Innocastle - Baseline Survey by KASK & Conservatorium / School of Arts Gent

INNOCASTLE BASELINE SURVEY

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INTRODUCTION

PART I IN SEARCH OF…

p.7

1. ANALYSIS p.22 2. THEMATIC EXPLORATIONS p.60

p.21

3. FIVE FUTURE-PROOF

PART II ... COMMON GROUND

CHARACTERISTICS p.100 p.91

4. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS p.112

5. CENTER REGION ROMANIA p.134

PART III FOUR REGIONAL ZOOMS

6. WEST FLANDERS BELGIUM p.170 p.131

7. BADAJOZ SPAIN p.210 8. GELDERLAND THE NETHERLANDS p.244

COLOPHON

p.274

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The five partner organisations of the project. The National Institute for Heritage in Romania The School of Arts-KASK of the HOGENT University of Applied Science and Arts in Belgium The Provincial government of Badajoz in Spain, The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty in the United Kingdom The Province of Gelderland in the Netherlands

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chapter 1 ANALYSIS

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Romania â&#x20AC;˘ Center region â&#x20AC;˘ Regional classification Nuts 2â&#x20AC;˘ Regional Operational Programme 2014-2020: Priority 5.1

Belgium â&#x20AC;˘ Province of West Flanders Regional classification Nuts 2 Flanders Decree of Immovable Heritage

Spain â&#x20AC;˘ Province of Badajoz â&#x20AC;˘ Regional classification Nuts 3 Regional Operational Programme for Extremadura objective 6.3.1

Netherlands â&#x20AC;˘ Province of Gelderland â&#x20AC;˘ Regional classification Nuts 3 Policy Program culture & heritage 2017-2020

CHAPTER I.I - ANALYSIS

1.1

REGIONS

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Rural estates can become focal points within rural Europe for many different reasons. They can be the protectors of open space, the drivers for rural development, the attraction points in the landscape or the reinterpretation of the link between city and countryside. They cannot do this alone as standalone restorations or investments are often insufficient and a regional approach is needed.

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;What struck me in this area was the combination of really big and interesting castles and this incredible landscapeâ&#x20AC;?. During the study visit to Badajoz Paul Thissen from the Province of Gelderland is mesmerized by the connection between the rural estates and surrounding landscape. Explaining and making explicit that link will increase visitorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; interest in rural estates.

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CHAPTER I.I - ANALYSIS

1.2

RURAL ESTATES

A rural estate as defined by the project refers to historical castles, manors and estates across Europe. It is a historical, multifunctional, rural or peri-urban entity composed of different parts which are managed as a unity and which incorporated living quarters for the landlord historically.

I D E N T I F Y I N G R U R A L E S TAT E What is a rural estate

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;The study visit to Romania has made me even more determined that rural estates should be seen as a holistic entity of a building with its surrounding. Only this way, we can make a true link between heritage and regional development.â&#x20AC;? â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Sylvie van Damme, UCG-KASK

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All rural estates originated out of their direct relationship with the landscape. This relationship was one of power and manifested itself in different ways throughout history: From protection to control and production to aesthetical enjoyment. These different relationships are today under pressure by the

Relation to the landscape

changing social, economic and spatial context.

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Redefining that relationship with the landscape

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creates an opportunity to transform the estates

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from places of power to places of co-creation,

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ecosystem services, education, sustainable food

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& energy production and small scale tourism.

CHAPTER I.I - ANALYSIS

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CENTER

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% of estates protected as heritage

Condition

% of estates in use

% of estates publicly owned

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CHAPTER I.I - ANALYSIS

Stimulating heritage assessment does not only increases the knowledge on their condition but is the first step to better maintenance. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Monumentsguardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is a membership based NGO in the Netherlands and Belgium. It is a funded NGO offering affordable condition assessment to its members. It is a structural partner within the heritage ecosystem of these regions and funded through heritage policy. After each site visit, advice is given how to maintain the asset. Although the database of the NGO incorporates information on both heritage protected and unprotected sites, it only holds information on the sites who joined to organisation. In Belgium for example the database incorporates only 40% of the protected heritage. This database is however the best way to understand the condition of the heritage assets in these regions.

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;There is a difference between privately run and more collectively run-ways , every case is unique, and you need to have a unique approach for every site. [Eastnor for example] wants to have events because they bring money and the gentleman from Croft said [they] donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t want to have large eventsâ&#x20AC;?. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Joep de Roo, Eurodite

It is valuable to have a variaty of rural estates in one region with different business plans, approaches and target audiences as this generates a complementarity that is beneďŹ cial for the sites itself and the wider region. A government can stimulate or safeguard that variaty.

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CHAPTER I.I - ANALYSIS

“How do you resolve that tension between employing a lot of people who really are passionate about old heritage homes and their content, and their historical value, and a public that doesn’t share those value? And instead views heritage more as some kind of recreational backdrop? Sometimes the result can be that the house or castle doesn’t focus on its historic content at all.” – Alexander Lamont-Bishop, National Trust

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1.3

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Some relevant questions when developing funding instruments. â&#x20AC;˘

Is it valuable to make funding possible for all aspects of the redevelopment process of a rural estate such as funding for the research into the redevelopment possibilities, the design process, the execution of the works, the yearly maintenance, the management plan and so on?

â&#x20AC;˘

Is it better to focus funding on the protected elements or on the whole estate?

â&#x20AC;˘

Is it good to differentiate the funding in relation to the type of owner and/or the financial capacity of the owner?

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Is it good to differentiate the funding in relation to the intended use or the value a community attaches to a site.

â&#x20AC;˘

Is it best to fund some estates for all their costs or all estates for some of their costs? estates and what then would be the criteria to select?

CHAPTER I.I - ANALYSIS

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How we as a society understand and approach heritage is continuously evolving. Heritage policy should stimulate discussion in order to increase the quality of that evolution and adapt to the outcome of it. J. Janssen, E. Luiten, H. Renes & E. Stegmeijer describe in their text â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;heritage as sector, factor and vectorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; societies evolving understanding of heritage. This changing understanding has led to three approaches to heritage which now coexist. The oldest approach is valuing heritage for the intrinsic qualities it has. It is an institutionalised approach which preserves and protects isolated objects. A second approach is more contextualised and values heritage for its spatial qualities. The interest of the heritage sector in cultural landscapes as well as the presence of heritage in the redevelopment of industrial neighbourhoods can be linked to this approach for example. A last approach understands the value of heritage as socially debated. It is a process oriented approach based on co-creation and co-ownership. Instead of the intrinsic or spatial qualities, heritage is valued for the meaning and identity it generates in place-making processes.

ÂŠ Joks Janssen, Eric Luiten, Hans Renes & Eva Stegmeijer (2017) Heritage as sector, factor and vector: conceptualizing the shifting relationship between heritage management and spatial planning, European Planning Studies, 25:9, 1654-1672

Rural estates are particularly maintenance heavy and this is even more so when green heritage is involved. Social cost benefit analyses reveal that high direct costs for the owner are accompanied by high indirect benefits for the local area. Supporting these sites in their maintenance ensures a prolonged good condition and strengthens their direct as well as their indirect benefits.Â

MANNER OF FUNDING Part of the project funded?

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;Hay Castle was very inspiring as it showed the power of seizing the moment and creating a good, diverse and determined group of people that drive the transformation process. A lawyer, a ďŹ nancial person and a good manager is all you need. And luck with ďŹ nding ďŹ nancers and with subsidy applications.â&#x20AC;? - Joep de Roo, Eurodite

Hay castle received funding from the National Lottery Heritage Fund which amongst others focusses on comunity oriented heritage redevelopments.

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;For governments, heritage care is much more than just making grants and ensuring heritage is looked after â&#x20AC;&#x201C; itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s also about beneďŹ t to society. [â&#x20AC;Ś] That means that the assistance we give has to support the social component as well, not just the heritage or commercial elements.â&#x20AC;? - Serge Defresne, Flanders Heritage Agency

To activate the full potential of a heritage site, heritage policy needs to take into consideration the heritage, economic and social value of a site. This means that these three elements need to ďŹ nd their way in all aspects of heritage policy, such as the criteria towards protection and funding.

CHAPTER I.I - ANALYSIS

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“The fact that there are associations or groups of people that do advocacy and lobby for historic houses, for owners, you need people that help you for this, to work with a government and so on.” – Irina Leca, Arche Association

“The idea of how to manage between different stakeholders demonstrated throughout the project is very impressive. No government can handle cultural heritage alone and they need to be open for cooperation.’’ – Catherine Leonard, National Trust

“I think today we already made a change, we were talking about it with stakeholders. It wasn’t easy to do but we had the right people. We had to have, all of us, a lot of patience. But it has been, maybe, hopefully a turning point’’ - Patricia Mora, Gestiona Global

Innocastle’s approach based on the integrative quadruple helix structure proved that bringing together a multitude of stakeholders to share knowledge and create understanding is the only sustainable solution to safeguard these complex sites.

CHAPTER I.I - ANALYSIS

For governments, heritage care is much more than just making grants and ensuring heritage is looked after – it’s lso about beneﬁt to society. […] That means that the ssistance we give has to support the social component s well, not just the heritage or commercial elements.”

Serge Defresne, Flanders Heritage Agency

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;Creating meaning for heritage and make it more relevant is about ďŹ nding new creative ways of bringing different people into historic houses and landscapes. Creating memories through experience is very important. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s also important to become more open for the community.â&#x20AC;? â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Lucia Leca, National Institute of Heritage

Public policy should not only focus on the intrinsic heritage aspects of a site, but should stimulate to use the potential of heritage in creating authentic experiences and places of meaning for the community as well.

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Policy instruments specifically targeting rural estates are rare. They however can connect rural estates to specific societal challenges and create a win-win. The ‘Nature Beauty Law’ is a good practice from the Netherlands that makes a connection between rural estates and nature conservation. After the first world war many rural estates were struggling to survive and the first elements to disappear on these domains were the natural assets and forests. In order to safeguard rural estates and their nature, fiscal stimuli were introduced in return for specific measures. The idea was that a flourishing rural estate would ensure a qualitative and prolonged private nature management amongst others. This law has many benefits and one of them is the introduction of the word ‘rural estate’ (landgoed) in the legal system of the Netherlands. A second benefit is that it supported a culture of public interaction on rural estates. Extra stimuli were given to estates which realised public accessible walking trails. From 1928 onwards a public culture has developed around the term ‘estate’ and this helped to realise the good condition and public interaction on the many rural estates today.

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”I realized that there are similarities in challenges being felt across Europe …. how important partnership working is to achieving sustainable future. I want to do more to support our local and regional government and also our neighbours. To have our aims and those of the local region come together.” – Emma Thompson, National Trust

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Being a civil servant in a regional authority, I was thinking what the relation with the private sector should be? For example the parador is state owned and exploited in a certain way. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s completely unfamiliar for us. But these things make you think about what should be the right balance between state inďŹ&#x201A;uence and entrepreneurshipâ&#x20AC;?. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Paul Thissen, Province of Gelderland.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Paradores de Turismo de EspaĂąaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is a state run hotel chain in Spain. Most of its hotels are located in unique heritage sites such as castles, haciendas, cloisters and so forth. 95 Paradores exist across Spain and showcase the Spanish heritage, increase tourist infrastructure and stimulate regional economy.

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â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Preservation through development â&#x20AC;&#x2122; is a concept introduced in the Belvedere nota in the Netherlands in which the historical narratives of a place help to guide future development. Immaterial continuity is the vector along which material change can enfold. As such all events which happen at a certain site have their value for its future development.

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“How can we use the parks for our communities? The estates in Romania have a lot of parks as well, but they are not used at all. It would be interesting to explore how to actually make money out of the parks in order to maintain the buildings.” – Irina Leca, Arché Association.

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;Buildings change, this is their life and their strength. By protecting a building we have the objective to elevate the ambition level for that change.â&#x20AC;? Flemish Government Architect Leo van den Broeck explains his view on heritage protection. Development is positive and should be stimulated. By protecting an estate we make explicit its value and demand of all stakeholders, ranging from owner to visitor to government, in increased effort to raise their ambition and make of that change a success.

CHAPTER I.II - THEMATIC EXPLORATIONS

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â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Disneyficationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; of rural estates points to the use of simplified imagery as well as to the loss of unicity by large scale development of a site to attract larger audiences and be more efficient. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Authenticityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; could be described as the opposite. It is not only about showing the rural estate but much more about creating the environment to experience it.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;I found it really refreshing that the focus was on local communities, people living around the monument. Normally you see the same type of tourism products, those that are aimed at people who are new visitors or touring the area. The Trustâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s focus on people that live close by is really interesting and requires you to change the programming all the time.â&#x20AC;? â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Alina Tomescu, Eurodite

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â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;What if the period of signiďŹ cance is now?â&#x20AC;&#x2122; â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Catherine Leonard, National Trust

During a debate on the history of rural estates and how this inďŹ&#x201A;uences their future, it was noted that we often do not understand the power of what we can do today. Engaged with the narratives & places of the past and concerned to pass them on to the future, we sometimes forget to root them in the world of today and develop narratives of our own.

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Rural estates are rarely the biggest tourist attraction in a region but together they have the power to shape the regions identity. Developing and promoting them together for their quality as small scale points of interest in a rural landscape creates a balanced spread of tourists and creates the possibility for more authentic experiences. This is a valuable asset in post-COVID Europe.

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The relationship between rural estates and their landscapes is not always understood. People indicate they visit rural areas mainly for their recreational and natural value. Often they do not realise that they are enjoying these landscapes because of their cultural historical qualities. Informing people better about the connection between the rural estates and their landscapes in a region is needed.

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Entrepreneurship

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Understanding the multifunctionality of a rural estate is important in the management of the estate. The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;landgoedvensterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is an exploratory tool developed in the Netherlands by the PPO of Wageningen University & Research agricultural business unit amongst others. Through a questionnaire it identifies the quality of an estate relating 7 topics roughly grouped along a People / Planet / Profit diagram. The inherent multifunctionality of rural estates is translated in the objective to have a balanced score on all topics.

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CHAPTER II.II - POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

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UNDERSTANDING RURAL ESTATES

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The Monumente Uitate project started by the ArchĂŠ association in Romania creates an inventory of all rural estates in Romania. This good practice results in a public accessible inventory collecting protected and unprotected rural estates. It combines historical maps and photographs with recent information and photographs collected during a site visit. As such it is a perfect base to integrate rural estate in local, regional and even national policy practices.

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CHAPTER II.II - POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

â&#x20AC;?There is a possible win-win situation between Powis castle and the municipality of Welshpool [â&#x20AC;Ś] A good social-cost-beneďŹ t analysis for the wider area could come up with some interesting points to improve the economic position of the Welshpool area. There is much awareness on the economic interest of heritage, but less knowledge on how to diversify the beneďŹ ciaries.â&#x20AC;? â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Joep de Roo, Eurodite

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CHAPTER II.II - POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

4.2

VALUE OF RURAL ESTATES

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A Social Cost Benefit Analysis is a good practice to make understandable all the direct and indirect costs and benefits of rural estates. In Gelderland a study on the economical meaning of

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rural estates executed by Witteveen+Bos indicates a

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cost benefit ratio of 2,5 to 4,2. The study on â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;the socio

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economic impact of heritage in Flandersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; executed by

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SumResearch & KULeuven shows that the economic

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turnover connected to heritage is eight times the

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investment by the government. Far more studies can

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be mentioned and a good starting point can be the

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summarizing literature study â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;the social and economic

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value of cultural heritage: a literature studyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; executed

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by Cornelia DĂźmcke and Mikhail Gnedovsky for the

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EENC in 2013. Within this overview several studies

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reveal the large spill-over effects of governmental

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investment in rural heritage.

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120

CHAPTER II.II - POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

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121

â&#x20AC;&#x153;We discussed heritage as an instrument to think of values. To understand for example the value of materials, of stories, of events, of places and relations. To feel rooted is important. I believe it is vital to remind ourselves that heritage protection and the technical aspects of restoration and management are not an end in itself but need to serve those values.â&#x20AC;? - Bert De Roo, UCG-KASK

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4.3

DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL ESTATES

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Research into the characteristics and shared history of regional clusters makes visible their potential for regional development. Gelders ArcadiĂŤ is a cooperation between Gelders Genootschap, 5 municipalities and local estate owners. The project started in 2007 and was one of the first country house projects that introduced a spatial approach to heritage, to estates as heritage ensembles in larger landschapes in a region with common structures and similar challenges. From the start the Province of Gelderland has supported this project.

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CHAPTER II.II - POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

Rural Estate Reuversweerd in Gelderland is part of a cooperation between the provincial government, the owner, the contractor, the technical university of Delft and other stakeholders. An on-site classroom facilitates vocational training, workshops and discussions between the different stakeholders. As such Reuversweerd is one of the Living Labs that are organised in the context of the provincial innovation program KaDEr, that promotes durablity in heritage. Redevelopment proposals by TU-Delft students are used as a trigger to discuss general development concepts. This redevelopment process is part of an ongoing project and will result in new methods of heritage conservation and development.

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The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;open space platformâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is a good practice by the Flemish Land Agency (VLM) in Belgium that brings together different institutions to work on an active and integrated programmatic approach of the open space in Flanders. As the diagram, developed by AWB & PLEN departement of architecture KU Leuven shows, each participating administration and organisation reserves a part of its sectoral funding budget to support local projects grouped by specific thematic challenges. A multitude of local projects spread across Flanders are guided and funded to work on a shared cross-sectoral challenge. With a small budget a high number of stakeholders increases its knowledge and a large area is influenced.

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â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Living labsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; are valuable instruments in the continuous development of policy. They are described by the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;European Network of Living Labsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; as user-centred and open innovation ecosystems. They are based on a co-creation approach and integrate research and innovation processes in real life communities and settings. The Wildenburg estate in the landscape park Bulskampveld has functioned as a living lab at the beginning of the Innocastle project. Within this lab the possibilities of introducing a food layer to the historical park, replacing the disappeared understory and shrub layer, were explored in order to increase the economic, ecological and social value of the park. Meetings and site visits were organised with different stakeholders, policy limitations were discussed and on two workshop all stakeholders explored the potential of this redevelopment to eventually explore actual interested parties.

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;I was deeply affected by the landscape, that huge column of vultures, and that castle behind it. I should probably remember that to my dying day, it was an astonishing thingâ&#x20AC;Ś.. These castles are in an astonishing landscape with astonishing wildlife,â&#x20AC;Ś. I just wonder if you promote to a more mature audience, with maybe a social conscience, and see extraordinary things that your friends wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t see. And you go home and Facebook and Twitter, because they wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have been at Alburquerqueâ&#x20AC;Śthatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s really quite a unique package.â&#x20AC;? â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Ian Grafton is manager at Croft Castle for the National Trust and reacts to the unique combination of elements we experienced during our trip to Badajoz. The combination of elements created an experience we understand as part of the narrative of this landscape.

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Making the rural estates in a region visible through interactive social media campaigns works! The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Cronicari Digitaliâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; initiative in Romania is one of the many social media campaigns on built heritage. By using communication strategies with influencers appealing to the younger part of the population these campaigns succeed in creating a sense of ownership feeling towards the heritage portrayed resulting in an increased engagement with these estates for example.

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chapter 5 CENTER REGION ROMANIA

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5.1

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CHAPTER III.IV - GELDERLAND - THE NETHERLANDS

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Spatial approach

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268

CHAPTER III.IV - GELDERLAND - THE NETHERLANDS

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