MALI Preliminary research for scenario development Camp Castor, Gao
Contents Introduction: Legacy design 3 Worshop: Precycling the compound (program, time-table, short biography of the participants)
4
Background material on the context (will be available at the workshop) Mali Mali area map 7 Mali borders 8 Topography 9 Roads inventory and airports 10 Population overview 12 Urban network 15 The present and future of Mali’s cities 16 Population growth 17 Estimated population growth and urbanization trend 18 Ethnicity 19 Poverty 20 Refugees and IDPs 21 Conflict 22 MINUSMA 23 Humanitarian aid distribution 24 List of NGOs in Mali 26 Water, electricity, Sanitation and Sewage, Solid Waste Management, Urban Roads 28 Maintenance of urban roads, urban mobility, healthcare and education facilities, commercial facilities 29 Land and Housing 30 Gao IDPs, Gao region 31 Humanitarian aid organizations in Gao 32 Gao, city map 33 Gao, aerial view and list of public places 34 City impression (photos from divers sources 35 Population growth, Gao and ethnic groups 46 Future spatial growth diagram 47 Climate 48
Flood 49 Water 50 Electricity 51 Public places and economics in Gao 52 Transport 53 Media 56 Governance 57 Base Castor base location 58 Programs 59 Programs relative to area size 60 Programs in relation to the site, impression diagram 61 Larger region overview Climate, rainfall 64 Historic borders 65 Nomads and nomadic routs 66 Migration routs 67 Tourism 68 Current conflict - no travel zone 69 Boko Haram and Tuareq 70 Border control, conflicts and movements 71 Resources: gas pipe-line 72 Resources: metals and minerals 73 Global missions 74 Bibliography Credits
2
Introduction: Legacy Design1 As peacekeeping missions continue to multiply so does their physical footprint, which is often a major inconvenience for the local populations. Can the design of these spaces hold the key to improve development aid and diplomatic efforts by introducing a new legacy? A compound in a conflict zone can most likely be characterized as fortification. However, the reality on the ground is different. Current warfare doctrines, the counter insurgency which operates mainly deep inside the civic realm, necessitate a new set up, new types of spaces that are yet to be defined. For the first workshop, compounds were referred to as the buildings and infrastructure that are constructed in order to support the conduct of global peacekeeping and reconstruction missions. This large-scale temporary foreign international presence can take on a variety of shapes, sizes, and include multiple typologies. These compounds are changing, evolving and reconfiguring themselves, constantly being adjusted to the new situations of war. In fact, behind the question of ‘what is a compound’ lies a major shift in the conduct of war and of warfare, from compound meaning fortification to compound meaning enclosure. This has to do with the growing emphasis on the new UN policy, titled ‘the 3D approach’, as explained on the mission’s website: “On certain issues, the political section [of the mission] works closely with both the military section, the economic and social section, in view of the growing recognition of the links between political, military, social, and economic issues. We call this the 3D approach. The D’s stand for Diplomacy, Defense and Development aid. The Netherlands believes that complex topics like peace building can only be dealt with in a coherent manner, which is the 3D-approach.” The 3D integrated approach indicates a cooperation between large foreign forces and other disciplines – the diplomats, the soldiers, the humanitarians, and the local population are supposed to work hand in hand to end the conflict, eliminate threats, bring peace, and put a new civic system in place. The last is considered to be a long process of reconstruction that generates and shapes a permanent condition on the ground. Besides military compounds, new courtrooms, police stations, schools, medical facilities, transportation systems, airports, roads, and housing are constructed to achieve this goal. The emerging compound is actually a mixture of all these typologies – a manifestation of integrated efforts; it is a large territorial space that is partly military and partly civic.
Nowadays, the mission in Afghanistan is wrapping up. The military is moving out, while development and diplomacy efforts will continue. The ending of the most expensive mission in history will leave behind hundreds of thousands of containers and gabions. These are scattered all over the country. As a design question, these can be easily transformed into all sorts of structures, small units and large building complexes, without much effort. These are potential resources. For instance, a report by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs reveals that more than 160 schools were constructed in Uruzgan alone, of which 87 were hosted in non-sustainable conditions, such as in open air, or inside private homes. A sustainable solution for these schools can be easily solved by recycling the waste left by the military. Moreover, the use of architectural design should be introduced to the planning process of a peacekeeping mission from the very beginning. The relevancy and urgency are obvious, but it necessitates a policy shift. A comprehensive design solution should come out of a conversation with all forces and interests involved in the planning and the conduct of a mission – including the locals – in order to maximize the efficiency and potential that is hidden in the re-use of spaces. The livelihood of the communities in postconflict areas and their long term sustainability can be dramatically improved. The ongoing conversation between designers and policymakers, and those behind the planning process of the missions opens up possibilities for the integration of knowledge that might lead to much bigger change. The territorial impact of the missions did not remain within the boundaries of the compound, nor the battlefield. It was embedded deep within civic space and when a mission ends it generates enormous waste. This might imply, at least, the necessity to add value and leave a meaningful and civil legacy behind. How do we design a way out of the cul-de-sac of alienating compound developments that add little to the experience of local people; that neglect diplomacy and development in favor of defense? Can design help thinking about long-term use? Can it advocate for the recycling or ‘pre-cycling’ of space, making compounds adaptive for multiple uses from the very beginning?1 1 The introduction text is based on the essay “The legacy of peacekeeping missions:pre-cycling the compound” by Malkit Shoshan. Volume magazine; n.40; p128-p131; and the first workshop report that was made in collaboration with Jane Szita.
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Precycling the compound workshop In the beginning of 2014, the first compound workshop was held in Het Nieuwe Instituut. We invited the active partners of the UN and NATO, namely the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs , development aid and Defense, to reflect on the legacy of the spaces that they built to support their participation in peacekeeping and reconstruction missions. We discussed compounds and their impact on the local context. At the end of the workshop, we have decided to prepare the next step to examine how legacy design can be incorporated in the actual design of a mission by focusing on a case study. The Ministry of Defense suggested to use the base Castor in Gao. The current workshop will explore, through the development of design scenarios, the post-military use of the base. In order to develop these scenarios we have invited a multi-disciplinary group to look at the context and discuss the possibility to apply to it different legacies. In the workshop, a mixed group of designers, architects, planners, military engineers, anthropologists and an economist will collaborate in order to develop post-military scenarios and examine what are the questions to be asked and how to proceed toward realization of a pilot project. We will make the first attempt to identify the following: • What are the most promising areas (programs and themes, infrastructure, buildings) for legacy design? • What knowledge and expertise we need to bring to the project in order to continue developing and even realizing it? • Whom do we need to engage in order to make it happen? We will examine the military base on three different levels: • Landscape and urban design • Infrastructure network: water, electricity, sewage • Architecture: design, construction methods and aesthetics The compound workshops are part of the long term research and design project ‘Drones and Honeycombs’ by Malkit Shoshan and Het Nieuwe Instituut, which investigates the contemporary architecture and landscape of war and peace and the possibility to introduce design and design tools to improve the living conditions of people and community living in conflict areas.
The current workshop is prepared in collaboration with The Dutch Ministry of Defense. Date: 16 January 2015 Location: Het Nieuwe Instituut, Rotterdam Time: 10AM-6PM Day program 9:30
Arrival
9:40
Welcome and quick introduction of the participants by Klaas Kuitenbrouwer (HNI)
10:00 - 10:30 Introduction of the project and the workshop by Malkit Shoshan 10:30 - 11:00 Presentation by the Ministry of Defense of Camp Castor in Gao by Captain Wouter Eidhof and Captain Thomas Boonen 11:00 - 11:30
Open debate with all the participants, identifying problems and opportunities regarding the local context with Joel van der Beek; Capt. Thomas Boonen; Samir Bental; Prof. Mirjan de Bruijn; Capt. Wouter Eidhof; Dr. Erella Grassiani; Capt. Rick Krosenbrink; Debra Solomon; Malkit Shoshan; Ir. Herman Verkerk. Moderated by Klaas Kuitenbrouwer
11:30 - 11:40
Description of the second part of the workshop; the process and the tools for the scenario design
11:40 - 13:00
Design scenario part 1 focusing on the layout and the landscape of the base, designing it for the post-military period. (to be elaborated)
13:00 - 14:00
Lunch break
14:00 - 14:40
Presentation of the scenarios developed by the two different
4
14:40 - 16:00
groups to one another Identifying architectural and infrastructural elements available for legacy design and developing scenarios for their transformation after the military have left the base (to be elaborated)
16:00 - 16:40
Presentation of the scenarios developed by the two different groups to one another
16:40 - 18:00
Wrap up and identifying the following: The wrap up will be done with the participation of Henk Ovink considering the following points: • What are the most promising areas (programs and themes, infrastructure, buildings) for legacy design? • What knowledge and expertise we need to bring to the project in order to continue developing the project? • Whom do we need to engage in order to make it happen?
18:00 - 20:00
Dinner (optional)
Short bios of the participants Architects and designers Samir Bantal studied architecture and Real Estate at the Delft University of Technology. As an architect he participated in Toyo Ito Architects, OMA, Studio Sputnik and NIO architecten. He is the founder of Studio Oblique. in Amsterdam and an expert in re-use of buildings after undefined period of vacancy and currently holds a senior position at OMA. Malkit Shoshan is an architect, researcher and a writer. She is the founder of the Amsterdam based architectural think-tank FAST, the Foundation for Achieving Seamless Territory. Her work explores and highlights the relations between architecture, politics and human rights. Shoshan is the author of the award winning book Atlas of the Conflict, Israel-Palestine and, of Village, One Land Two Systems and Platform Paradise with Maurizio Bortolotti. She is a PhD candidate in the architecture faculty at TU Delft and a research fellow at Het Nieuwe Instituut in Rotterdam. Debra Solomon is an artist and designer, she is the co-founder of URBANIAHOEVE. The foodscapes that we build together with communities and local agencies are the empirical application of an holistic approach to the humancity-nature complex, a qualitative reconsideration of the real and actual city’s public space. URBANIAHOEVE proposes, an urban agriculture that positively impacts the city at ecological, social, and nutritional levels. Jurriaan van Stigt is an architect and the director of The Foundation of Dogon Education. The foundation key point is to improve the quality of life in the Dogon area in Mali that is listed as UNESCO World Heritage. He is currently involved in the development of the “Dogon Country”. The foundation has been also involved with the development of the Mopti Region. Herman Verkerk is an architect, initiator of Event Architecture. He is the founder of EventArchitectuur, a design firm for time and experience based architecture. In 2003 he set up an ongoing collaboration with artist Paul Kuipers on projects ranging from a temporary art museum, a series of landscape parks to shop interiors and temporary exhibitions and installations on contemporary culture for cultural institutes in the Netherlands and abroad. Verkerk teaches design and architecture at the Design Academy Eindhoven, the Netherlands and the Fachhochschule Düsseldorf, Germany. He is an expert in design of spaces for temporary and multiple uses.
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The Ministry of Defense Capt. Thomas Boonen, studied Military Civil Engineering at the Royal Military Academy and Twente University. Currently he studies Construction Management and Engineering at Twente University in addition to his work of project leader at the Engineer Workforce. In 2011 Thomas served as a platoon commander of a construction platoon in Afghanistan to build the infrastructure for the Air Task Force in Mazar-e-Sharif. In 2013/2014 he was deployed in Afghanistan for the second time, during this deployment he was involved with the Dutch redeployment out of Kandahar and Mazar-e-Sharif. Currently he is involved with the deployment of Dutch Forces in the Middle-East. Capt. Wouter Eidhof studied Mechanical Engineering at Twente University and worked as a design engineer of offshore equipment before starting his military career at the Royal Military Academy. In 2012, he designed and supervised the development of public infrastructure and improvements of police station defenses in Kunduz Province, Afghanistan. In his current function he prepared the redeployment of Dutch infrastructure in Kunduz before transferring the base to the Afghan authorities. From end of 2013 he was commander of the team that designed Camp Castor in Gao, Mali. During the building of Camp Castor this team assisted and advised the engineering units in Gao. Cap. Rick Krosenbrink is an army officer and PhD researcher at the Netherlands Defence Academy. His research focuses on the translation of military strategy into the design of operational infrastructures. He studied Civil Engineering at University Twente and Governance of Security at VU University Amsterdam. After that he worked as a platoon commander at the Airmobile Brigade, he trained new recruits for an Armoured Brigade, he was stationed as a project manager at the Army Engineer Centre of Expertise and as a research assistant at NATO Headquarters in Brussels.
Spatial Planning and Water Affairs and Director National Spatial Planning for the Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment in the Netherlands. Ovink initiated the research program ‘Design and Politics’, the connecting chair ‘Design and Politics’ at the TU Delft and a series of publications with 010 Publishers. Economist Joel van der Beek is an expert in the economics of peace and security. He is board member of Economists for Peace and Security, and the key person behind the blog Economists on conflict at SIPRI. He is director at EconoVision economic research and GM at EconoTalent staffing solutions. Anthropologists Mirjan de Bruijn is an anthropologist whose work has a clearly interdisciplinary character. She has done fieldwork in Cameroon, Chad and Mali and an important theme throughout is how people manage risk (drought, war, etc.) in both rural and urban areas. She focuses on the interrelationship between agency, marginality, mobility and communication. Her specific fields of interest are: nomadism, youth and children, social (in)security, poverty, marginality/social and economic exclusion, violence, slavery, and human rights, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). Erella Grassiani is an anthropologist who works as a post-doc researcher at the Department of Human Geography, Planning and International Development Studies and as a lecturer at the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, both at the University of Amsterdam. Her research is part of a wider project on privatization and globalization of security with a specific focus on Israel/Jerusalem and security mobilities (SECURCIT). Her research will trace the flows of the (Israeli) security worldwide and look at the way cultural ideas, technologies and consultants move around globally.
Planners, policy-makers Henk Ovink is senior advisor for Secretary Shaun Donovan of Housing and Urban Development, Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force. Ovink is responsible for the long term planning, design and innovation strategy, the regional design competition ‘REBUILD BY DESIGN’, the connected planning conference and the follow up National program on ‘regional resilience by design’. Before joining the Task Force Ovink was both Director General
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Area comparison Mali: 1,240,000 KM2
NL: 30 x 41,500 KM2
7
Borders and regions A L G E R I A
MAURITANIA
800
Tessalit Aguelhok
KIDAL
TOMBOUCTOU
600
Kidal
Tombouctou Râs el Mâ
GourmaRharous
Bourem
Goundam
Aourou
SENEGAL
Kayes Bafoulabé
Kita
Nampala
Mopti
KOULIKORO Niono SE G O U Ségou Koulikoro Kati
BAKAMO CAPITAL DISTRICT Bougouni
G U I N E A
SIKASSO
Yanfolila
400
Ménaka Andéramboukane
Douentza
Mourdiah
Diéma
KAYE S
Ansongo
Nara
Nioro du Sahel
GAO
Gao
MOPTI
N I G200E R
Bandiagara
Djenné San
Koutiala
0
BURKINA FASO
water
Sikasso
BENIN
Kolondiéba
GHANA
0
NIGERIA
border
5008km
Topography 800
600
800
400
600
200
400 0 water
200 border
0
500 km
0 water
border
0
5009km
Roads inventory and airports A L G E R I A
Asphalt road Road being paved Improved track Asphalt road under construction Modern dirt road under construction
MAURITANIA
Modern dirt road
800
Pending modern road
Tessalit Aguelhok 600
Kidal
Tombouctou Râs el Mâ
GourmaRharous
Gao
Goundam
Aourou
SENEGAL
Kayes
Ansongo
Nara
Nioro du Sahel
Nampala
Mopti Niono
Bafoulabé Kita
Kati
BAKAMO Bougouni
G U I N E A
Yanfolila
N I G200E R
Bandiagara
Djenné
Ségou
Koulikoro
Ménaka Andéramboukane
Douentza
Mourdiah
Diéma
400
Bourem
San
Koutiala
0
BURKINA FASO
water
Sikasso
NIGERIA
border
BENIN
Kolondiéba
GHANA
0
50010 km
Agriculture Nomadism and trans-Saharan trade Nomadic and transhumant pastoralism Millet and transhuman livestock rearing Niger delta/lakes - rice and livestock rearing (agropastoral) Dogon plateau - millet, shallots, wild foods, and tourism West and central rainfed millet/sorghum
800
North-west remittances, sorghum, and transhumant livestock rearing South maize, cotton, and fruits
Tessalit
South-west maize, sorghum and fruits
Aguelhok
Sorghum, millet and cotton
KIDAL
TOMBOUCTOU
‘Office du Niger’
600
Kidal
Fluvial rice and transhuman pastoralism
Tombouctou Râs el Mâ
GourmaRharous Goundam
Aourou
Kayes Bafoulabé
KOULIKORO Kita
Mopti Niono
SEGOU Ségou
Koulikoro Kati
BAKAMO CAPITAL DISTRICT Bougouni
SIKASSO
Yanfolila
400
Ménaka Andéramboukane
Douentza
Mourdiah
Diéma
KAYE S
Nampala
GAO
Gao Ansongo
Nara
Nioro du Sahel
Bourem
200
MOPTI
Bandiagara
Climate: 100 to 300mm rainfall with season that lasts 75-100 days Activities: + Food Crops: Rice, Sorghum and Millet + Income: 0 Tomatoes, Onions and fried fish Hazzards: low river levels, erratic rainfall, grasshoppers and crop pets
Djenné San
Koutiala
water
Sikasso
border
Kolondiéba 0
50011km
Population size comparison
13,518,000 283,726 Refugees and IDPs
Area Mali: 1,240,000 KM2
16,800,000
Area NL: 30 x 41,500 KM2
12
Population distribution Lessthan than 0.1 0.1 millions less millions Lessthan than 0.5 0.5 millions less Less than than 22 milions Less Less than Less than2.5 2.5 milions
800
600
Tombouctou
400
Gao
Kayes
200
Mopti
Population
SĂŠgou
850 000 people Bamako (capital) 110 000 people Segou 92 000 0 people Sikasso 88 000 people Mopti 63 000 people Gao water 62 000 people Kayes 36 000 people Tombouctou 31 000 people San
San
Bamako
Sikasso
13,518,000
border 33% Urban population
Density 11/km2 0
50013km
Population pyramid 80+
80+
75-79
75-79
70-74 65-69 65-69
60-64
60-64
55-59
55-59
50-54
50-54 45-49
45-49 40-44
40-44 35-39
35-39
30-34
30-34
25029
25-29
20-24
20-24
15-19
15-19
10-14
10-14
5-9
5-9
0-4
0-4
1,000,000
1,000,000
500,000
500,000
0 FAST
0
500,000
500,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
14
Urban network Mali is a vast, flat, landlocked country covering 1,240,192 square kilometers. Its population density is very low, at slightly more than 9 inhabitants per square kilometer on average. Moreover, the geographical distribution of its population is very uneven. Population pressure is mainly felt in the south of the country, which gets more than 200 millimeters of rainfall around urban centers, in the fertile valleys of the Niger and Senegal rivers, and on the plains with good farming potential. The country has 112 cities with populations of 5,000 or more. There are only five cities with populations over 100,000 (Bamako, Ségou, Sikasso, Mopti, and Koutiala), and four cities with populations between 50,000 and 100,000 (Kayes, Timbuktu, Gao, and Kati). Bamako’s population is estimated at between 1.2 million and 1.4 million, which is ten times more than the country’s second largest city, Ségou. The urban network is very unbalanced, since Bamako was home to 32.7 percent of the country’s total urban population in 2004, but each city in the network has a specific function, such as trade or business. There are cities with fertile agricultural hinterlands (rice, cotton), cities of emigrants that receive substantial remittances from expatriates, and tourist cities, such as Timbuktu and Djenné, which have been listed as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO.
Tombouctou Gao
Each of these cities also has critical administrative functions, which have been reinforced with the implementation of the decentralization policy. These cities also play a major economic role in production and trade. Some cities can also play a role in the development of a region by showcasing their traditional architecture and cultural heritage. Investment in urban areas is critical for fighting poverty and promoting economic development, it should focus on medium-sized and secondary cities to ease the current migratory pressure felt by Bamako.
Mopti
Ségou
Bamako
15
The present and future of Mali’s cities With only 3.7 million city dwellers out of a total population of 11.7 million, Mali is much less urbanized than other countries in the region. However, its urban areas are growing very rapidly and the proportion of the total population living in urban areas is expected to virtually double by 2024.1 Mali’s cities already play a preponderant role in creating the country’s wealth; the third of the population living in urban areas produces some 50 percent of the country’s GDP. Mali’s economy expanded at an average rate of 5 percent per year between 1994 and 2004. However, this sustained growth did little to reduce poverty. Approximately 30 percent of the urban population is poor and poverty has been increasing in urban areas because traditional support networks are disappearing and there are problems obtaining food, services, and housing. This growth also produced few new jobs and only 9 percent of the total population has a steady job in the formal sector. The lack of roads, drainage, and basic services (water, sanitation, and electricity) lies at the heart of Mali’s urban development problems. Outlying settlements have sprung up with no suitable access to infrastructures and basic services.
for processing and consuming agricultural products, and support other economic activities, such as tourism, services, and trade. Cities are at the heart of the process of improving the investment and business climate. A network of this type would also encourage the development of the private sector in secondary cities by creating jobs, stimulating investment, and promoting local development. Beside security, equipping the cities with urban planning tools is a key for the country development 1 DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITIES OF MALI – Challenges and Priorities, Africa Region Working Paper Series No. 104/a September 2007. The World Bank.
The number of urban households connected to the sewer system is very small, and Bamako is the only city with such a system. Only a minority of urban households have access to a latrine. Sewage, which is mainly carried through gutters or the streets, pollutes the soil, and consequently percolates down to pollute the groundwater. Waste collection is inadequate in Mali’s cities and it fails to meet acceptable environmental standards. Urban roadways are poorly maintained and urban transportation is provided entirely by the informal sector, using old and poorly maintained vehicles that increase pollution and the number of fatal accidents. Opaque land management practices pose a serious problem for the security of land tenure, especially for poor households. These practices are also a hindrance to a fluid land market and they have a negative impact on urban development and economic activity. Economic growth and development in rural areas would be sounder and more sustainable if Mali had a better integrated network of urban centers to enhance interactions between urban and rural areas, provide facilities
16
Population growth 10,000-15,000 10,000-15,000 10,000-15,000 10,000-15,000 10,000-15,000 10,000-15,000 15,000-50,000 15,000-50,000 15,000-50,000 15,000-50,000 15,000-50,000 15,000-50,000 50,000-100,000 50,000-100,000 50,000-100,000 50,000-100,000 50,000-100,000 50,000-100,000 100,000-300,000 100,000-300,000 100,000-300,000 100,000-300,000 100,000-300,000 100,000-300,000 300,000-1 million million 300,000-1 300,000-1 million 300,000-1 million 300,000-1 300,000-1 million million >111million million >> > 1 million million > 1 million > 1 million
4.6
5.7
8 1950
1950
1950 14.9 1950 1970 1950 1950
1970
1970 25 1970 19901970 1970
199
199 40 199 2012199 199
10,000-15,000
1950
15,000-50,000 50,000-100,000 100,000-300,000 300,000-1 million
1950
> 1 million
4.6
5.7
4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6
8
5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7
14.9
4.6
1980
2010
17
8 8 8 8 8
Estimated population growth and urbanization trend Mali is much less urbanized than other countries in its region but its urban areas are growing very rapidly. Mali’s cities already play a preponderant role in creating the country’s wealth. The lack of access to basic services and infrastructure lies at the heart of Mali’s urban development problems. This situation is caused by a shortage of funds for urban development, which are far from commensurate with the rapid pace of urbanization. Efforts to improve urban management will have to be stepped up as part of the decentralization process and a strong Government commitment to the urban sector is strategically important with respect to economic development objectives and fighting poverty.1
1950
1970
1990
2012
2030
2050
4,600,000
5,700,000
8,000,000
14,900,000
25,000,000
40,900,000
1998
2005
2010
2015
2024
7,112,138
8,025,104
8,649,035
9,275,709
10,411,243
2,595,596
3,707,315
4,766,170
6,098,423
9,408,919
1 DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITIES OF MALI – Challenges and Priorities, Africa Region Working Paper Series No. 104/a September 2007. The World Bank.
Rural population
Urban population
18
Ethnicity
Manding groups 40%
Nomadic groups 17%
Touaregs Moors Peulhs
Bambaras Malinkés
800
Other
Nomadic group
Volatic groups 12%
Sudanian groups 20%
Sarakolés Sonrhaï
Tessalit
Dogons
Aguelhok
Bozos
KIDAL
TOMBOUCTOU
600
Kidal
Sénoufos, Miniankas Bobos
Peulhs
Tombouctou Râs el Mâ
Tocouleurs
GourmaRharous Goundam
Aourou
Kayes Bafoulabé
Kita
Mopti
KOULIKORO Niono SE G O U Ségou Koulikoro Kati
BAKAMO CAPITAL DISTRICT Bougouni
SIKASSO
Yanfolila
400
Ménaka Andéramboukane
Douentza
Mourdiah
Diéma
KAYES
Nampala
GAO
Gao Ansongo
Nara
Nioro du Sahel
Bourem
MOPTI
200
Bandiagara
Djenné San
0
Koutiala
water
Sikasso
border
Kolondiéba
0
50019km
Poverty Very poor Poor Almost poor Less/not poor
800
Tessalit Aguelhok
KIDAL
TOMBOUCTOU
600
Kidal
T ombouctou Râs el Mâ
GourmaRharous
Bourem
Aourou
Kayes Bafoulabé
KOULIKORO Kita
Nampala
Niono
SE G O U Ségou
Koulikoro Kati
Bamako CAPITAL DISTRICT
200
MOPTI
Bandiagara
Djenné San
0
Koutiala
Bougouni
SIKASSO
Yanfolila
Ménaka Andéramboukane
Douentza
Mopti
Mourdiah
Diéma
K AYE S
Ansongo
Nara
400
Gao
Goundam
Nioro du Sahel
GAO
water
Sikasso
border
Kolondiéba 0
50020 km
Refugees Population
13,518,000
Malian IDPs
140,768
Refugee camps
Returning refugees
32,425
Refugee center
Asylum seekers
1097
Refugee area
IDPs in Mali
126,249
Refugee place of interest
1,500 59
800
54,777 28,650
12,330
600
51,253
15,282 10,809 Tombouctou 400
Gao
5,100 Mopti
164
Kayes
16,042
563
284 39,625 Bamako
SĂŠgou 8,387
16,754
33,049
200
2,271 San
56,817
0 water
15
Sikasso 1,236
border
174
0
50021km
Conflict Conflict, political violence fatalities 1-8 9-20 21-40 800
Tessalit Aguelhok
KIDAL
TOMBOUCTOU
600
Kidal
Tombouctou Râs el Mâ
GourmaRharous
Bourem
Goundam
Aourou
Kayes Bafoulabé
Kita
Nampala
Mopti
KOULIKORO Niono SE G O U Ségou Koulikoro Kati
Bamako CAPITAL DISTRICT Bougouni
SIKASSO
Yanfolila
400
Ménaka Andéramboukane
Douentza
Mourdiah
Diéma
KAYE S
Ansongo
Nara
Nioro du Sahel
GAO
Gao
MOPTI
200
Bandiagara
Djenné San
0
Koutiala
water
Sikasso
BENIN
Kolondiéba
GHANA
0
NIGERIA
border
50022 km
MINUSMA HQ SENEGAL SENEGAL CHAD HQ WEST HQ BURKINA FASO
Tessalit
BURKINA FASO
BANGLADESH
SOF CHAD
EOD NEPAL
Aguelhok
BANGLADESH
800
CAMBODIA (-)
CAMBODIA
BURKINA FASO
WEST
GUINEA
CHAD
BURKINA FASO
Sector
CHAD
HQ CHAD
FPU SENEGAL 2 (-)
NIGERIA
FPU TOGO 1 (-)
600
Kidal
SENEGAL FPU NIGERIA HQ MINUSMA ASIFU MULTINATIONAL BANGLADESH BENIN GHANA GHANA NIGERIA PORTUGAL FPU BANGLADESH FPU SENEGAL
Bamako
Sector
BURKINA FASO
EAST
HQ BANGLADESH BANGLADESH TOGO
NIGER 400 TOGO
Goundam
TOGO TOGO
LIBERIA
Douentza Dyabali Mopti / Sevare TOGO FPU TOGO (-)
Gao
Gossi
NIGER NIGER
Ansongo
Ménaka
TOGO FP
HQ EAST
200
CHINA
HQ NIGER
CHINA
NIGER
CHINA
BANGLADESH
0 NETHERLANDS
BANGLADESH
SOF NETHERLANDS
water
NETHERLANDS
EOD CAMBODIA
FPU RWANDA
CÔTE D'IVOIRE
border
FPU SENEGAL 2 (-)
ASIFU NETHERLANDS
0
50023 km
Ségou
Humanitarian aid organizations in Mali
# Organisations
Sikasso
Bamako
Int NGO Nat NGO UN Association Governmental Red Cross Economic interest group Fondation Int org
Kida l
Mopti Tombouctou Gao Segou Bamako Koulikoro Kayes Kidal Sikasso
Mopti
Ségou
Koulikoro
Kayes
# Organisations
Sikasso
Bamako
79
19
Shelter
11
Education
2
Mopti 79 Tombouctou 65 Gao 55 Segou 47 Bamako 33 Koulikoro 27 Communication Kayes 27 Kidal 25 Partenaires Sikasso 19
27
27
1
27
1
27
# Geographic distribution Soutn
116
Communication North
Nutrition
90
2 Partenaires
Protection
31
51
Education
26
# organisations
# organisations
# organisations
1
27
3
27
1
27
30 26
Coordination # organisations
# organisations
# organisations
2
2
31
EHA
# Organizations per region
26
31
Nutrition
3 1 1 1
26
Abris et NFI 6 # organisations
51
Santé
Education
11
Télécom. d'urgence
64
Protection
13 11 10
2
Education
33 27 27 25 19
90
30
Coordination
79
North
116
31
EHA
65 55 47
Soutn
31
Nutrition
3 1 1 1
# Geographic distribution
33 27 27 25 19
11
51
Santé
79 65 55 47
Coordination
64
Protection
Coordination
Sécurité alimentaire
64 53
6
6
13 11 10
# Organization per sector
# Types of organizations Int NGO Nat NGO UN Association Governmental Red Cross Economic interest group Fondation Int org
64 53
Shelter Sécurité alimentaire
# Organizations per region
Gao
79
19
# Organization per sector
# Types of organizations
Organizations are involved with humanitarian aid and development in MAli
Tombouctou
157
ent in MAli
11
Koulikoro
Kayes
Mopti Tombouctou Gao Segou Bamako Koulikoro Kayes Kidal Sikasso
Mopti
11
Abris et NFI
# organisations
6
Télécom. d'urgence
2
1
27
# organisations
Health 1
31
27
Basic security
EHA
64
30
# Geographic distribution Soutn North
116
Nutrition
31
Protection
90
51
5
Coordination
# organisations
# organisations
27
2
27
# organisations
1
27
Education # organisations
1
27
26
# organisations
# organisations
3
27
1
27
24
Humanitarian aid Mali: National Humanitarian Coordination Structure
Bamako coordination structure
Humanitarian Coordinator
Humanitarian Country Team
Inter Cluster Working Groups
NFIs
WASH
Education
Nutrition
Protection
Health
Food Security
Telecom (under deactivation)
Early Recovery
Durable Solutions
Inter Agency Group Coordination (GIAC)
CMCOORD
Tombouctou
Groups Sectora l Mo pti-Tombouctou-Ga o
Gao Mopti - NFIs - Education - Log. and Telecom - Health/Nut./WASH - Protection - Food Security
Tombouctou Segou -WASH -Nutrition -Protection
- Education - Protection - Health/Nut./WASH - Food Security
Gao
Mopti
- WASH - Education/Protection - Health/Nut. - Food Security
Kayes (ad hoc) - Nutrition -Protection
Re gional coordination structure
7 active clusters
Koulikoro - Nutrition
25
List of NGO’s in Mali List of active NGO’s, organized in 9 themes by UN OCHA: coordination, shelter and non-food items, education emergency telecom, nutrition, protection, health care, food security, WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene).
Coordination OCHA OCHA is the part of the United Nations Secretariat responsible for bringing together humanitarian actors to ensure a coherent response to emergencies. OCHA also ensures there is a framework within which each actor can contribute to the overall response effort. Contact: Chief of OCHA office, Fernando Arroyo arroyof@un.org Shelter and non-food items NRC, http://www.nrc.no/arch/_img/9683821.pdf Education IRC Abdoulaye Alassane head of IRCs education programs in Northern Mali’s Gao region. http://www.rescue.org/irc-mali Word Food Program/ Programme Alimentaire Mondial, WFP is part of the United Nations system and is voluntarily funded. WFP pursues a vision of the world in which every man, woman and child has access at all times to the food needed for an active and healthy life. We work towards that vision with our sister UN agencies in Rome -- the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) -- as well as other government, UN and NGO partners. Contact: Bureau de pays du PAM, Mali. - Nancy Walters, Representative nancy.walters@wfp.org. - Ely Salem Ould El Hadj, Directeur Adjoint elysalem.ouldelhadj.@wfp. Save the Children Save the Children is the leading independent organization creating lasting change in the lives of children in need in the United States and around the world. Recognized for our commitment to accountability, innovation and collaboration, our work takes us into the heart of communities, where we help children and families help themselves. We work with other organizations, governments, non-profits and a variety of local partners while maintaining our own independence without political agenda or religious orientation.
UNICEF UNICEF is mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to advocate for the protection of children’s rights, to help meet their basic needs and to expand their opportunities to reach their full potential. Contact: Françoise Ackermans, UNICEF Representative in Mali. Hector Calderon, Head of Communications, UNICEF Mali Tel +223 7599 4089, hcalderon@unicef.org; Anouk Desgroseilliers Humanitarian Affairs Officer - Reports Specialist, OCHA Mali| Tel+ 223 7599 5761, desgroseilliers@un.org.
Emergency telecom PAM, WFP is part of the United Nations system and is voluntarily funded. WFP pursues a vision of the world in which every man, woman and child has access at all times to the food needed for an active and healthy life. We work towards that vision with our sister UN agencies in Rome -- the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) -- as well as other government, UN and NGO partners. Contact: Bureau de pays du PAM, Mali. - Nancy Walters, Representative nancy.walters@wfp.org. - Ely Salem Ould El Hadj, Directeur Adjoint elysalem. ouldelhadj.@wfp.org Nutrition AAG-GAO, http://www.aide-Gao.org/ ACF-Espagne; Action contre la faim ACF International) is an international humanitarian organization with a focus on ending world hunger. Action Against Hunger specializes in responding to emergency situations of war, conflict, and natural disaster. Their program areas include nutrition and health, water and sanitation, and food security. AVSF - Agronomes et Vétérinaires Sans Frontières (AVSF) or Agronomists and Veterinarians Without Borders is an international humanitarian organization recognized as a public utility, which supports peasant agriculture since 1977. CR-France, IRC international rescue committee, http://www.rescue.org/ircmali MDM Belgique- medecins du monde, http://www.medecinsdumonde.be/ Save the Children, Save the Children is the leading independent organization creating lasting change in the lives of children in need in the United States and around the world. Recognized for our commitment to accountability, innovation and collaboration, our work takes us into the heart of communi26
ties, where we help children and families help themselves. We work with other organizations, governments, non-profits and a variety of local partners while maintaining our own independence without political agenda or religious orientation. When disaster strikes around the world, Save the Children is there to save lives with food, medical care and education and remains to help communities rebuild through long-term recovery programs. As quickly and as effectively as Save the Children responds to tsunamis and civil conflict, it works to resolve the ongoing struggles children face every day - poverty, hunger, illiteracy and disease - and replaces them with hope for the future. FAO- Food and agriculture organisation, Achieving food security for all is at the heart of FAO’s efforts - to make sure people have regular access to enough high-quality food to lead active, healthy lives. Our mandate is to improve nutrition, increase agricultural productivity, raise the standard of living in rural populations and contribute to global economic growth. Contact: Ms Fatouma Seid, fatouma.seid@fao.org Others: GREFFA; IEDA RELIEF; IRC International rescue comittee; ICCO/ International Act Alliance/ Norwegian Church Aid; OIM/ International organisation for Migration; OXFAM GB; CR-France/ Red Cross; CR-Mali/ Red Cross; FIDA/ IFAD; IMC; IRC international; WHO/ OMS- Organisations Moniale de Santé; PU-AMI; Santé Diabete; ACF-Espagne Action contre la faim; Adesah; MERCY CORPS; ONUFEMME/ UNWOMEN; SAHEL CONSULT; TASSAGHT; WASH; Solidarité Internationale. Source: http://reliefweb.int/report/mali/emergency-support-conflict-affectedpopulation-mali-%E2%80%93-mli131
27
Water, electricity, Sanitation and Sewage, Solid Waste Management, Urban Roads Water The drinking water production capacities are insufficient in Bamako, Kayes, Gao, Koutiala, and Kidal. The level of access to the water system varies from city to city and from one neighborhood to the next within the same city. Electricity Energie du Mali is the sole official electricity producer and main distributor in Mali’s urban areas. There is an interconnected power grid that supplies the central cities, 19 isolated centers supplied by diesel generators, and two centers in the South that are connected to the power grid in Côte d’Ivoire. The average coverage ratio is 55 percent in all of the cities supplied by EDM, but there are differences in the levels of access to service between cities. Bamako has a high average coverage ratio of 67 percent, while other large cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants and cities with fewer than 100,000 inhabitants supplied by EDM show rates of 35 percent and 47 percent respectively. In the Electricity and Water Policy Paper of 1998, it is estimated that only 8 percent of Mali’s population has access to electricity. Sanitation and Sewage Sanitation is the responsibility of local governments, which are the contracting authorities. They must work with limited financial resources that stem in part from the road tax. The division of responsibilities between the local government, district government and central Government is often inadequately explained and there is little coordination of activities. Sewage runs mainly through gutters or the streets. Only a minority of households have access to a latrine.
community, eight urban areas have been equipped with strategic sanitation plans, but due to the lack of resources and political will, the plans have not been implemented in practice. Urban Roads Mali has one of the lowest road densities in the world, with 1.04 kilometers of road for each 100 square kilometers. Mali has 13,000 kilometers of roads of national interest, of which some 3,000 kilometers are urban roads or paved interurban roads. The other 10,000 kilometers are made up of 8,300 rural dirt roads and 1,700 kilometers of urban and inter-urban dirt roads. The general condition of these roads varies enormously from one type of road to the next. In 2002, 43.5 percent of the paved roads were in fairly good condition, as opposed to 28.3 percent of urban and inter-urban dirt roads and 4.0 percent of rural dirt roads.
Solid Waste Management the information available on solid waste management is insufficient to give a precise description of status. Some efforts are being made in the area of collection by EIGs, but there is still a lot left to do. there are serious problems in terms of transfer stations, which do not comply with technical standards and constitute dumping grounds in the long term, due to the lack of resources to transfer waste out of the cities. Moreover, there are practically no engineered landfills that live up to environmental norms. With the assistance of the donor
28
Maintenance of urban roads, urban mobility, healthcare and education facilities, commercial facilities Maintenance of urban roads Infrastructure maintenance today is inadequate because municipalities allocate few resources for this expense in addition to their contribution to the Maintenance Account. Any future projects in urban areas must stress the importance of ensuring maintenance over time, including financial arrangements to prevent the deterioration of infrastructure. Urban Mobility Urban management capacities and sub-sector coordination at the city level will have to be reinforced in order to make progress in this area. In the medium term, greater investment in urban infrastructures will also be required and certain traffic management measures should be taken very soon to improve the current situation. Healthcare and Education Facilities The rate of access to healthcare services (people living within half an hour of healthcare services) improved between 2001 and 2003, rising from 38 to 42 percent. According to the 2001 Enquête Malienne sur l’Évaluation de la Pauvreté (Mali Poverty Assessment Survey), the rate of access to education services (children aged 7 to 12 living within half an hour of a school) is 80
percent in urban areas, for schools operating on a double-shift basis. Investments in healthcare and education were primarily carried out under the Ten-Year Health Program and the Ten-Year Education Program, which also covered Mali’s urban areas. Healthcare expenditure absorbs 2.6 percent of household income in Bamako and education expenditure absorbs 1.6 percent. Commercial Facilities The municipalities are responsible for managing markets and covering the cost of maintaining market facilities. The markets are poorly managed in many cases and some of the income from fees paid by stallholders and fees for the use of public property do not end up in the municipal budget due to corruption in the fee collection system. Yet market facilities produce revenue that represents a major potential source of financing for municipalities. This potential should be fully utilized.
29
Land and Housing Land The general conditions on the urban land market are very similar to those found in other Sub-Saharan African countries. Mali’s situation, however, is different because of the decentralization drive that started in 1991 and, although the legislative framework greatly restricted the transfer of responsibility for land management to local governments, mayors regularly encroach on the central Government’s land management prerogatives and allocate plots of land. Under the decentralization drive, central Government land was not transferred wholesale to the municipalities, but was rather ceded to the municipalities at their request and in accordance with their needs. The law stipulates that any public or private landowner may create new subdivisions of land in urban areas. The central Government may transfer land to a municipality free of charge if the proposed use justifies it (e.g. public services). The land market is opaque and there is a lack of information. Street Addressing was introduced in Kayes, Sikasso, Ségou, Mopti, Gao, and Bamako, making computerized files of the street indexes and addressing maps available as part of the Urban Development and Decentralization Project. Land ownership is made more difficult for the majority of the population by the extreme centralization of administrative procedures and the high costs involved, which lead to delays in obtaining deeds to land, and by the rapid depletion of the central Government’s land reserves. Land management practices are tainted by patronage and urban plots are used as a political instrument for regulating potential social conflicts. Housing Housing needs have increased with the growth of urban areas. Despite the tax incentives for real estate developers, the latter have not contributed to the production of low-income housing. Construction costs are very high since most building materials are imported, including the cement used for middleclass and upper-class houses. Cement is imported mainly from Senegal, Togo, and Côte d’Ivoire. The prices are high because transportation costs double the initial prices. The price per cubic meter for standard quality construction is estimated at USD 222, and the cost of building a 75-square-meter home is estimated at USD 17,700, not including the land.
30
IDPs, Gao region
Bourem Menaaka 2,655 15,720 5,9
Gao
3,532 22,709 6,4
11,959 53,841 4,5
Ansogono
2,209 13,263 6 o
50 km31
Humanitarian aid organizations in Gao Prior to the conflict, a study by The World Bank recommended to to increase resources available for urban development, promote local economic development, improve the land markets and increase the production of plots, ensure financing and functioning of basic services, reinforce cooperation between municipalities, and equip the cities with urban planning tools1. However the urban development in Mali and especially in its northern regions and in Gao came to a standstill doe to the conflict. Many IOs and NGOs have paused or stopped their development programs in the Northern regions of Mali, due to the insecure situation and unsafe environments for their employees. Some of them do have an emergency program for IDPs and others who have suffered from the recent violence in Mali. This document focuses primarily on the UN OCHA Country Team. This Country Team coordinates the most important and most active organisations in Mali. 1 DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITIES OF MALI – Challenges and Priorities Africa Region Working Paper Series No. 104/a. September 2007. The World Bank
FAST
32
Gao
M
G F
M
M M
s
F hMr G
h
h h r
H G + r
H G
Hospital
F
Ferry station
M
Mosque
M
Market
r
Restaurant
h
Hotel
h h
Garden/park
Gas station Post office Bank Pharmacy Gallery Tourism office
+
Mission Catholic Radio station
0
2km
Timbuktu [8-9 hours] Mopti [7-9 hours]
33 Niamey. Niger [6 hours]
Aerial view and list of public places Public gathering places in Gao: Stade Kasse Keita (stadium) Kruising: Avenue de Dia en Rue 201 Grand Mosquee Avenue de Askia Grand Marché Rue 206, Western end, opposite Hotel Atlantide Ferry Port run by CoMaNav Located at Niger river Quai near Grand Market Commisariat de Police et de Immigration Adress : Avenue de Askia 50 meters South east of Grand Mosque Hôpital de Gao Address: between Avenue de l’Aeroport and Avenue Aldouseini o Touré Pharmacie Populaire de Gao Address: Avenue de Askia 100 meters South east of Grand Mosque Radio Gao RN 8, South entrance of Gao town South of at Vegetable Gardens Lebazy Internetcafe Rue 206
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
Population growth, Gao 2050 290,000 people
For administrative purposes, the commune is divided into nine quartiers: Gadeye, Farandjiré, Aljanabanbia, Djoulabougou, Saneye, Sosso Koïra, Boulgoundjé, Château, and Djidara.The urban commune is bounded to the north by the commune of Soni Ali Ber, to the east by the commune of Anchawadi and to the south and west by the commune of Gounzoureye.
2030 160,000 people
2009 86,663 people 1998 52,201 people 2014 22,709 IDP’s
46
Future spatial growth diagram
0
2km
Timbuktu [8-9 hours] Mopti [7-9 hours]
47 Niamey. Niger [6 hours]
Climate The climate is hot and dry with the only rainfall occurring between June and September. August is normally the wettest month. The average annual rainfall is only 220 mm but there are large year to year variations. May is the hottest month with an average maximum temperature of 43 째C. December and January are the coolest months with minimum temperatures of 15 째C. From October to March during the dry period the northeasterly Harmattan wind blows from the Sahara. When it blows strongly the dust-laden wind reduces visibility and creates a persistent haze. With the low rainfall the vegetation away from the river is sparse and consists mainly of various species of Acacia (Acacia raddiana, Acacia nilotica, Acacia ehrenbergiana) and Balanites aegyptiaca. The herbaceous plants are dominated by Cenchrus biflorus and Panicum laetum.
Temperature
Relative humidity
45
80
40
37.1
70
35 30
60
26.9
Max temp
50
25 20 15 10
Average temp
40 Min temp
30
12.2 8.6
Relative humidity
20
5 wet days
10
0 0.3
-5 Jan
Feb
Mar
2.6 Apr
5.9
3.8 0.1
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
0
Dec
48
Flood
Boerem [?]
The annual flood of the Niger River is a result of the heavy rainfall in the headwaters of the Niger and Bani rivers in Guinea and the northern Ivory Coast. The rainfall in the headwater areas peaks in August but the flood water takes time to pass down the river system, through the Inner Niger Delta region and arrive at Gao.
M
At Koulikoro the flood peaks in September, while in Gao the flood lasts longer and reaches a maximum in December. There is a large year to year variation in the extent of the flooding. The existing and proposed dams upstream of Gao reduce the overall flow of the river and could potentially have a large effect on the local agriculture.
G M M
F
s
M
F M
h r
h
G
h h r
H G
When in flood the river is 4 km wide at Gao but during the dry season a number of islands appear in the river. There is very little flow, only 5% of the maximum, in June and July.
+ r
0
2km
h h
Timbuktu [8-9 hours] Mopti [7-9 hours]
49
Water Gao’s water system is managed by Société Malienne de Gestion de l’eau Potable (SOMAGEP). Before the crisis the SOMAGEP system output was 6,500 m3/day for 4,800 distribution points, private households or some 72 public water fountains managed by several private water resale commities, «comités de revente d’eau privés». The water distribution system cannot cover the basic population’s need. The output has been reduced to 4000m3/day because of : Failures having occurred on 4 of the 11 collection wells; Time limited electricity feed to the pumps; Illegal connections to the grid creating a 40 to 60 % loss and a reduction of the output disrupting or cutting the distribution in some city sections. It could be helped by renovating the pumping stations and pipes, the treatment units, creating a quality control lab and reinforcing the power supply. The river Niger runs through 9 countries hence that many institutions in different countries are responsible for good integrated water management. Food supply and integral water management is one of the top priorities of overseas development department (OS) of the Dutch embassy in Mali. Due to degredation and neglected maintenance more than half of the existing water supply infrastructure is no longer functioning and serious scarcity of water occurs in Menaka. The International Rescue Committee is since April 2012 with an Emergency team operational in Mali and in cooperation with local partner organizations repairing 7 existing water pumps/ installations. Around 1.000 Non-Food-item (NFI) kits with a.o. water purifying tablets were supplied to 1.000 families who were for their water supply dependent on contaminated water. From this project approximately 48.000 inhabitants will benefit including 7.000 displaced persons from other regions. Sources: http://www.nwp.nl/activiteiten/internationale-activiteiten/mali.php https://www.vluchteling.nl/nl/Landen-en-Themas/Mali.aspx
FAST
50
Electricity At best, power is provided from 18.00 to 05.00 but not constantly in all the city sections. In Mali no natural resources as coal, gas or oil are available. The energetic consumption of Mali is at 80% biomass. Coal or wood are used at 99% as a source of energy by households which represent themselves ¾ of the energy use of the country; The over-harvesting of wood is a major ecologic threat to Mali’s natural areas; The lack of cheap and reliable energy sources is a major holdback to economic development. The energy sector comprises four main sub-sectors: a) Fossil fuel: The oil and gas sub-sector is characterized by total dependence on petroleum imports. b) Traditional energy: Fuel wood is the primary traditional energy source for households. Mali’s forestry potential is estimated at roughly 33,000,000 hectares (ha), including a standing volume of about 520,000,000 m3. c) Renewable energy: The national renewable energy inventory reveals substantial potential depending on energy source. Although these sources have never been factored into the energy mix, they may be about 3% of conventional electricity generation or 12 megawatts (MW). One of the objectives of the Politique Énergétique Nationale (PEN) is for renewable energies to reach 6% penetration in the country’s energy mix by 2010 and 10% by 2015. d) Electricity: The national electricity access rate was 27.1% in 2010. The demand for electricity is growing by 10% annually. The electricity access rate is around 55% in urban areas, but only 14% in rural areas. The PEN projects a rise in the electrification rate from 1% in 2005 to 12% in 2010 and 55% in 2015. So far, results are consistent with goals. The average electricity generation costs are estimated at USD 0.24/kWh for the electricity supplier Énergie du Mali SA (EDM SA), while off-grid generation costs for private energy service companies (SSD Koray Kurumba and SSD Yeleen Kura) are estimated at about USD 0.47/kWh. Source: Sources : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Mali https://sites. google.com/a/tcd.ie/mali-mdp/events http://en.openei.org/wiki/Mali (Open Energy Information) FLA-PVO / 04.12.2013
FAST
51
Public places and economics in Gao In Gao, there are about nine public places where the local people gather, such as a hospital, pharmacy, a marketplace and mosques. The occupation of the city of Gao by the Islamic militants for more than six months has considerably degraded the economy in general and trade in particular. Local banks, hotels and shops have been pillaged or damaged, which severely hit economic and commercial activity, both at the local and regional level. These shops are mainly managed by members of the Arab, Yoruba and Tuareg ethnics. Malian people generally are in great need of food and agricultural products.
FAST
52
Transport The public transport system is dependent on mostly bus companies and several boat companies, who use the Niger River for transport. The railroad infrastructure is in a very poor condition, has a narrow gauge system and is in need of refurbishment. Public air transport is in fact only possible via the airport of Bamako. Twelve airlines fly at this moment to and from Bamako. Gao airport is not used for public transport.
FAST
53
54
55
Media Prior to the conflict, radio coverage reached 80% of the population. Mali remains a country of oral tradition, due to its low adult literacy rate, and therefore radio plays an important role. While media in the South still have a functioning infrastructure and relatively easy access to information sources, media in the North have seen a destruction of the mass communication infrastructure and a substantial loss of newspapers, periodicals, radio bulletins, etc., which has left the population in an information void. Also the poor energy situation, with more than 97% of Mali’s rural population living without access to electricity, hinders distribution of free media information. Only a very small number of households use car batteries to cover their electric requirements, i.e. for lighting, cooling (fan), TV and radio.
56
Governance the Gao Region is divided into four cercles: Ansongo, Bourem, Gao , Ménaka. The Gao Cercle is an administrative subdivision of the Gao Region of Northeastern Mali. The administrative center (chef-lieu) is the town of Gao. During the Northern Mali conflict in 2012, the main Tuareg rebel group, the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) lost the region to the Islamist groups Ansar Dine, Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MOJWA) and Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). In 2013, the Islamists then lost most of the region to French and Malian soldiers. The cercle is divided into seven communes: Anchawadi, Gabero, Gao (an urban commune), Gounzoureye, N’Tillit, Sony Aliber, Tilemsi. The city of Gao is one of the first municipalities in the region of Gao. It consists of 9 districts (Gadeye, Farandjiré, Aljanabanbia, Djoulabougou, Sanèye, Sosso koira, Boulgoundjé Castle and Djidara). It has a municipal council of 29 members elected in the municipal elections of May 30th 2004. The administrative center of the municipality is Gao. The main political parties in the municipality are: Adema, URD, MPR, RPM, The CNID. The mayor of Gao is mr. Sadou Diallo. Note: Exact locations of governmental institutions in and around Gao have not been found yet.
Government 8 regions
Capital district Bamako
49 cercles 36 urban communes
66 rural communes
Quarters
Villages
In the Gao region there are four ‘cercles’ and in total 24 communities (‘communes’) spread over more 170.000 km2. Currently, there are practically no reliable inter-community local power brokers operating outside the state apparatus. Before the crisis, inter-community meetings where local leaders of different communities gathered, often took place during e.g. cultural activities.
57
Castor base location H G
Hospital
F
Ferry station
M
Mosque
M
Market
r
Restaurant
h
Hotel
Garden/park
Gas station Post office Bank Pharmacy Gallery Tourism office Mission Catholic
00
Radio station
2,8
+
m 50
0m
58
Programs in relation to the site, impression diagram
1000 m2 100m x 100m
0
500 m
59
Programs in relation to the site, impression diagram H G
Hospital
F
Ferry station
M
Mosque
M
Market
r
Restaurant
h
Hotel
Garden/park
Gas station Post office Bank Pharmacy Gallery Tourism office
+
Mission Catholic Radio station
60
Global and regional context
61
Climate Annual rainfall
0
5o
200
400
600
more
FAST
62
Historic borders Empires Kanem- Bornu 10-13 century 14-16 century 16-19 century Almoravid and Almohad 12 century 13 century Gahna Mali Songhay 4-10 century 11-14 century 15-16 century
Routes
FAST
63
Nomads and nomadic routs Nomadic circulation zone Sedentary core Nomadic area
Tunis Morocco
Pastoral circulation Hinge City
Algeria
Libya
Western Sahara
Egypt
Mauritania Mali
Niger
Gao
Chad
Senegal
Sierra Leone Liberia
Burkina Faso Cote D’Ivoire Ghana
Togo Benin
Guinea
Sudan
Nigeria Central African Rep
South Sudan
Cameroon
FAST
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D’Ivoire Liberia
Ghana Cotonou
Migration routs
hwards
thwards
Cameroon
Abidjan
Luanda
Northwards Northwards
New stream since 2005
Saharan center >100,000 inhabitants with more than 25% migrants
Southwards Southwards
New access route towards Europe
Capital or a transit point for sub saharan migrants
By Byplane plane
By plane
Refugee streams Refugee streams
Military front
Sahel hinge city Algeris Oran Other city
Oujda Rabat Fes inhabitants with more than 25% migrants Saharan center >100,000 Casablanca
New streams New stream sincesince 2005 2005
New access route toward New access route towards EuropeEurope Capital or aMorocco transit point for sub saharan migrants Ghardaia
plane
plane BiByplane
ugee streams
Military front Military front
South Sudan
Central African Rep
Lagos
Marrakesh Sahel hinge city
Tunis
Tripoli
Misrala
El Beida
Derna
Benghazi
Essaouira
Other city
2005
Saharan center >100,000 inhabitants Canary Islands Saharan inhabitants with more than 25% migrants withcenter more>100,000 than 25% refugees
towards Europe
Capital or a transit point for sub saharan migrants
Algeria In Salah
Capital and transit point
Sebha
Sahel hinge city
Sahel hingeWestern city
Libya Egypt
Ghat
Other city
Al Jaw Koutra
Other city Sahara
Tamanrassei
Mauritania
Djado
Nouadhibou
Dirko Nouakchott
Mali
Qualata
Arlit
Timbaktu
Faya Largeau
Nema
Senegal
Sudan
Abeche
Chad Bamako
Guinea Sierra Leone
Cote D’Ivoire
Liberia Luanda
Kano
Burkina Faso Togo Benin
Dakar
Niger
Gao
Ghana Cotonou
Abidjan
El Fasher
N’ Djamena
Nigeria Central African Rep
Lagos
South Sudan
Cameroon
FAST
65
Tourism unesco site aracheological and historical sites architecture, castels and historical neighborhoods Museum and works of art Religious sites Nature and garden Main airport Secondary airport Beach
FAST
66
Conflict: no travel zone Area where travel is strongly discouraged
Tunis
Morocco Algeria
Libya
Western Sahara
Egypt
Mauritania Niger
Mali Senegal
Chad
Sierra Leone Liberia
Burkina Faso
Cote D’Ivoire Ghana
Togo Benin
Guinea
Sudan
Nigeria Central African Rep
South Sudan
Cameroon
FAST
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Boko Haram and Tuareg Tuareq Boko Haram
FAST
68
Border control, conflicts and movements
FAST
69
Resources: gas pipe-line
Madrid
Main Proposed
Lisbon
Palermo
Natural gas production area Export Import
Rabat
Fes
Beni Sat
Circulation of armed groups Desert zone Meno and other armed groups from the niger delta Zone of confrontation between Tubu groups and arab tribes Touareq zone
Porto Novo Lagos
FAST
70
Resources: metals and minerals Phosphate Minerals Metals Precious metals Salt
FAST
71
Global Missions UN operations NATO operations Europe security co-operation African Union operation European Union operations EU operations Ad-hoc coalitions operations American operations Commonwealth operations
FAST
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Resources and bibliography ARCC Mali climate vulnerability mapping january 2014
— Challenges and Priorities by Catherine Farvacque-Vitkovic, Alicia Casalis, Mahine Diop, Christian Eghoff, September 2007
Brookings The impact of conflict and political instability on agricultural investments in Mali and Nigeria
UNICEF Impact Evaluation democratic decentralization in Mali: A Work in Progress, Analyse et réponse UNICEF face aux insuffisances d’accès à l’eau sur les 3 grandes villes de Gao, Tombouctou, Kidal
CIMIC MALI: Information bulletin 1 Civil Military Interaction Command Apeldoorn December 2013 Cut-off date: December 18th, 2013
UNITED NATIONS Department of Field Support, Cartographic Section and online data
Clingendael Institute Mali and the Sahel region, 3rd October 2014, Dr. Amandine Gnanguênon, Senior Researcher, Conflict Prevention and Risk Analysis
USAID Mali health strategy, October 1, 2013 to September 30, 2018, Approved September 11, 2013
EU Mali – European Community, Country Strategy Paper and National Indicative Programme for the period 2008-2013
WASH cluster Mali Online data
IMF Mali: Poverty Reduction and Strategy Paper—2010 Progress Report, International Monetary Fund
Wikipedia
OECD online data base Oxfam GB Mali: a new development contract, what kind of aid is needed to end the crisis? Open street map http://wiki.openstreetmap.org Ministerie van Defensie Base program informaition Definitief | Sustainment base – Functioneel PvE | 24 juli 2014, Operationeel Ondersteuningscommando Land 101 Geniebataljon Bureau Geniewerken, Wezep The World Bank Development of the cities of Mali
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Credits Editing by Malkit Shoshan Research and resources collection Capt. Thomas Boonen Capt. Wouter Eidhof Malkit Shoshan, Design for Legacy Joel van der Beek, Design for Legacy
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