VERTERE
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
Introvert Extrovert Ambivert
By Sandi Boutros
A thesis book submitted to the Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, American University in Dubai. In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture Fall 2019
Copyright © 2019 Sandi Boutros
Approval for Thesis Book for the Final Architecture Project Department of Architecture, American University in Dubai Student’s Full Name: Sandi Boutros Thesis Book Title: Vertere Student Signature:
Date:
Advisor/Professor Name: Takeshi Maruyama Advisor/Professor Signature:
Date:
Abstract
Introversion and extroversion are personality traits that originate from humans gene composition and get formed throughout humans’ life. Introverts and extroverts have skills and weaknesses where they complete each other. These types are opposites and when the attract, they form a diverse, rich society. These two types have different ways of expression and an expression space is perfect for them to express themselves. If these personality are educated about one another, they communicate with each other and they have space to express themselves, they create exponential results and richness in the society.
Dedication
“ I can see you reaching places and I’m proud of you,” My parents, Tony and Mirna Mirna.. I dedicate this book for you for having faith in me and supporting me with every step of my journey. I am grateful and placed to have the most loving and generous parents. My sisters, Sandra and Nour for helping me achieve this book and pushing me beyond my limits. Asaad Asaad,, my brother who has the kindest heart and who motivates me everyday. My grandfathers, Habib and Asaad Asaad,, I dedicate this book for your beautiful souls that are always with me and for your love, support and motivation you gave me to be a successful architect. Nadim Nadim,, my uncle, your soul accompanied me after you passed and your words of wisdom and motivation pushed me to achieve what I achieved. I wish the three of you were with me. My grandmothers, Minerva and Rose thank you for having the kindest and purest hearts and for having faith in me. To all my family and friends, thank you for the support and love, you all motivate me everyday.
Acknowledgment
Rimas, my best friend since the first day in Architecture, thank Rimas, you for being my support and for spending the best all-nighters, time and laughter together. Nour Nour,, thank you for having an amazing soul and spreading positivity always and pushing me to excel. Ayah Ayah,, you have the kindest heart and you always motivate me to keep going. Thank you Ayah and Nour for being amazing friends and the dream team! Joelle and Rita Rita,, your motivation and faith in me pushed me a lot, thank you for being amazing sisters and supporters. Nadim, the best pilot, coffee partner and the best supporter. Obai Obai,, Yasmine,, Ahmad and Farah thank you for all the laughter, for Yasmine always being around and supporting. Hassan Hassan,, thank you being my older brother who always pushed me and taught me a lot from his experience. To all my friends, thank you for being a blessing I have. Finally, Professor Takeshi Maruyama, Maruyama, thesis mentor and advisor. Thank you for having faith in me, pushing me beyond my limits and supporting me to achieve this book.
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Intro-duction 1.1
Design Hypothesis
1.2
Dubai Intro-Extro
1.3
Expression Space
1.4
Co-existing Traits
-Vert 2.1 Psychology Origins 2.2 Nature vs. Nurture 2.3 Urbanization Effect 2.4 Merits & De-merits 2.5 Art 2.6 Music 2.7 Performance 2.8 Expression 2.9 Intro-Extro Architecture
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4 5 6 7
11 19 27 29 35 43 49 51 53
Introvert vs. Extrovert Space 3.1 Nolli Map 3.2 Courtyard Typologies 3.3 Multi-functional Space 3.4 Spaces Captured
63 67 69 70
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Case Studies 4.1 Moriyama House 4.2 Shanghai Baoye Center 4.3 King Abdulaziz Centre for World Culture 4.4 Paris Tribune - Universite Pierre Et Marie Curie 4.5 Meca Cultural Center
81 95 113 125 135
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Spatial Analysis 5.1 Project Program
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5.2 Occupant Load
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5.3 Bubble Diagram
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Site Context 6.1 Potential Sites
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6.2 Site Selection Criteria
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6.3 Location
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Conceptual Ideas 7.1 Elevate
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7.2 Fold
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7.3 Fragment
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Intro-duction This chapter will introduce the design hypothesis and the aim of this research. It will talk about the location which is Dubai and the proposal of this research and project.
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1.1 Design Hypothesis
Human behavior affects people from an individual to a community level. This research examines two distinct psychological statements which are, introverts and extroverts. It studies their personality traits and characteristics to explore their uniqueness. Nowadays, workplaces, schools and institutions are highlighting the importance of being an extrovert to encourage group interaction yet both types should be given their space to express themselves, create and produce. Introversion and extroversion are psychological states that are eventually present in architecture. My research demonstrates and studies the link between both, the Psychological notions and Architecture. Space typology has changed over the years and especially with the rapid growth of cities and populations. Space configuration was originated in different countries based on culture, gender and different social aspects that influenced Architecture. These patterns and traditional configurations are vanishing with the urbanization and modern architecture.
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Figure (1)
Introvert and extrovert Architecture are originally found by Persian architects and then translated in today’s space as indoor and outdoor spaces. Space analysis between the traditional and the modern concerning culture and social effects will give an interesting outcome to better understand spaces. The project will embrace expression, education and communication to bring introverts and extroverts together, and to give them space to express themselves. Introverts and extroverts have unique qualities that lead to exponential results when they co-exist. The project and the site aim to attract people from different nationalities, cultures and backgrounds where the space respects this diversity and embraces it. Spaces will accommodate for introverts and extroverts and bring them together to form one identity.
Figure (2)
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1.2 Dubai Intro-Extro
Dubai is a city that formed and developed in a short period of time and welcomed people from all around the world, which created a cultural fabric of different traditions co-existing. Dubai is a cosmopolitan city that has many nationalities and cultures, that creates a rich society. People in Dubai are encouraging cultural exchange and group activities where this mix of cultures should be used to enrich the country. There should be more awareness about the existence of introverts and extroverts in any culture, and the differences they have can be embraced to create a rich diversity and society.
Figure (3)
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1.3 Expression Space
The project aims to bring introverts and extroverts together and to give them a space for expression. Self-expression is important for people to grow and be mature, and different personality type use different ways to express themselves. People express themselves through art, literature, dance, sports, and many other ways. Introverts and extroverts have unique qualities that they should share, so the project can offer different space typologies to accommodate for each person’s expression techniques. When introverts and extroverts are given space to express themselves, and be educated about the other type, they co-exist and collaborate to create a rich diversity in society.
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1.4 Co-existing Traits
“But the remarkable thing is that when you skillfully combine the extrovert set of strengths with those of the introvert, you don’t just get addition. You get exponential results,” (Kahnweiler).
Introverts and extroverts are opposites that have different
characters, but if they accept each other and attract, they create beautiful harmonies and results. These personality traits exist in society to create a balance that enriches its context. Introversion and extroversion are like the yin-yang concept of having two sides that complete each other. Each personality type has some weaknesses which are the strengths of the other type and vice versa, which creates a perfect combination when the two types come together and co-exist. Introverts and extroverts must learn and understand the other type’s personality to create better connections and communication that enriches the society. They can use conflicts to spur creativity, enrich their own skills by learning from the other, and see and act on things neither would have separately. “We really are like yin and yang. They are different by nature and it is the difference that is the basis of the strength. From there you find the common ground, the shared values and vision, but at the core is diversity,” -Anthony Morris.
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Figure (4)
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-Vert This chapter will introduce introvert and extrovert terms and their psychological origin. It will talk about the psychological meaning of these terms and how their affect varies from individuals to cities. Then, it will talk about introversion and extroversion in different discplines, and through multiple lenses.
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2.1 Psychology Origins
René Descrates, a philosopher and mathematician, observed a difference between the humans’ body and mind, which developed one of his theories. This data helped in the development of psychology, where our mind and soul affect our behavior, and the body acts as a machinelike component. After the evolution and studies of personality, development and character, Wilhelm Wundt, a physician, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, started the first experimental lab of psychology at Leipzig University in Germany in 1879. The studies of psychology developed after whether by a philosophical or an experimental approach. The study of mind and behavior evolved and became a major aspect in today’s life, where the psychology discipline continues to develop. Psychology is derived from Greek roots where ‘psyche’ means ‘soul’ and ‘-logy’ means the ‘study of’. William James, an American psychologist and philosopher, defined it in 1890 as: “the science of mental life, both of its phenomena and their conditions,” (Trumbull Ladd,27). Psychology is the study of human behavior, character and personality. It studies the human brain in relation to humans’ actions that are affected by the environment. The way people interact, learn, talk and behave are all related to their psychology. Humans’ psychology includes their memory, perception, cognition, behavior, knowledge, an and d communication. Psychology is essential to help people understand human behavior; thus, promotes their growth and development through their social
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environments and communication skills. When people understand each other’s mentality and character, they form stronger and fruitful relationships. Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, introduced the idea that human beings are affected by their unconscious rather than outer forces, where Carl Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who is known for his study of analytical psychology, takes this idea further. Jung noticed that societies share many similarities, which aren’t necessary because of culture. A greater force is present which is the collective memory where our minds store ideas in a timeless structure. Moreover, collective unconscious also exists in each person, “the notion that one distinct and separate part of the unconscious exists within each one of us, which is not based on any of our own individual experiences,” (The Psychology Book, 104). The symbols we all share are transmitted along the years among people and they change slightly with culture and time. They are inherited symbols based on generations and Jung calls them ‘archetypes’. It is a memory that is passed through generations containing the main symbols and norms in humanity. Humans inherit this memory of main components and we fill the gaps and mold them according to our needs and experiences.
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2.1.1 Intro-vert & Extro-vert
According to Redesigning Psychology: In Search of the DNA of Behavior: “Behavior is life, creates life, improves life, threatens life and, in dramatic cases, stops life. Without behavior society would come to a screeching halt,” (Theo Poiesz, 14). Jung further develops his theories and introduces the introvertextrovert theory. He distinguishes four psychological functions, sensing, thinking, intuition and feeling. These types are influenced by how an individual’s energy is stimulated, introverted or extroverted. He presented this idea in Psycho-Analytical Congress in Munich in 1913 where he identified two personality types that characterize a person, introvert or extrovert. Jung defines introversion as “an attitude type characterized by orientation in life through subjective psychic contents,” (Colin Shaw). The origin of ‘Introvert’ is Latin, intro “inward, within” + vertere “to turn” (from PIE root *wer- (2) “to turn, bend”).
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Next, Jung defines extroversion as “an attitude type characterized by concentration of interest on the external object,” (Colin Shaw). The origin of ‘Extrovert’ is from extra “outside” + Latin vertere “to turn” (from PIE root *wer- (2) “to turn, bend”). A third classification is ambiverts which falls in between the two types where the personality shares some qualities of each type. It is defined as a “person exhibiting features of an extrovert and an introvert,” coined by Kimball Young in “Source Book for Social Psychology” (1927). Its origin is from ambi- “about, around” + -vert (to turn). The difference is that each type responds to stimulation in a different way where introverts prefer low key environments with minimal crowd and extroverts prefer variety and group stimulation in group settings. Introverts are stimulated through their thoughts, ideas, dreams and inner energy, where they find their happiness and they can be creative. Extroverts are stimulated from the external world of people, activities and objects.
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2.1.2 Gene Origin
The origin of introvert and extrovert traits depend on the gene composition of the person and then the external environment factors help refine and shape the personality traits more. The introversion and extroversion theory became more popular, it developed further and there was a biological model or analysis that was explored by Hans Eysenck, a German-born British psychologist. Eysenck says that extroversion is related to low levels of arousal chronically, which is associated with the speed and amount of brain activity and the response of humans’ bodies to stimulation. These levels change throughout the day depending on events and circumstances, but the spectrum of low levels of arousal controls the reactions and responses of extroverts. The low levels of arousal require extroverts to put more effort to reach the level others find normal, which results them to thrive for other’s company and seek challenges and risks in the outer world. Introverts have higher levels which makes them feel over stimulated and that results in their search for solitude, quietness, familiar environments and settings to calm down. The most prominent feature of extroverts is their desire for social presence and attention, another underlying feature is the reward sensitivity where they seek positive social interactions which will affect their social attention as well. Their character would then project louder voice, friendliness, higher energy and positivity.
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Figure (5) - An illustration to emphasize that the base for human character is their genes, and these develop with life conditions to shape each person’s unique character.
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Dopamine Effect
The levels of the dopamine have different effects on both types. Dopamine is a chemical, a neurotransmitter between the body and the brain where its various levels relate to behavior and character and helps in cognitive and emotional decision processes. The increase in dopamine causes introverts to feel over-stimulated while extroverts feel energized and enthusiastic. It boosts attention and motivation while controlling our emotional reactions. Both types have similar levels of dopamine, but the difference is the reaction to the increase of its levels. When dopamine floods the brain, both types tend to be more talkative and alert to their environment and surroundings. The reason why introverts have higher problemsolving skills is because of their brain regions associated with motor control, being active whereas extroverts have higher activity with associating and recognizing human faces, (Dynamic DNA Labs). Introverts and extroverts’ genes cannot be changed but humans’ personalities change and develop. Both types are not absolute since you can see an extrovert sitting in a quiet place and an introvert in a concert, but the tendency to be one of these types goes back to the gene composition. Another biological experiment showed a difference in the cerebral blood flow of the brain of introverts and extroverts in a normal state. The research shows that introverts have higher blood flow in the frontal lobes and anterior thalamus brain regions which are associated with solving problems, remembering events and planning. On the other hand, extroverts have more blood flow in regions responsible for sensory data, (Bennington-Castro). Another dimension that is studied is the brain reward system of
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introverts and extroverts. The difference in brains is that introverts have minimal sensitivity to rewards whereas extroverts are more sensitive and caring to reward, (Bennington-Castro). This explains how extroverts gravitate reward and related events. There is also a study that relates the attention of extroverts to human faces, where they pay attention and care about the details of faces. Whereas introverts care less about human faces where they respond to them like any image of flowers. This study supports the idea that extroverts prefer and enjoy spending time with people and preferring people’s company rather than being alone, (Bennington-Castro).
Figure (6)
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2.2 Nature vs. Nurture
The origin of introvert personality or extrovert originates from a person’s genetics as mentioned ; however, environmental factors affect personality as well. In the book, The Hidden Gifts of the Introverted Child, the author, a psychotherapist and an authority on introversion, says: “Temperament is not personality per se; it is a constellation of treats that governs one’s lifelong pattern of reacting and behaving to certain situations,” (Laney,4).
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She talks about how a person is born with the tendency to one of the personalities traits because of their genes, but the way they build up their personality and character depends on the environment and how they are raised. Genetics give humans the range of their personality and that range differs with real-life events based on how narrow the inherited genetic range is. Laney symbolizes introverts as energy conservers where they need their own time to recharge while extroverts are energy givers. Moreover, whichever personality type the person develops, introvert, extrovert or ambivert, he/she will have their own unique personality that has many skills and positive qualities. Figure (6) illustrates how each human is unique because of their personality type and character.1
Figure (7) - Rodney Smith Photography, Skyline Hudson River, New York City, New York, 1995, Archival Print
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2.2.1 Stimulation
Introverts and extroverts have different types and levels of stimulation where introverts are easily stimulated. Their main stimulating object is surrounding people where they spend time with few ones and prefer to keep themselves in a smaller circle. Extroverts need a lot of effort to be stimulated where they seek the outer world and people to stimulate them. They find comfort when they receive attention from their group thus, they develop treats such as outgoing, talkative and better social skills. Introverts are characterized by Malcom Levene as, “secretive, thoughtful, academic, sensitive, inclined to avoid social risk-taking.” and while extroverts are characterized by: “lover of variety, social, active, practical, not very reflective, not especially academic... more of a leader, perhaps, than the Introvert.”(Levene) Introverts who prefer to be stimulated in their inner world where they enjoy activities such as reading, where books become their best friends. It results in having better study skills and managing problems through the knowledge they have. According to Susan Cain in her Ted Talk, studies show that introverts do better at schools and are better at solving problems since they enjoy and love education, (Cain). However, we see extroverts being annoyed with studying for long hours or reading because they prefer the outer world where they acquire their stimulation. The effect of group stimulation is that it might lead to bad decisions where extroverts are inclined to do certain things because of their group’s decisions. An example is if “their group” decides to quit school or university, they are more likely to do so even if their capability is high and rich to achieve a good education, (Levene).
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Figure (8) - Rodney Smith Photography - an introvert isolated in a vibrant city
Figure (9) - Rodney Smith Photography - an extrovert who takes risks
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2.2.2 Social Effect
Introversion and extroversion emerge from an individual level to a group where Susan Cain says in her Ted Talk that studies show that 3 of 5 people are introverts. In a family, some members are extroverts and prefer spending time outside and with larger groups where other members can be more introverted and prefer staying in their inner world. A bigger scale is the community where the theory is found. According to Susan Cain in her Ted Talk, people in villages tend to be more extroverted since they are in their hometown, surrounded by people they know, and the nature of the village supports that. People in villages all know each other which makes them comfortable in their environment, they share activities such as farming and gardening. Globalization and urbanization attracted people to move from villages to cities which changed their behavior and personality from extroverted to more introverted. They moved to an unknown, larger context that has a mix of people from different backgrounds. Cities played a huge role in people’s mobility which affected these migrants’ behavior. According to Migration and Its Impact on Cities article, studies show that the number of migrants globally is increasing, from an estimated 244 million international migrants in 2015, (Migration and Its Impact on Cities In Collaboration with PwC, 10).
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Figure (10)
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2.2.3 Leadership
Leadership is associated with extroversion where companies want people to be comfortable under the spotlight and think that extroverts are better in communication and making decisions. Research by Adam Grant, a psychologist and author, at Warthon school proved that introverts deliver better leadership outcome than extroverts. Introverts study the case before taking risks which sometimes might be beneficial in leadership positions and their intellectuality results in better solutions for problems (Mar). Leadership depends also on the team to be led where extroverts do a better job with a team that needs leading and direction. They need a leader that would set a concrete path and they would follow his direction and feel more comfortable with it. However, a team that has many ideas and thoughts needs an introvert leader who takes all these suggestions and use them, where an extrovert leader would feel threatened by that. Proactive teams with extrovert leaders can be a failure where the leader would be threatened by their thoughts and enthusiasm. Grant calls such situations where the relationship between leaders and employees is threatened as “uncertain status� (Mar).
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Figure (11)
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2.3 Urbanization Effect
Urbanization took place when cities developed fast, and people wanted to move there to accommodate life’s needs and seek a better professional opportunity. People moved from villages, a small environment, to cities, a bigger urban environment, where they found themselves “surrounded by unknown crowds,”(Cain). This shift between villages and cities made people more introverts where they felt insecure to be open and extroverts towards people they don’t know and that are coming from different cultures. We live now in huge cities with skyscrapers full of people, but we barely greet or even know our neighbor next door. It is logical that when a person is in an unfamiliar environment, he takes time to be open-minded, but how far did urbanization change and influence human behavior? On the contradictory, people in cities go to work and all the workplaces are encouraging open-plan offices and group work to enhance the mix of cultures and knowledge to increase their productivity. Modern office space today is mostly open shared spaces where introverts fail to find a space that fits them. Open offices are important for communication and sharing knowledge, but a person produces and invents when he is alone. Susan Cain says that introverts tend to be very creative and intellectual where their solitude helps them to solve problems and create (Cain).
Figure (12)
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2.4 Merits & Demerits
Introverts and extroverts have unique qualities where each type has their way of stimulation and creation. There are examples of successful figures out there that belong to both types. These two types make up our society and they complement each other where their shared values will result in a successful community in all aspects. Introvert leaders include Mohandas Gandhi, Joe DiMaggio, Hillary Clinton and Bill Gates. Extroverts leaders include Marie Antoinette, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush and Steve Jobs. (“The Great Introverts and Extroverts of Our Time”) Susan Cain says: “Bill Gates is never going to be Bill Clinton, no matter how he polishes his social skills, and Bill Clinton can never be Bill Gates, no matter how much time he spends alone with a computer,” (Cain).
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Figure (13) - Gandhi Figure (14) - George Bush Figure (15) - Hillary Clinton Figure (16) - Bill Clinton Figure (17) - Bill Gates
2.4.1 Skills & Weaknesses
Introvert Skills Memory Planning Problem Solving Motor control Self-Regulation
Introvert Weaknesses Hard time expressing themselves Poor communication skills Afraid of taking risks
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Figure (18)
Extrovert Skills Processing new information Applying new knowledge quickly Talking more abstractly Risk-taking
Extrovert Weaknesses Trouble working alone Talkative Poor listening skills
Figure (18)
Introvert Skills Extrovert Skills
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2.4.2The Genius of Opposites
Accept the Alien
Each Can’t Offer Everything
Extraordinary Results
Destroy the Dislike
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Bring on the Battles
Cast the Character
The author of The Genius of Opposites develops an ABCDE process to achieve the Genius status, based on his research. Introverts and extroverts are opposites who have different characters, but if they accept each other and attract, they create beautiful harmonies and results. These personality traits exist in society to create a balance and a rich diversity. ABCDE Process: - Accept the Alien: it is hard to change the opposite type of one’s personality, but they can understand it and accept them - Bring on the Battles: people should use the differences to create disagreement that would result in better solutions and outcomes - Cast the Character: each person’s skills should be used in the respective field to bring out the best of each trait and then they share the success. - Destroy the Dislike: both personality traits can become friends and accept each other rather than refusing the other type. - Each Can’t Offer Everything: each type has weaknesses so diversity when both types co-exist and create a wide range of options.
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2.5 Art
Art is, “the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power,” (“Art | Definition of Art”). Art is a great tool of self-expression where it accommodates for all personality traits and differences in people. Introverts and extroverts use different tools to expresses themselves. Each person has qualities and traits that makes him/her unique but the way that they express themselves is different. Introverts express their inner thoughts through art sometimes where there are many introvert artists. Extroverts are directed to the outer world, thus they communicate with the objects and they are passionate about art. There are extrovert artists that use art to express how they view the outer world, rather than expressing their own thoughts only. Their extreme sensitivity to people and things enhances their artistic skills. Forms of art include dance, performance, painting and many others. Some of the introvert artists are Judith Lindbloom, Katerina Neidorf and Sandra Chevrier.Chevrier says: “I was always a very shy and introverted kid. Creating images was my way to express myself — it was my language. It was the only way that I found that I was at ease to speak,” (Hosein). Sandra Chevrier is an introvert artist who expresses herself through her artwork, her language is to create images.
Figure (19) - Sandra Chevrier artwork.
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2.5.1 Isabella Huffington
Isabella Huffington is an artist living in New York, she studied art history in Yale University, then she pursued her passion of art through painting. Huffington found balance between her introverted personality and her passion to express art and show it to the world. When she started producing art, she thought that her good work will reach to people without her putting herself out of her comfort zone. Her ideal image of an artist was locking herself and producing art without interfering with the society and big groups. After a year, she realized that for her to fulfil her passion, she must step out to the world and force herself to communicate to be a successful artist. Huffington overcame her fear when she found a balance between her solitude and being outside in the field, which is all for the purpose of her art. She says: “…it’s about allowing the pendulum to swing in the opposite direction until it centers itself,” (Huffington). She started building her social skills by meeting people one on one, and then attending events with a friend which helps her in meeting large groups. The communication skills she developed and the open mindset she had helped her in building herself as a famous artist. Art helped her find a balance between her inner thoughts and the outer world where she takes the best out of both. Figure (20) - Isabella Huffington Art
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2.5.2 Katerina Neidorf
Creativity is present in all personality traits but the expression of it comes in different forms. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, a researcher and psychologist, says: “If there is one word that makes creative people different from others, it is the word complexity. Instead of being an individual, they are a multitude,� (Solomon). Figure (21) - Introvert Look Painting by Katerina Neidorf
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2.5.3 Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci is an artist, inventor and an innovator who contributed to The Renaissance. He contributed to different fields such as science, engineering and anatomy through his work and life. Some of his famous paintings are, the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. His artwork communicated his artistic skills and succeeded in reaching to the world. He is an extrovert artist as one of his famous quotes says: “People of accomplishment rarely sit back and let things happen to them. They go out in the world and happen to things.� - Leonardo da Vinci Figure (22) - The famous Mona Lisa painting by Da Vinci
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2.6 Music
Music psychology is a study about how music affects people’s behavior and the different emotional effects on different personalities. It affects people from an individual level to big groups and communities, micro to macro effects. A study shows that psychological and emotional status determines the music people prefer and listen to. Extroverts prefer dynamic music with high beats, electronic, hip-hop and loud music which merges with their outgoing personality, (Clarke).
Figure (23)
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Figure (24)
On the other hand, introverts who are more creative and calmer, tend to like classical music more. However, these studies are not definite as there is another research by Psych Central, a health social network, which shows that heavy music, rock and metal listeners are creative and not necessarily outgoing ,and many are introverts,(Clarke). Their chosen music should touch their senses and spirit, encourage creativity and invite contemplation, (Peregrine). A study by Adrian North, a music psychologist and professor, about the relationship between music and personality preferences proved that there is a deep link between both aspects, and that explains why people form bonds with those sharing common music taste. North says: “Music preference and a person’s outlook on life are intrinsically connected to each other,” (Clarke). Research shows that introvert people prefer music to be heard in private settings in their solitude. They listen to music that supports and stimulates contemplation resulting in a sensory reaction and feeling. Their preferred music is sophisticated, and they focus on the lyrics that must be meaningful and touching, (Clarke). “One thing to remember is that music should never foster division and the classification of people. No matter what genre you like, music is here to be enjoyed. It should be used to form bonds, rather than to set boundaries, regardless of personality types,” (Clarke).
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2.6.1 Background Stimulation
There are many studies on the effect of background music on cognitive performance and its effect on different personalities. “The literature has tended to look at three factors: The nature of the distraction (i.e. sound vs. music), on particular tasks (complex vs. simple) by particular individuals (extrovert vs. introverts),” (Banbury & Berry, 1998). Following the introvert, extrovert stimulation patterns, research by Campbell and Hawley shows that extroverts pick noisy, busy places in a library for instance to study, while introverts chose quiet areas away from the noise (Dobbs, Stacey, Adrian Furnham). Introverts will preform better on tasks that require concentration and problem solving when they are in calm environments with low stimulation. Background music is a chance for high levels of arousal which has a negative effect on introverts’ productivity if they are over-stimulated.
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Figure (25)
Earlier research by Binaschi and Pelfini (1966) demonstrated how introverts and extroverts differed in their levels of performance on a visual and auditory reaction task in the presence of noise, with extroverts having shorter reaction times. However, there is a lower level of performance on both introverts and extroverts with the presence of music, while both showed similar function level in silence. The effect of the surrounding environment is experimented by the psychologist Russell Green where students had to solve a math problem with varying background noise. The study showed that introverts solve better when there’s low background noise while extroverts preferred higher noise(Orla Neligan).
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2.7 Performance
Introverts are perceived as “shy”, but research explains that introverts are stimulated in their inner world which doesn’t necessarily mean they are shy. However, shyness is related to self-esteem as shy people are afraid to be judged, and shyness is not supported in performance whether an introvert or extrovert. A research by Carleton University in Canada on skaters’ competitors, shows that shyness is related to bad performance levels. However, competitions in performances and shyness are related to the performer’s coping style psychologically, (Kageyama). Positive coping style where the performers focus on their task rather than on what people are judging, results in a good performance even though he/she is shy. However, a negative coping style where the performers focus on winning or losing and blame themselves for being nervous or losing focus, causes bad results. Art and performance accommodate for everyone and people who are passionate about it can reach their goals. Introverts and extrovert passionate artists can practice and find ways to express their art and passion.
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Figure (26)
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2.8 Expression
People express themselves through different techniques, and it differs between introverts and extroverts. Introverts have knowledge and unique qualities that they explore in their solitude. They don’t prefer to be in the spotlight in a speech setting where the audience is a large group. However, extroverts find it easier to give talks and speeches about specific topics and skills. Ted talk and the Pecha Kucha have the same setting of one spectator and a group audience, thus there shall be other options to accommodate for all personality types to express themselves. There can be different space configurations for expression settings that can accommodate for all types. Introverts can be speakers with a limited audience group of 10, or with one listener. Extroverts can be speakers with a large group of audience and other variations can be configured. The diagram illustrates the different configuration options for introverts and extroverts to express themselves.
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Speaker : Introvert Others : Limited mixed audience
Speaker: Introvert Audience: Group of 10
One to one discussion
Speaker : Extrovert Others : mixed audience
Speaker: Introvert Audience: Large group
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2.9 Intro-Extro Architecture
Introvert and extrovert terminology defines various disciplines, it defines personality and character but also defines Architecture, spaces and human interaction with space and function. Introvert and extrovert terminology is used with the association to architecture in different ways. These spatial organizations originally started in Persian architecture in Iran during the 7th century where they referred to inner spaces with courtyards as introverted and outer spaces with exterior gardens as extroverted. According to Minoosh Sadoughianzadeh, Iran has many geographical regions and diversity where each one has its own social and cultural diversity which affected the space typologies and architecture of Iran. Iranian scholars were the first ones to identify the dominant spatial forms, Introvert and Extrovert architecture, (Sadoughianzadeh,2). The difference between countries is affected by societies and cultures, however, these terms are found in all countries and are generally referred to as ‘inner’ and ‘outer’ spaces. Introvert house is enclosed from all sides and has a separation between the private and public spaces. It has an ‘indoor’ courtyard where all the openings are towards the courtyard without having any openings to the public alleyway except the door. It is also known as the ‘courtyard house’ where introversion becomes a lifestyle of that era. Mohamad Karim Pirnia, an architectural historian and architect, refers to Extrovert architecture as a cage with a view to the outside world, (Sadoughianzadeh). The extrovert house has exterior gardens that surround the house’ boundaries and open up to the streets and surrounding neighbors. The idea of the courtyard is present on a bigger scale where villages have public squares that the alleyways open to where all the activities take place.
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These space typologies exist differently based on social structures and communities where different social patterns need different spatial layouts. For instance, gender had a big influence on space typology in Iran when each gender required specific space configuration due to different cultural reasons. Religion also affects this configuration where Islamic religion traditionally requires introvert spaces with inner courtyards to protect women and keep their privacy. Men and women were given different rolls, men work outside and have their own job, while women stay at home as households. These social orders in different places in the country affected the spatial organization of the houses in Iran where both typologies are found in different regions of Iran.
Figure (27) - Persian village with a common courtyard.
Common courtyard Private courtyard
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2.9.1 Middle East
Introvert space is usually associated with Islamic societies and that is evident in the Middle East and North African countries where the courtyard is the dominant typology. Moreover, this spatial configuration expands with wealthier families where females share one courtyard ‘andarooni’ and males another one ‘birooni’ which respects the scope of privacy between the two genders in these societies. Middle eastern houses shared the typology of courtyards where it is found in Syrian traditional houses, UAE, and Egypt. This configuration helped in different aspects where it protected from the hot weather, relates to the Islamic religion and respects the privacy of women. The vernacular courtyard house then developed in wealthier families where the house would accommodate two courtyards, one for men and another for women. This system is also found in United Arab Emirates’ (UAE) traditional houses where the ‘majlis’ exists and usually in two, one for men and another for women. The traditional house in UAE was made up of the courtyard and the surrounding functions where we can still see this typology in Old Dubai in Bastakiya for example, and it reflects the culture of the country and the Islamic religion. Modern architecture still uses traditional aspects to revive and highlight the importance of culture in traditional architecture.
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Traditional
Modern
Contemporary
Manama
Abu Dhabi
Dubai
Doha
Post-nomadic
Figure (28) - The various case studies of housing types in the four
Extrovert courtyard
Gulf cities.
Introvert courtyard
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2.9.2 The West
The history of American housing was also using extroverted typology where houses in Boston consisted of houses surrounded by gardens. The society cared about farming and planting their food in their gardens which affected the space typology of their houses. Moreover, post the Great Depression, houses were minimal and designed as single houses with surrounding gardens. When the middle class started spreading, they started adding ornaments to their houses where they called that style Medieval Revival between the 18th and 20th centuries. Usonian houses were then designed by frank Lloyd wright, a great architect, where he added his famous Prairie style to the house. The changes altered the house design, but the typology of exterior gardens remained and preserved the extrovert architecture which reflects the Western culture of extroverted communities. The pattern changed when America started having security problems, they fenced their houses and gardens which created isolated houses and neighborhoods which decreased the ease of communication that is one’s of extrovert architecture benefits and the western culture. Countries such as United Arab Emirates (UAE) took the idea of having gated communities such as Modon, Emirates Hills and The Sustainable City, and applied it although Dubai is a safe country. Furthermore, the development of cities and urbanization changed the spatial organization and isolated the city from any cultural attachment through its planning. Urbanization and the fast development of the city crowded the houses which isolated people from each other and made them more introverted. The cities bigness and lack of human scale created isolation among its inhabitants where people live in towers and barely know their neighbors next door. The increase in demand for city accommodation made people more introverts as they are always surrounded by people they don’t know.
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Figure (29) - Plan of Arther Allen house in Virginia, 1650. It shows the culture of extroverted space and garden in the American Architecture
Figure (30) - Plan of Throroughgood house in Virginia, 1680. It shows the culture of extroverted space and garden in the American Architecture
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2.9.3 Japan
Japanese architecture and houses were designed with exterior balconies where neighbors share space and communicate which reflects extrovert architecture. they have raised ‘veranda’ around the house, and it is usually called ‘engawa’ (Finn). They spend time there and communicate which makes Japanese traditional houses extroverted in their typology traditionally. Moreover, they have a special connection with nature which is apparent in the natural light and the raw wood as a building material and the gardens where users enjoy nature views. These features reflect the extroverted culture of Japan where people enjoyed nature and openness towards their community. Another important feature of Japanese houses is the Irori which has many uses and the users gather around it and enjoy their time. In the article Traditional Japanese House, Irori, define it as: “Irori is built as a square sunken pit, carved directly in the ground or formed in the raised wooden floor, filled with ash and sand and bordered with timber or stones,” (Muza-chan). It is an introverted space but its character is extroverted since it gathers the family and guests, it is meant to create communication and interaction among its users. Figure (31) - Irori Fireplace in Japanese Houses Figure (32) - Engawa Space
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Figure (1)
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Introvert vs. Extrovert Space This chapter will study the different space typologies in the USA, Asia and the Middle East and how space is related to introversion and extroversion.
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3.1 Nolli Map
Robert Venturi says: “Nolli’s map of the mid-eighteenth century reveals the sensitive and complex connections between public and private space in Rome. Private buildings are shown in gray crosshatching that is carved into by the public spaces, exterior and interior. These spaces, open or roofed are shown in minute detail through darker poché. Interiors of churches read like piazzas and courtyards of palaces, yet a variety of qualities and scales is articulated,” (“The Figure-Ground Diagram”). The 1782 Map of Rome is a two-dimensional plan to show spaces in a city and one of the most important documents of the city. It was created by the Italian architect Giovanni Battista Nolli, and thus named Nolli map. He dedicated his life to document the spatial development of the city and his masterpiece was the Map of Rome, an ichnographic plan map of the city. He documented every building in Rome and every space to create an accurate map of Rome which was the intention behind the Nolli map. The distinction is only space and mass which plotted the urban fabric of the city.
Features: It is made of twelve engraved copper plates measuring six feet height and seven feet wide approximately, combined. It highlights two thousand sites that make a significant cultural presence. The map and its accuracy were of significant contribution to art and science during that time. It maps streets, squares and public urban spaces as well as building’s interiors and their details.
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Figure (33) - Nolli Map of Rome
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Figure (34) - Part of the Nolli Map
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The most famous figure ground is the Nolli map where the main purpose was to highlight how the city is seen as series of spaces rather than object and monuments. Nolli decided to plot the courtyards and plazas of the interior churches as open spaces like streets and access ways. The result of this method shows how the streets and the spaces flow smoothly to show how pedestrians used the space and walked in the city. The figure ground mapping method became very known and beneficial to understand the relationship between mass and void where the ratio of these spaces would give an idea about the balance in the urban fabric of the city. High ratio of building mass to open space indicate a good urban fabric where spaces and connections are well articulated in the city, whereas a low ratio would indicate disconnection in the urban fabric of the city (“The Creative Path: Figure Ground & Nolli�). The balance between mass and void or introvert and extrovert spaces affect the users and their comfort along with the urban criteria of the city. It is worth investing what would be the relationship and balance if we flip the mass and void, since the mass always is of a bigger ration, leaving minimal extrovert spaces. Cities need a balance between mass and void to offer users the comfortable space they need without being isolated and surrounded by huge structures.
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3.2 Courtyard Typologies
“By strengthening buildings’ relationship between the indoors and outdoors spaces in our cities, the aim is to improve: human comfort, our coexistence with nature, and to amplify our awareness of the environmental crisis induced by human kind; thus prompting a shift towards its resolution,” (Mazzoleni and Molina). A courtyard is “an area of flat ground outside that is partly or completely surrounded by the walls of a building,” (“COURTYARD | Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary”). The courtyard typology started in the Middle East as a form of space and then developed to take many shapes and have many typologies that are used in traditional and contemporary architecture in different design methods. In the Middle East, it is used for privacy of the house users which reflects the introvert culture. The courtyard helped in environmental, physical and psychological factors for the users of the space. It goes back to Neolithic settlements where this space typology doesn’t belong to one age only but it is a typology that was used and still is until today due to its importance, (Sibley et al.). The two main types are the interior courtyard house which is enclosed within the house space, and the exterior courtyard which is on the periphery of the house and surrounding it from the exterior. The atrium house was developed in Italy at 700 B.C. where it aims on creating private outdoor space. The courtyard in this case serves as a gathering space for social interaction between and family members and their visitors which reflects the extroversion of the European culture. The courtyard is an example of extrovert space with respect to interior and exterior, but its different typologies reflect its cultural use where sometimes it is extrovert functions and other times it is for privacy and introvert functions.
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Figure (35)
Extrovert courtyards Introvert courtyard
Figure (36) - Courtyard Typologies
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3.3 Multi-functional Space
Introverts and extroverts make up the community where each type has special qualities and skills that contribute to the growth of the community. The coexistence of both personality types where each is given their comfortable space, will contribute to the balance of the community. On the other hand, introvert and extrovert space should exist to create a balance of functions and space. Multi-functional spaces can be used to give the space that each personality prefers and a chance for both to meet and coexist to complete each other’s skills and help in their growth. The aim is to emphasize each personality type and give it the best space and criteria for it to produce and prove the best skills.
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3.4 Spaces Captured
A series of pictures of spaces that are introvert, extrovert spaces or in between. These pictures show the modern translation of courtyards, atria or open spaces. House NA by Sou Fujimoto Architects is a good example of a balance between introvert and extrovert spaces. Sou Fujimoto states, “The intriguing point of a tree is that these places are not hermetically isolated but are connected to one another in its unique relativity. To hear one’s voice from across and above, hopping over to another branch, a discussion taking place across branches by members from separate branches. These are some of the moments of richness encountered through such spatially dense living.” The house accommodates for two people and for a group of guests through its design which reflects the balance between the spaces. Atelier-Bisque Doll by UID Architects in Osaka-Shi, Japan is another example that achieves an interesting space that balances introvert and extrovert spaces through nature. openings and multiple space configurations. Louvre Museum by Jean Nouvel in Abu Dhabi, UAE is a third example of a structure that has introvert and extrovert spaces with a perfect balance.
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Introvert or Extrovert Space?
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Figure (37)
House NA, Tokyo, Japan
Figure (38)
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Atelier-Bisque Doll, Osaka-Shi, Japan
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Figure (39)
Figure (40)
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Louvre Museum, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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Figure (41)
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Figure (42)
Figure (43)
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Case Studies In this chapter, I will study some case studies that support the concept, program and spatial organization of my proposal.
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Figure (44)
Moriyama House Architect: SANAA Year: 2005 Location: Tokyo, Japan Total BUA: 130 sqm
Figure (45)
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Location Figure (46) Figure (47)
Moriyama House is in a traditional neighborhood in Kamata, Tokyo, Japan.
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Project Overview
“Architecture and the city are seamless,� by Ryue Nishizawa. Moriyama house is a cluster of units that have variable sizes and that are surrounded by open spaces and gardens which gives flexibility in the privacy and the use of these units. The interior and exterior spaces reflect the culture of Tokyo where people interact and share spaces while having the privacy they need. The introversion and extroversion aspect is translated in spaces which respects and accommodates for both treats as well.
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Design Concept
The location of the house is a traditional area where the house blends in with its context. The aim is to create positive and negative spaces that respect public and private functions. The location has a city feel where the movement and density of people is felt, and it influenced the design of the house. It is a cluster of ten units of various sizes and functions. The scale of these boxes varies from 3 story cubes to smaller units and the open spaces in between create a space for greenery, interaction, air and space. The rooftops are also occupied for residents where they can be used as open and private spaces at the same time. The cluster creates a small community and a special atmosphere that blends with the site and breaks the isolation of urban cities. The site allowed the design to have multiple units that have small gardens and that are connected with the open space. The diverse designs were some units have terraces, some have high ceilings, and some are partially underground, respecting people’s diversity and accommodating their needs. The design allows for equal exterior and interior spaces which allows for human interaction and openness while giving the residents their needed privacy. It reflects the Japanese culture where they enjoy having connections and gardens while having some privacy in their own space. The white boxes direct the eye toward the common space and the trees to create an intimate environment and a community. The socialist city and the fabric of it allowed the city to move forward while respecting the community and the human scale, according to the architect. It gives the users the space they need in their houses and the privacy while connecting them to each other and to the outer world.
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Axonometric Diagram of Evolution
Figure (48)
Section Diagram of Evolution
Figure (49)
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Context Axonometric View
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Figure (50)
Figure (51)
Figure (52)
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Figure (53)
Interior Views
Figure (54)
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Space Planning This small community is made of houses that are designed to blur the line between interior and exterior spaces and accommodate for different personalities and people from different backgrounds.
Ground Floor Plan Figure (55)
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Dinning Rooms Living Rooms Bathrooms Annex
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First Floor Plan Figure (56)
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Mass and void A balanced ratio between Interior and exterior spaces achieved in the design that reflect extrovert and introvert space as well.
Ground Floor Plan Figure (57)
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Mass Void
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Vertical Circulation Interior and exterior stairs connecting the levels of the houses.
Ground Floor Plan Figure (58)
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Stairs
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Figure (59)
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Shanghai Baoye Center by LYCS Architect: LYCS Architecture Year: 2017 Location: Shanghai, China Total BUA: 27394.0 sqm
Figure (60)
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Location Minhang District, Shanghai , China. The project holds an important urban presence and its location puts it at the center of the car, train, and airplane transportation.
Figure (61)
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Context “The site has several challenging conditions: sandwiched by two city-designated temporary green spaces into an L shape, with a 60% frontage ratio requirement to the east, west and south, and a 24m tall highway overpass running adjacent to its north face.� (Archdaily)
Figure (62)
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Project Overview
The buildings house the headquarters of the Baoye Group. It holds an important location that is the intersection between car, train and airplane transportation. The exterior and interior are given equal importance in the design where content and context are emphasized with the space layout. It emphasizes four subjects; nature, technology, construction, and humanistic.
Figure (63)
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Design Concept
The courtyard makes an important element of the design where it connects interior and exterior through the glass openings, the sunlight and the greenery. The design of it blurs the boundaries between exterior and interior. Another important feature is the wooden staircase in the courtyard which highlights and emphasizes the importance of circulation and using it as an opportunity to communicate. The aim is to encourage creativity through meeting points and connections between employees. The use of colors to highlight different spaces is interesting, where public spaces have modern dark gray and more private spaces have warm wooden materials to create a cozier feeling. Another interesting feature is the electric glass used in meeting rooms which is transparent when it is energized, and when de-energized becomes opaque. Its aims to allow daylight while being flexible for the users. The main challenges of the design are to integrate these concepts: “ Demonstration and iconicity, efficient office and humanistic care, cultural heritage and modern innovation and restoring the beauty of space and shaping the interior atmosphere,�(LYCS Architects) and it is achieved through the successful coordination between interior and exterior.
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Design Diagram
The form was reshaped to allow for courtyard spaces where the 3 volumes were elevated on one side to allow all the courtyards to be connected and integrated with the volumes. The balance between introvert and extrovert spaces emphasize the concept of connecting people and offering them user-friendly spaces that respond to their needs and encourage their connection and collaboration.
Figure (64)
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Interior Views
Figure shows the wooden stairs that make an important space where employees meet and intteract to encourage extroversion extroversion.. Common office spaces to allow for meeting points and sharing information. Electric glass in meeting rooms that changes its transparency based on the amount of stimulation by the number of occupants. The different materials and colors work on highlighting the degree of privacy of spaces. Lift lobbies are white since they are more public while corridors and office spaces have wooden walls. Figure (65)
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Figure (66)
Figure (67)
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Mass and Void Mass and void relationship to highlight the importance of extrovert spaces (courtyards) and balance them with introvert spaces.
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Figure (68)
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Mass Void
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Space Planning
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Lobby
Figure (69)
Reception Area Meeting Room Storage Room Washroom Lift Lobby
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Lounge
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Level 3 floor-plan Figure (70)
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Lift Lobby Meeting Room Office Open Space Washroom Comment Area
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Space Planning
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Level 4 Floor Plan Figure (71)
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Lift Lobby Comment Area Storage Room Archive Room Meeting Room Open Office
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Office Washroom
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Level 5 Floor Plan
Lounge
Figure (72)
Banquet Room Private Area Pantry Area Washroom Lift Lobby
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Circulation System Linear- continuous circulation system with one main shaft for services and daily use, and another common wooden stairs that make a space for connection and communication among employees.
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Ground Floor Plan
Horizental Circulation
Figure (73)
Vertical Circulation
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Horizental Circulation
Figure (74)
Vertical Circulation
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Horizontal Circulation
Figure (75)
Vertical Circulation
Figure (76)
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Figure (77)
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King Abdulaziz Centre for World Culture Architect: Snøhetta Year: 2017 Location: Cultural Center, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia Total BUA: 100000.0 sqm
Figure (78)
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Location
King Abdulaziz Centre for World Culture is located in Dhahran, in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia.
Figure (79)
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Project Overview
King Abdulaziz Centre for World Culture is a cultural center designed by Snohetta Architects. It will provide for a wide range of activities serving the local population and becoming a cultural landmark on a regional, national, and global horizon. When completed,the project will contain diverse cultural facilities, including an auditorium, cinema, library, exhibition hall, museum, and archive.
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Design Concept
The building is built in this location because it is the point where Saudi discovered oil, and its shape is inspired by the shape of the machine that was used. The architectural concept is based upon the following six concepts: 1. The Past and the Future, Culture grows out of the past, without culture no community or company can create a future. The design embraces both past and future, captured in the present. Both in terms of architectural expression and internal logic. 2. Introvert and Extrovert, The concept is both introverted and extroverted. Below grade, the museum and archive functions are grouped around the inner void, looking inwards to the truths and knowledge to be found within Saudi Aramco and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Above the grade, the composition reaches out of the ground, connecting to the world beyond. 3. Repository and Beacon, Located below the grade, the museum and archive becomes a true repository of knowledge in protective surroundings and stored for posterity. In contrast, the Library, Children’s Exhibit, and Visitor Centre are expressed as beacons to scholars across the world. 4. Diversity and Unity, This design takes the form of a complex composition, consisting of a number of individual and discrete components. Balance and harmony in the project are created through interdependence.
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5. Teamwork, Not one component can be removed. All are interdependent and rely upon each other. The resulting composition is an expression of teamwork. 6. Energy, The balance and harmony of the composition is not static, but dynamic, expressive of the teamwork, and above all of the energy to be found in the people that comprise Saudi Aramco and Saudi Arabia.
Design Diagram Mass appeals to the world in an extroverted way
Extroverted
Introverted
Below the grade- Introvert
Figure (80)
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Figure (81)
Figure (82)
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Views
The interior spaces are characterized with high ceilings and big openings which offers an open environment to the visitors and blurs the boundary of the introverted space.
Figure (83)
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Building Materials
Futuristic facade of metal. Stainless steel tubes totaling around 350 kilometers in length. The substructure of the envelope was made up of a polygonal steel grid, which was wrapped around the primary construction of steel supports and reinforced concrete slabs. A second grid of steel tubes, integrated in a sandwich construction of trapezoidal sheet steel, insulation, and standing seam sheet, precisely formed the desired organic shapes. Stainless steel pipes 9.9mm apart from each other were connected on the standing seam using a specially developed type of mounting.
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Figure (84
Figure (85)
Figure (86)
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Space Planning First Floor Plan
Space Planning First Floor Plan
Children Education Center Figure (87) Childrens’ Library Reading Lounge Multi-functional Space 123
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Multi-functional Space Reading Lounge Children Education Center Children’s’ Library
Mass Vs. Void Diagram First Floor Plan
Mass and Void First Floor Plan
Mass Figure (88)
Void
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PARIS TRIBUNE - UNIVERSITE PIERRE ET MARIE CURIE
Architect: MVRDV Year: 2011 Location: Paris, France Total BUA: 12000.0 sqm
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Figure (89)
Project Overview
The Paris Tribune is an attempt to balance the introverted, private functions of university research facilities, with the public, extroverted environment of a university campus. Its terraces create a truly public environment, while its podium provides a public space on a scale not built in Paris for centuries. The building’s form responds to various pressures for light, space, and programmatic functions in a practical way, hoping to become iconic not through form, but as a platform for use.
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Project Location
Figure (90)
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Design Concept
The form created offers views towards the context of the project at all times. The functions are flexible as the roof of the gym can be used as a stage for events such as conferences and art performances. The main podium has a large scale compared to Paris’s architecture and it gives the effect of a public space. There are multiple gateways that lead to the building and extends to the park. The building becomes the heard of the campus that connects it with the city. “Tribune” takes the visitor to the terrace smoothly. The visitor will enjoy panoramic Paris views from different levels.
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Figure (91)
Program Diagrams
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Figure (92)
Views
Figure (93)
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Figure (94)
Drawings
Figure (95)
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Figure (96)
Context
Figure (97)
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MÉCA Cultural Center- Maison de l’Économie Créative et de la Culture en Aquitaine Architect: BIG and French firm Freaks Architects Year: 2019 Location: Bordeaux, France Total BUA: 18,000 sqm
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Figure (98)
Location The project is located in Aquitaine,Bordeaux, France Figure (99)
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Project Overview
It creates a space to celebrate contemporary art, performance and film in the epicenter city of culture, as listed by UNESCO, in France.
Figure (100)
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Design Concept
The new House of Creative Economy and Culture in Aquitaine, MEĚ CA, located on the historical riverfront of Bordeaux will house three regional visual and performing arts agencies FRAC, the ECLA and the OARA in one single institution. The Regional Council of Bordeaux selected the winning team among proposals from SANAA, the Toulouse- based firm W-Architectures and Bordeauxbased FLINT.
Figure (101)
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Figure (102)
Circulation Diagrams
Figure (103)
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Figure (104)
Figure (105)
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Figure (106)
Figure (107)
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Figure (108)
Figure (109)
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Mass and Void
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Figure (109)
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Void Mass
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Figure (110)
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Figure (111) Mass
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Public Plaza An important extroverted space that lays in between the two volumes, yet it is not fully open because of the bridge connecting the volumes. It is connected to the site with stairs and ramps to create a transitional circulation space between the public and the building.
Figure (112 )
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Circulation System Linear circulation system with 2 main shafts on each side.
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Figure (113)
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Figure (114)
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Figure (115) Vertical
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Area Analysis
Zone
Reception Exhibition Spaces
Multi-functional Spaces
Adminstration
Retail Services Circulation Total
Space
Lobby Exhibition Space 1 Exhibition Space 2 Exhibition Space 3 Exhibition Space 4 Exhibition Space 5 Exhibition Space 6 Exhibition Space 7 Theater Multi-functional Rooms Library Lecture Area Admin Offices Offices Meeting Rooms Restaurant Toilet BOH Vertical Horizental
Area-sqm
270 500 240 210 470 235 75 115 950 535 220 150 140 600 200 100 65
Number
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 4 1 6
Total
270 500 240 210 470 235 75 115 950 1070 220 150 280 640 800 100 390
400 1200 8315
150
Area Analysis - Zoning Ground Floor-plan
0 Figure (116)
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Offices BOH Theater Toilet Administration Offices Public Plaza
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Second Floor-plan
0 Figure (117)
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Library Toilet Lecture Area Admin Offices Meeting Rooms
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Third Floor-plan
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Offices Meeting Rooms Working Space Restaurant Toilet
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Forth Floor-plan
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Exhibition Spaces Toilet
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Sections The section highlight the open and elevated plaza that makes an important extroverted open space.
Figure (120) - Section 1
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Figure (121) - Section 2
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5
Spatial Analysis This chapter analyzes the space of one selected case study, MECA cultural center. It helps in generating the program of the proposed project, the functions and spaces to clarify the requirements of the proposal.
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5.1 Project Program Area analysis for Meca Cultural Center case study is used as a reference for the spatial program.
Zone
Reception
Main Spaces
Exhibition Spaces Workshop Rooms Workspace
Admin Retail
Services
Parking Circulation Total
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Space
Number
Lobby 1 Reception 1 Lounge 4 Expression Space 1 Library 1 Lecture Halls 2 Exhibition Space 1 Workshop Space 10 Meeting Room 3 Open space 2 Brainstorming 4 Offices 2 Manager Office 1 Shops 10 Restaurant 3 Kitchen 3 Toilets 2 per floor Prayer Rooms 2 per floor Pump Room 1 Dewa Room 1 Generator Room 1 Electrical Room 1 Technical Room 1 Mechanical Room 1 Storage Room 4 Loading Bay 2 Visitor's Parking 150 Staff Parking 50 Horizental Vertical
Area - sqm
250 50 40 1200 400 100 750 60 100 75 25 50 50 10 70 10 60 25 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 75 25 25
Total
250 50 160 1200 400 200 750 600 300 150 100 100 50 100 210 30 120 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 200 150 3750 1250 1500 500 12470
Education
Workshops Lecture Rooms Library
Labs
Exchange of Information
Brainstorming Rooms Workshop Rooms
Communication Discussion Rooms Lecture Rooms Auditorium
Expression
Introvert Space Extrovert Space Intro- Extro Space Expression Space
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5.2 Occupant Load Expected number of visitors = 200-300 Main areas with estimated occupant load.
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Theater
300
Library
100
Lecture Hall 1
80
Lecture Hall 2
80
Exhibition Space 1
250
Expression Space 1
250
Expression Space 2
250
Multi-use Unit
1-5
Offices
1-5
5.3 Bubble Diagram
Main Access
Reception
Expression Space
Meeting Room 1
Meeting Room 2 Adminstration
Meeting Rooms Courtyard-Atrium
Exhibition
Library Extrovert Space
Introvert Space Lecture Halls
Intro-extro Space Back of House Access
Services
Restaurant
Cafe
162
163
6
Site Context This chapter analyzes the potential sites, the selected site with the criteria required to host the project. It will analyze the site and its criteria to support the proposal.
164
6.1 Potential Sites Map
DIFC Dubai Design District
Al Sufouh Beach
N 165
6.1.1 Potential Sites
Dubai Design District
N
Al Sufouh Beach
N 166
DIFC
N
167
6.2 Site Selection
The site is selected based on the needs and conditions of the project where the main criteria determine the most suitable site. The project aims to give space for introverts and extroverts to express themselves and coexist to enrich the society, this goal needs a site that has multi layers of cultures and social classes. The location should be in the center of the city where urban life and social diversity already exist to make it easily accessible. Multi-layers of cultures are essential to highlight the different concept of introverts and extroverts based on their culture.
168
Site - Judgment Criteria
Judgment Criteria
DIFC
Al Sufouh Beach
Social Diversity
1
Cultural Diversity
1
Center of the City
1
Pedestrian Walkability
1
Easily Accessible
1
Score
5
Dubai Design District 1
1
1 1
1
1
2
4
After analyzing the main criteria required for the project with the different sites, the chosen site is DIFC. The area has a special character of cultural richness and diversity that enriches the project.
169
Social Diversity
Introversion and extroversion are personality traits that are found in people from different social groups, thus the social diversity is important to the hypothesis. The site has a special character of social interaction and a lively social aspect. If you visit Dubai International Financial Center (DIFC), you feel the vibrant environment where people from different sectors, lawyers, designers, business men, students and many others meet and interact in public places. Different age groups use DIFC and the cultural diversity is high due to different nationalities and cultures interacting. At night, the area has many restaurants, bars and coffee shops which keeps it active and busy all day. DIFC also has many bars and restaurants where the visitors are not only the people working in the area, therefore, enlarging the scope of social diversity.
Figure (122)
170
Cultural Diversity
The cultural diversity is important to attract people from different cultures, since introversion and extroversion is affected by culture. Introverts and extroverts personalities’ are influenced by their culture which makes it essential to have diversity to encourage them to share knowledge, interact and co-exist. Another aspect is the introvert-extrovert architecture which is also different based on cultures and countries. The project will have a balance of introvert and extrovert spaces to highlight the importance of both and the balance needed between them to create a space that accommodates for all cultures. Dubai is known for the different cultures that live in it, thus this aspect must be used to enhance and enrich the project.
171
Center of the City
DIFC area is considered in the center of the city as it is on one side of Sheikh Zayed Road. It is also close to Down Town which is the center of Dubai. DIFC is visited by people either for work or leisure which makes it a popular area in Dubai that attracts many visitors.
172
Pedestrian Walkability
The DIFC area is a walkable area of the city where pedestrian life takes place and interaction between different cultures are seen. The walkability of the site enriches the cultural diversity and makes the project more accessible. The site has the potential of pedestrians walking around as the distances are not huge. The aspect already exists when I visited the site as many pedestrians walk around to access different facilities. The human scale that is respected in DIFC encourages walkability and pedestrians interactions.
173
Easily Accessible- Public Transportation
There are 2 metro stations, Emirates Towers Station and World Trade Center Station, surrounding the site which makes it easily accessible. There are also many bus stations that are near the site. The location also is known by people and they are familiar with the DIFC area which makes it easier for them to access the project. There are also close parkings which facilitates the access for people coming by car.
N
M
M
M
Metro Bus
174
6.3 Location Dubai International Financial Center
N 175
Landmarks
N 176
Site Access
The site is mainly accessed by car from Sheikh Zayed Road and Happiness Street.
N 177
Roads
Primary Roads Secondary Roads
N 178
Mass-Void The mass and void relationship more void than mass in t he site. The empty land allows for the development of new projects.
N Mass
179
Greenery Greenery takes a good amount of land surrounding the site. The wildlife is seen where the area has birds and butterflies, and a horse stable that is unused.
N
180
Parking The walking distance between the closest parking and the site is 700 m.
P
P P
700 M
N 181
Sun
N
Summer Solistice
W
E Winter Solistice
S
N 182
Wind
N NW
W
Summer Solistice
E
N 183
N NW
Winter Solistice
W
E
S
N 184
Heights
The surrounding heights are mostly low, yet there are some high rise buildings such as Emirates Towers. The project’s height is medium rise which can connect low rise and high rise in the site.
N
G G+3,+4 G+6 G+40
185
Zoning
The multiple functions surrounding the site allow different users to meet and interact which supports the project’s aspect of cultural diversity.
Site Offices Leisure- Multi-use Museum Hotel DEWA Unit-Services Office-Residential Towers
Extro Site Views
187
1
2
3
4
3
4 5 6
7
8 9
2
1
N
5
6
188
7
8
189
9
10
190
Intro Site Views
1
191
4 3 2 1
2
192
3
193
4
194
195
7
Conceptual Ideas In this chapter, I will explore the possibilities of concept designs through conceptual models, that would accommodate for the program of the project.
196
Concept mood-board that highlights introvert and extrovert spaces, designed in different ways that balance open and closed spaces
197
198
Concept Models
199
200
7.1 Concept 1 - Elevate
Introvert, extrovert and a mix of spaces directed toward different views that responds to users need. The project elevates to reflect the end of the visitor’s experience where their skills are used to elevate the society.
201
202
7.2 Concept 2 - Fold
The fold creates introvert, extrovert and a mix of spaces to create a balance between them that enhances the functions. The different folds create spaces that are directed either inwards or outwards based on the function. These spaces serve for introverts and extrovert preferences to create a balance.
203
204
7.3 Concept 3 - Fragment
The different fragments are either pushed inside or outside based on the function and user it is hosting. The different directions direct views and give possibilities for introvert and extrovert spaces.
205
206
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