by ‘Name of Buddy’.”
B. Report of Absence due to pre-planned activities : • • •
Training/Briefing UPA (Urgent Private Affairs) Leave Full-Pay Unrecorded Leave (such as Childcare Leave without MC)
Officer to follow abovementioned instructions, only 1 working day before, not earlier.
*************** END ***************
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Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Instructions for Sit-In or Class Chairman Date : 24 Mar 09
Name of Teacher : Mary Tan : S1/5
Class Instructions
Period : 2
Subject : Science
:
Eg. Please read chapter 4 of Science textbook and do mindmap or summary notes of key learning points. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Instructions for Sit-In or Class Chairman Date : 24 Mar 09
Name of Teacher : Mary Tan : S2/4
Class Instructions
Period : 6
Subject : Science
:
Eg. Please complete Atoms worksheet. (Given earlier to class.)
______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Instructions for Sit-In or Class Chairman Date : 24 Mar 09
Name of Teacher : Mary Tan : S2/8
Class Instructions
Period : 7
Subject : Science
:
Eg. Please complete pg 8 -10 of science workbook. Eg. Please write composition on XXXXX (title). ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
10.8 Instructions For Sit-In or Class Chairman Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Instructions for Sit-In or Class Chairman Name of Teacher : ___________________________________ : S ___ / ___
Class Instructions
Date : ___ / ___ / 20____ Subject : _____________
Period : ____
:
______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Instructions for Sit-In or Class Chairman Name of Teacher : ___________________________________ : S ___ / ___
Class Instructions
Date : ___ / ___ / 20____ Subject : _____________
Period : ____
:
______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
Tanjong Katong Girls’ School Instructions for Sit-In or Class Chairman Name of Teacher : ___________________________________ : S ___ / ___
Class Instructions
Date : ___ / ___ / 20____ Subject : _____________
Period : ____
:
______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
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TKGS Science Department Handbook
10.9
Medical Certificate / Medical Receipt Submission Form
TANJONG KATONG GIRLS’ SCHOOL Medical Certificate / Medical Receipt Submission Please staple your Original Copy of
MEDICAL CERTIFICATE (Self only) (Please note medical certificate for child is NOT applicable to this form, it has to be submitted with ‘Full Pay Unrecorded Leave’ form, duly completed as Childcare Leave)
and / or MEDICAL or DENTAL RECEIPT (Self / Spouse / Child) (Please self-update in Pac@gov and submit this receipt ONLY when prompted by system to ‘Submit to VO’)
HERE Please provide the following information: 1)
Name of Staff
:
NRIC No.
2)
______________________________________________ :
_______________________________
Remarks (if any)
:
________________________________________________
Name of Spouse/Child
:
______________________________________ (if applicable)
NRIC/BC No. : _______________________________ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Please tick ( √ ) accordingly (not applicable to spouse/child) (Compulsory. Please complete this section.) Is your medical condition related to the terms of PARA A95 of IM NO.2? YES
NO
NOT APPLICABLE. I am NOT appointed under the terms of Para A95.
(An Officer is not eligible for paid sick leave if he/she is ill directly because of the medical condition for which he/she was placed under Para A95 of IM No. 2.) _____________________________________
___ / ___ / 2009
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TKGS Science Department Handbook Signature Date of submission -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(For Office Use) Pac@Gov Verified : _________________ Name
PM2S Updated : _________________ Name
_________________________________ Initial / Date
_______________________________ Initial / Date
100