CamKids Draft Report
Reported by: Chanvattey Leang David Phim Nilroth Ly Phosreyneang Loeurng Samnang Nuonsinoeun Seyha Khom Soliday Yon
Research Team Survey Data Collection Team Chanvattey Leang David Phim Hongly Phal Kagna Sim Kimseng Suon Nilroth Ly Phosreyneang Loeurng Rika Chan Samnang Hor Samnang Nuonsinoeun Seyha Khom Soliday Yon Somphors Yun Sopor Thanann Sythong Run Venghour Than Vuthy Vey Contributor to the report: Jeff Boucher Acknowledgement Liger Leadership Academy (LLA) has worked closely on a variety of projects with CamKids organization and the team is honored to be working on this project. This work contributed to a request by Dominic Sharpe, country director of The Liger Leadership Academy and founder of CamKids, The Cambodian Children’s Charity, to conduct a statistical research on the Camkids community which include the three villages: Ta Gnov (TG), Chbar Chross (CC), Trapaing Main (TM). LLA is a respected and credited leaders who have represent and contribute to the whole project, this include all the staffs at CamKids school. Mark Purser Benita Sharpe Dominic Sharpe Joanna Purse Sopheak
Trustees Trustees Trustees Trustees Camkids’ Project Manager
Table of Contents: Reported by:...................................................................................................................... Research Team:................................................................................................................. Survey Data Collection Team…………………………………………………………. Contributors to the Report……………………………………………………………. Acknowledgement:……………………………………………………………………………... Table of Contents:............................................................................................................. Figures and Tables………………………………………………………………………. List of Abbreviation and Acronym:.................................................................................. Abstract:............................................................................................................................. Introduction to the Report:............................................................................................... Background Information………………………………………………………………. Significance to the Report…………………………………………………………….. Review of Related Literature………………………………………………………….. Summary of Key Findings:................................................................................................... Methodology:...................................................................................................................... Knowledge of Statistical Analyze……………………………………………………. Source of Data…………………………………………………………………………... Sample selection………………………………………………………………………... Statistical Methods……………………………………………………………………... Detailed Findings:................................................................................................................ Income and Expenses………………………………………………………………….... Loan………………………………………………………………………………. Saving Group…………………………………………………………………….. Education………………………………………………………………………………….. Health……………………………………………………………………………………… Nutrition……………………………………………………………………………………. Limitation of the Report:....................................................................................................... Conclusion:.......................................................................................................................... Recommendations:.............................................................................................................. References and Bibliography:...................................................................................................
Figures and Tables: Income and Expense Figure 1: The average income between 2015 and 2018 Figure 2: The total incomes of the three villages in a month. Figure 3: The percentage of expenses of families per month in 2015 Figure 4: The percentage of expenses of families per month in 2018 Figure 5: An average expense by break down category for each of the families in 2015 and 2018 Education Figure 1: Educational facility that the three villages attend Figure 2: Chart of parental request for their children education Figure 3: The graph shows parent’s rate on their children education; attend CCC school Figure 4: The graph shows parent’s rate on their children education; NOT attend CCC school Figure 5: Parent’s behavioural assessment of their children; attend CCC school Figure 6: Parent’s behavioural assessment of their children; NOT attend CCC school Figure 7: Dropout causation Figure 8: Starting school age; 14 years old or under Figure 9: Starting school age; 15 years old or above Figure 10: The distance from their home to school; NOT attend CCC school Figure 11: The distance from their home to school; attend CCC school Figure 12: Transportation to school; attend CCC school Figure 13: Transportation to school; NOT attend CCC school Table 1: Comparison of assessment between the students that attend CCC school and students that NOT attend CCC school Health Figure 1: Issues that prevent people from having enough health care Figure 2: People’s opinion of attend CC health workshop Figure 3: Common health problems among the three villages; focused on families members Figure 4: The strategy that villagers used to get medicine Figure 5: Where people go when there’s health problems Table 1: Common diseases based on each families members Nutrition Figure 1: Villager's opinion on Camkids’ impact Figure 2: How many times they brush teeth in a day
Figure 3: Does your family owned a toilet Figure 4: The amount of fruits ate during the past week Figure 5: The amount of vegetables ate during the past week
List of Abbreviation and Acronym TG Ta Gnov TM Trapaing Mian CC Chbar Chross NGOs Non-governmental Organizations CCC Chbar Chross Clinic DF Degree of Freedom SE Standard Error LLA Liger Leader Academy GDP Gross Domestic Product N/A No Answer Abstract The purpose of this survey report was to determine the effects that Camkids has on the lives of people from the three villages: Ta Gnov (TG), Chbar Chross (CC), Trapaing Main (TM), as well as reaching out to donors who would be interested in willing to invest in the CamKids mission. The data survey was conducted via questionnaire with 79 questions created by students from the Liger Leadership Academy. The statistical research analyzed four themes: Income and Expenses which breakdown into Loan and Saving Groups, Education, Health, and Nutrition. Surveyors divided up amongst the three villages and invited families to participate in the survey. Introduction to the Report Background Information Presently, many non-governmental organizations (NGOs), orphanages, national and international donors are investing in Cambodia to help address areas of needs and work to improve the overall quality of life. According to the Trading Economics, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Cambodia expanded 6.9% in 2016 from the previous year. GDP Annual Growth Rate in Cambodia averaged 7.61% from 1994 until 2016, reaching an all time high of 13.30% in 2005 and a record low of 0.10% in 2009, following the global economic crash. Donors and Founders have seen the macro impacts, but they have not noticed the micro details of the program that they are establishing. This report aims to highlight some of these findings for CamKids.
Significance of the Study There are three primary groups that stand to benefit from this study. The first group is the Camkids board of directors, who may identify ways that the current services they provide have positively affected people’s lives from the three villages as well as indicate and address what the villagers still need. By sharing this knowledge, the board will be able to take actions and make informed decisions to better serve the families. The second group that may benefit from this study is the donors who may better understand the living conditions of the villagers, so that they can decide whether they should invest their money or not. This impact on the board an potential donors, will hopefully also help people in the villages have access to a better education system, healthcare center, clean water, and sanitation as well. Review of Related Literature We visited Camkids.org in the purpose of learning general background knowledge about CCC. There were two surveys that had been conducted previously. In 2010, they conducted the survey, before opening their organization. The questionnaire used was thorough and the data gained was valuable to CamKids, however, we only had access to the survey but not the findings due to technological problems. Another survey was conducted in 2015, focusing education and finances of the CC families exclusively In addition, we met with Dominic Sharpe, one of Camkids directors to specify some questions we had along the way. Summary of Key Findings The survey were asked to over a hundred families across the three villages with questions related to their Incomes and Expenses, Loan and Saving, children's Education, Health and Nutrition. This survey report had provided an overview of changes in people’s lives around the community since their Camkids program had started to run. 1. Average income increase: In three years, the average income of all the three villages combine increased about $195.50, approximately 125%. 2. Parents rating CCC education system: According to the survey about 40% of the parents said that the education that their children received is okay and more than 60% said that it is good. None of the parents from the three villages said that the education from CCC school is bad. 3. Improve children’s education: The majority respondents urge to improve their children's education to have them finish high-school, which is 40 responses. 4. Request for nearer high school: Almost all, the villager we talk to have a concern about the distance between the high school and their home since their children have to bike on
an average 8km back and forth a day without sidetrack. Therefore, they request a nearer high school. 5. Issues prevented from pursuing health care: Almost 50 of the respondents (43.4%) said money is there primary issue. 6. Attending CCC health and nutrition workshop: When people were asked whether they will join if CCC host a health and nutrition workshop, almost 90% out of 101 respondents said that they will attend the workshop. 7. Main resource of health treatment: Over 50 respondents across the three villages chose CCC clinic as their main resource of health treatment. 8. Toilet Owned: The majority of the respondents, 53.5% (53/99), said they do not own a toilet. 9. The impact that Camkids has on villagers’ lives: 75% (74/99) of respondents said Camkids has a positive impact on their lives and the other 23% (23/99) of respondents said Camkids had no impact on them. A very small percentage of the respondents, 2% (2/99), said Camkids has a negative impact on their lives. Methodology Knowledge of Statistical Analysis A group of 25 students from LLA are taking the advanced placement (AP) statistics class in which 17 of the students will be taking the upcoming AP test in 2018. Six students have been chosen to be in this research and statistical analysis team in addition to one students who has limited statistical knowledge. This group of students are not professional statisticians; their knowledge of data analysis are from lessons they’ve learned in class. In the past, LLA students have conducted surveys throughout their communities and different places around Cambodia. Yet, students have never experienced surveying at this breadth and level of in-depth data analysis. By being in this team, students had the opportunity to improve their understanding in statistics and get a hand-ons experience trying to create and implement an effective survey. Source of Data The data for this report was collected through an exhaustive 79-question survey that was created by students from LLA. The questionnaire was divided into four main sections and a header highlight basic family information (size, village, name). Section one focused on the finances of families and was organized into income, expenses, loans, and savings. In the second section of the survey, villagers answered questions related to their children's education. Section three was
focused on personal health. Villagers answered questions about common diseases in their family and how they were likely to treat illnesses. In addition respondents were asked about personal hygiene. The last section is made out of 16 questions about the villagers’ nutrition; how do they choose their meals, get the drinking water, and what food choices they make each week. The last few questions aim to summarize respondents overall view of CamKids. Sample Selection The respondents involved in this survey were residents from three villages of Ta Gnov (TG), Chbar Chross (CC), Trapaing Main (TM), located in Krang Chek commune, Oudong district, Kampong Speu province, Cambodia. CC village made up of 115 families, 35 families from TG, and 185 families from TM (the information is based on Sopheak, project manager in CamKids). A non-proportional, convenience sample method was conducted during this survey to collect primary data. The list of people who contributed to the sample were randomly based on the convenience of the interviewee themself and also the interviewer’s convenience as well. Each member of the research team were individually responsible for interviewing the residents by going house to house; when approached, the families members consistently pointed to the head of family to answer the questions. To eliminate duplications of the respondents or members of the family, the interviewer need to asked for the interviewee’s full name, most importantly is last name. The sample size composed of 15 residents from TG, 44 from CC, and 44 from TM; 103 families in total of three villages. The initial planned sample size was 80. Increased sample size was desirable to lower the variability in our study. However, sample size of 103 families violates laws of independence for inferring about a population from a sample. To meet the conditions for independence our sample size would have to have been less than 10% of the entire population (about 40 families). The interview consisted of 17 surveyors; 10 students from LLA who volunteered to help with the survey and the seven members of the research team. The survey questionnaire took approximately 45 minutes on average for each person; this included introductions and all sections of questions. Statistical Methods Simple statistic methods were used to tabulate the results of this report. The data was analyzed and put into various charts; some responses are input with actual numbers (frequencies) and some are in percentage form. To calculate the percent of the response, the number of response for each choices will be divided by the total respondents that answered the question. In section four, Nutrition, question 21, the respondents were asked to describe how Camkids impact their lives. The data was tabulated in percentage form and are organized by village to compare and find correlation between them.
Detailed Finding Income and Expense
**Figure 1 Figure shows ranges of total mean income between 2015 and 2018 for residents of all three villages in the Camkids community. In 2015, the data set was from families only living in CC village. While in 2018, the data collected was from all three villages (CC, TM, and TG) working with Camkids. In 2015, the average family income was $155.50 per month. In 2018, we are 95% confidence that the average income of a family is between $271.90 and $431.70. In three years, the average income increased about $195.50, approximately 125%.
**Figure 2 Figure 2 shows a further breakdown of average income by village. 28% of the families we surveyed in the CC village have an income over $400, compared to 42% in TM and only 6% in TG. It’s worthwhile to note that data for TG villages has a large variance due to the small sample of TG residents surveyed. Although, there is a significantly higher proportion of families in TM earning over $400 compared to CC families, the mean difference of income between TM and CC is only $51.80. It is important to note that only TM village has access to the national electricity power line. This is a good indicator of the correlation between electricity and increased income. One hypothesis is that access to electricity provides more opportunity to do more jobs.
**Figure 3
**Figure 4
Figure 3 on the left represents the 2015 average monthly expenses of families in CC village broken down into $100 intervals. (59.2% of families surveyed had monthly expenses between 100-200 dollars.) While, figure 4 on the right shows the 2018 average monthly expenses of families surveyed from all 3 villages. In 2015, the data shows an average of $132.72 in monthly expenses. The average expense has increased about $42.78 from 2015 to 2018, to $175.50. On the other hand, the average income has also increased about $196.30 from $155.50 to $351.80 between 2015 and 2018. The pie chart in figure three above shows that over 90% of the families surveyed in 2015 had less than $200 per month in expenses, compared to the data in 2018, only about 60% of families managed to spend less than $200 a month.
**Figure 5 The overall increase in income leads to a higher expenses on the necessary needs. Figure 5 shows that all of the expense by categories has increase. The average differences of expenses on food monthly compared from 2015 to 2018 is about $30.26, from $58.54 to $88.88. In addition to in depth examination of this statistics, the average members in a family in 2015 to 2018 is relatively the same, which is 5 to 6 people. However, the data show that a person spend an average of 40 cents a day in 2015, and an average of 59.2 cents a day in 2018; to correspond, the money that a person spend on average a day on food is less than a price of a can of coke. Compared to 2015, the average monthly expenses spend on children education has increase to $28.45. This average increase shows that more kids were sent to school and possibly, additional money were spend on learning materials. The expenses on water utility bill and electricity in 2018 is relatively low compared to the other categories; since the study in 2015 does not collect data towards this categories, comparison can not be establish. On monthly average, the villagers only spend about $4.9 towards electricity; in correlation many houses in both the CC and TG villages are equipped with solar power, so the expenses on the electricity is rather low. According to Dominic Sharpe, these families are required to pay $2.50 every month to assists with the cost of the solar panels. In contrast to 2015, the debt payment and wedding expense has increase to $95.94 and $85.87 respectively. These set of data informs three correlations: one, with more access to consumer goods and more responsibility, the debt payment has increase. Two, the increase in population lead to more celebrations and ceremony. Three, the total expense
of debt payment and wedding combined made up to approximately 53.50% of a family monthly expenses in 2018, which is $188.20 out of their total average income, $351.80.
Saving 49 out of the 104 families surveyed have saving money every months. The average amount of money each family save per month is approximately $13.58. About 33 families or 67.34% of those who save, uses those money for their children education in the future. Nine families save the money for future purposes, three families said they uses it to fix the house, only one of the family uses the money for their health check, and the remaining two families uses the money for other purposes. According to the data, this statistic show that the majority of families value more on their children education rather than other activities. Loan ** Figure 6
Figure 6 show the percentages of families in debt between 2015 and 2018. The graph above shows a relatively small difference within the three years. The proportions of people in CC who were in debt in 2015 is about 70.41, and the proportions of people who are in debt in 2018 is about 68.26. This is a 2.15% decrease of the people who are in debt in contrast to 2015.
Figure 7 The cumulative amount of loans in the 2015 study of the CC village is $31,342.50, with a mean amount of $540.37 per family. As the mean of income increase, the amount of loans is also significantly increasing as well. In our 2018 survey, the cumulative amount of loans across all families surveyed was $126487.85. We are 95% confident that the average loan amount per family is between $1642 and $2504 with the minimum of $20.35 and the maximum of $10000, and a standard deviation of $2217. This seemed high; using another measure of center, the median, we found $1250 as central figure for amount of loans per family.. By using the 1.5 IQR rule, the data had three outliers, $8500, $9000, and $10000. After removing the outliers, the new mean was $980. The average loan’s interest is 2.85% in 2015, while there is about 1.86% in 2018. This is a decrease of approximately 1%. To put this in to context, if a family take a loans of $1000, the family need to pay about $28.50 monthly for the interest in 2015, compare to 2018, the family need to spend only $18.60. This decrease in interest rate exist due to the choice of where the families take the loans from. Not all 71 families compared interest rates from different sources 20 of the families compared different rates from different lenders, 42 of the families did not compare, and 9 did not respond.
Figure 8 Figure 8 show the comparison percentages of families’ sources for their loan money. The percentage of loan money in 2015 comes from microfinance 68%, relative 16%, others 14.7%, and bank is 1.3% respectively. On the other hand, the two significant different on the source of loans in between 2015 and 2018 is bank and microfinance, where in 2018 the percentage of loans from microfinance 35.61%, relative 4.1%, other 8.2%, saving group 9.6%, and bank is 42.46% respectively. The three biggest range on the sources of loans are bank, microfinance, and saving group. Microfinance has a decrease of 32.39%, bank has an increase of 41.16%, and saving group had an increase of 9.6%, all between 2015 to 2018.
Figure 9 The four biggest categories of the families loans usage in 2015 are household purchase, daily needs, building their resident, and business expenses. While three of the categories from 2015 remains the relatively the same except household purchase. 18 out of 71 families in 2018 uses loans for house construction and house maintenance, compare to 2015, only 11 out of the 69. On the other hand, household purchase is the biggest motivation for taking loans in 2015, 20 out 69, while in 2018 only 3 families. It indicates that in 2015 people need more materials for daily living such as, tv, catering supply, and electronic devices, this is just to list some.
Surprisingly, before the villagers take loans, only 20 out of the 71 (28.16) families analyse and compare the sources of their loans to other corporates. Beside the amount of loans, the interest of loan, the sources of loans, and what it is for, 68 out of 71 families managed to pay their loans on time, this is equivalent to 95.77%. Not all the families were able to pay their loans easily, the data informs that 7 of the families loses their personal stuff to order the loans. More notably, 16 families were so trap in loans, they do not have any others ways to solve the problem, the only way to pay back the loans is to take new loans to pay for the old loans. This indicate that people in the three villages are lack of financial literacy.
Saving Group 69 out of 104 families surveyed, responded that they are aware or uses the saving group that CamKids had initialized. Within those who are aware about the saving group program, 32 of them stated that they have known it from CamKids’ school teachers, 13 people known it from their family, 10 of them were told by their kids, and the remaining 14 people known it from the village chief and others. According to the analysis, the data shows that there are only three options for the amount of money the villagers can put in, which are $2.5, $3.75, and $5. In addition, 41 out of 69 or 59.4% of the people who uses the saving group does not know about the information on interest rate of the saving program; while the remaining people who know about the information answered that the interest rate is ranged between 1.5% to 3%. However, this is an indicator that not many people who involved in the saving group are knowledgeable about the information of the program. Unexpectedly, only 28 of the 69 people had withdraw their money from the saving group. Education
The bar graph above shows the school that children from each village attend. Private school, university and pagoda are the three educational institutions least attended by children
living in all three villages. The most common educational option across all three village is the Chbar Chross community school(CCC) run by CamKids. 40%(21/53) of families surveyed from Chbar Chross village had children currently attending CCC, compared to 33% (7/21) from TG village, and 25% (24/53) from TM village. Despite having a smaller total population than TG, CC families surveyed had a higher total amount and percentage of children attending high school 36% (19/53), than the other two villages combined 23%(17/74). This shows that Camkids has now raise the number of high schooler in CC village since 2012. 8% (10/127) of families surveyed still have children study in government primary school. Some of this is survey error, the respondents were saying they had adult children who had previously gone to government school. For other families, it was convenient to send their child to government school with a sibling who was attending high school. 2% (3/127) of the respondents chose for their children to become monks and learn for free in the pagoda. Out of all families surveyed, only 1 (CC) had a child attending university. It is important to note down that some family have more than one kid, therefore they can go to separate educational facility. Also, the higher the grade of the child is, the higher the chance of the child dropout of school.
The two bar charts above show the different ways students get to school. The first bar chart represents the students that go to CCC school. 51% of the students walk to school, 46% biked and only 3% had family members drive them on a motorbike. The second bar chart shows the students that don’t go to CCC school. 34% of the students walked to school, 53% biked and 13% use a motorcycle to go to school. In comparison students that go to CCC school tends to walk more but for the students that don’t go to CCC school tends to bike more. One of the reasons is that for the students that go to CCC school they need to travel on average only 700 meters but for the students that don’t go to CCC school need to travel on average 5km. Parents that have students that go to CCC school spend less money on the transportation because most of them walk but for the parents that have kids that go to others school, need to spend more money for buying bike.
The two bar charts above compare the average age students began school before and after the creation of Camkids. 6 years before CC started, on average students started school at 8 years old, which is 2 years later than most Cambodians. After CC started, students average age for beginning school was 5 years old. Before the Chbar Chros school, distance from the government
school was one of the primary reasons students started school late. On average students that go to CCC school need to travel only about 700 meters and it’s a very close compare the local primary school (4.4 kilometers).
The above bar charts illustrate how parents rates on the quality of their children’s education. One refers to bad, two refers to okay, and three refers to good quality education. The first bar chart display the parents rating on CCC school education. According to the survey, about 40% of the parents said that the education that their children received is okay and 60% said that it is good. None of the parents from the three villages said that the education from CCC school is bad. The second bar chart shows parents rating on schools other than CCC. About 15% of the parents rate that the education that their children received poorly, almost 58% rate okay, and around 27% of the parents rate the education is good. In comparison parents tends to rate the quality of education from CCC school higher than the other school.
The two bar charts above show how parents rate their children upon the following five categories: follow the instructions, hygiene, verbal communication, morality/behavior, health. The rates represented by the colored bars, where red mean bad, blue mean okay, and green mean good. Overall, most parents rate their children as okay in all sections. Yet, parents that don’t have children attending CCC school rates their children higher on the five categories compared to the parents that have children attending CCC school. According to the table below, 20% of the students attending CCC school had their parents rated them as bad while only 9% of the students that not attending CCC school had their parents rated them as bad. Rate
Going To CCC school
Not Going To CCC school
Not good
20%
9%
Okay
51%
60%
Good
25%
31%
Out of 104 families, there are 117 individuals that got dropout of school. The histogram above shows some of the reasons why they got dropout of school, given by 40 out of the 104 families. According to the box chart, family economic is the most common reason reported for children dropping out of school. Most students leaving school because their family needed help with earning more income to the family. Jobs at a local factory offer a reliable source of income and are seen as an alternative to continue their education. The second common reason why students dropping out of school is bad performance or dissatisfaction with the quality of education. The two other reasons are lack of transportation and child’s safety. ______________________________________________________________________________
Here are some recommendation from respondents for their children’s future educations. From the survey, 52 respondents did not have any recommendation or comments, mainly because they have no children, their children are too old or are currently working. However, the other 51 respondents gave recommendations/requests for their children’s education. The majority of respondents (42.6%) urge their children to finish high-school. 4 out of that 40 families with children in government school wants the curriculum to change and an additional 3 families hope their kids will be in university. Moreover, 11 families want their children to find a good and well-paid job after they finished their education. Almost all the villagers we talked to have concerns about the distance between the high school and their home since their children have to bike on an average of 8km back and forth a day without a sidewalk. All these added up might seem more than 51 responses; it is important to note that almost every respondent had more than one request.
Doc#1 Pericles expressed that all the men citizens that didn’t participate in the politics was futile. Men citizens supposed to “defend Athens in war” and to “help to debates about issues.” If a man being selfish and only “mind his own business” but he doesn’t care about politics, he shouldn’t be in Athen, the great city, and shall be banish. Doc#2
Base on the information and the pictures above, one similarity between the Ancient Greek and modern day Olympic contest is that the events include many sports such as “running, boxing, wrestling and other events.” One difference between the two contests is that in Greek society they created the olympic to “honor their gods” but nowaday olympics is that way of bringing nations together. Doc#3 Two of the things that Hippocrates thought were important in the practice of medicine are considering on how much is your benefit from each patient and as the doctor you need to keep thing as secret and shall not speak in public. Health Common Diseases Occur in Husbands, Wives, Children and Grandparents
Total
Common Diseases on Husband
Common Diseases on Wife
Common Disease on Children
Common Disease on grandparents
Hypertension: Hypertension: Hypertension: Hypertension: Hypertension: 13 5 6 1 4 Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis: 8 4 3 1 0 Intestine: 23
Intestine: 6
Intestine: 12
Intestine: 4
Intestine: 1
Muscle pain: 4
Muscle pain: 3
Muscle pain: 1
Muscle pain: 0
Muscle pain: 0
Auto immune: Autoimmune: Autoimmune: AutoImmune: Autoimmune: 2 0 0 2 0 Other: 24
Other: 4
Other:9
Other: 5
Other: 6
Blank: 336
Blank: 82
Blank: 70
Blank: 91
Blank: 93
Respiratory: 1
Gynecological issue: 3 Respiratory: 1
Gynecological :3 With the sample size of 104 out of the whole population around 500 people from the three villages combined: Chbar Chross, Ta Gnov, Trapaing Mian, Gastrointestinal commonly happen among the parents, intestine problem commonly happen to the children, and hypertension is the most common reported disease happened to the grandparents. Mothers are most likely to have
gastrointestinal problems. Out of a total of 23 people who reported intestinal problems, 52% of them are mothers, 26% are fathers, 17% are children and 4.3% are grandparents. The second most common disease respondents reported is hypertension. Fathers, mothers and grandparents seem to have a fairly similar rates of hypertension, but mothers are still the most likely to reports instances of hypertension. 8% of families surveyed reported a member having tuberculosis, 4 fathers, 3 mothers and one child. Out of all diseases, only children have autoimmune and respiratory problems. Every family member seems to be healthy rather than having a disease since 78.8% of fathers don’t have a disease while 67.3% of mothers are healthy, 87.5% of children and 89.3% of grandparents are healthy. Mothers are still the most likely to have a disease.
Respondents were asked what issues prevented them from pursuing health care. Lack of money was the primary issue (43.4%) the respondents reported. It is interesting to see the growth since a survey that was conducted in 2015, money was the second issue and there were only 27.75% of families that is saying money is an issue that prevent them from having enough health care. The demand for money is increasing as year increases; more materials are being created, more money needed to contribute to the living. 21.97% and 31.79% are saying that having no transportation and having no health centers or hospitals nearby are the issues, respectively. Taking these data and compare to the current data that were just being collected, there was only 13.3% are saying lack of transportation is one of the issues while 6.2% of people are saying that having no health
centers or hospitals nearby are their great issues. Over the past three years, we can tell that people’s lives’ condition has improved. They are more likely to have their own transportation now to take their family members somewhere if anyone have health problem. There also seems to be more health facilities being built now, since there’s a 25.6% decline relating to people’s issues about health facilities. Road condition has also decline from 17.34% in 2015 to 1.25%. Villagers’ life’s condition is getting better relating to owning properties, but we can also tell that the community is getting better in the development of its infrastructure.
People were asked whether they will join if CCC host a health and nutrition workshop. Out of a total of 101 since some people didn’t answer, 10.9% said “no” while 89.1% said “yes”. It is worth knowing that 4 of the 10.9% of people that said “no” don’t go to CCC clinic when they have health issue and that 5 of the 10.9% of people that said “no” is a factory worker, a construction worker or a seller. Two of the 10.9% that said “no” don’t have job. Through this data, we can tell that most people are showing interests about their health and that they would be most likely to be in an event hosted by CCC to learn about health and nutrition. It also shows that CCC is well known and that CCC have influence over the villagers, that is why they would feel like health workshop from CCC is essential and trust worthy for them.
Flu is the most common sickness reported amongst all three villages, while the second most common sickness are Dengue Fever and Diarrhea. Children are most likely to have Diarrhea, Dengue Fever and the Flu, while mothers are the second most likely to have these same sicknesses. It is a real problem by having a really low amount of healthy people compare to people with the sickness within a family. Personal hygiene, the house environment as well as source of food could affect how people receive these common illnesses. Children’s immune system aren’t as strong or comfortable with bacterias around them yet since they are young; they are still learning to adapt, so they would be the most likely to face illnesses like flu and diarrhea. Mothers are the second most likely group of people to have flu because mothers are the most likely to stay near their children and are the one to take care of them; they are contagious.
We got answers from 102 families when we asked if they normally know what medicine to buy when they have health problems or do they normally report their symptoms to a pharmacist and take their recommendations. 92.2% of people are saying that they would go to the clinic or pharmacy and report their symptoms to get pills, representing in blue. 7.8% of people are saying that they know the pills that they need to buy, representing in red. It is interesting to note that no respondents in our survey had a family member who was a nurse or doctor.
Respondents were asked where do they normally go when they have health problems. CCC clinic seems to be a reliable place for villagers from Chbar Chross (53.7%) and Trapaing Mian(40.74%), since most families from both villages said CCC clinic would be a place they would choose to go for health check. However, villagers from Trapaing Mian prefer private clinic while villagers from Chbar Chross prefer private health center. It worth noting that private clinic is most likely to cost more than health center. Traditional healer is one of Cambodian’s way to get health treatment. Even though, there are hospitals and pills being created, some people are still going to the traditional healers, where it more into spirits and belief rather than scientific’s medical stuff. Most people from Ta ngov prefer Private Clinic, but at the same time, villagers are saying they would avoid going anywhere for health treatment. Least amount of villagers from Chbar Chross prefer not to get their health treatment. Out of all of those who chooses to avoid going for health treat, most of them are from Trapiang Mian. Nutrition Limitations of the Report The survey may be limited through the sample strategies that the research team chose to conduct the survey itself. Most of the limitations to the study were very dependents on time, and how the team managed to spend on various activities. Since there were limited of time frame and deadline, the randomized strategies were unable to planned, end up with the results of convenience sample. If there were to be more times, the research team could have gone through
the process of randomization; collecting all the information of families within the three villages, plot the locations of houses the families live in, numbered each house, and then computed a randomize number to the desire sample size. In addition, the team could have been more prepared to do calculation using confidence interval to find the sample size they need, due to lack of times, the process was unable to be done. Inputting data consistently is really important to keep the data as accurate as possible. There were many ways to input the collected data and the team decided to use Google spreadsheet. Due to the limit of time, the process required everyone in the team to help inputting the data. There were flaws in this strategy. For instance, some member viewed blank answer as no and some viewed blank answer as N/A which can lead some inaccuracies for the data analysis. In general, the team weren’t getting much prepared on how everything would look like during the survey. The surveyors didn’t get to communicate together as much related to how the questions should be ask as well as how the member should record the data during the interview. This had lead to note-taking inconsistency where the data weren’t communicate clear information and were unorganized. Due to the time limit, the surveyors couldn’t spend time in building connections with the villagers before the interview and randomized strategy weren’t be able to apply into this survey collecting process. When the survey were being done, the research team realized some of the approaches that could have done better during the survey. The consistency with the way the questions was being asked creates a misunderstanding communication between the interviewer and the interviewee. This could slightly cause some problems to the data that the team collected from the residents; mis-herding questions provide an irrelevant answers. The way to solve this is to use a consistent language (simple, non-professional language) that could help with a better understanding for the interviewee themself. Aside from language, some villagers are very sensitive with the way the surveyors act and behavior, due to all respects in Cambodian cultures. Some villagers are not comfortable when the surveyors walked into their house; it seems to them that the surveyors showed no respect to them. This only apply to some of the residents. The team could have done different by going out to the community, spend more time with the villagers, get to know them and let them get to know the surveyors; this way the two party can potentially create a bond before the team begin the survey. One of the thing that the surveyors observed was when they interview a resident, neighbours and relatives families gather around the conversation; this could possibly made the interviewee uncomfortable to answer some of the questions that were private. Surveyors thought that this could be a potential problem that could provide a biased answers for the data analysis.
According to the research team, they stated that it was quite difficult to have other students from LLA to help them with interviewing because they don’t understand most of the questionnaire like the research team do. So, the consistency of the language they used could be different. It was also helpful to have LLA students because the survey wishes for a bigger sample size, and students gave the research team more work force. Conclusion
Recommendations The following recommendations had been recognized throughout the process of surveying and analyzing data. The survey should be collected in enough sample size that would be a good representative of the whole population. Survey should be done using randomized strategy because it will reduce bias answer. The questionnaire should be check by the team to make sure that every questions will provide an important response to the report. Get rid of the unnecessary questions. Testing the whole questionnaire beforehand will help a lot with seeing what need to be change in the question. All surveyors should get a chance to spend sometimes before the interview with the villagers in order to build up their connection together. This will influence how the villagers response to the questions, and the survey data will be more accurate and true. The surveyors should have enough time to interview people without rushing through each question as well as making sure that every piece of information must be noted down accurately. Each surveyor in the team should be able to ask the question consistently to keep the meaning of each question stay the same throughout the whole interview. Notes should be taking the same way. If one person leave blank as “no,” the other surveyors must do the same thing to avoid confusion and mistakes while inputting the data. References and Bibliography