Tall Ships Handbook
General Information to Trainees Safety on Board & Sailing Theory of Tall Ships
S.A.L.T. Sail and Life Training Association Hungary 2012
Tall Ships Handbook General Information to Trainees Safety on Board & Sailing Theory of Tall Ships This handbook is based on Handbok/Handbook of The Statsraad Lehmkuhl Foundation. Cover photo - Deutsche Schiftung Sail Training, www.gruene-segel.de Graphic design is by Gan Grailsk a.s, Oslo and S.A.L.T. Compiled and published by S.A.L.T., Sail and Life Training Association Hungary for Hungarian trainees only (not for commercial trade), 2012.
S.A.L.T., Sail and Life Training Association Hungary Nonprofit Kft. 1147 Budapest, Kerékgyártó u. 45/c. Tel: (70) 773-4642 www.salt.org.hu info@salt.org.hu
INTRODUCT INTRODUCTION A sailing cruise with a Tall Ship is something far more than an ordinary holiday. While on board you will take watches and participate actively in the operation of the ship. When time allows you will learn seamanship and participate in maintenance work. For most of you, there will be many new things to learn. This handbook is made to help you in preparing yourself for the jobs and duties you will participate in while on board. The better you prepare before embarking, the higher will the value of your cruise be. The quality of your experience will be correspondingly higher. The chapter about rigging and sails is relatively comprehensive and describes the square riggers' properties when sailing. Some of the content in this chapter is elementary, while some of it is for people with sailing experience. It gives in-depth knowledge about the different sails and sailing theory. Do not get scared by this. Some of the things that look complicated on paper will be self explanatory as part of the system when you get to know the ship. The chapter concerning safety is compulsory! The chapters about the ship 's routines are for your own benefit. The chapters about sails and sailing will help you get a better value from your stay on board.
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Photo: Bark Europa
INFORMATI INFORMATION TO TRAINEES COMPLEMENT: The Crew of the Ship During most sail cruises, an average Tall Ship has the following crew: Captain ..................................................................................................................... Chief Officer .............................................................................................................. Second Deck Officer .................................................................................................... Third Deck Officer ...................................................................................................... Boatswain .................................................................................................................. Carpenter .................................................................................................................. Sergeant .................................................................................................................... A.B. (able seaman) ....................................................................................................... A.B. (able seaman) ....................................................................................................... A.B. (able seaman) ....................................................................................................... O.S. (ordinary seaman) ................................................................................................. O.S. (ordinary seaman) ................................................................................................. Apprentice ................................................................................................................. Apprentice ................................................................................................................. Chief Engineer ........................................................................................................... First Engineer ............................................................................................................. Engine Assistant .......................................................................................................... Chief Steward ............................................................................................................. 1. Cook ..................................................................................................................... 2. Cook ..................................................................................................................... Steward ..................................................................................................................... Steward ..................................................................................................................... Doctor/Nurse ............................................................................................................. In addition to the regular complement you will meet a number of volunteers. These are people who have sailed for longer periods with the Tall Ship. and who know the ship very well. Some of the volunteers work on deck and some in the catering department. The volunteers assist the regular crew, and will – like the crew – assist you in learning how to operate the ship; particularly those new on board.
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SAFETY ON SAFETY ON BOARD Becoming familiar with, and respecting, the ship's safety rules will not limit the adventure and the openness that you can expect to experience on board. On the contrary, it will give you the security necessary to part-take in the numerous and varied activities that a 3-masted barque has to offer. Please study the ship's safety plan and become familiar with the locations of the lifesaving equipments.
Lifeboat and Fire alarms The ship's general alarm signal, a continuous ringing of alarm bells, is used to warn trainees and crew throughout the ship, that they must go to their emergency stations. When the alarm is heard, all trainees must immediately go to their mustering stations on the main deck and remain there to receive further instructions given by the crew. Also pay close attention to the ship's loudspeaker system, in the event of an alarm or false alarm, instructions will be given on the loudspeaker system.
Mustering on deck Trainees are divided into three watch groups, 12-4 hours (red), 4-8 hours (green) and 8 -12 hours (blue) watch. The watch groups shall muster on the main deck as follows: • Red watch -port side • Green watch -starboard side • Blue watch -amidships The watch groups shall muster before going on and off watch. While reading up your watch posts, the watch leader will call out your number to make sure that all trainees are present and uninjured before and after the watch. This is our duty and it is for your safety. When your number is called out, answer with a loud and clear «AHOY». Be sure you have been heard!
Photo: www.greuen-segel.de
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SAFETY ON SAFETY ON BOARD Safety rules Pinrails and railings are not benches for sitting, they are there for fastening the running rigging, such as sheets, halyards, downhauls, etc. Although they may look inviting to sit upon, they also invite the danger' falling overboard.
Climbing aloft On your first trips aloft, you will be accompanied by one of the ship's experienced deckhands, who will guide you and teach you how this challenge can be overcome in a safe and controlled manner. These are some of the most important precautions you must take: Always climb on the windward side of the rigging, with the wind at your back, even if it means climbin the „long way around". Photo: Statsraad Lehmkuhl
Always have one handhold and one foothold safely it place when climbing up or down the shrouds or working aloft. As the rule goes: „one hand (and foot) for yourself and one for the ship!” Always hold on to the shrouds, never the ratlines. Ratlines may break! Immediately fasten your lifeline to the safety wire when you are standing on the footropes of the yards or to the standing rigging, when working in place anywhere above the deck. Never use the running rigging or sails to hold on to. Always remove loose articles from your pockets before going aloft. Walkman sets are forbidden in the rig ging and while on watch duty. Cameras, tools and knives may only be taken aloft after the watch leader has inspected the safety strops and has given permission to do so. You may go aloft only when ordered to do so, or by permission from the watch officer.
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HYGIENE A HYGIENE AND TIDINESS As trainees you will live together in close quarters, personal hygiene is important to help ensure your comfort and that of your fellow trainees. For your own safety and the safety of all on board, we ask that you keep your personal belongings stowed away at all times. Loose objects on board a moving vessel can represent a serious safety hazard. Clothes and garments should never be left in comers or places where they can represent a fire hazard. The ship's vacuum toilet system is very delicate and will only tolerate the ship's own toilet paper. Nothing else must be thrown in the toilet unless you have eaten it first. Failure to comply with this rule may cause the entire system to be put out of order for at least 2 hours! Always dispose of food wrappers, empty beverage containers, etc., in designated garbage disposal containers, never throw anything overboard. Photos: www.gruene-segel.de
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WATCHES WATCHES AND DUTIES As a trainee aboard any Tall Ship you will be an active part of the crew and you will be required to take part in all phases of the watch-keeping and maintenance duties.
The watch posts are as follows: Look-out
Posted on the foredeck or, in heavy weather, on the poopdeck. Reports all objects sighted by signalling to the helmsman with the ship's bell. For an object on starboard – one bell, on port – two bells, and amidships – three bells. Listen to make sure that the helmsman responds with the same signal and always keep a look-out on the whole horizon.
Man-overboard watch
Posted at the stem on the poopdeck. Keeps a sharp look-out astern in case of a manoverboard situation. In case of manoverboard, immediately release the life buoy and light into water. Keep your eyes on the person at all time and shout „man overboard” as loud as possible, until you get assistance. Do not read or become otherwise distracted from your duties, it may cost a person's life!
Helmsman
Posted at the wheel on the poopdeck. Sterrs the ship under supervision of the ship's crew. •Pay close attention to the compass course and do not engage in unnecessary conversation or become otherwise distracted from your duty.
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Photo: Statsraad Lehmkuhl
WATCHES WATCHES AND DUTIES • If you are in doubt about the ship's course or steering instructions, immediately contact the watch officer or any crew member in the area.
Photo: Statsraad Lehmkuhl
Fire watch
Patrols the entire ship continuously, starting at the bridge and following the designated route. • Check all rooms and spaces for fire and smoke. • Report all leakages and spills. • Make sure that all doors are closed, or secured with latches when open. • Report all sound and lamp alarms to watch or watch leader. • In case of fire: Access the nearest fire extinguisher and attempt to extinguish the fire. If the fire is out of control, immediately close all adjoining doors to contain the fire in one area and seek safety on deck. Even the smallest fire must be reported by activating the fire alarm panic button, or by shouting “fire” as loud as possible. •During patrols make note of where the fire alarm panic buttons and fire extinguishers are located. If you are in doubt about how to use the equipment or activate the alarms, do not hesitate to ask the crew.
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WATCHES WATCHES AND DUTIES Bridge watch
Posted on the bridge. Listens for incoming radio and telephone calls and sounds the bell. • Listen carefully to broadcasts on the VHF and MF radio equipment. When hearing an incoming call for the ship or a “Mayday” or “Pan Pan” broadcast, immediately contact the watch officer. • When hearing the satellite or cellular telephone, lift it off, give the ship's name and ask the calling party to hold while you summon the watch officer. The bridge watch is also responsible for ringing the ship's bell every half hour, to announce the time. This is done continuously while the ship is at sea.
Photo: Statsraad Lehmkuhl
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WATCHES WATCHES AND DUTIES The procedure is as follows: The watches are 4 hours, or 8 half-hours. The time signal starts with one bell at the end of the first half-hour and ends with 8 bells at the end of the last half-hour of the watch. This is repeated the same way at the start of each watch. For example, on the 8-12 watch: 08.30 One bell (one single bell) 09.00 Two bells (one double) 09.30 Three bells (one double and one single) 10.00 Four bells (two double) 10.30 Five bells (two double and one single) 11.00 Six bells (three double) 11.30 Seven bells (three double and one single) 12.00 Eight bells (four double) -end of watch, the procedure is repeated.
Galley duty
One or two trainees from each watch are posted in the galley or cafeteria, for one day, to assist the cooks and stewardesses during meals. Galley duty is from 7 am to 7 pm, with breaks between meals. Trainees on galley duty do not have any other duties until they return to their watch the following day.
Other duties
When on watch and not on a specific duty post, trainees will be required to engage in sail handling and general maintenance work. During arrival and departure you may be asked to assist in handling the ship's mooring lines and fenders. Please follow the crews orders and these simple, but very important rules: • During maintenance work always return tools and materials to their proper places. • You will be supplied with the proper protective gear, please use it as instructed. • Be careful when using paints, oils and polishing liquids, do not place containers on railings or places where they can fall during heeling or rolling. Always close containers after use. • When working with mooring lines, never stand with your feet in a coil or bight of the line. • During mooring operations, give the crew plenty of room to work and please assist only when asked to do so. Stand well clear of towing lines, anchor chains and lifeboat tackles when these are in use.
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LIFE BELOW LIFE BELOW-DECKS As we have mentioned earlier, life on board a ship can become crowded and in order to make life in our little community as comfortable as possible, it is essential that you obey the following rules: 1. Become familiar with all written rules and instructions and obey them. 2. The ship's sergeant is your immediate superior below-decks and during your leisure time. If you have any questions at all don't hesitate to ask him. 3. Always stow your private belongings in your assigned locker, do not let them "lay around". Clothes and other belongings found on deck or in the living quarters (banjers), will be removed and kept in storage by the sergeant. 4. Stow away your hammock and bedclothes when not in use and please be gentle with the ship's furniture. 5. Turn-to when you are asked to do so. Be queit. Others are off duty. 6. Be considerate when using lights below-decks after hours. Other trainees are trying to sleep. In port, the lights will be dimmed at 23.00, at which time there must be silence. If you are returning on board after this time, please go to your berth without disturbing your shipmates. 7. Smoking below-decks is strictly prohibited. It is a fire hazard. 8. It is a criminal offence to bring on board weapons, narcotics or alcohol. You will be allowed to purchase the entitled quota of cigarettes and liquor from the ship's slop chest, but drinking while the ship is at sea is prohibited. Failure to comply with rule 8 will result if immediate discharge from the vessel and ble criminal prosecution. 9. Never open a porthole without permission the sergeant. At sea the portholes and watertight hatches must remain closed at all times. 10. Do not waste drinking-water unnecessarily, there is a limit to our fresh water supply. Do not start “dreaming� in the shower. Although it may seem that there are many rules to follow, you will find that most of them are based on common sense. They are not meant to restrict your privileges on board but by adhering to them you will help to make this voyage a safe and comfortable for all hands. Photo: Statsraad Lehmkuhl
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SAILING SAILING THEORY As quare rigger, when sailing close-hauled usually braces the lower yards harder to the wind, i.e. more alongships, than the upper yards. The reason being, that the lower sails tend to “billow” more and require a greater angle to the wind, to prevent luffing (backing). With the yards braced in this manner, the upper sails will serve to warn the helmsman if there is a wind-shift and he will have time to fall off before all sails “come aback”.
Illustration: Statsraad Lehmkuhl
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Photo: Christian Radich
SAILING SAILING THEORY Tacking 1. The ship is steering close-hauled on a port tack: Clew-up mainsail. Ready to tack. 2. The helmsman falls off to gain more speed. 3. Rudder port 20, slack foresail sheets. Haul in mizzen sheet. The mizzen sail functions as a wind rudder. 4. When the ship is almost in the eye of the wind: Haul away main braces and sheet-over fore and aft sails. Stand by fore braces. 5. The speed is diminishing and with the foresails aback, the ship is quickly falling off to port. 6. When the main sails start luffing: Haul away port fore braces and haul in sheet and tack. 7. The ship continues to fall off to port, and the sails start filling: Trim sails. 8. The ship starts gaining speed again, and the ship's wake becomes normal. 9. The ship is now steering close-hauled on a starboard tack, clear away running rigging.
Illustration: Statsraad Lehmkuhl
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SAILING SAILING THEORY Wearing ship 1. The ship is steering close-hauled on a starboard tack. Ready to wear ship. 2. Clew-up the main sail, stand by at the braces. 3. Douse mizzen sail, haul main braces square and fall off at the helm. 4. The ship is now without mizzen and aft sails, and is falling off, willingly. 5. The ship is now running from a following wind: Haul away fore braces until close-hauled and sheet-over foresails.•Stand by main braces. 6. When the aft sails start luffing: Haul away main braces until close•hauled. 7. Set mizzen and trim sails for close-hauled course. 8. Set main sail and clear away running rigging. The ship is close-hauled on a port tack.
Illustration: Statsraad Lehmkuhl
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Photo: Christian Radich
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STEERING A STEERING A BARQUE UNDER SAIL
The illustration shows a barque steering the following courses in relation to the wind (wind indicated by arrows): 1. Close-hauled on a starboard tack. 2. Full and by on a starboard tack. 3. On a broad reach with the wind in on starboard. 4. Running with the wind on the starboard quarter. 5. Running with the wind in on starboard, (note that the sails on the foremast now are being blocked by the sails on the mainmast). At this point all staysails and headsails that are not filling, will be doused (hauled down). In some cases, the windward side of the mainsail will be clewed-up to allow wind to reach the foresail, this is known as sailing "goose-winged". 6. Running from a following wind. In most cases the mizzen sail will be clewed-up and all staysails will be doused. If sailing goose-winged is insufficient to fill the sails on the foremast, it will be necessary to clew-up the whole mainsail. It is important to keep the sails on the foremast full, so that the ship does not become difficult to steer. 7. Running with the wind in on port. The mainsail can be goose-winged again and mizzen sail can be set. Staysails and headsails that do not fill, remain doused. 8. Running with the wind on the port quarter. All staysails and headsails may be set again. 9. On a broad reach with the wind in on port. 10. Full and by on a port tack. 11. Close-hauled on a port tack.
Illustration: Statsraad Lehmkuhl
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SETTING SA SETTING SAILS Staysails and headsails 1.
Staysails and headsails are hoisted upwards on their stays with halyards, starting with the innermost and lowest sails. 2. The leeward sheet must always be hauled tight, before casting off the gaskets. Never stand to the leeward of the sail when undoing the gaskets. The sail may billow and knock you off balance! 3. The downhaul must be coiled neatly and ready to run. 4. Overhaul the windward sheet and lay the sheet block over to the leeward side of the stay. 5. One man slacks the downhaul, over the belaying pin and one man stands by to slack the leeward sheet, with one turn on the belaying pin. Do not slack the sheet until ordered to do so! 6. All spare hands go to the halyard. 7. The hands at the halyard run aft with the halyard. 8. When the sail is set, all spare hands must immediately go to haul in on the sheet. 9. Never go forward, or to the leeward of the sheets while the sails are being set or doused. 10. Beware of swinging blocks, better known as “widowmakers�. 11. Fine trimming will be undertaken when all sails are set.
1. Stay 2. Head 3. Tack 4. Leech 5. Clew 6. Foot 7. Luff 8. Hanks 9. Tack pendant 10. Halyard 11. Sheet
Illustration: S.A.L.T.
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SETTING SA SETTING SAILS Square Sails The square sails are always set in the following order: 1. Lower topsails 2. Foresail and mainsail 3. Upper topsails 4. Topgallants 5. Royals Before setting the square sails, the following preparations must be made: 1. The yards are usually braced before casting off the gaskets and fine-trimming is done once all the sails are set. 2. All gaskets are cast off, double-check that the yard-arm gaskets are off. They are often forgotten! 3. Except when running from the wind, the windward topping-lifts on the fore-and mainsail are slacked. This is to allow the yards to lift, on the lee side, so that they are as level with the horizon as possible. 4. Make sure that all hands have returned from aloft, before setting sails or slacking braces, and topping-lifts.
Photo: Statsraad Lehmkuhl
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SAIL TYPES SAIL TYPES AND RUNNING RIGGING
Description of square sails and gear (see illustration page 21) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Yard – horizontal spars fastened on masts for carrying square sails. Yard-arm – the outer end of the yard. Clewlines – for hauling the clews (lower corners) of the sails up to the yard-arms. Leechlines – for hauling the leech (side edge) of the sail up to the yard. Outer buntline – for hauling the sail up to the yard. Inner buntline – for hauling the sail up to the yard. Sheet – for hauling the sail down to the yard-arm below. (On the main-and foresail, for hauling the sail down to the sheet points on the ship's side). Tack - for hauling sail down on the windward side of the ship only on mainsail and foresail. 8. Braces – for bracing (swinging) the yards on the horizontal plane, from one side to the other. 9. Topping lifts – wires fastened to yard-arms, for supporting yards horizontally. Adjustable only on mainsail and foresail. 10. Head – the upper edge of a square sail, fastened to the yard permanently. 11. Leech – side edge of a square sail. 12. Jackstay – round steel rod on top of yards (and bowsprit), for fastening gaskets. Also used for holding on to, while working aloft. 13.Clew cringle – hardware on lower corner of sail, where clewline and sheet are fastened. 14. Foot-rope – wire under yards (and bowsprit) for standing on while working sails. 15. Stirrups – vertical wires that support footropes. 16. Gaskets – strops, fastened to jackstay, for furling (securing) sails. 17. Halyard – for hoisting yards vertically up the mast. Only on upper topsail, topgallant and royal. 18. Fair leads -for guiding buntlines and leech-lines. 19. Flemish horse. 20. Foot (lower edge of sail). 2l. Safety wire (for fastening live-line). 22. Earring. Photo: Statsraad Lehmkuhl
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SAIL TYPES SAIL TYPES AND RUNNING RIGGING
Illustration: S.A.L.T.
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SAIL TYPES SAIL TYPES AND RUNNING RIGGING
Procedure for setting (see illustration page 23): Lower topsail: • Slack c1ewlines and buntlines. • Haul out the sheets.
Upper topsail:
• Slack buntlines. • Haul out sheets and belay. • Slack leeward brace (in following wind, both braces), stand-by windward brace. • Slack topgallant sheets. • Hoist halyards. • Fasten stopper strop before belaying halyard. • Belay braces.
Topgallant:
• Slack c1ewlines and buntlines. • Haul out sheets and belay. • Slack leeward brace (in following wind, both braces), stand-by windward brace. • Slack royal sheets. • Hoist halyards. • Fasten stopper strop before belaying halyard. • Belay braces.
Royal:
• Slack c1ewlines and buntlines. • Haul out sheets and belay. • Slack leeward brace (in following wind, both braces), stand-by windward brace. • Hoist halyards. • Fasten stopper strop before belaying halyard. • Belay braces.
Foresail and mainsail:
• Slack c1ewlines and buntlines (carefully). • Haul out windward tack and leeward sheet, (in following wind haul out both sheets). • Fasten stopper strops before belaying sheet and tack. • Adjust topping-lifts.
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SAIL TYPES SAIL TYPES AND RUNNING RIGGING halyard
toplift brace
topsails, royal, etc. sail
buntlines clewline leechline
yard mast
brace sheet
mast yard
toplift
buntlines buntlines
brace
course leechline sail clewline
sheet Illustration: S.A.L.T.
tack
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FURLING FURLING SQUARE SAILS (See illustration page 25) 1. The sail is being clewed-up and the leech is pulled towards the centre of the yard. 2. The sail is clewed-up. 3. At the yard-arm the, now doubled leech is drawn up to the yard and held there. - All hands take hold of the foot and pull it up to the yard. 4. Hold the leech and foot in place on top of the yard, by using the weight of your upper body, so that you have both hands free. - All hands start "fishing-up" the folds of the sail, one arms length at a time. Be careful not to loose the foot and leech you are holding under your chest, into the folds of the sail – the weight may cause you to loose grip of the sail that you have already gathered. 5. Take hold of the last fold, also called the "skin" and hold it out in front of you with your right hand – use your left hand to stow the leech, foot and folds, that you are holding under your chest, into the hammock-shaped skin. Use your fist and elbow to "pack" the sail tightly. 6. Pull out the "skin" towards the centre with your left hand and hold it in place at the front of the yard – use your right hand to "roll" the sail up on top of the yard. The sail should lay in a tight roll between the two jackstays on top of the yard. 7. Hold the sail in place with the weight of your chest and fasten the gaskets. The sail is furled.
Photo: Christian Radich
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FURLING FURLING SQUARE SAILS
Illustration: Statsraad Lehmkuhl
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MIZZEN SAI MIZZEN SAIL The mizzen sail is very important during tacking and wearing manoeuvres. With it's large sail area, it functions as a big wind rudder and it must be handled carefully and correctly. The mizzen is set in almost the same manner as a square sail, the outhauls function as sheets, the inhauls as clewlines and the brails as buntlines.
Setting:
1. Slack brails and in hauls (carefully). 2. Haul out on peak outhaul. 3. Haul out on foot outhaul. 4. Haul out on lee sheet and vang while (carefully) slacking windward sheet and vang. 5. Secure preventer tackle on lee side. 6. Slack lee topping lift.
Dousing:
1. Haul tight lee topping lift. 2. Haul boom and gaff amidships with windward sheet and yang. 3. Slack peak outhaul. 4. Haul in on peak inhaul and brails. 5. Carefully slack foot outhaul while hauling in on foot inhaul and brails.
Photo: Sail Training International
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MIZZEN SAI MIZZEN SAIL Mizzen (Spanker) 1. Mast 2. Boom 3. Gaff 4. Sheet 5. Preventer tackle 6. Vangs 7. Topping lift 8. Peak 9. Throat 10. Clew 11. Tack 12. Luff 13. Leech 14. Head 15. Foot 16. Foot outhaul 17. Foot inhaul 18. Peak outhaul 19. Peak inhaul 20. Brails
Illustration: S.A.L.T.
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GAFF TOPSA GAFF TOPSAIL Mizzen gaff topsail 1. Mast 2. Gaff 3. Halyard 4. Sheet 5. Downhaul 6. Clewline 7. Tack 8. Tack 9. Clew 10. Head
Illustration: S.A.L.T.
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SAIL PLAN} BARQUE SAIL PLAN Foremast
Headsails
5. Fore course 6. Lower fore topsail 7. Upper fore topsail 8. Lower fore topgallant 9. Upper fore topgallant 10. Fore royal
1. Flying jib 2. Outer jib 3. Inner jib 4. Fore topmast staysail
Main mast
Main staysails
14. Main course 15. Lower main topsail 16. Upper main topsail 17. Lower main topgallant 18. Upper main topgallant 19. Main royal
11. Main topmast staysail 12. Main topgallant staysail 13. Main royal staysail
Mizzen mast
Mizzen staysails
22. Spanker (mizzen gaffsail) 23. Mizzen gaff topsail
20. Mizzen topmast staysail 21. Mizzen topgallant staysail
main mast
fore mast
19
mizzen mast
10
18 13 17
23
8
16
12
7
21 15
22
9
20
6 11
14
5
4
3
2
1
bowsprit
Illustration: S.A.L.T.
. BARK .
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TALL SHIPS TALL SHIP TYPES
Illustration: S.A.L.T.
. TELJES VITORLÁZATÚ HAJÓ.
Full rigged ship (Ship)
A full rigged ship or fully rigged ship is a sailing vessel with three or more masts, all of them square rigged. In front of the foremast are the jibs. Between the masts are the staysails. The last mast (mizzen) carries the mizzen gaffsail (spanker) and the gaff topsail over it. The masts are: bowsprit, fore mast, main mast, mizzen mast and jigger mast (if any). Dar Mlodziezy, full rigged ship
Photo: Dar Mlodziezy
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TALL SHIPS TALL SHIP TYPES
Illustration: S.A.L.T.
. BARK .
Barque A barque is a sailing vessel with three or more masts, the first two of them square rigged while the last (mizzen) mast wears only spanker anf gaff topsail. In front of the foremast are the jibs. Between the masts are the staysails. The last mast (mizzen) carries the mizzen gaffsail (spanker) and the gaff topsail over it. The masts are: bowsprit, fore mast, main mast, mizzen mast and jigger mast (if any). Alexander von Humboldt I, barque
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Photo: www.gruene-segel.de
TALL SHIPS TALL SHIP TYPES
Illustration: S.A.L.T.
Brig
. BRIGG .
A brig is a sailing vessel with two masts, all of them square rigged while the second (main) mast wears spanker anf gaff topsail as well. In front of the foremast are the jibs. Between the masts are the staysails. The masts are: bowsprit, fore mast and main mast.
Stavros S Niarcos brig
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Photo: Sail Training International
TALL SHIPS TALL SHIP TYPES
Illustration: S.A.L.T.
. BARKENTIN .
Barkentine
A barkentine is a sailing vessel with three masts, the fore mast is square rigged while the second (main) and third (mizzen) masts wear spanker anf gaff topsails. In front of the fore mast are the jibs. Between the main and fore masts are the staysails. The masts are: bowsprit, fore mast, main mast and mizzen mast. Shabab Oman barkentine
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Photo: Sail Training International
TALL SHIPS TALL SHIP TYPES
Illustration: S.A.L.T.
Brigantin
. BRIGANTIN .
A brigantin is a sailing vessel with two masts, the fore mast is square rigged while the second (main) mast wears spanker anf gaff topsail. In front of the fore mast are the jibs. Between the main and fore masts are the staysails. The masts are: bowsprit, fore mast, main mast. Tres Hombres brigantin
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Photo: Tres Hombres (Hajo Olij)
TALL SHIPS TALL SHIP TYPES
Illustration: S.A.L.T.
Schooner
. SZKร NER .
A schooner is a sailing vessel with two or more masts, all of them fore-and-aft rigged. The topsail schooner has square sails on her fore mast. In front of the fore mast are the jibs. Juan Sebastiรกn Elcano four mast topsail schooner
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Photo: Juan Sebastiรกn Elcano
DICTRIONA TALL SHIP DICTRIONARY A
aback ....................................... vissza, hátba (fog a vitorla) be taken ~............................. szélváltozás következtében a vitorlák belobognak, visszavágnak come ~ .................................. visszavág, szemből kap szelet (vitorla) abeam ...................................... oldalirányban, harántirányban ahead....................................... a hajó előtt aloft ......................................... a magasban, az árbocon alongships ............................... a hajó hosszában alongside ................................. hajó mellett, oldala egész hosszában amidships ................................ a hajó középrésze anchor ..................................... horgony astern....................................... a hajó mögött
B
Photos: www.gruene-segel.de
backing(1) ................................. visszavág, szemből kap szelet (vitorla) backing(2) ................................. hirtelen szélirányváltozás az óramutatóval ellentétes irányban backstay ................................... árboc hátramerevítő állókötél barque ..................................... bark barquentine............................. barkentin belaying ................................... kötélbak; kötél megkötése kötélbakhoz belaying-cleat ........................... kötélvilla belaying-pin ............................. kötélfogó szeg billow....................................... belobog (vitorla) block........................................ kötélcsiga, blokk bow.......................................... hajóorr bowline.................................... pálstek, gyorsgassza (csomó) brace(fn) .................................... vitorlarúd fordító kötele brace(i)...................................... fordít (vitorlarudat) brail ......................................... trapézvitorla-göngyölőkötél bridge ...................................... parancsnoki híd brig .......................................... brigg brigantine................................ brigantin broad reach ............................. háromnegyed szélben (raumban) vitorlázik bunt......................................... vitorla hasa buntline................................... segédbevonó kötél (keresztvitorlán)
C
capstan .................................... függőleges tengelyű csörlő
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cast off..................................... kibont (kötelet) chartroom ............................... térképszoba clear away ................................ elrendez (köteleket) clew cringle.............................. sarokgyűrű a keresztvitorla alsó sarkain clew ......................................... a hosszvitorla külső sarka, a keresztvitorla alsó sarkai clewline ................................... bevonókötél (keresztvitorlán) clew-up .................................... bevon, felhúz a vitorlarúd alá (vitorlát) clove hitch ............................... szorító nyolcas (csomó) close reach ............................... bő negyedszélben vitorlázik close-hauled............................. negyedszélben, a szelet erősen szorítva vitorlázik course ...................................... törzsvitorla (alsó keresztvitorla) cringle...................................... kötélvezető gyűrű vitorlán crossjack .................................. mizzen törzsvitorla crosstree................................... árbocmerevítő keresztfa, száling
D
douse ....................................... gyorsan bevon, behúz (vitorlát) downhaul ................................ lehúzó kötél
E
earring cringle ......................... sarokgyűrű a keresztvitorla felső sarkain
F
fair lead(1)................................. kötélvezető a fedélzet szélén (kikötőkötélnek) fair lead(2)................................. kötélvezető gyűrű vitorlán fall off...................................... leesni, leejteni (széltől elfordulni a hajóval) figure of eight.......................... nyolcas csomó kötélvégen flemish horse .......................... véglábbalókötél flying jib .................................. legkülső orrvitorla fold .......................................... redő, hajtás a vitorlán following wind ........................ teljes hátszél foot .......................................... a hosszvitorla alsó éle foot-rope .................................. lábbalókötél fore course............................... előtörzs vitolra fore lower topgallant sail......... alsó elősudárvitorla fore lower topsail..................... alsó előderékvitorla fore royal ................................. előfelsudárvitorla fore topmast staysail................ előderék tarcsvitorla fore upper topgallant sail ........ felső elősudárvitorla fore upper topsail .................... felső előderékvitorla fore-and-aft sail........................ hosszvitorla foredeck................................... orrfedélzet foremast................................... előárboc foresails.................................... az első árboc vitorlái
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full and by ................................. negyedszélben vitorlázik (teljes vitorlázattal) full-rigged ship........................... teljes vitorlázatú hajó furling........................................ vitorla feltekerés futtock shroud........................... árbockosár alatti merevítőkötelek
G
gasket......................................... vitorlalekötő kötél, “parkányfarok” goose-winged ............................. vitorla szél alatti, szélben lengő alsó sarkát feltekerve vitorlázik grip ............................................ fogás
H
halyard....................................... felhúzó v. ejtőkötél haul ........................................... meghúz, megfeszít ~away ...................................... áthúz, átfordít ~ in ......................................... behúz, megfeszít haul down ................................. bevon, leenged, leereszt (vitorlát) head........................................... az orr- és tarcsvitorla felső sarka, a trapéz- és keresztvitorla felső éle headsail ..................................... orrvitorla horse.......................................... lábbalókötél hull ............................................ hajótest hunk.......................................... vitorlagyűrű inhaul ........................................ gaffvitorla bevonókötél foot ~ ...................................... gaffvitorla alsó él bevonókötele peak ~ ..................................... gaffvitorla felső él bevonókötele inner jib..................................... belső orrvitorla
J
jackstay ...................................... vitorlarögzítő rúd a keresztvitola rúdon jigger.......................................... negyedik árboc a mizzenárboc mögött
L
leech .......................................... a hosszvitorla külső (hátsó) éle, a keresztvitorla oldalsó élei leechline .................................... végbevonó kötél (keresztvitorlán) leeward ...................................... szél alatti lower mast ................................. árboctörzs lower spanker ............................ alsó tatvitorla luff............................................. a hosszvitorla első éle luffing........................................ szélbe fordul, lúvol
M
main course............................... főtörzs vitorla main lower topgallant sail......... alsó fősudárvitorla main lower topsail..................... alsó főderékvitorla main royal staysail ..................... főfelsudár- tarcsvitorla
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main royal ................................. főfelsudárvitorla main sails .................................. a főárboc vitorlái main topgallant staysail............. fősudár-tarcsvitorla main topmast staysail................ főderék-tarcsvitorla main upper topgallant sail ........ felső fősudárvitorla main upper topsail.................... felső főderékvitorla maindeck................................... főfedélzet mainmast................................... főárboc mizzen lower topgallant sail ...... alsó mizzensudárvitorla mizzen lower topsail.................. alsó mizzenderékvitorla mizzen royal staysail .................. mizzenfelsudár- tarcsvitorla mizzen royal............................... mizzen felsudárvitorla mizzen sail ................................. farvitorla, tatvitorla (gaffvitorla) mizzen sails................................ a tatárboc vitorlái mizzen topgallant staysail.......... mizzensudár-tarcsvitorla mizzen topmast staysail ............. mizzenderék-tarcsvitorla mizzen upper topgallant sail ..... felső mizzensudárvitorla mizzen upper topsail ................. felső mizzenderékvitorla mizzenmast................................ hátsó árboc, tatárboc, mizzenárboc moonraker, moonsail................ felcsúcsvitorla
O
outer jib..................................... külső orrvitorla outhaul...................................... gaffvitorla kivonókötél foot ~ ...................................... gaffvitorla alsó él kivonókötele peak ~ ..................................... gaffvitorla felső él kivonókötele
P
parrel ......................................... nyakló peak ........................................... a trapézvitorla felső-hátsó sarka pinrail ....................................... kötélfogó szegek konzolja poop(deck) ................................ farfedélzet, tatfedélzet port bow.................................... baloldali első negyed (relatív iránylat) port quarter............................... baloldali hátsó negyed (relatív iránylat) port, portside ............................ a hajó bal oldala preventer tackle......................... spontán perdülést megakadályozó csigasor
Q
quarter....................................... körnegyed
R
railings....................................... mellvéd ratline ........................................ csatlószál, hágószál (kötélhágcsón) reef/ing ..................................... vitorlakurtítás
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reef knot.................................... reffcsomó rigg............................................. kötlézet royal mast .................................. árboc felsudárszár royal sail .................................... felsudárvitorla (royal) rudder ....................................... kormánylapát running rigging ......................... futókötélzet running ..................................... hátszélben vitorlázik
S
schooner.................................... szkúner, sóner set sail........................................ vitorlát bont, kienged vitorlát sheet(1)........................................ behúzó kötél (általában) sheet(2)........................................ kivonó kötél (keresztvitorlán); szarvkötél (törzsvitorlán) sheet-over................................... áthúz (behúzókötelet) ship............................................ teljes vitorlázatú hajó shrouds...................................... árboc oldalmerevítő kötélzete skysail ........................................ csúcsvitorla (keresztvitorla) slack........................................... megereszt, meglazít spanker...................................... farvitorla, tatvitorla, trapézvitorla a mizzenárbocon spanker mast ............................. hátsóárboc spanker topsail .......................... csúcsvitorla a trapéz gaffvitorla felett spars .......................................... rudazat spreader..................................... száling square rigged ship ..................... keresztvitorlázatú hajó square sail.................................. keresztvitorla stand by..................................... készenlét, készenlétben áll standing rigging......................... állókötélzet (árbocmerevítők) starboard bow............................ job oldali első negyed (relatív iránylat) starboard quarter ...................... job oldali hátsó negyed (relatív iránylat) starboard, starboardside............ a hajó job oldala stay............................................. előmerevítő (állókötél) staysail ....................................... tarcsvitorla steering ...................................... kormányoz stem ........................................... a hajó orr része stern .......................................... a hajó far része stirrup........................................ lábbalóaggató studding sail .............................. szárnyvitorla
T
tack pendant ............................. a hosszvitorla alsó sarkát rögzítő kötél tack(1) ......................................... a hosszvitorlák alsó sarka tack(2) .......................................... szélszarvkötél (törzsvitorlán) tack, tacking .............................. takkolás, fordulás (hajóval széllel szemben)
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tell-tale........................................... széljelző szál a vitorlán throat............................................. a trapézvitorla felső-első sarka topgallant ...................................... sudárvitorla lower ~........................................ alsó sudárvitorla upper ~ ....................................... felső sudárvitorla topgallant mast.............................. árboc sudárszár topmast.......................................... árboc derékszár topping-lift .................................... tartókötél, karkötél topsail............................................ derékvitorla lower ~........................................ alsó derékvitorla upper ~ ....................................... felső derékvitorla topsail schooner............................ előárbocán keresztvitorlákat is hordó szkúner tweendeck...................................... fedélköz
U
unfurling ....................................... vitorla kitekereés, kibontás upper spanker ............................... felső tatvitorla
V
vang ............................................... gaff rögzítő kötél
W
wake .............................................. hajósodor, nyomdokvíz wearing .......................................... fordulás széllel, perdülés weigh ancor................................... horgonyt húz wheel ............................................. kormány(kerék és szerkezet) wheelhouse.................................... kormányosfülke wind rudder .................................. szélkormány windage ......................................... a hajó légellenállása windbound.................................... szélirányban vitorlázik windlass......................................... horgonycsörlő wind-shift ...................................... szélirány hirtelen megváltozása windward....................................... szélfelőli
Y
yard................................................ vitorlarúd (keretszvitorla ~ja) yard-arm ........................................ a vitorlarúd legvége
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Photos: www.gruene-segel.de
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