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Notes t o Pages 83-8
Chapter 4:Poverty as Capability Deprivation This view of poverty is more fully developed in my Poverty and Famines (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981)and Resources, Values and Development (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984),and also in Jean Drèze and Amartya Sen, Hunger and Public Action (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989),and in Sudhir Anand and Amartya Sen, “Concepts of Human Development and Poverty: A Multidimensional Perspective,” in Human Development Papers 1997 (New York: UNDP, 1997). 2. These claims and their implications are more fully discussed in my “Poverty as Capability Deprivation,” mimeographed, Rome: Bank of Italy. 3. For example, hunger and undernutrition are related both to food intake and to the ability to make nutritive use of that intake. The latter is deeply affected by general health conditions (for example, by the presence of parasitic diseases), and that in turn depends much on communal health care and public health provisions; on this and S . R. Osmani, ed., Nutrisee Drèze and Sen, Hunger and Public Action (1989), tion and Poverty (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993). 4.See, for example, James Smith, “Healthy Bodies and Thick Wallets: The Dual Relationship between Health and Socioeconomic Status,’’ Journal of Economic Perspectives 13 (1999). There is also another type of “coupling” between ( I) undernutrition generated by income-poverty and (2)income-poverty resulting from work deprivation due to undernutrition. On these connections, see Partha Dasgupta and Debraj Ray, “Inequality as a Determinant of Malnutrition and Unemployment: Theory,” Economic Journal 96 (1986);“Inequality as a Determinant of Malnutrition and Unemployment: Policy,” Economic Journal 97 (1987);and “Adapting to Undernourishment: Biological Evidence and Its Implications,” in The Political Economy of Hunger, edited by Jean Drèze and Amartya Sen (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990).See also Partha Dasgupta, An Inquiry into Well-Being and Destitution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993),and Debraj Ray, Development Economics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998). 5 . The large contribution of such handicaps to the prevalence of income poverty in Britain was sharply brought out by A. B. Atkinson’s pioneering empirical study, Poverty in Britain and the Reform of Social Security (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970).In his later works, Atkinson has further pursued the connection between income handicap and deprivations of other kinds. 6. On the nature of these functional handicaps, see Dorothy Wedderburn, The Aged in the Welfare State (London: Bell, 1961);Peter Townsend, Poverty in the United Kingdom: A Survey of Household Resources and Standards of Living (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1979);J. Palmer, T. Smeeding and B. Torrey, The Vulnerable: America’s Young and Old in the Industrial World (Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute Press, 1988);among other contributions. I.
Notes t o Pages 89-93
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7.I have tried to investigate the perspective of capability deprivation for analyzing gender inequality in Resources, Values and Development (1984;1997);Commodities and Capabilities (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1985 ) ; and “Missing Women,” British MedicalJournal 304 (March 1992).See also Pranab Bardhan, “On Life and-Death Questions,” Economic and Political Weekly 9 (1974); Lincoln Chen, E. Huq and S. D’Souza, ‘‘Sex Bias in the Family Allocation of Food and Health Care in Rural Bangladesh,” Population and Development Review 7 (1981); Jocelyn Kynch and Amartya Sen, “Indian Women: Well-Being and Survival,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 7 (1983); Pranab Bardhan, Land, Labor, and Rural Poverty (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984);Drèze and Sen, Hunger and Public Barbara Harriss, “The Intrafamily Distribution of Hunger in South Action (1989); Asia,” in Drèze and Sen, The Political Economy of Hunger, volume I (1990);Ravi Kanbur and L. Haddad, “How Serious Is the Neglect of Intrahousehold Inequality? Economic Journal IOO (1990); among other contributions. 8. On this, see United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 1995 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995). 9.See W. G. Runciman, Relative Deprivation and SocialJustice:A Study of Attitudes to Social Inequality in Twentieth-Century England (London: Routledge, 1966);and Townsend, Poverty in the United Kingdom (1979). IO. On this see my “Poor, Relatively Speaking,” Oxford Economic Papers 35 (1983),reprinted in Resources, Values and Development (1984). II. The connection is analyzed in my Inequality Reexamined (Oxford: Clarendon Press; and Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992),chapter 7. 12. Jean Drèze and Amartya Sen, India: Economic Development and Social Opportunity (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995). 13. See the collection of papers in Isher Judge Ahluwalia and I.M.D. Little, eds., India’s Ecqnomic Reforms and Dèvelopment: Essays for Manmohan Singh (Delhi: See also Vijay Joshi and Ian Little, Indian Economic Oxford University Press, 1998).Reforms, I ~ ~ I - Z O O(Delhi: I Oxford University Press, 1996). 14.These arguments are more fully developed in Drèze and Sen, India: Economic Development and Social Opportunity (1995). I 5. See G. Datt, Poverty in India and Indian States: An Update (Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute, 1997).See also World Bank, India: Achievements and Challenges in Reducing Poverty, report no. I6483 IN, May 27, 1997(see particularly figure 2.3). 16.Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759;revised edition, 1790); republished, edited by D. D. Raphael and A. L. Macfie (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976). 17.John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971).See also Stephen Darwall, ed., Equal Freedom: Selected Tanner Lectures on Human Values (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995),with contributions by G. A. Cohen, Ronald Dworkin, John Rawls, T. M. Scanlon, Amartya Sen and Quentin Skinner. I8. Thomas Scanlon, “Contractualism and Utilitarianism,” in Utilitarianism and Beyond, edited by Amartya Sen and Bernard Williams (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).See also his What We Owe Each Other (Cambridge,Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998). 19.See, for example, James Mirrlees, “An Exploration in the Theory of Optimal