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Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Table of Contents Table of Contents Editorial Team
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Agricultural Production Chain Management - Livestock Chains Strategies for improving the poultry egg value chain in Greater Port Harcourt City, Nigeria Name : Julius Naligwu INGWEYE Specialization : Livestock Chains Email address : jiningweye@gmail.com Country : Nigeria
2 2 2 2 2
Strategies to improving the meat wholesalers’ compliance to the cold storage policy of the Food and Drugs Authority, Ghana 3 Name : Stephen Adu YEBOAH 3 Specialization : Livestock Chains 3 Email address : sayeboah@gmail.com 3 Country : Ghana 3 Possibility of introduction chain development strategies to improve profitability of small-scale fish farmers in the Jordan Valley Name : Omar ADWAN Specialization : Livestock Chains Email address : omaradwan466@hotmail.com Country : Jordan
4 4 4 4 4
Strategies to improve coordination of stakeholders in the milk value chain in Pwani Region, Tanzania Name : Elisante Saktay QADWE Specialization : Livestock Chains Email address : saktayelisante@yahoo.com Country : Tanzania
5 5 5 5 5
Value chain development to improve market linkages for smallholder indigenous chicken producers in Kisumu East Sub County, Kenya Name : Erick AbongĂł OGADHO Specialization : Livestock Chains Email address : ericogadhoh@yahoo.com Country : Kenya
6 6 6 6 6
Value chain approach to improve the quality of the finisher pig for smallholder farmers in Kongwa District, Tanzania Name : Cleopa Winston MMBAGA Specialization : Livestock Chains Email address : mmbagacleopa@gmail.com Country : Tanzania
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Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Improving urban market linkages for semi-scavenging backyard poultry egg producers: A case study in Paghman district, Kabul province Name : Muhammad Baber KHAN (AHMADZAI) Specialization : Livestock Chains Email address : dr_baberkhan@yahoo.com Country : Afghanistan
8 8 8 8 8
Strategies to improve youth involvement in the dairy value chain in Ndaragwa sub county, Kenya Name : Edward Gichohi KANYARI Specialization : Livestock Chains Email address : edwardkanyari@gmail.com Country : Kenya
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Inspiring young entrepreneurs through the grasscutter business opportunity Name : Gustavo BOKULU Specialization : Livestock Chains Email address : bmpiag@yahoo.fr Country : Angola
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Price risk management in the Australian dairy industry Name : Edward Angus PERRETT Specialization : Livestock Chains Email address : eaperrett@gmail.com Country : Australia
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Price Biogas in Zarqa Governorate, Jordan: Feasibility study for a biogas plant Name : Zainab ALHAMMAD Specialization : Livestock Chains Email address : zain.z.z.alhammad@gmail.com Country : Jordan
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The role of cooperatives in the milk value chain: Case study of Bandung Northern Dairy Farmer Cooperative, West Java 13 Name : Yuni RESTI 13 Specialization : Livestock Chains 13 Email address : iyhest@gmail.com 13 Country : Indonesia 13 Agricultural Production Chain Management - Horticulture Chains Assessment of grape post-harvest losses in Deh-Sabz District, Kabul Name : Rasheed AHADI Specialization : Horticulture Chains Email address : rasheed.ahadi@gmail.com Country : Afghanistan
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Analysis of banana value chain: The case of Arba Minch, Ethiopia Name : Girma Gezimu GEBRE Specialization : Horticulture Chains
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Email address Country
: girma.gezimu@gmail.com : Ethiopia
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Analysis of Hararghe coffee value chain: Possibility to link smallholder farmers to premium price in Tulo district, West Hararghe, Ethiopia 17 Name : Sorse Bayisa BEDADA 17 Specialization : Horticulture Chains 17 Email address : inna.bayisa@gmail.com 17 Country : Ethiopia 17 Assessment of tomato post-harvest loss in Dugba Woreda, East Shoa, Ethiopia Name : Asfaw Shaka GOSA Specialization : Horticulture Chains Email address : rehobot2015@gmail.com Country : Ethiopia
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Contribution of contract farming for green beans smallholder farmers on accessing the market in Arusha District, Tanzania 19 Name : Rosemary Nelson MAGANDA 19 Specialization : Horticulture Chains 19 Email address : rocha96@live.com 19 Country : Tanzania 19 Value chain analysis in Ethiopia: A case of Degem District, Oromia Regional State Name : Alemu Assefa GELAN Specialization : Horticulture Chains Email address : think2greeneconomy@yahoo.com Country : Ethiopia
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Assessing Ethiopia coffee value chain financing: A case of Sidama coffee in Bensa District Name : George Nigusse ALEMU Specialization : Horticulture Chains Email address : georgenigusse@yahoo.com Country : Ethiopia
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Identification of market channels for Adami Tullu District tomato in Oromia, Ethiopia Name : Atika Elias MUHHAMED Specialization : Horticulture Chains Email address : atika.elias@yahoo.com Country : Ethiopia
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Analysis of tea production under smallholder tea growers: The case of Shagasha tea factory under the management of Kenya Tea Development Agency (KTDA) Name : Beata UZAYISENGA Specialization : Horticulture Chains Email address : uzabadamz@gmail.com Country : Rwanda
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Rural Development, Social Inclusion, Gender and Youth The contribution of microfinance to women’s socio-economic empowerment within the household: A case study of Village Community Banks lending model in Mbulu District Council, Tanzania 25 Name : Amoniche Rodney MTWEVE 25 Specialization : Rural Dev, Social Inclusion, Gender & Youth 25 Email address : niche50@yahoo.co.uk 25 Country : Tanzania 25 The effect of migration on transnational households’ wellbeing: Evidence from women migrant workers from Pati District, Indonesia 26 Name : Nurul Aeni 26 Specialization : Rural Dev, Social inclusion, Gender & Youth 26 Email address : nurul.perempuan@gmail.com 26 Country : Indonesia 26 Social exclusion of Hijra population in Bangladesh: Does recognition really matter to them? A study on impact of official recognition as a ‘third gender’ of Hijra community Name : Aziz ABDUL Specialization : Rural Dev, Social Inclusion, Gender & Youth Email address : azizmonir7@gmail.com Country : Bangladesh
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Women participation in politics: A case study of Gakidling, Gewog Bhutan-Is it an opportunity or challenge? 28 Name : Dawa ZANGMO 28 Specialization : Rural Dev, Social Inclusion, Gender & Youth 28 Email address : dzangmo9@gmail.com 28 Country : Bhutan 28 Rural Development and Food Security The contribution of ZADT’s value chain financing through value chain actors (contracting companies) on small scale farmer’s livelihoods Name : Winnie Mswaka SEKAI Specialization : Rural Development and Food Security Email address : smswaka@gmail.com Country : Zimbabwe
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Evaluating the effects of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) Rice Project on rice production and rice availability for households of small scale rice farmers. A case study in Amenfi Central district in the Western Region of Ghana 31 Name : Opoku Anaman KWABENA 31 Specialization : Rural Development and Food Security 31 Email address : kwabenapoku323@yahoo.com 31 Country : Ghana 31
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Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Factors affecting availability of certified maize seed in Rwanda: Case study of Nyagatare District 32 Name : Aline NTAWUKIRASONGWA 32 Specialization : Rural Development and Food Security 32 Email address : alinentawukirasongwa@yahoo.fr 32 Country : Rwanda 32 The impact of cooperative membership on household food access: A case of Peaceland Multipurpose Cooperative Society in Paiko, Gwagwalada Area Council, Nigeria Name : Felicitas Oghokuare ETAFO-ARCHER Specialization : Rural Development and Food Security Email address : f.etafoarcher@outlook.com Country : Nigeria
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The contribution of dairy cow commercialization project to household food security: A case of Gisambai Dairy Commercial Village in Hamisi Sub County, Vihiga Kenya 34 Name : Florence Wesonga OKWERO 34 Specialization : Rural Development and Food Security 34 Email address : fwesonga2012@gmail.com 34 Country : Kenya 34 Food and nutrition security in informal settlements: A case study on the contribution of MultiStorey Gardens to food and nutrition security amongst young female headed households in Mathare Valley Informal Settlement in Nairobi County, Kenya 35 Name : Mary Nyanchera MUOK 35 Specialization : Rural Development and Food Security 35 Email address : marymuok23@gmail.com 35 Country : Kenya 35 The effect of distributing improved cassava varieties on rural small scale farmers’ food security: A case study of ZARI/FODIS project in Chongwe District, Zambia 36 Name : Mulonda KUTAUKA 36 Specialization : Rural Development and Food Security 36 Email address : kmulonda@yahoo.co.uk 36 Country : Zambia 36 Enhancing sorghum and millets production for food availability among smallholder farmers of Zimbabwe: A case study of Bakasa Communal Area, Guruve District, Zimbabwe 37 Name : Monica NYAMADZAWO 37 Specialization : Rural Development and Food Security 37 Email address : msainetinyamadzawo@gmail.com 37 Country : Zimbabwe 37 Falling in and out of hybrid maize production: An Assessment of factors affecting the adoption of hybrid maize seeds by small-scale farmers. The case of Bala Sub County in Kole District, Northern Uganda 38 Name : Juliet ANGOM 38 Specialization : Rural Development and Food Security 38 Email address : julietangom@yahoo.com 38 Country : Uganda 38
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Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Impact assessment of the Crop Intensification Program (CIP) on food and nutrition security of small scale farmers: A case study of the SPIU LWH/RSSP Projects, food accessibility at Rwamagana-34 site 39 Name : Rose Marie UMUTONI 39 Specialization : Rural Development and Food Security 39 Email address : u.rosy10@gmail.com 39 Country : Rwanda 39 Resilience in the context of climate change: A case study of smallholder farmers’ livelihoods in the semi-arid savannah zone, Upper West Region, Ghana 40 Name : Philip Neri ZUOBOG 40 Specialization : Rural Development and Food Security 40 Email address : nwinbobr@gmail.com 40 Country : Ghana 40 Assessing effects of Adama Community Development Project activities on performance of women self-help group members in micro and small enterprises: A case study of Ethiopian Kale Hiwot Church Development Commission-Adama-Ethiopia 41 Name : Dinku Shumi EDAO 41 Specialization : Rural Development and Food Security 41 Email address : dinku.shumi@gmail.com 41 Country : Ethiopia 41 The contribution of nutrition sensitive agriculture on social capital of women farmers Name : Assefa Nana KOYA Specialization : Rural Development and Food Security Email address : nkassefa@yahoo.com Country : Ethiopia
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Understanding farmers’ adoption of soil and water conservation technologies: A case study in Wbare District in Fafan Zone, Ethiopia 43 Name : Ahmed Said Sulaiman 43 Specialization : Rural Development and Food Security 43 Email address : axsasul@gmail.com 43 Country : Ethiopia 43 The contribution of goat farming project to the rural household income: A case of Goro District, Bale Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia 44 Name : Feyisa Assefa HAILE 44 Specialization : Rural Development and Food Security 44 Email address : feyinetbekele@gmail.com 44 Country : Ethiopia 44 Household livelihoods enhancement through local poultry production: A case study of smallscale poultry farmers in Ikorodu, Lagos-Nigeria Name : Babatunde Samuel SHORUNKE Specialization : Rural Development and Food Security Email address : shorunkebabatunde@yahoo.com Country : Nigeria
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Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Crop productivity and livelihood of smallholder farmers at Lupondo village Mkuranga Tanzania 46 Name : Lucy Noel MWAUNGULU 46 Specialization : Rural Development and Food Security 46 Email address : bahatimuha@ymail.com 46 Country : Tanzania 46 Umurenge SACCO programme and rural livelihood: A case study of rural household in Masaka sector, Kicukiro District 47 Name : Odette UWIRINGIYE 47 Specialization : Rural Development and Food Security 47 Email address : uwiriode2015@gmail.com 47 Country : Rwanda 47 The crumbs of Rengginang: A case of sticky rice crispy cracker female workers in Cikoneng village, Ciparay Residence, Bandung District, Jawa Barat Province, Indonesia Name : Anita Darienarita Specialization : Rural Development and Food Security Email address : anita.darienarita@gmail.com Country : Indonesia
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Bitter brew or black gold? Contribution of coffee certification (4C) on intra-household dynamics and livelihood of smallholders in Central Province Kenya: A case study of New Gatukuyu Farmer Cooperative Society and Thikagiki Farmer Cooperative Society 49 Name : Monica Virginia Mbuthia 49 Specialization : Rural Development and Food Security 49 Email address : vmgmbuthia@gmail.com 49 Country : Kenya 49 Effect of Input Distribution Programme on household food nutrition and security (availability and accessibility): A case study of maize production in Musanze District, Rwanda Name : Florence Mujawimana Specialization : Rural Development and Food Security Country : Rwanda
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Rural Development, Communication and Innovation Communication methods and adoption process: A case of Vitamin A bio-fortified cassava dissemination in Oyo State, Nigeria Name : Tiwalola Oyeyinka AKINSOLA Specialization : Rural Dev, Communication & Innovation Email address : akinsolatiwalola@yahoo.com Country : Nigeria
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Perception of smallholder farmers towards ICT use in agriculture: A case of Kuje Area Council, Abuja, Nigeria 53 Name : Linda Oyinyechi NJOKU 53 Specialization : Rural Dev, Communication & Innovation 53 Email address : linda.njoku@gmail.com 53 Country : Nigeria 53
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Digital Farmer Field School in Bhutan: Exploring alternative communication and extension option for dairy farmers of Bhutan Name : Tashi DHENDUP Specialization : Rural Dev, Communication & Innovation Email address : tashidup@hotmail.com Country : Bhutan
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Reflexivity of small-scale rice farmers in Pati District, Indonesia Name : Ratu Putri RAMANTI Specialization : Rural Dev, Communication & Innovation Email address : ratuputriramanti@gmail.com Country : Indonesia
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Assessment of the uptake of improved agricultural practices by smallholders through the Educational Huguka Radio programs in Ruhango District, Rwanda Name : Leandrine Uyiringiye Specialization : Rural Dev, Communication & Innovation Email address : leandrineuyiringiye@yahoo.fr Country : Rwanda
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Functions of agricultural journalism in reference to agricultural innovation in Japan Name : Mariko KIHIRA Specialization : Rural Dev, Communication & Innovation Email address : kihimari4649@gmail.com Country : Japan
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More information 58 More information on programmes and admittance procedure available at 58 Contact information for Master Programme Agricultural Production Chain Management specializations: 58 Contact information for Master Programme Management of Development specializations: 58
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Editorial Team Julius INGWEYE Yuni RESTI Philip ZUOBOG Tashi DHENDUP
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Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Preface The book you are holding gives an overview of applied research carried out by the 20152016 Master class of the Agricultural Production Chain Management (APCM) and Management of Development (MoD) MSc programmes of Van Hall Larenstein, University of Applied Sciences in, Velp, The Netherlands. The first part of the book gives a snapshot of research from the APCM programme (Livestock and Horticulture Chains) while the second part dwells on the MoD programme (Rural Development, Social Inclusion, Gender and Youth; Rural Development and Food Security; Rural Development Communication and Innovation).The email addresses and country of origin of the graduates are also included. We produced this book with the intention that it will serve as a quick reference guide for those interested in finding out more information from the 2015-2016 graduates about their research or any other point of interest. Contact information is provided for those wishing to get in touch with the graduates, former colleagues, staff and students of VHL University of Applied Sciences. Members of the public are encouraged to utilize the information contained in this book. We are grateful to the management of VHL University of Applied Sciences, the Coordinators of the Master programmes, Mr. Marco Vershuur and Dr. Annemarie Westendorp for their innovative leadership throughout the year. We also thank other lecturers that worked to enhance the training process. As you read, may you be inspired for greater things. We look forward to hearing from you. Thank you. Editorial Team
Š APCM & MoD Master Class, 2015-2016
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Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION CHAIN MANAGEMENT The one-year English taught Agricultural Production Chain Management (APCM) Master programme trains mid-career professionals to be competent facilitators of multistakeholder processes with an interdisciplinary focus, a pro-active entrepreneurial attitude on sustainable and inclusive value chain development by empowering agri-food entrepreneurs, producer groups and communities in creating shared value, quality improvement, organisational change and social impact. Graduates of the programme qualify as chain managers and chain development facilitators. The APCM programme focuses on technical, organisational and managerial aspects of value chains. The main theoretical concept of the programme is the Value Chain Approach. The main modules include value chain analysis and development, integrated chain management and value chain research. APCM’s two specialisations are Livestock Chains and Horticulture Chains.
Livestock Chains
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Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Strategies for improving the poultry egg value chain in Greater Port Harcourt City, Nigeria Name
: Julius Naligwu INGWEYE
Specialization
: Livestock Chains
Email address : jiningweye@gmail.com Country
: Nigeria
Abstract Smallholder egg producers in Greater Port Harcourt City, Nigeria are experiencing high cost of production due to high cost of input especially feed. This has made locally produced eggs more expensive than those produced elsewhere in the country thus causing influx of eggs from those cities into Greater Port Harcourt City. The consequence is a price squeeze that denies local actors, especially smallholder producers adequate margins. Ebenne Initiative for Sustainable Development (EISL), an NGO commissioned this study to generate strategies to guide an intervention to improve the chain for the benefit of stakeholders and generate some own income. Desk study, survey with 35 smallholder farmers, Focus Group Discussion with 7 selected farmers and one-to-one interview with 8 other chain stakeholders were carried out in July 2016. Results indicate a weak chain that is poorly coordinated with dominance of spot market relationships. The egg sector is highly influenced by school calendar and seasonal vacations. Also, egg production by smallholder farmers is poorly planned, thus, causing seasonal scarcity and glut. In addition, flock sizes are small, local production is low and demand high, resulting in huge inflow of eggs from other cities. Egg grading is based on size using visual appraisal and five different grades are in use. However, the chain is gender sensitive, environmental friendly, and yielding taxes to government and livelihood to actors. Having confirmed the problem of high input cost and the desire for cooperation among actors, it is recommended that EISL facilitates chain improvement as an Active Shareholder in partnership with farmers and Poultry Association of Nigeria. Under the leadership of EISL, the partnership need to establish a MultiStakeholder Platform to enhance chain co-ordination; set up an Egg Producers’ Cooperative to enhance collective action by producers and establish an Input Procurement Center to procure inputs direct from companies and, resell at cheap rate to farmers.
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Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Strategies to improving the meat wholesalers’ compliance to the cold storage policy of the Food and Drugs Authority, Ghana Name
: Stephen Adu YEBOAH
Specialization
: Livestock Chains
Email address
: sayeboah@gmail.com
Country
: Ghana
Abstract The study was undertaken to come out with points of interventions to increase compliance of the cold storage policy of the Food and Drugs Authority of Ghana in order to improve meat safety at the wholesale level of the beef value chain. The study was carried out in Greater Accra Region, came up at the backdrop of the low level of meat wholesalers’ compliance with the cold storage requirements in the beef value chain. The theme was to find the factors motivating and hindering compliance and the support needed to increase compliance in the bid to come out with interventions in handling the situation of meat safety. Forty-five wholesalers were surveyed on the hazards that exist in their operations, their awareness, involvement and compliance of the cold storage policy, factors motivating and hindering their compliance, support required to improve compliance, easy and difficulty of the requirements of the policy and strategies to improve compliance and meat safety. Two complying and non-complying retailers, two complying and non-complying wholesalers and a slaughterhouse were interviewed to get more insight into the survey questions. The results of the study carried in July to September 2016, revealed that more inspections do not translate into compliance and hence meat safety. Many wholesalers and retailers in the Greater Accra Region do not practice effectively quality and safety procedures to ensure the safety of meat during reception and distribution to the market. The factors motivating compliance were customer satisfaction, the law and the policy, smooth running of facilities, knowledge in food safety and the safety of the products. Compliance is hindered by unawareness of the policy, less assistance obtained for implementation, challenges with third party certification and attitude of unfriendly officers. The main support requested for compliance was training. The more one moves up the chain the more critical control points decrease and the more level of education also seems to decrease. The study recommends value chain strengthening among actors and supporters of the chain to facilitate cooperation and linkages among stakeholders through sharing of ideas, experiences and resources to take a participatory approach in improving compliance and ensuring meat safety. Also, targeted training for the wholesalers to improve their knowledge in meat safety is proposed. In addition, code of ethics to guide enforcement approach to increase compliance is recommended.
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Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Possibility of introduction chain development strategies to improve profitability of small-scale fish farmers in the Jordan Valley Name
: Omar ADWAN
Specialization
: Livestock Chains
Email address
: omaradwan466@hotmail.com
Country
: Jordan
Abstract The National Center of Agricultural Research and Extension (NCARE) implemented a promising agricultural project in the field of fish farming in the Jordan Valley with the support of the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The project aims to exploit the irrigation ponds for fish production, as well as to spread the idea of fish farming among farmers for home consumption and as additional income. The JICA project targeted 30 small farmers located in the Jordan Valley. The objective of the study is to recommend to NCARE strategies to making small holders fish production profitable at the end of the project. The study examined the present position of the fish supply chain in the Jordan Valley. Data was collected by desk research, survey, case study with different stakeholders, and Focus Group Discussions. The respondents were 30 small scale farmers and 21 large scale farmers, 3 traders and 7 retailers. Moreover, the interviews included the director general of NCARE, the coordinator of JICA project, the chief of fish division of NCARE, the manager of feed factory and the chairman of fish farmers’ cooperative. Results revealed two fish chains, the smallscale fish farmers’ value chain and the large-scale fish farmers’ value chain. Also, the small-scale farmers chain was very weak compared to the large-scale chain. Majority of small and large-scale fish farmers do not belong to the fish farmers’ cooperative. The business of fish farming for large scale fish farmers is worthwhile and profitable as the return on investment of 0.45 for every JD1 spent on production. For small scale farmers the business was not profitable because of lack of knowledge and experience on fish farming. In addition, the price of fish offered by traders to small-scale farmers was very low. Major constraints faced by fish farmers were high cost of feed, weak co-operative, low price offered by traders, lack of technical knowledge and extension services, and limited access to credits. Therefore, the study recommends strengthening the existing fish farmers’ cooperative in order to organize the farmers, buying of inputs in bulk, marketing fish through the cooperative and provision of training for farmers by NCARE specialists.
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Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Strategies to improve coordination of stakeholders in the milk value chain in Pwani Region, Tanzania Name
: Elisante Saktay QADWE
Specialization
: Livestock Chains
Email address
: saktayelisante@yahoo.com
Country
: Tanzania
Abstract This study was designed to identify strategies to improve coordination of stakeholders in the milk value chain in Pwani Region. It was conducted in the peri-urban and urban areas of Kibaha District. Literature on dairy value chains were studied. A survey of 40 farmers composed of organized and non-organized farmers from both areas was conducted. Nine stakeholders were interviewed and finalized with a focus group discussion. Quantitative data were analyzed by SPSS and Microsoft Excel. Qualitative data were analyzed using matrix tables, Network Core Competence, Power/Interest Grid and 5Cs models. Farmers in the peri-urban areas had large average herd size (19) compared to those in urban (9). The peri-urban farmers had lower average milk production (4.0 litres) per cow per day than the urban farmers (5 litres). Similarly, non-organized farmers have lower milk production (4.2 litres) per cow per day compared to organized farmers (4.8 litres). The average dairy income was higher in the peri-urban areas than those in the urban areas whereas organized farmers have lower dairy income compared to non-organized farmers. In both peri-urban and urban areas majority of the farmers were not satisfied with the services they got from milk processors, credit providers, cooperative/farmer groups, government extension and veterinary services and MCC. Phones and meetings were the most convenient communication media among stakeholders in the chain. It was difficult for both farmers in the peri-urban and urban areas to communicate with milk processors, credit providers and famers` groups. It was easier for the urban farmers to communicate with input suppliers and private extension service providers than peri-urban farmers. Organized farmers also easily communicated with their stakeholders compared to non-organized famers. Government had the highest power followed by credit providers, input suppliers milk processors, milk collection centres, private extension agents, farmers` groups and farmers. Weak farmer organizations could not unite farmers for better access to supportive services and market. Poor linkage among stakeholders failed to bring collective action for stakeholder in supporting smallholder dairy farmers. Establishing Regional Dairy Stakeholder Forum would unite stakeholders for collective action and enable stakeholders to identify chain problems and solutions. It would also help experience, knowledge, innovations and resource sharing to bring about efficiency and economies of scale.
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Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Value chain development to improve market linkages for smallholder indigenous chicken producers in Kisumu East Sub County, Kenya Name
: Erick AbongĂł OGADHO
Specialization
: Livestock Chains
Email address : ericogadhoh@yahoo.com Country
: Kenya
Abstract Indigenous chicken production plays an important role in the livelihood of smallholder chicken producers in Kisumu East Sub county. However, the smallholder indigenous chicken producers face inadequate market linkages to supermarkets and large institutional consumers. The problem is mainly attributed to challenges such as low levels of quality and quantity of production, absence of collective action by 85% of smallholder producers not organized in producer groups. The other 15% are memebers of six producer groups. The producer groups only assist members to access trainings while production and marketing is by individual producers. Also, inadequate access to extension services and market information contributed to the problem of inadequate market linkage. These challenges are shared by the smallholder producers whether in urban/peri urban areas or in rural areas of Kisumu East sub County. These challenges led to inadequate market linkages because the smallholder indigenous chicken producers cannot meet chicken product requirements by the supermarkets and the large institutional consumers in Kisumu town. These requirements include stable supplies of 4050 birds/day to individual supermarkets/large institutional consumer, carcass weight of 1.2-1.5kg per bird, the chicken meat must be free of disease causing pathogens hence safe for human consumption, the chicken carcass must be delivered fresh, frozen and in proper packaging. Further, the suppliers’ products must have International Organization for Standardization (ISO) certification and must be a reputable supplier of indigenous chicken products. Unable to meet these prerequisites, smallholder producers have difficulty in accessing these markets. Also, it was found that traders’ middlemen exploit smallholder producers through payment of lower market prices. Supermarkets and large institutional consumers paid higher prices per chicken of between Ksh 450-Ksh 670 compared to Ksh 300-250 paid by traders and middlemen. However, small hotels offered a higher price between Ksh 450-750 as compared to supermarkets, large institutional consumers, traders and middle men. Retailers in the chain do not buy directly from the smallholder producers but rely on traders and middlemen for supply of the chicken. Good poultry husbandry practices, contract farming and formation of poultry producer organization were proposed by smallholder producers as solution to inadequate market linkages.
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Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Value chain approach to improve the quality of the finisher pig for smallholder farmers in Kongwa District, Tanzania Name
: Cleopa Winston MMBAGA
Specialization
: Livestock Chains
Email address
: mmbagacleopa@gmail.com
Country
: Tanzania
Abstract This study was undertaken in two selected villages with the highest prevalence of Taenia solium cysticercosis (a white nodule disease), in Kongwa district, Dodoma, Tanzania. The aim of the study was to investigate the possibility of using the Value chain approach to control the disease. To be able to achieve this, all stakeholders were to be involved. Two villages were involved in the study were; Ngh’umbi and South Mlali. Data were collected by surveying methods using structured questionnaires and site observations, where 40 respondents who were also the pig owners were visited and interviewed. In the case study three different categories of Stakeholders other than small holder farmers were involved in the study to get the qualitative information based on the market in relation to the Cystycercosis. A checklist was used as a tool for data collection. The total number of stakeholders in the case study was 20, 4 Middleman/processors, 4 different people working in 2 different butchers and 2 different “Nyama choma� kiosk, lastly 12 consumers, 6 from urban areas and the other 6 from rural areas.The study came up with the findings that improper management of pigs that was practiced by many farmers in selected villages of Kongwa district was one of the major factors that contribute to the high prevalence of the disease in the area, and that, stakeholders along the chain are willing to support the use of value chain approaches to control the disease, through the use of One health approach. A concept that is defined as a tool to improve health and well-being through the prevention of risks and the mitigation of effects of crises that originate at the interface between humans, animals and their various environments
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Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Improving urban market linkages for semi-scavenging backyard poultry egg producers: A case study in Paghman district, Kabul province Name
: Muhammad Baber KHAN (AHMADZAI)
Specialization
: Livestock Chains
Email address : dr_baberkhan@yahoo.com Country
: Afghanistan
Abstract This study aims to link semi-scavenging backyard egg producers in Paghman district to the urban market in Kabul. Field research was based on a case study conducted in two villages of the Paghman district. The case study used four groups, two from low village Miakhail and from village Farsha which is located in high land. The study assesses the poultry producer groups by using the Integrated Organisation Model applied to Producer Organisations (MIDCA) tool. The MIDCA tool identifies the internal factors affecting the performance of poultry producer groups. Backyard poultry egg production system plays a major role in women economic empowerment. Since market and production context of egg production is changing rapidly over decades in remote areas; backyard sector is rehabilitating the market for local eggs. Due to the increase in demand for local eggs by end market, opportunities have also expanded. The nature of running a small-scale business is dynamic and economically viable, which helps in integration and mobilization of indigenous egg value chain. There is demand for the local eggs because of the high quality e.g freshness, more egg yolk contents, fertile and somehow bigger in size that white or imported eggs. Currently, there are constraints that poultry producers face such as limited access to the market in Paghman district, poor understanding of end market requirements such as quality attributes of eggs. Egg producers have limited skills in egg management such as collective marketing. Poultry egg producers are unable to negotiate for price due to weak internal organization and business skills. There is a fluctuation in market price which has reduced the trust amongst buyers and sellers in egg market hence there is an issue of side selling by producer groups. Due to poor market access, there is less opportunity to get necessary market information on the importance of their products such as demand for organic eggs. Findings showed that inadequate information on the product importance leads to low-income generation by egg producers by not supplying their product into high price market. Local buyer and retailers are exploiting rural poultry producers as they have weak market relations with buyers and limited market access. Poultry producer groups have poor egg storage facilities and this affects the quality of the eggs. For semi-scavenging backyard poultry producers, input management is another challenge. The poultry producer groups have the ability to produce eggs according to the market demand. Recommendations are given to link egg producers to urban market by vertical and horizontal coordination to strengthen the value chain relationship. Market linkage will also help poultry producer groups to gain access to credit. A new business model is suggested along with improved value chain for the economic sustainability of egg producers. These interventions will help poultry egg producers to get linked to urban market and also receive stable prices for eggs.
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Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Strategies to improve youth involvement in the dairy value chain in Ndaragwa sub county, Kenya Name
: Edward Gichohi KANYARI
Specialization
: Livestock Chains
Email address
: edwardkanyari@gmail.com
Country
: Kenya
Abstract This study assessed the involvement of youth in the dairy value chains in Ndaragwa Subcounty of Nyandarua County between July and August 2016. The objective of the study was identifying strategies for improving youth involvement in the dairy value chain. The research used desk study, observation, survey and case study. On desk study relevant information on dairy value chains, farmings systems, youth unemployment was sought from journals, books and annual reports. In the survey a total of 60 youth clustered into 2 groups of those practicing dairy farming (dairy group) and those practicing other types of farming (non- dairy group) each having 30 respondents were interviewed. The area investigated were access to factors of production such as land, capital and training, perception about dairy farming and profitability of dairy farming for the dairy group. Finally, case study was conducted to obtain a deeper insight on dairy value chain map of the area, opportunities for youth at the production and post- production phase of the dairy value chain. People interviewed were Subcounty youth officer, Subcounty Livestock production officer, Manager of Oljororok agriculture training centre, Manager of Nyandarua County AI project, Manager of Nyala Sacco. The findings of the study found that youth were unable to easily access factors of production with 56.6% in dairy group and 50% in non-dairy group using family land while 93.3% in dairy group using their savings to start their farming enterprises. The findings also showed that 40% of youth in dairy group and 58% in non-dairy group use radio to get information about farming practices. Finally, the finding on profitability showed that semi-zero grazing and free grazing are more profitable than zero grazing. The average cost of producing 1 litre of milk in zero grazing unit was Ksh33, Semi-zero grazing was Ksh 24 and free grazing was Ksh 27 while the producer`s milk price was Ksh 30 and Ksh 32 for Umoja dairy and Nyala Sacco respectively. It was concluded that dairy value chain is well organized and dairy farming is profitable if you do it right. Recommendations were therefore centered on improving the accessibility of factors of production (Land, capital and trainings) so that the youth can seize the opportunities that exist at various stages of dairy value chain.
9
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Inspiring young entrepreneurs through the grasscutter business opportunity Name
: Gustavo BOKULU
Specialization
: Livestock Chains
Email address : bmpiag@yahoo.fr Country
: Angola
Abstract The potentials of grasscutter as a product for the market in Ghana for youth employment around Accra using economic and business perspective was studied. This research seems to be a challenge due to the characteristics of the problem and the perculiarity of the product. Youth unemployment is the major problem for all developing countries and it also applies for Ghana. The agricultural sector represents a high potential in terms of job opportunity in Africa, but the youth does not seem to be interested to work in this sector. The research combines two principal areas of expertise: business development with a focus on youth and entrepreneurship and job creation and second, product and market development with a focus on the development of a high market segmentation. Every child is born with the same hope and ambitions for the future! There is no difference between Europeans, Asians, Americans and Africans when people are born. But the largest differences between people seem to be their birth place, environment, family, continent and gender. Most youth in Africa grows up with dreams, one day to become a doctor, a lecturer, a pilot and an entrepreneur. But even though the future deserves surprises at the end, they could not make their dream happen or ambition come true due to circumstances. For example, some intelligent students don`t have the support to continue with their study or with their talent in football because they don`t have a good manager, with their talent as an artist for they don`t meet good teachers or sponsors, for ambitious entrepreneurs they don`t have the finance or find the market to support their idea. This is the reality in the developing world in general and in Ghana in particular. Most of the talented and ambitious youth will someday end up in the desert of Morocco or in Turkey expecting to reach Europe where they can supposedly make their dreams happen. “Within one generation, the African continent can produce enough food for the people and it can also become a major exporter of agricultural products. Juma presented his ideas to several African leaders during an informal summit on climate change and food safety in Tanzania. I would like to support this statement by saying within one African entrepreneurial generation and good governance from Africa leaders, it is possible for the African continent to play a leading role in the world food market. This leading role can start off by investigating the African food market for domestic use in order for Africa to produce finished products up to a world standard in terms of quality in an efficient and modern way for African countries to become the major exporters in the future world food market. This research study, conducted on behalf of the Heifer Nederland, entails field research into a local delicacy meat in Ghana, the Grasscutter. The value chain of this animal should be investigated as well as the interests and ambitions of young entrepreneurs who wish to be involved in the value chain.
10
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Price risk management in the Australian dairy industry Name
: Edward Angus PERRETT
Specialization
: Livestock Chains
Email address
: eaperrett@gmail.com
Country
: Australia
Abstract The purpose of this study is to understand the types of strategies and tools that could be used by the Australian dairy industry, particularly farmers, to manage the risks of dairy price volatility (i.e. price risk). The Australian dairy industry is one of the nation's most important agricultural industries, contributing $13.5 billion to the national economy in 2014 (Dairy Australia 2015). As the world's fourth largest dairy exporter (behind NZ, the EU, and the USA respectively), Australian farmers are directly exposed to uncertainty and fluctuations in global prices. This price risk has major impacts on business confidence and financial performance. Declining global dairy commodity prices and drastic cuts in April-June 2016 to the farmgate milk paid by its largest processing companies- Murray Goulburn and Fonterra- have left many Australian dairy farmers struggling to find a way forward. The use of Price Risk Management (PRM) tools, such as forward contracts and futures markets, provides an opportunity to manage increasingly volatile dairy prices. However, currently there are few PRM tools available to Australian farmers. This study helps to address a gap in current knowledge about PRM. Through an extensive literature review and in-depth discussions with industry experts, this study reviews the use of PRM tools in Australia and its key trade competitors- NZ, the EU, and the USA and considers their relevance and suitability for the Australian industry. Research and analysis were conducted using two main sources of data. Firstly, a literature review was used to explore academic literature, company reports and industry commentary. The aim was to understand the challenge of price volatility, and how PRM is being managed in Australian and other major dairy exporting regions. Secondly, in-depth interviews with industry experts and leaders (including farmers and processors) were used to address gaps in the researcher's knowledge and to explore in greater detail how PRM could be used in the Australian dairy industry. The study showed that a number of PRM tools available to dairy farmers in NZ, the EU, and the USA. While there are significantly fewer PRM tools in Australia, there is significant potential for further development of tools such as forward contracts, as well as 'collective bargaining' by farmers to improve market power and secure more stable prices. The study also showed that there is significant interest and opportunities in the growing (NZ) NZX Futures and Options Market. While there is potential to improve access and utilization of PRM in Australia, there is much greater need to address the overarching challenge of a lack of price transparency across the Australian dairy value chain. Improving price transparency has the potential to re-build trust between farmers and processors, while creating the conditions necessary to facilitate an increased availability and uptake of PRM tools. This study took an applied research approach and provides a number of recommendations that can be progressed to help dairy farmers manage price risk. These include the need for more farmer education and training, further research, as well potential legislation to ensure fair farmgate milk pricing practices by processors.
11
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Price Biogas in Zarqa Governorate, Jordan: Feasibility study for a biogas plant Name
: Zainab ALHAMMAD
Specialization
: Livestock Chains
Email address
: zain.z.z.alhammad@gmail.com
Country
: Jordan
Abstract This research was conducted to estimate the economic feasibility of establishing biogas plant from dairy farms manure in Al-Dlail district (Zarqa governorate). Biogas is a mixture of gas consisting of 5070 % of methane and carbon dioxide 30-45%, and other gases and water that resulted from the digestion of biomass process with the absence of oxygen. It is used as a fuel source in many countries for the purposes of lighting and cooking. Biogas is a clean and renewable form of energy that can be sustainable solutions of large organic waste produced in animal farms, and reduces the harmful environmental pollution. Also, it can be an opportunity to invest and make profitability. Data for this research was collected by desk research, survey and interviews. The respondents were 31 dairy farmers; the interview included the Jordan Biogas plant manager, owners of manure plants, heads of cattle breeders’ associations and stakeholders’ in government organization. The collected data was analyzed by using SPSS, 5P’s analysis, PESTEC Analysis and Canvas model to come up with a clear picture about the feasibility of biogas utilization in Zarqa governorate. The study showed the tremendous environmental pollution that happened in Al-Dlail and Al-Khaldiah areas due to the poor management of cattle farms manure, causing air, soil ground and surface water pollution. As a solution to this problem, the study showed that the most appropriate solution to this problem is to exploit these manure in the production of energy from biogas as a sustainable project, and environmentally-friendly. The research studies the size of the feedstock of the manure produced from cattle farms, the availability of the necessary technology to build a project of this plant, the availability of markets for its products and the legislative framework governing the renewable energy projects represented by the Ministry of Energy. The conclusion is that it is possible to establish a medium project to produce biogas, with importing the technology and experts for that. The final topic is applying the rules and regulations of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Jordan. The recommendation is to facilitate government procedures for investors in renewable energy and the promotion of environmental awareness between farmers and pay more attention to the management of livestock waste by creation waste management departments in government institutions.
12
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
The role of cooperatives in the milk value chain: Case study of Bandung Northern Dairy Farmer Cooperative, West Java Name
: Yuni RESTI
Specialization
: Livestock Chains
Email address
: iyhest@gmail.com
Country
: Indonesia
Abstract West Java has become the most easily accessible province for many milk processing companies because of its climatic conditions and the strategic location for tourist destination favours dairy farming. Milk is produced mainly by smallholder dairy farmers, organized into various cooperatives. There are two large dairy cooperatives in West Java, namely West Java namely Bandung Southern Dairy Farmer Cooperative (KPSBS) and Bandung Northern Dairy Farmer Cooperative (KPSBU). The objective of the research was to evaluate the capacity of KPSBU to support farmers to produce good quality milk in the milk value chain in Bandung Barat District, West Java. The study used qualitative approach that included desk study, case study, focus group discussion and observation as research strategies. The study compared the involvement of three milk collecting actors in West Bandung that classified into large cooperative (KPSBU), small cooperative (KUD Puspa Mekar) and private company (Bina Kitri Bersama). A total of 18 dairy farmers, 3 milk collecting actors, 2 milk processors and 1 livestock official were interviewed. A total of 3 focus group discussions was conducted for this study. The findings showed that milk collecting actors played an active role in various activities in the milk value chain. The large cooperative performed better in providing services, milk collection and milk quality assessment compared to other milk collecting actors. Several activities were initiated by the large cooperative including training and artificial insemination services, scholarship for the members’ children, access to credit and members’ welfare including grocery store and family health services. The issues of members’ commitment, inconsistency on milk quality, shortage of fodder were the hindering factors that influenced milk quality of the large cooperative. Increasing standard of milk quality requirement by milk processing companies affected the milk price for a longer period of time. In order to improve milk quality, strategies that could help the large cooperative to perform better is being suggested as recommendation. Contract farming is being suggested to support the commitment of the farmers while increasing the capacity of milk processing plant of the large cooperative may also help reduce dependency on the milk processing companies. Several initiatives related to fodder production training, increasing land leasing for fodder production and supporting members in achieving good milk quality production are other strategies proposed in the study.
13
HORTICULTURE CHAINS
14
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Assessment of grape post-harvest losses in Deh-Sabz District, Kabul Name
: Rasheed AHADI
Specialization
: Horticulture Chains
Email address
: rasheed.ahadi@gmail.com
Country
: Afghanistan
Abstract Grape is a major planted fruit species in Afghanistan. Kabul province is one of the important places for producing grapes in the country. There are some other fruit species grown in the province like almond, apricot, peaches and apples. Deh-Sabz is one of the districts of Kabul located in the southeast of Kabul City and popular for grapes production. There are two types of growers in the district: Farmers (70%) who own vineyards and work for themselves and Absentee landlords (30%) who live outside the district, own the land and hire workers to carry out vineyard activities. Farmers are divided into small scale and middle scale farmers based on their land holding size. Both farmers and absentee landlords are suffering from post-harvest losses of grapes in quality and quantity aspects due to traditional practices of handling operations. Both parties sell their produce to three different markets (local, national and export). The goal of this research was to study post-harvest handling practices of grapes and identify the causes for losses of grapes in Deh-Sabz District, Kabul, Afghanistan in order to recommend ways of minimizing losses. The study was conducted in four villages of Deh-Sabz District: Tara hail, Katakhail, Deh-Yahya and Pay-Munar. Two villages (Tarakhail and Deh-Yahya) are located close by the district Administrative Office and others are far. Survey of 40 farmers (10 per village) and interview were conducted with six Absentee landlords, two local traders, two government officers and two extension workers. Focus Group Discussion was also used to obtain relevant information from the interviewed actors. Value chain analysis, Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), and SWOT analysis were used to analyze data. The result shows that most losses occur during harvest period (mentioned by both farmers and absentee landlords). Even though there are losses in all postharvest stages due to different reasons, the underlying reasons are absence of handling practices tools and equipment, improper packaging materials, non-existence of cold storage and bumpy roads. In order to minimize the post-harvest losses of grapes it is recommended that increase awareness campaign targeting farmers about the losses and practices and to boost field work and exposure throughout the district. Also, proper post-harvest handling practices tools and equipment and manuals of post-harvest handling practice are to be provided to farmers
15
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Analysis of banana value chain: The case of Arba Minch, Ethiopia Name
: Girma Gezimu GEBRE
Specialization
: Horticulture Chains
Email address
: girma.gezimu@gmail.com
Country
: Ethiopia
Abstract Banana is an important commercial fruit crop for smallholder farmers in Arba Minch. However, its sector is experiencing many constraints with limited attention is given productivity and marketing. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the banana value chain in order to identify productivity and marketing constraints and possibilities of improvement for a sustainable value chain in Arba Minch. Purposive and random sampling techniques were alternatively employed to collect data. The data for smallholder banana farmers were collected from 2 banana producing villages (shale and lante) in Arba Minch. As such a total of 43 smallholder farmers, 4 wholesalers, 6 retailers and 6 consumers were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires and checklists. Moreover, 8 farmers in two groups and 1 key informant from each stakeholder were interviewed to generate data on constraints of banana productivity and marketing as well as to suggest possible improvements for sustainable banana productivity and marketing. Economic, social and environmental indicators were selected to measure sustainability performance of the chain in Arba Minch. The collected quantitative and qualitative data were subjected to Value chain map, stakeholder analysis, sustainability performance assessment, gross margin estimation and SPSS. Results indicate that the existing banana chain structure includes actors, supports, and influences. There was an insufficient market linkage between these stakeholders in the chain. Farmers organized in cooperative have better bargaining power than private farmers for their banana price. The banana chain governance was controlled by wholesalers while producers have limited power to set a market price. The current banana chain has 3 different marketing channels in Arba Minch. Channel that terminates with rural consumers has the high-value share for farmers while channel flow with traveling trader has the lowvalue share for farmers. In comparison to traveling traders’ channel, the marketing cooperative channel has the high-value share for farmers in the chain. Poor agronomic practice, disease, and pests and climate change were the major constraints for affecting banana yield while limited market information, lack of cooling store, truck, poor post-harvest handling, lack of alternative market and weak capacity of cooperatives were the main constraint for banana marketing in Arba Minch. Economic, social and environmental indicators have moderate sustainability performance with reference to Ethiopia Growth and Transformation Plan II in Arba Minch context. The chain has an advantage in terms of profitability, employment, emission of air pollutants and constraints in terms of coordination, value chare, profit margin, market diversity, product and market information, transportation, waste management and safety and hygiene.
16
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Analysis of Hararghe coffee value chain: Possibility to link smallholder farmers to premium price in Tulo district, West Hararghe, Ethiopia Name
: Sorse Bayisa BEDADA
Specialization
: Horticulture Chains
Email address
: inna.bayisa@gmail.com
Country
: Ethiopia
Abstract The study analyzed the Hararghe specialty coffee value chain in Tulo District of West Hararghe Zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia, to see the possibilities for premium price for smallholder producers in the district. The objective of the study was to explore better market linkage for smallholder farmers to get better revenue to improve their income. Data was generated from qualitative and quantitative approaches through desk study and field research using semi structured questionaries’ for farmers, checklists for trader groups and key informants. Group discussion was used with select number of farmers. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Models (Chain map, SWOT and PESTEC) and thematic analyses were used to analyze qualitative data. The result reveals four coffee value chain channels (two domestic and two export channel). About 73% of smallholders sell their coffee through export channel which involve farmers-collectors-suppliers-exporters. In this channel the farmers get gross margin and value share of 39 and 44%, respectively, showing the risk and costs they have to invest in this coffee business. Smallholder coffee producers were paid 68 ETB/kg in average in the export channel but could get 106 ETB/kg if they supply coffee to ECX and 141 ETB if they directly export coffee in the export market segment. Governance along the chain is weak, but farmers have interest to be together. Tulo Agricultural District Office has strong relations with the farmers in terms of provision of seedlings and providing extension services (such as good agricultural production practice and processing practices) through the extension workers. The challenges raised by the farmers include coffee berry disease, lack of updated market information, knowledge barrier and low negotiation power, limited credit service, unfair price and lack of infrastructure. The opportunities include presence of constant demand, suitable soil and climate to produce high quality coffee. Arrangements required in the premium price market segments required contracts with farmer group instead of individual farmers because contract with individual farmers will increase transaction costs and assurance of consistent supply is difficult. The findings of this study underscore provision of capacity building through training and strengthening extension service on marketing and production as the required by export market. The farmers should form groups and move higher up the chain through hulling, cleaning and supplying to EXC or export directly to increase their value share and gross margins.
17
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Assessment of tomato post-harvest loss in Dugba Woreda, East Shoa, Ethiopia Name
: Asfaw Shaka GOSA
Specialization
: Horticulture Chains
Email address
: rehobot2015@gmail.com
Country
: Ethiopia
Abstract This study estimated postharvest loss of tomato and identified the causes in Dugda Woreda. This was conducted in three villages. Thirty farmers were surveyed while 4 wholesalers, 4 shop retailers, 4 roadside retailers and 2 brokers were interviewed to assess the post-harvest handling practices and losses occuring at each stage of the process. Key informant interviews were conducted with chain supporters like WIDA, WAO and cooperative union in the Woreda. Results indicate farmers, wholesalers and retailers are involved in postharvest practices like harvesting, sorting, grading, packaging, transporting and storing tomato. Significant losses were identified at different stages of postharvest process at local and regional market chain. The total post-harvest loss of tomato was 46% in local market chain and 33.7% in regional market chain. Sorting and grading contributed to the higher loss at farm level while lower loss was identified at wholesale level in local market chain, indicating less responsibility for handling and storage. Shop retailers and roadside retailers are encountering higher loss compared to their purchasing power. Also, farmers are responsible for harvesting, sorting, and grading in both local and regional market chain. Wholesalers transport tomato from farm to regional market while local wholesalers only collect and directly deliver the product to the local retailers after slight re-sorting and grading. Farmers transport their produce to local market and the wholesalers collect the product in the local open market. Retailers encounter losses during re-sorting and grading due to mechanical damage, softening and rotting, thus, indicating different actors in the chain share losses but magnitudes of the losses vary based on the situation of the actor. Postharvest loss of tomato occurs at harvesting, sorting, grading, packaging, and transporting and storage level. Pest, disease problem and mechanical damage due to rough handling from farm to retailer were the main causes for postharvest quantitative losses while shriveling due to water loss, softening due to over ripening and rotting due to disease development were identified as main causes for qualitative loss. To reduce losses identified in the local and regional market chains, farmers, wholesalers and retailers need training on postharvest handling practices, disease, pest management and marketing. Further research is required to develop disease and pest resistant varieties and improve designs of wooden crates used for transportation and storage in order to minimize losses due to diseases, pests and packaging.
18
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Contribution of contract farming for green beans smallholder farmers on accessing the market in Arusha District, Tanzania Name
: Rosemary Nelson MAGANDA
Specialization
: Horticulture Chains
Email address
: rocha96@live.com
Country
: Tanzania
Abstract Agriculture is the base of the Tanzanian economy, contributing about 26 percent of GDP and employing about 75% of the total labor force. However, the in Northern part of Tanzania especially in Arusha district, export market for most of vegetables like green beans is constrained by inaccessibility to the market. Currently, the exports companies are contracting with SHF in the production of green beans to make easy access to the market. Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Cooperatives (MAFC) through Arusha district council conducted a study to assess market accessibility for the green beans smallholder farmers (SHF) joining contract farming (CF) in Arusha district and recommendations were made. However, the contribution of CF for green beans SHF on accessing the market in arusha district is still not known. Therefore, this study was to assess market accessibility for the green beans SHF joining CF in Arusha district in order to come up with results which will help the district to see the impact of CF to market accessibility of green beans so as to advice SHF who are not in CF to join if there are benefits. The methodology of the study comprised of open interviews with extension officer from the two village (Madawe and Tengeru), SHF representatives from two villages, village representatives and two export companies (Serengeti Fresh Ltd and Homeveg Tanzania Ltd). Desk study to get literature on contract farming and survey which used to collect quantitative information from 40 SHF who are in CF and who are not in CF. Checklists of interview questions were used to collect information from the open interviews and questionnaires were used to gather information from the farmers during the field survey in two villages Madawe and Tengeru. The findings of the study indicate that the majority of the SHFs who grow beans are in CF with export companies. This is because being in CF with export companies SHFs get access to a reliable market and also sell green beans at a better price as compared to SHF who are not in CF. Also the study shows the importance of Producer organizations (POs) as is the main criteria to allow SHF to join CF. The study can be concluded that CF with export companies is the most reliable way to ensure that green beans SHF get access to the market. Therefore, SHF are strongly emphasized to form POs which are the only means to connect them with CF as export companies do not contract with individual SHF, but rather through Pos.
19
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Value chain analysis in Ethiopia: A case of Degem District, Oromia Regional State Name
: Alemu Assefa GELAN
Specialization
: Horticulture Chains
Email address
: think2greeneconomy@yahoo.com
Country
: Ethiopia
Abstract Potato has been considered as a strategic crop in Ethiopian in general and in Degem district in particular aiming at enhancing food security and economic benefits to the farmers. However, farmers in Degem district are facing numerous challenges for potato production and marketing and are not getting the desired benefit. Therefore, this research project was initiated with the objective to describe and analyze the potato value chains and identify improvement possibilities of potato supply chain to improve the position of potato farmers within the potato supply chain in the district. Desk study, producers’ survey and case study of stakeholders were the strategies used to collect the necessary information. SPSS software and excel sheet were used to analyze the collected data. The results of the study indicated that the major potato value chain actors were input suppliers (farmers’ union and small retail shops), producers, retailers and consumers. Potato seed production and marketing was totally absent in the district instead ware potato was used as seed. Producers grow potato for both household consumption and market. The average per house hold potato production was about 113 qt of which about 80% goes to market while 20% used as seed and household consumption. Underground storage (leaving potato in the soil un-harvested) was the major storage method used by the farmers waiting for market and better price. The use of pack animals for potato transportation accounts about 69%. District open market was also the major outlet of for potato produced in the district whereby retailers are the main customers of the product. Household consumers in the same district and neighboring towns were the major customers of retailers being last downstream actors in the chain. The linkage among actors’ in the chain was weak and informal. The role of chain supporters was mainly limited on advisory service on production practices. The use of poor quality seed (genetically mixed and inferior in tuber size) and disease were the major challenges reducing productivity while seasonal price fluctuation, shortage of buyers during peak harvest season and poor storage facility were the major bottlenecks for potato marketing. Improving the seed system through encouraging and supporting seed growers, improving storage system through organizing farmers and promoting improved storage technology, linking farmers with institutional consumers and capacitating farmers to export their products to other region will likely improve the income from the sector and improves the position of the farmers in the chain.
20
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Assessing Ethiopia coffee value chain financing: A case of Sidama coffee in Bensa District Name
: George Nigusse ALEMU
Specialization
: Horticulture Chains
Email address
: georgenigusse@yahoo.com
Country
: Ethiopia
Abstract The study assessed coffee value chain financing in Sidama zoned Bensa wereda using multistage simple random sampling. Data collected from 45 coffee producing farmers in Bensa wereda and 14 chain actors in different nodes of Sidama coffee value chain were used. Descriptive statistics and value chain analysis were used to analyze the data. The value chain analysis result shows the existence of both direct and indirect value chain financing and four broad categories of value chain financing instruments are found; these are product financing, receivable financing, risk mitigation product and financial enhancement instruments. Specifically, receivable financing, marketing company credit, input supplier credit, lead firm financing, LC and other instruments were found. The descriptive statistics analysis result shows that the coffee producer farmers in the study area have more awareness and understand (73.33%) of the formal financial service nevertheless fewer (6.67%) use the existing services. More than two third (86.3%) of respondents does not use the services for the reason that they do not know where to get the services. Majority (75.6%) respondents get access from informal sources (family, neighbor or friends/ traditional saving group). It shows that there is a gap between the demand and supply of smallholder farmer financing from formal financial institutions. According to survey findings, farmers reasonedt that the main problem of value chain financial services in the study area were the exclusion of agriculture sector (55.56%), whereas (42.22%) of respondents said that little flexibility in loan condition is the main problem in the sector. The study suggests that strengthening the horizontal and vertical linkage of the chain for strong financial relation (applying integrated chain model); mounting of financial institutions; overcoming the bureaucracy and transparency problems of financial institutions; linking formal financial service provider with farmers will improve the farmers as well as chain financial system. In general, special emphasis must be placed on business models that allow the full participation of coffee producer farmers in value chain financing by considering governance, power relationship among actor in the chain.
21
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Identification of market channels for Adami Tullu District tomato in Oromia, Ethiopia Name
: Atika Elias MUHHAMED
Specialization
: Horticulture Chains
Email address
: atika.elias@yahoo.com
Country
: Ethiopia
Abstract Agriculture has a vital role in Ethiopian economy. More than 80% of Ethiopian population participates in agriculture. Vegetable production can contribute to rural livelihood and development on the basis of its high added value and the high nutritional value that the product provides. Vegetables and fruits are produced on a lower scale than other crops and mostly for local markets. Tomato is one of vegetable crops produced in many areas of the country. The districts Adami Tullu Jiddo Kombolcha and Dugda are the well-known producing areas of tomato. Production of tomato is a source of vitamins, minerals and income for those involved in production and marketing. The purpose of this study was to investigate market channels for tomato small-scale producers in Adami Tullu Jiddo Kombolcha and to identify threats and opportunities small scale producers have at their disposal. The data was collected from 30 farmers of two Peasant Associations in Adami Tullu Jiddo Kombolcha district and from interviewing four middlemen around the district, wholesalers and retailers of four nearby cities (Ziway, Modjo, Adama and Addis Abeba) found in central part of Oromia region, Ethiopia. In order to achieve the study objectives both primary and secondary data was used. Survey data from questionnaires with farmers was analyzed using SPSS software where as interview data from interview with middlemen, wholesalers, retailers and the district irrigation office were analyzed systematically and thematically. In this study, the findings of the analysis of both survey and interviews indicated that most of the farmers are young and educated. They produce tomato on between 0.25 and 1 ha of land mostly. They use mono-cropping with irrigation, chemical fertilizer, pesticides and herbicides. During the peak harvesting season, the price of tomato falls quite drastically. Cost of channels and lack of customer relation are the major reasons that force farmers to sell to middlemen and then to get low price. The major challenges in tomato production are tomato disease, high cost and less quality of chemicals and seed and transportation related problems. The problems in tomato marketing are low price, lack of storage facilities, and lack of market access because of costs of the channels. Selling directly to wholesaler/retailer, consumer or to institution and food service providers like restaurants, cafeterias, to service buyers like university and colleges or establishing Farmers market can be possible alternative market channels for the producers.
22
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Analysis of tea production under smallholder tea growers: The case of Shagasha tea factory under the management of Kenya Tea Development Agency (KTDA) Name
: Beata UZAYISENGA
Specialization
: Horticulture Chains
Email address
: uzabadamz@gmail.com
Country
: Rwanda
Abstract Low tea production in Rwanda at smallholder tea growers’ level has been an issue. This study intended to find out factors that are behind these situations as smallholder tea farmers play a vital role in tea value chain. Shagasha tea factory which is under Kenya Tea Development Agency (KTDA) has been taken as a case study. In order to achieve this work, both desk study and field research were undertaken. The field research was carried out through a survey done among smallholder tea farmers, along with interviews that held with some selected key informants. Different tools were used to analyze the findings of the study notably SPSS, SWOT, PESTEC, as well as triangulation. As it was the main objective of analyzing the factors contributing to low production under smallholder tea farmers, the findings of the study have indicated diverse constraints that are experienced tea value chain structure at the same time to the smallholder tea farmer level. Among those constraints, they include a very big number of influencers who are present in tea value chain, limited participation of smallholder tea farmers in decision making about tea sector, primary education or less among smallholder tea farmers, gender disparities in tea farming duties which is mainly occupied by women at 70% but they are hindered in allocating income gained from tea production activities. The populations involved in tea production have been seen as old ones whose contribution is lowering, while youth’s share is lower and they tend to migrate to cities for off farm activities. Smallholder tea farmers have complained about technical constraints including using traditional methods in tea planting and plucking which cause to a high number of labours. This raises another serious economic constraints starting from high price of inputs (fertilizers), given to smallholder tea farmers in form of loans. They reportedly that there is cost ineffective of green tea leaf (0.18$ per Kilo) insufficient to cover tea production costs and fail to increase their income. Access to financial services have been as well revealed as challenges, as smallholder tea farmers who operate under Thé Villageois are served by SACCO only while their counterparts under COOPTHE whom they so called that they are favored, they have access to Banks and Microfinance. Stakeholders such as Shagasha tea factory, FERWACOTHE, NAEB, MINAGRI and their level of intervention in tea production have been seen, they were pointed by farmers to benefit more and not recognize their effort. Smallholder tea farmers and stakeholders of tea sector in Rwanda were given recommendations on how the entire sector will be productive, life changing and sustainable.
23
MANAGEMENT OF DEVELOPMENT The Management of Development Master is a one year English taught programme with three specializations: Rural Development, Communication and Innovation; Rural Development and Food Security; Rural Development, Social Inclusion, Gender and Youth. The modules strengthen competences of its graduates in disciplinary knowledge, expertise, professional skills and attitude. Graduates will be able to organize and facilitate processes of innovation and change, addressing gender differences, youth unemployment, food shortages, migration, social conflicts and competing claims on natural resources. They will also be able to explore complex problems from stakeholder and system perspectives; analyze the performance of rural development organizations in a dynamic international context; design processes of change from an inclusive perspective. As rural development professionals, graduates shall support service delivery organizations, private and government agencies and Non-Governmental Organizations in food security, communication, innovation and social inclusion areas.
Rural Development, Social Inclusion, Gender and Youth
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Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
The contribution of microfinance to women’s socioeconomic empowerment within the household: A case study of Village Community Banks lending model in Mbulu District Council, Tanzania Name
: Amoniche Rodney MTWEVE
Specialization
: Rural Dev, Social Inclusion, Gender & Youth
Email address
: niche50@yahoo.co.uk
Country
: Tanzania
Abstract Women have been experiencing economic hardships in initiating and expanding their Income Generating Activities for the betterment of their households. ORGUT-SEDIT Village Community Banks (VICOBA) Programme was initiated to support government in promoting access to finance and business development services for communities especially rural dwellers and also help poor rural communities access technical support and credit facilities to enable them initiate and operate family income generating activities in a sustainable manner. This study explored the contribution of microfinance to women socio- economic empowerment within the household using Village Community Banks (VICOBA) lending model as a case. Case study was conducted in Kainamu ward. Six households of VICOBA members were interviewed to understand the contribution of VICOBA microfinance on decision making in the household, control over savings and income, ownership and control of assets and resources, changed gender relations and contribution of microfinance in accessing basic social services. Data were gathered using semi- structured interviews and observation at their homestead. Findings revealed that VICOBA microfinance increased women decision making power, confidence and voice in their households in the control over savings and income. Also, it contributied to women access and control over assets like houses, land, restaurants, sewing machines and animals like dairy cattle, pigs and goats. It has empowered women to make informed decisions concerning their life and their children. Men still control married women’s land but cannot sell without the consent of their wives. Also, MFIs contributed muct on access to social services like health and education. Through income received from IGAs and loans from welfare fund, both respondents were able to pay their children school fees, health bills and buy their educational materials. It is concluded that VICOBA microfinance enabled members learn new social and leadership skills. This has led to group solidarity and mutual problem solving. Also, the model has improved women living standard and enabled them provide food, shelter, health and better education for their children. Government needs to advocate and support VICOBA methodology replication across Tanzania and encourage communities to join. More energy need to be employed to these groups as it is the best place where discussions on entrepreneurship, businesses management, and joint decision make and sharing of responsibilities can easily be articulated.
25
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
The effect of migration on transnational households’ wellbeing: Evidence from women migrant workers from Pati District, Indonesia Name
: Nurul Aeni
Specialization
: Rural Dev, Social inclusion, Gender & Youth
Email address : nurul.perempuan@gmail.com Country
: Indonesia
Abstract International women migration increases the number of transnational household in Pati District. The absence of mother/wife tends to change the wellbeing of the household in three dimension, material/objective; relation; and subjective/psychology. Effect of women labour migration on household level was studied using qualititative research approach: story-telling method. Data were collected through in-depth interview, observation, and literature review. Five transnational households (women migrant respondents, the husband, children, and the caregiver) were interviewed and observed. Results indicate ultimate meaning of wellbeing was derived from being together with the households, but some also emphasized on the fulfillment of material being. Wellbeing in transnational household was a dynamic process, which involved interplay correlation among three dimensions, i.e. objective, relation, and subjective. Objective wellbeing sourced from the effectiveness use of remittance to fulfill the household’s need and to realize their shared dream. Misuse of remittance might reduce the objective wellbeing and vis a vis. Furthermore, it could affect the children’s quality of life as well, which were manifested on poor health status, low educational performance, and risky behaviours. Relational wellbeing came from the healthy relations and good communication among the household members, the relations of the households with others in the community, and the relations between women migrant respondents and the employers as well as other migrant workers in the destination countries. The absence of mother/wife in transnational households might influence the change of household’s dynamics, such as the household’s structure, gender role division, and parenting activities. The change of household’s structure and gender roles were due to presence of caregiver and shift on husband-wife roles, resepectively. Migration reduced women’s control on decision making in remittance expenditure while the father or/and caregiver tended to apply permissive parenting style. Improved household’s economic situation made the receiving household to be respected and positively accepted from community. In the destination countries, relational wellbeing was created through healthy relations with the employers and the other migrant workers. Subjective wellbeing was gained from positive feelings/satisfactions. Effectiveness of remittance use with positive evaluation on relations built the subjective wellbeing and vis versa. Awareness creation on effects of migration should be given to migrating households. Conducive environment should be created in household, school, and community to minimize the negative effect of women migration for the children left behind.
26
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Social exclusion of Hijra population in Bangladesh: Does recognition really matter to them? A study on impact of official recognition as a ‘third gender’ of Hijra community Name
: Aziz ABDUL
Specialization
: Rural Dev, Social Inclusion, Gender & Youth
Email address
: azizmonir7@gmail.com
Country
: Bangladesh
Abstract This study investigates the impacts of official recognition of hijra as a ‘third gender’ in hijra community regarding reduction of social exclusion in Bangladesh. In this study, interviews were conducted with five individual hijra and two key-informants. The interviewees have been carried out with two ‘active hijra’ who are professionally active and three ‘non-active hijra’ who lead conventional hijra life. The descriptive analysis of this study has been carried out by analysing information within the South Asian context about the marginalised situation of the hijra community through the concept of social exclusion and heteronormative gender identity to understand the exclusionary process of the hijra population in the society. The results of the study explicitly urge that the official recognition of hijra as ‘third gender’ has brought no significant and visible change to reduce social exclusion. It is evident from the study that, though the state recognises them it is rather difficult to ensure access to work and health services without initiating the legal framework while they always being discriminated in the society because of their different gender identity beyond the male-female dichotomy. Accordingly, the outcome of the study draws the attention to the gender identity within the legal framework concerning the Hijra, which is a key path to ensure the accessibility to the social resources and enable the achievement of social acceptance. Furthermore, having identified as a hijra; the religious values, societal pressure, national strategy and lack of legal supports have been designated as the challenging issues of the respondents among the both active and non-active hijra community. The descriptive analysis of this study has been done by analysing information within the South Asian context about the marginalised situation of the hijra community. The study concludes that along with the impacts of recognition for this marginalised people as well as making some recommendation to the government and the NGOs to ensure social inclusion this community to order to access to work and health services. Without the support of the government, there is a possibility to have more exclusion. Therefore, the government needs to be more responsible and aware of their commitment when they have already recognised their identity. Hence, the results of the study explicitly urge to involve this community as much as possible and put more effort by the government and NGOs to motivate people to approve the legal support, gender right and social inclusion.
27
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Women participation in politics: A case study of Gakidling, Gewog Bhutan-Is it an opportunity or challenge? Name
: Dawa ZANGMO
Specialization
: Rural Dev, Social Inclusion, Gender & Youth
Email address : dzangmo9@gmail.com Country
: Bhutan
Abstract When asked to the community of the Gakidling Gewog about their views on “women’s participation in politics”, most of the respondent argued that women enjoy the privileged and progressive position. Women are valued and respected members of the families and society and treated equally with men before the law without any discrimination. All these are justifications that women can be put in a position of trust and responsibilities. Pitifully, women are absent when it comes to the area of representing her in the community to make decisions in the Gakidling Gewog. This study, therefore, aims to examine the factors influencing women’s participation in politics to understand the absent of women representative in the elected position such as Gup, Mangmi and Tshogpa in Gakidling Gewog, Sarpang Bhutan. In this study, the qualitative approach was the main research methodology to get an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon. Data was gathered from secondary and primary sources. Secondary data was obtained mainly from books, article, journals, and report through the internet. Primary data was entailed from a case study where fourteen in-depth interviews and one focus group discussion. The study highlights the deep-rooted culture that defines women’s role as wives and mothers. The study found that patriarchal system hinders women to participate in elected position such as Gup, Mangmi and Tshogpa. It also discussed how socio-cultural factors such as; traditional gender roles where women bear heavy burden of workload, education can be seen as a motivating factor, family support is lacking, public support is lacking, absence of role model is a serious issue because there is not a single woman in the elected position such as Gup, Mangmi and Tshogpa at the Gakidling Gewog, encouragement, training and quota. These factors have greatly influenced the women’s participation in politic. In order to improve women participation in politics at the Gakidling Gewog, the study suggested that by increasing sensitization and awareness on gender equality to the community, providing training to potential community women, elderly influential person (Male), encouraging more women to participate in Non-formal education (NFE), sharing work and family responsibilities and introducing quota system can improve more women in politics. If the recommendations made by the researcher in this study are well implemented, it is hoped that more women will come forward in the elected position at the local level in the near future.
28
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Rural Development and Food Security
29
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
The contribution of ZADT’s value chain financing through value chain actors (contracting companies) on small scale farmer’s livelihoods Name
: Winnie Mswaka SEKAI
Specialization
: Rural Development and Food Security
Email address : smswaka@gmail.com Country
: Zimbabwe
Abstract Small scale farmers (SSF) have been experiencing financial problems in starting agricultural activities. Development players introduced value chain financing (VCF) in order to support the SSF. Zimbabwe Agricultural Development Trust (ZADT) was formed in 2010 to improve food and nutrition security of Zimbabwe through VCF. There is limited knowledge and understanding on how the value chain financing is improving small scale farmer’s livelihoods. Building on to that this study was undertaken in order to have insights on the contribution of value chain financing. To attain this, a case study was conducted in ward 1 and 2 of Chiweshe Communal Area under Mazowe District in Mashonaland Central Province, Zimbabwe. Beneficiaries of value chain finance interviewed were twenty-five (25) to get insights on how VCF is improving their livelihoods. Non-beneficiaries five (5) of them were also interviewed to get understanding on why they are not interested in VCF. To get an in-depth understanding of VCF to SSF interviews with key informants were also held. Observation was also employed. The findings indicated that SSF are interested in agricultural activities but some are hesitant in getting involved in VCF as they fear that the economic situation in Zimbabwe is bad hence they might fail to produce more for repayment to the VCAs in the value chain (VC). From the findings some farmers are willing to practice other agricultural activities other than maize and poultry production but they lack knowledge of how they can be linked on different value chain actors (VCAs). VCF has shown results of sustainable agriculture, evidence was noted from the interviewed farmers who have managed to install irrigation system, procure vehicles, agriculture diversification, selffunding and better livelihoods. Evidence from the field has shown that not all farmers are aware of the value chain finance. Some SSF livelihoods has improved but it was also noted in the findings that the SSF have inadequate knowledge of financial management of record keeping for farming activities. From the findings it was noted that SSF are concerned about not being involved in the process of loan application by the VCAs. The study revealed that there is limited collaboration of activities between ZADT VCF program with Ministry of Agriculture. This was noted on limited involvement of extension workers in VCF program activities to SSF. To this note ZADT was recommended to collaborate its activities with Ministry of Agriculture through extension workers as they are the ones who often work with the SSF at grass roots level. It is also recommended that ZADT form a platform for SSF for them to have quarterly meetings to discuss program progress and challenges that they are facing.
30
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Evaluating the effects of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) Rice Project on rice production and rice availability for households of small scale rice farmers. A case study in Amenfi Central district in the Western Region of Ghana Name
: Opoku Anaman KWABENA
Specialization
: Rural Development and Food Security
Email address
: kwabenapoku323@yahoo.com
Country
: Ghana
Abstract The study evaluated effects of Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) Rice Project on rice production and availability for beneficiary households in Obing, Anyinabrim and Amuni villages in the Amenfi Central district of Ghana. It was carried out in July 2016. The villages were deliberately selected because of the predominance of rice farming activities in the areas. AGRA commissioned this study for the recommendation to be used for improvement of rice project after the completion of the first phase. The project supplied beneficiaries with subsidized fertilizers, AGRA rice seed and extension services through Agricultural Extension Agents (AEAs). Forty (40) small scale farmers were sampled with the use of the stratified random sampling technique where sampling was done in two (2) stages. The first stage involved the division of farmers into beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries whereas the second stage involved dividing the beneficiaries further into males and females. The study used semi-structured interviews with topic list to gather primary data from farmers and open interviews to gather primary data from key informants who are the AGRA project officer responsible for Amenfi Central district, AEAs and Agricultural Officers in the Department of Agriculture (DOA) in the Amenfi Central district. Secondary data were sourced from the internet, reports, books and other literatures. Findings revealed that beneficiaries achieved higher yields and higher production in tonnes when compared with non-beneficiaries. Female beneficiaries registered higher yields than the male beneficiaries. Also, beneficiaries recorded higher yields, increased hectares of land under rice and achieved higher production in tonnes of paddy rice than when compared to three (3) years ago. Yields and production in tonnes of rice for illiterate beneficiaries were markedly lower than the literate beneficiaries. More beneficiaries fed their households with rice until the end of one year than the non-beneficiaries. It is concluded that AGRA Rice Project improved paddy rice yields, production and availability of beneficiaries. AEAs lack knowledge on the production techniques of the AGRA rice. It is recommended that AEAs and farmers be trained in AGRA rice production techniques.
31
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Factors affecting availability of certified maize seed in Rwanda: Case study of Nyagatare District Name
: Aline NTAWUKIRASONGWA
Specialization
: Rural Development and Food Security
Email address : alinentawukirasongwa@yahoo.fr Country
: Rwanda
Abstract This study was conducted in Nyagatare district, Eastern Province of Rwanda. The main objective was to assess factors affecting availability of certified maize seed in Nyagatare district and recommend to Rwanda Agriculture Board the strategies to increase supply of certified maize seeds. The study used both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected using check list through interview and focus group discussion and observation. Secondary data were collected from different sources, e.g., RAB records, books, reports and internet. The main factors which had significant effect on availability of maize seeds production and availability as identified by this research include uncertainty of market, delay in payment, seeds, critical drought, lack of irrigation facilities, inappropriate store and drying facilities, lack of suitable sheller, seed of low yield and unavailability of basic seed (OPVs and Hybrid).The other problems faced by seed producers in Nyagatare district during certified maize process include isolation distance, insufficient of tractor for rent, long distance to access RAB services, insufficient trainings, delays in seed sampling, theft and damages by animals and birds. The evidence from this study point out that avoiding delay observed in supplying basic seeds and for paying to maize seed producers, providing irrigation facilities and supply of basic seeds (OPVs and Hybrid) on time to the producers are some of most proposed solutions by seed producers. Involvement of private maize seed producers in production of all maize seed categories, grouping maize grower farmers, setting an appropriate network between maize seed producers and linking the actors of maize seed sector with bank for access to credits are recommended for improving the production and availability of certified maize seeds in Nyagatare district. The overwhelming majority of farmers in Nyagatare district use their own seeds. For sustainable maize seed production and availability, there is a need to promote certified maize seed marketing by communicating with farmers about the seed available, distribution of sufficient and quality seed with close distance in time and at affordable prices.
32
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
The impact of cooperative membership on household food access: A case of Peaceland Multipurpose Cooperative Society in Paiko, Gwagwalada Area Council, Nigeria Name
: Felicitas Oghokuare ETAFO-ARCHER
Specialization
: Rural Development and Food Security
Email address
: f.etafoarcher@outlook.com
Country
: Nigeria
Abstract In Nigeria, several government strategies and programs have been implemented in response to addressing poverty without generating commensurate impact. The cooperative model has over the years gained more credence for its ability to aid poverty reduction, food security and economic empowerment. Several studies recommend the development of cooperatives as a solution to this challenge due to its ability to improve the livelihoods of poor rural households. Since 2013, Peaceland Multipurpose Cooperative Society (PLMPCS) has been in operating in Gwagwalada area council, providing income-generating activities and economic empowerment. The organisation plans to upscale its services but lacks knowledge on the impact of the current services on members. The study assesses the impact of PLMPCS as a cooperative on the food accessibility of women members’ household. Technically, the organisation lacked baseline information on which to make comparison. To achieve this, a case study was conducted in one of the rural wards; Paiko in Gwagwalada area council in Nigeria. The study involved both women members and non-members as respondents. Interview with key informant and field observation was carried out. Investigations were carried out with the use of topic list through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussion. The Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS), Food Consumption Score (FCS) and Household Food Insecurity Access Score (HFIAS) were food security (access) tools used to assess the contribution of the cooperative towards food access. The findings indicated that PLMPCS cannot be strongly linked to have contributed to the household food accessibility of women members. Food consumption scores recorded was 46.2 for members and 39.1 for non-members, placing them within the same acceptable threshold. However, PLMPCS has been able to contribute towards the enhancement of livelihood assets of the respondents, along with more earnings. Furthermore, the current high market food prices have affected the two types household and resulting in a reduction in food accessibility currently experienced by the household. This study also revealed deficiencies in the management of the cooperative especially problems in the repayment of loans by members. The study recommends that the PLRC should consider the viability of the organisation based on the numerous problems been faced and stop plans for upscaling of services and focus on improving the current food access of members.
33
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
The contribution of dairy cow commercialization project to household food security: A case of Gisambai Dairy Commercial Village in Hamisi Sub County, Vihiga Kenya Name
: Florence Wesonga OKWERO
Specialization
: Rural Development and Food Security
Email address : fwesonga2012@gmail.com Country
: Kenya
Abstract In Kenya food security is a concern. This case study assesses the contribution of a Dairy Cow Commercialization Project (DCCP) at Gisambai Dairy Commercial Village in Hamisi Sub county, in Vihiga, Kenya on the livelihood assets and household food security of its beneficiaries using qualitative research strategy. To meet the above objective 20 households in 20 villages were interviewed. One household was randomly selected to represent a village resulting in 10 beneficiaries and 10 non beneficiary respondent households. To gain in-depth understanding on the contribution of the dairy cow commercialization project two focus group discussions were held, one from the beneficiaries with 20 and the second from non-beneficiaries with 13 stakeholders respectively. In addition, four key informant interviews were carried out to gain more information. The data was collected using a topic list, semi structured interviews and food consumption scores and analyzed in the context of the Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF). The findings showed that the dairy cow commercialization project has contributed to improved household food security by strengthening farmers’ Natural assets in terms of increased land acreage. The social assets were increased too because of belonging to commercial villages and Passing of “gift� calves in DCCP increased trust among beneficiaries. Further findings indicated that the use of dairy commercial villages has transformed the rural villages into a business hub through access to markets. The study established that the non-beneficiary households were experiencing food insecurity and lack productive assets. The knowledge on food utilization among both beneficiary and non-beneficiary households was low. Lack of dairy farm machines increased labour demand in beneficiary households. The findings further showed that the dairy sector in Vihiga county faced challenges of livestock feed shortage, high cost of veterinary supplies and high incidence of tick borne diseases. Based on the findings the author recommends the department of livestock production services to collaborate with other stakeholders in the dairy sector to supply farm inputs and machinery at affordable cost and revive the nonfunctioning cattle dips. The department could also promote the use of a high yielding Napier variety by establishing fodder demonstration plots in wards. The researcher recommends the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Fisheries & Cooperatives to develop and include food utilization manuals in the farmer training programmes. Finally, the County government should upscale the Dairy Cow Commercialization Project to the vulnerable households that have not benefitted yet
34
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Food and nutrition security in informal settlements: A case study on the contribution of Multi-Storey Gardens to food and nutrition security amongst young female headed households in Mathare Valley Informal Settlement in Nairobi County, Kenya Name
: Mary Nyanchera MUOK
Specialization
: Rural Development and Food Security
Email address
: marymuok23@gmail.com
Country
: Kenya
Abstract Kenya’s fast growing population has led to informal settlements in its fast growing cities. In Nairobi, over 7 million people live in informal settlements and most face extreme poverty and food insecurity. The Slums Upgrading Project of Ministry of Devolution and Planning in conjunctio with State Department of Agriculture, implemented Multi-Storey Gardens (MSGs) vegetable project targeting youth in the informal settlements. The study assessed the contribution of Multi-Storey Gardening (MSG) Vegetable Project to improved food and nutrition security amongst young female headed households by comparing the food and nutrition security situation of young female headed households’ beneficiaries with non-beneficiaries of the project in Nairobi’s Mathare Valley informal settlement. The study was carried out in two villages of Mashimoni and Kwa-kariuki. Forty young female headed households were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaire, four key informants’ interviews and four focus group discussions. Data was analyzed using descriptive analysis. Findings suggest Multi-story gardens were important source of vegetables for home consumption and income generation. Income earned was deposited in a Savings and Credit Cooperative Organization (SACCO) with intention to accumulate money for the youth to get loans for other income generating activities. The residents’ perception of the MSGs project was good. The project increased the availability of fresh and clean vegetables and reduced theft and thuggery. Project beneficiaries had better food and nutrition security than non beneficiaries. The daily income allowance received by project beneficiaries seemed to contribute more to their food and nutrition security than MSGs. Challenges identified include youth low interest in agriculture, hence, not readily involved in MSGs and the increasingly crowded settlements as ‘vacant’ land claimed by new settlers reduces space for MSGs and at times MSGs being destroyed. Theft of vegetables and irregular water supply reduced production potential of MSGs. A major issue was also the inability of the project participants to access their income deposited in SACCO. The Kenya’s government to work continue working towards the realization of its Vision 2030 for increased food production. The Ministry of Devolution collaborate with other stakeholders in planning and supporting agricultural chain interest groups in informal settlements. The project needs to address the challenges by securing government land for MSGs, using long lasting construction materials and delivery of sufficient quality water by City Water Department. Project beneficiaries need to access to their savings. Furthermore, government is encouraged to promote agriculture in schools and youth out of school for skills and income generation training.
35
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
The effect of distributing improved cassava varieties on rural small scale farmers’ food security: A case study of ZARI/FODIS project in Chongwe District, Zambia Name
: Mulonda KUTAUKA
Specialization
: Rural Development and Food Security
Email address : kmulonda@yahoo.co.uk Country
: Zambia
Abstract Cassava is a food security crop that withstands drought and grow in poor soils. In Zambia cassava is grown by small scale farmers mostly grown in Northern, Luapula, Western and North-western provinces. Cassava yield has been very low due to the use of poor yielding traditional varieties. Government improved the local cassava varieties from low to high yielding, pests and disease tolerant and together with NGO the crop they started promotion of the crop to other parts of the country that are drought prone. Some improved cassava cuttings were distributed to small scale farmers in Chongwe by ZARI/JICA project known as FoDiS. The objective of the study was to assess the contribution of improved cassava variety distribution project to the livelihood improvement among small scale farmers of Chongwe district in Zambia. Individual interviews with 4 key informants, 25 small scale farmers and a focus group discussion was conducted to help answer the research questions. The selected 19 small scale farmers were cassava growers and belonged to a women cooperative group and a focus group discussion was done to the 9 women farmers group in the area of study. There were 6 farmers who did not grow cassava 1 lady and 5 men these farmers did not benefit from the FoDiS project. Findings showed no food insecurity among the farmers growing cassava as compared with the non-cassava growers. The number of farmers who depend on the sales of own cassava as a supplement was 15 and only 3 out of 19 look for other income to supplement the food at their homes. The major crops grown in the study area was maize, groundnuts, cassava, beans and cowpeas others are sweet potatoes, soybean and sunflower. This is an indication that food diversification is still going on 5 years after the project came to an end. The study established that the cassava growers had food available throughout the year to warrant them do piece work to sustain their households a sign of food security in the study area. The study established that acceptance of cassava as a staple crop in the area has been slow as majority of the people just eat it as a snack, raw, cooked or fried. The benefits are more on income generating than consumption. Availability of cash after sales makes cassava contribute to food availability as they are able to buy the preferred food staff and provide market to others who consume cassava.
36
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Enhancing sorghum and millets production for food availability among smallholder farmers of Zimbabwe: A case study of Bakasa Communal Area, Guruve District, Zimbabwe Name
: Monica NYAMADZAWO
Specialization
: Rural Development and Food Security
Email address
: msainetinyamadzawo@gmail.com
Country
: Zimbabwe
Abstract Zimbabwe’s economy is agro-based with majority farmers being smallholder farmers who contribute to the nation’s food security. Agricultural production and productivity has declined in Zimbabwe leading to food insecurity especially in arid and semi-arid environments. This is a result of economic shocks compounded by climatic change conditions. This has given the rise to promote climate smart crops among smallholder farmers in arid and semi-arid areas of Zimbabwe. Evidence shows that sorghum and millets are resilient and tolerant to harsh conditions and may be the answer to food insecurity. However, despite their contribution to food security their uptake has been low among smallholder farmers of Zimbabwe. To understand the reasons behind the low uptake by smallholder farmers a case study was conducted among smallholder farmers in Bakasa communal area in Guruve District. The study area was purposively sampled due to its geographical location. Guruve District is in agro-ecological region II which receives good rainfall. Due to climate change, Bakasa has shifted in agro-ecological region III which receives limited and poorly distributed rainfall. The study used a combination of desk study and case study. Various methods were used in collecting data in which focus group discussions, farmer and key informant interviews and observation were employed. Thirty respondents and 7 key informants were interviewed and 2 focus group discussion (one for men, one for women). Findings from this study revealed that the production of sorghum and millets is done by few farmers. The study found out that the reasons why smallholder farmers were not cultivating coarse cereals were cross-sectional. Lack of markets was also seen to be a major drawback in coarse cereal production. Unfavourable policies and lack of government support also led to a few farmers cultivate sorghum and millets and concentrate on maize even in areas where coarse cereals had a comparative advantage. Also, coarse cereals are despised in the study area as crops for the poor and old. Changes in tastes and preferences of farmers have also played a role in why few farmers cultivate these cereals. It was realised that maize was preferred more in both production and consumption than sorghum and millets. No strategies are in place to promote sorghum and millets production in the area. To enhance the production of sorghum and millets among smallholder farmers, the study recommends AGRITEX officials to facilitate trainings for both staff and extension agents, collaborate with other organisations to encourage and motivate farmers into coarse cereal production. The study also recommends AGRITEX officials at provincial level to include coarse cereals on the agenda of stakeholder coordination meetings lobbying for policies which promote sorghum and millet production.
37
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Falling in and out of hybrid maize production: An Assessment of factors affecting the adoption of hybrid maize seeds by small-scale farmers. The case of Bala Sub County in Kole District, Northern Uganda Name
: Juliet ANGOM
Specialization
: Rural Development and Food Security
Email address : julietangom@yahoo.com Country
: Uganda
Abstract Uganda’s Ministry of Agriculture, Animal, Industry and Fisheries’ (MAAIF) has been encouraging small scale farmers to adopt improved seeds of staple crops like maize so that the country can achieve food and nutrition security. However, the adoption rate is slow, thus reflecting MAAIF lack of knowledge of factors influencing adoption of hybrid seeds particularly maize by small scale farmers. The research was aimed at recommending strategies on how to increase adoption of hybrid maize seeds by small scale farmers to improve productivity. Desk research and case study were used to yield qualitative and quantitative data. Data were collected using semi structured questions, key informants, focus group discussions and observation. These tools were applied on 25 respondents, 3 key informants and a focus group. Primary data was analysed using Microsoft Excel. Findings revelaed that farmers who adopted were highly educated and able to comprehend information regarding new technologies unlike less educated. Ineffective and inefficient extension services have crippled the progress of adoption. Gender dynamics impacted adoption. Intra household differences in access and control of livelihood assets directly affected adoption. Farmers are more likely to adopt varieties that yield highly. Farmers who adopted but left practiced extra off-farm activities like alcohol brewing as a means to earn extra incomes. Those who completely did no adopt, practiced share cropping of traditional maize seed varieties like Longe 5D and MM3 inorder to sustain their livelihoods. Some farmer households (non adopters) are left with less food available due to low quantity and poor quality obtained from traditional seeds produced. In order to increase the adoption of hybrid maize seeds by small scale farmers’ strategies recommended are upgrading farmers’ awareness of new seed technologies whilst improving delivery of extension and advisory services. Government and partner stakeholders should try and enact further resolutions to guide implementation so as to improve agricultural production, livelihoods of agrarian communities’ and national development.
38
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Impact assessment of the Crop Intensification Program (CIP) on food and nutrition security of small scale farmers: A case study of the SPIU LWH/RSSP Projects, food accessibility at Rwamagana-34 site Name
: Rose Marie UMUTONI
Specialization
: Rural Development and Food Security
Email address
: u.rosy10@gmail.com
Country
: Rwanda
Abstract Access to food is very crucial in ensuring an improved food and nutrition security of small-scale farmers. This study explored the impact of Crop Intensification Program (CIP) policy on food accessibility of small-scale farmers at the RW-34 (Rwamagana-34) site, in order to evaluate the level of success of the program and give recommendations on the improvement of the Program. The CIP was designed based on the transformation of traditional agriculture practices to modern agriculture systems for improved crop productivity. According to the CIP technological change in agriculture provides an opportunity for growth of total agriculture production through the most effective use of resources. The study used mainly the qualitative empirical data, some quantitative data from the field and the analysis of existing literature on the subject matter. A case study was conducted with 15 indepth interviews of small-scale farmers, 7 interviews with key informants, 3 group discussions and observation around the RW-34 site. Based on the findings, the researcher found out that the CIP has negatively impacted the food accessibility of poor small-scale farmers at the RW-34 site. It was realized that the CIP has promoted the system of mono-cropping and caused the disappearance of staples local food which raised the price of the staple food against the low income of farmers. The drought has induced a shortage of food for farmers while the market price uncertainty has caused the low purchasing power of farmers hence their lack of access to sufficient and nutritious food. Findings from the study showed also that, farmers are currently spending more income on food consumption than before the CIP program. The study highlighted that farmers that were out of the CIP had access to a diverse diet than farmers who were participating in the program. Despite the effects of drought and market price uncertainty, the study has substantially identified that farmers with a diversified source of income had more access to a diversity of food intake than farmers with one source of income. Based on the findings, the researcher has recommended that CIP should reevaluate the cropping systems of small scale farmers and develop the ideas for producing partly for the market and partly for their own food security. However, given the fact that the research did not cover a very representative sample of the site, the researcher suggested that similar research could be done in order to detect the issues and take more appropriate measures for an improved food access and food and nutrition security in general.
39
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Resilience in the context of climate change: A case study of smallholder farmers’ livelihoods in the semi-arid savannah zone, Upper West Region, Ghana Name
: Philip Neri ZUOBOG
Specialization
: Rural Development and Food Security
Email address : nwinbobr@gmail.com Country
: Ghana
Abstract The post 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) acknowledges climate change as one of the greatest challenges of current time. There are concerns that the adverse impact of climate change could undermine the ability of all countries to achieve sustainable development. Most livelihoods, particularly in Africa, are dependent on climate sensitive sectors such as agriculture and fisheries and therefor will be most likely affected by the climate change impact. In Ghana, the Northern semi-arid agro-ecological zone is predicted to be seriously affected by climate change impacts due to high level of poverty and dependence on small-scale agriculture as the primary source of livelihood. Considering the implications of the impact of climate change on the livelihood of millions of the smallholder farmers, there is a need to develop projects to increase smallholder farmers’ adaptive capacity and resilience. There is however a lack of insight in the various livelihood activities, level of vulnerability and coping strategies being adopted by these farmers. This study identifies the livelihood strategies, vulnerabilities and coping strategies of smallholder farmers in two agro-ecologically different communities in Ghana’s semi-arid savanna agro-ecological zone. A total of 30 households were surveyed with 5 key informant interviews and two focus group discussions performed/undertaken in two communities, Hamile (hilly highland) and Kokoligu (lowland). The sustainable livelihood framework and the IPCC Vulnerability Assessment framework were adopted to analyse the data. The results show that the major livelihood activity in the communities is agriculture (crop and livestock production). The people also engage in other off-farm and non-farm activities complementary to the main livelihood of agricultural production. Both communities were found highly vulnerable to the impact of climate change even though the level of exposure, sensitive and adaptive capacity differed between the highland and lowland community. Hamile, the highland community, was identified to be the most vulnerable based on the LVI (IPCC) of 0.085 compared to the lowland community with 0.016. The findings furthermore reveal that households employ a range of on- and off-farm coping strategies including, the cultivation of improve crop varieties, changing planting time, diversification of crops as well as temporary migration to better manage the climate change impact. The finding of the study will help inform development project planning that is aimed at building adaptive capacity and reducing climate vulnerability. We recommend a rural enterprise development and business advisory services project to help the smallholder farmers diversify their livelihoods.
40
Assessing effects of Adama Community Development Project activities on performance of women self-help group members in micro and small enterprises: A case study of Ethiopian Kale Hiwot Church Development Commission-Adama-Ethiopia Name
: Dinku Shumi EDAO
Specialization
: Rural Development and Food Security
Email address : dinku.shumi@gmail.com Country
: Ethiopia
Abstract This study assessed effects of Adama Community Development Project activities on performance of women self-help group (SHG) members in micro and small enterprises. The project activities were delivering business development training, advice/support through community facilitators, linkages to banks, MFIs, technology centres, NGOs and GOs since June 2002. A semi-structured interview with eighteen women SHG members engaged in two sectors was done for the study using purposeful sampling. Three focus group discussions with seven women SHG members in micro and small enterprises, seven Community facilitators and seven FLA executive committees also made. Semistructured interviews through checklists prepared with four key informants from project management, women and children affairs office, social affairs office and micro and small enterprise promotion office. Throughout the semi-structured interview and focus group discussion, observation to their business activities and workplace was also purposefully done. Data were analysed using simple statistical techniques (tables and graphs) and explanatory narratives. Results indicate that different business development training delivered by the project and the advice/support from the community facilitators highly contributed to the performance of the women SHG members in the micro and small enterprises. It also helped them as a source of skill for own initiation to start their businesses. Majority of the women SHG in micro and small business survived in the local market with good profit-making status. Besides these, women SHG in MSEs created job opportunities for others; this contributes to the regional economy. However, the business development training module lacked full contents and missed value chain development concept. Also, training focused on theoretical concepts without giving equal attention to practical and vocational training. Most women SHG in MSEs prefer to use SHG loan because they find it very difficult to access financing from MFIs due to strict requirements for collateral, high repayment costs, and prerequisites. In addition, lack of own marketplace, stiff competition, access to technology, and access to raw materials were the major challenges that affect the performance of women SHG members. Business development training to be supplemented with vocational and technical training to improve the SHG members’ performance are recommended. Implementing and supporting organisations could design a mechanism to increase access to both technical and vocational training. Also, SHG Coalition continues to lobby MFIs, banks and other credit giving financial institutions to develop creative policies to ease SHG women access to external loan.
41
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
The contribution of nutrition sensitive agriculture on social capital of women farmers Name
: Assefa Nana KOYA
Specialization
: Rural Development and Food Security
Email address : nkassefa@yahoo.com Country
: Ethiopia
Abstract This case study assesses the contribution of Empowering New Generations to Improve Nutrition and Economic opportunities (ENGINE) nutrition-sensitive agriculture project to social capital among women farmers in Kindo Koisha of Southern Ethiopia. The study employed a research strategy using both desk and case studies for primary data and secondary data. The total respondents of the case are 28 purposely selected individuals of; (20 individuals of women, 1 Focus group discussion (of 5 women and 3 key informants of men). The major findings drawn from the field are categorized into two areas; these are economic and social aspects. The project injected inputs of in-kind support the beneficiaries on production of small gardening to secure household food security through using homestead produce from vegetables and animal origin to diversify dietary intake to reduce malnutrition. This economic aspect contributes for a significant role for social capitals of linkage among other HHs, leaders, neighbours friends and relatives, bond, trust, and ensure participation at local organizations and strengthened interconnectedness enhancing their capacity and knowledge through shared values of togetherness, increased their participation at different social issues in kind, cash, and labour. The project promotes collaboration among target women farmers, enhances the capacity on awareness raising, created an opportunity to involve and participate community and village level events, increased their status of trust by other households and leaders. Formal and informal community organizations like “Eqqubb, Iddir, Mahber,� self-help groups, village meetings are one of the major instruments to cope with vulnerabilities through organized membership of groups sharing problems and happiness. Moreover, the project has some limitations beside the positive contribution of impacts of women farmers such as grievance, envy, and discrimination of some community members and male counterparts due to less awareness of the project intervention among the target groups. The report suggested a piece of relevant recommendations to work with all stakeholders’ awareness campaign to internalize the project, link the existing women groups with microfinance institutes and saving and credit cooperative for collective actions and embrace other needy people and scale up the findings and lessons learned to other areas.
42
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Understanding farmers’ adoption of soil and water conservation technologies: A case study in Wbare District in Fafan Zone, Ethiopia Name
: Ahmed Said Sulaiman
Specialization
: Rural Development and Food Security
Email address
: axsasul@gmail.com
Country
: Ethiopia
Abstract In Ethiopia, soil degradation is one of the top problems affecting agricultural productivity and sustainable use of land resources. In order to reduce the impacts of soil erosion, the government of Ethiopia has made soil and water conservation (SWC) as one of its priority areas in agriculture and natural resources development. Since then, a large amount of investment has been poured into multiple projects across the country. However, the objective of the projects in creating a widespread adoption of SWC measures is not constant across the country. The adoption of the technologies by the farmers regarding the widespread adoption of the technology is not fully materialized. It is important to understand the rationale of the farmers on accepting or rejecting the proposed technology. This research was therefore set out to explore the factors influencing the farmers’ adoption of soil and water conservation technologies in Lafaissa village (kebele) of Awbare district, Ethiopia. A case study was conducted to collect the necessary data from the beneficiaries and nonbeneficiaries with a particular focus on MERET project. A semi-structured questionnaire, key informant interview, and observation were used to generate the qualitative and quantitative data. Transcribing interview responses followed by coding and categorization were applied to analyze the qualitative data. Simple excel sheet was used to calculate percentages. The result of the study reveals that the extent of adoption among the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of the project was low. The nature of most introduced measures was revealed as being complex and incompatible to the farmer’s needs and priorities. Plot size, distance from farmland, labour intensiveness, higher time spent for construction, advanced technical skills requirement, dependency on incentives, weak extension services and limited institutional cooperation and unclear ownership of the structures were underscored as the factors influencing the decision of the farmers towards the adoption of the technologies.
43
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
The contribution of goat farming project to the rural household income: A case of Goro District, Bale Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia Name
: Feyisa Assefa HAILE
Specialization
: Rural Development and Food Security
Email address : feyinetbekele@gmail.com Country
: Ethiopia
Abstract This thesis was conducted on the contribution of goat on household income in Goro District, Bale Zone, and Oromia Region, Ethiopia in August, 2016. A case study approach was employed with focus group discussions, individual interviews (respondents and key informants) and participant observation. The researcher clustered the respondents into beneficiary and non-beneficiary households to see the difference in the contribution of goat among the households. The objective of this research was to assess the contribution of goat farming project on rural households’ income to provide information for Agri Service Ethiopia to strengthen and expand its goat project interventions to other needy areas. The study used a qualitative approach based on empirical data from primary and secondary sources. Primary and secondary data for the assessment were collected from 16 households who were grouped into two categories, 8 beneficiary households and 8 non-beneficiary households which included 4 males and 4 females for beneficiary and 4 male and 4 females for nonbeneficiary. The study showed that livestock was considered as the major contributor to the household income for the project beneficiaries and crop is the major sources of income of non-goat beneficiaries whereas livestock is taken as a second source of income for non-goat keepers. The case study indicated that the income obtained from goats was used to purchase primarily food grain, pay school fees and buy school uniforms for their children and other household items. Sustainable Livelihood Framework was adapted for data analysis to depict the contribution of the goat to the household’s income. The results of the study showed that goat farming has increased the income of the poor farmers and goat farming plays a significant role in poverty alleviation and improvement of household food security. Income sources like petty trades, beekeeping, gum and incense, firewood and charcoal collection and sand mining were among the strategies that non-goat farmers applied to cater for missed income from goat. The contributions of goats to the households were far beyond that of income. In general, the research finding showed that the goat project has brought change such as increased income, increased household assets, and improved economic empowerment of women and improved food and nutrition security. The study conducted indicated that the annual average income of the goat beneficiary households is higher by 25% as compared to the average annual income of non-goat beneficiary households. The finding elucidated that goats contributed 49 % of the total average annual income of the beneficiary household
44
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Household livelihoods enhancement through local poultry production: A case study of small-scale poultry farmers in Ikorodu, Lagos-Nigeria Name
: Babatunde Samuel SHORUNKE
Specialization
: Rural Development and Food Security
Email address
: shorunkebabatunde@yahoo.com
Country
: Nigeria
Abstract Many households adopt a variety of livelihoods activities for a means of living because a single source of livelihoods, is insufficient to sustain them as their livelihoods assets are inadequate to give them desirable outcomes. Diversification of livelihoods is one strategy that helps build resilience against vulnerabilities and build a sustainable livelihood. Small-scale poultry farming is one strategy extensively used to enhance livelihoods and assets of many households in developing countries. The objective of this research was to find out the contribution of small-scale poultry farming as a livelihood strategy to the livelihoods assets of households in Ikorodu, Lagos. The Sustainable Livelihoods Framework was used for the study. Field work was carried out in Ikorodu area targeting 30 poultry farmers (25 small scale farmers and 5 medium scale poultry farmers) for in-depth semistructured interview. Data collected was analysed using descriptive analysis. Findings showed that poultry activities of the small scale farmers had impact on their livelihoods assets, with signifcant changes after engaging in the small-scale poultry production. Impact was reflected in their livelihood outcomes in the form of diversified income, cash earnings and savings, food security, improved well being and more sustainable use of their natural resource base. Challenges confronting small scale poultry farmers include high costs of inputs and veterinary services as outbreak of diseases could wipe out an entire poultry population leading to the demise of the business. Theft of birds and market glut sometimes compel farmers to sell off their products below production costs, leading to reduction in profit. There is limited access to formal financial systems for credit and insurance, negligible capital investment and low savings. Addressing these challenges requires concerted efforts by all stakeholders: Government should develop workable policies that would give the small scale farmers an enabling environment to build their livelihoods assets and achieve desirable outcomes. By giving incentives to the private sector, it is believed that their participation will further boost the capacity of the poultry sector in Lagos State.
45
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Crop productivity and livelihood of smallholder farmers at Lupondo village Mkuranga Tanzania Name
: Lucy Noel MWAUNGULU
Specialization
: Rural Development and Food Security
Email address : bahatimuha@ymail.com Country
: Tanzania
Abstract Small holder farmers have been experiencing low crop productivity due to various reasons in most of sub Saharan Africa countries. Low crop production leads to poverty and food insecurity which therefore needs to be addressed. Low crop productivity is an enormous challenge to most of rural areas in Africa where its livelihood mostly depends on Agriculture. The majority of the poor and food insecure in Africa live in rural areas, and most of them depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. More than 30 percent of the people in sub-Saharan Africa are chronically hungry and are smallholder farmers. This study explains the socio economic and institutional factors influencing crop productivity amongst small holder farmers at Lupondo village in Mkuranga District Tanzania. Primary data were collected from 15 households out of three hundred thousand and fifty smallholder farmers’ households using semi structured interview, then focus group discussion with 7 selected member representing different groups in the community (youth, leaders, women and elders) and detailed semi structured interview with two key persons. Random sampling technique was employed in chosing the interviewed households. The chosen respondents represent seven percent of farmer’s household in the village. There was therefore need to understand factors leading to low crop productivity among the smallholder farmers at Lupondo village in Mkuranga Tanzania then recommend possible interventions to increased food security and poverty reduction. The findings of this study showed that smallholder farmers productivity was low and however they had some socioeconomic and institutional factors that led to low crop productivity. The interviewed smallholder farmers indicated that Lack of agricultural technology, low level of education, use of local seeds, use of Indigenous farming knowledge, lack of capital, not using agriculture inputs, unreliable market, poor infrastructure are the reasons for such harvest. Recognizing tremendous role of smallholder farmers in agriculture, the Government has to accept that agriculture is the main stream of the economy and put necessary Measures so as to improve crop productivity. Such measures include encourage capacity building, technology adoption and innovation and smallholder farmer’s empowerment.
46
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Umurenge SACCO programme and rural livelihood: A case study of rural household in Masaka sector, Kicukiro District Name
: Odette UWIRINGIYE
Specialization
: Rural Development and Food Security
Email address
: uwiriode2015@gmail.com
Country
: Rwanda
Abstract This study on Umurenge SACCO programme and rural livelihood, was conducted in Masaka Sector, Kicukiro District, Kigali city. The research explored the contributions the Umurenge SACCO project is making in improving the livelihood of project beneficiaries in Masaka Sector, Kicukiro District in order to give applied recommendations for the involvement of more beneficiaries. The case study was carried out within six cells of Masaka Sector which are Ayabaraya, Cyimo, Gako, Gitaraga, Mbabe and Rusheshe.The research data was collected through three key informants, individual interview, two focus group discussions and observations. The sample size was 30 respondents. The interview was conducted in Kinyarwanda the local language and the semi structured interview and structured interview were both adopted. The findings indicated that Masaka SACCO contributed to improve the livelihood of its beneficiaries, by improving beneficiary’s access to livelihood assets, ability on livelihood diversification and increase the income of the beneficiary households. 90% of respondents reported to have access on Umurenge SACCO loans while 10% of respondents had not loans. The minimum credit was 250,000Rwf and the maximum credit was 4,500,000 Rwf. 100% of respondents had savings with Umurenge SACCO, the maximum saving was 892.000Rwf and minimum saving was 72,000Rwf. The credit SACCO beneficiaries got from Umurenge SACCO allowed them to invest in different activities such as farming with 16.7% of respondents, transport, trading, petty trade with 16.7% of respondents respectively; buying material for welding, sewing, wood work and hand craft with 13.3% of respondents. Those various activities led to great achievement, 30% of respondent reported to pay school fees of their children and buy new assets, 16.7% of respondents reported to pay medical services, 16.7% of respondents reported to extend their activities of trading, sewing, wood work while 6.7% of respondents reported to continue university studies. Even though there were those achievements, the SACCO members had some complains about 20% savings of credit requirement to get a loan with 36.6% of respondents, 13.3% of respondents reported that the credit is delaying, 10% of respondents reported the low technology (use of ATM card and withdraw money from other SACCO) of SACCO service delivery, and 6.7% of respondents reported to do long distance to get the SACCO place and the high interest rate on credit respectively.
47
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
The crumbs of Rengginang: A case of sticky rice crispy cracker female workers in Cikoneng village, Ciparay Residence, Bandung District, Jawa Barat Province, Indonesia Name
: Anita Darienarita
Specialization
: Rural Development and Food Security
Email address : anita.darienarita@gmail.com Country
: Indonesia
Abstract Rengginang; sticky rice crispy cracker, an Indonesian local snack food; has always been famous in the country. This typical local snack food is produced most by women living in rural areas for instance in Cikoneng Village, Ciparay Residence, Bandung District, Jawa Barat Province, Indonesia. Most of the rengginang production in the village has been done in small-scale enterprise or home industry scale, such as Kelompok Usaha Bersama Rengginang Mekarsari (KUB RM). The workers are dominated by women and several of them have worked as migrant labour in the Middle-East countries. The research objective is to unravel the reasons why the rengginang female workers keep working at KUB RM. This research used qualitative approach. It used desk study to collect secondary data and immersion to collect primary data. The main tools of data collection were in-depth interview, observation, and informal group discussion. the research involved 8 (eight) female workers working at KUB RM. Data analysis used qualitative method. The result of the research were: (1) Rengginang female workers keep working at KUB RM for getting income to buy food for daily consumption at their household, (2) They keep working at KUB RM because the enterprise has flexible rule to keep them bringing their babies and children at work, (3) For the ex-migrant workers, working as rengginang worker is the easiest way to have income generating activities rather than working as a formal labor, (4) The female workers consider their job does not require higher educational level background. Awareness in improvement on economic condition of the female workers should be addressed to the owner of KUB RM.
48
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Bitter brew or black gold? Contribution of coffee certification (4C) on intra-household dynamics and livelihood of smallholders in Central Province Kenya: A case study of New Gatukuyu Farmer Cooperative Society and Thikagiki Farmer Cooperative Society Name
: Monica Virginia Mbuthia
Specialization
: Rural Development and Food Security
Email address
: vmgmbuthia@gmail.com
Country
: Kenya
Abstract Kenya exports Arabica coffee which contributes foreign exchange earnings and plays a role in the livelihoods of many rural people. Thus certification was introduced increased awareness among coffee consumers, specifically, the impact of coffee production on the social and environment aspects in countries that produce coffee and improve the position of smallholders in the market; while maintaining quality standards for the international market and; contribute to better livelihoods of smallholder farmers by enhancing their income through premium prices and stabilizing it through minimum prices. In 2008 Solidaridad started the implementation of the 5-year programme called “Building Trade Capacity and Sustainable Livelihoods through Fair-trade and Ethical Trade� in Kenya. The overall objective of this coffee support programme is to improve the income position of smallholders through certification and training programmes on good agricultural practices. Solidaridad (SECAEC) works directly with cooperatives to reach the farmers and strengthen the organizations in the areas of management. SECAEC needs insights on the contribution of coffee certification on livelihoods, through studying intra household dynamics of smallholder in central province in order to make relevant recommendations and improve the certification project. The study compares certified and non-certified cooperative (New Gatukuyu farmer cooperative society and Thikagiki farmer cooperative society, respectively). Twelve households from certified cooperative and 6 households from noncertified cooperative were sampled. They were further categorised into maleheaded and female-headed households. Six key informants were also interviewed to validate the data. Results that although certification is associated with high income, it does not translate to improved food security but doubled proceeds of 4C certified farmers. Farmers were satisfied with the Good Agricultural Practices tranings that helped improve the quality of their coffee. The improved conditions increased the farm and domestic chores workload of women. Women either took on the workload, negotiated with the husbands or reshuffled role to fit the situation. SECAEC need to train farmers to enhance gender equality and build women capacity; develop a multi-stakeholder to encourage diversification to enhance food security.
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Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Effect of Input Distribution Programme on household food nutrition and security (availability and accessibility): A case study of maize production in Musanze District, Rwanda Name
: Florence Mujawimana
Specialization
: Rural Development and Food Security
Email address : florence.minagri@gmail.com Country
: Rwanda
Abstract Effect of using subsidized agricultural inputs and new technologies in maize production on food nutrition security focusing on availability and accessibility of food of smallholder farmers in Musanze District was researched in order to contribute to the revision government agricultural policies. Desk study, qualitative and quantitative approaches were used to gather data. The case study was in Kabuga, Karama and Mugogo villages of Rwaza, Gacaca and Remera sectors in Musanze District. Results were presented using narrative and statistical methods. The information was gathered by direct observation, interviews and group discussions. Structured, semi-structured and topic lists tools were used to collect information. A purposive sampling method was used to select the farmer household respondents and also the focus group discussions. The interviews were conducted with 26 of smallholder farmer household respondents at village level and nine key informants from cells, sectors and Ministry levels. Three focus group discussions were conducted with farmers at the village level. Results show that farmers who got high maize production in the season 2016 A cultivated big size of lands and use the improved agricultural inputs, hence stored and sold a higher amount of maize and are more resilient to lean period and capable to diversifying into their diets food than farmers who produced smaller amount of maize. Some farmers are not able to afford appropriate agricultural inputs because of lack of financial means, the far distance from the distribution sites, and misunderstanding of the use of agricultural inputs in maize production. Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) is higher in the households of farmers who got more maize production and Household Food Insecurity Access Scale and Prevalence Measure shows that households which produced more maize are more food secure for longer periods than others
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Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Rural Development, Communication and Innovation
51
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Communication methods and adoption process: A case of Vitamin A bio-fortified cassava dissemination in Oyo State, Nigeria Name
: Tiwalola Oyeyinka AKINSOLA
Specialization : Rural Dev, Communication & Innovation Email address : akinsolatiwalola@yahoo.com Country
: Nigeria
Abstract Micronutrients deficiency commonly referred to as “hidden hunger” is prevalent in developing countries such as Nigeria. To combate “hidden hunger”, biofortification is the latest approach introduced in Nigeria. One of the crops already biofortified with vitamin A is cassava. To scale up vitamin A biofortified cassava to reach millions of households in Nigeria, the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta through its Agricultural Media Resources and Extension Centre (AMREC) intends to carry out an intervention project. AMREC commissioned this study to generate knowledge on the nexus between communication strategies, methods and adoption process of Vitamin A biofortified cassava by actors in the chain in Oyo State, Nigeria. The study was carried out in Eruwa, Oyo State. Desk research and case study were used. Data were obtained using semi structured interviews and observation of different actors in the cassava value chain. Two input suppliers, 10 farmers, 5 processors, 3 traders, 4 retailers, and 4 consumers were selected for the study. Each actor group sampled included adopters and non-adopters of vitamin A cassava except input suppliers. Results revealed that training, demonstration and friends were the most effective communication methods that chain actors heard about vitamin A cassava. Demonstration, training and quick digestion as a result of trial were the most recognised communication strategies/methods that aided farmers, processors, traders, retailers and consumers’ decision to adopt vitamin A cassava. Lack of market for vitamin A cassava made some actors (farmers) to discontinue/ reject vitamin A cassava. Also, low awareness about vitamin A cassava among the rural populace made some processors, traders and retailers not to adopt vitamin A cassava. Except retailers, other actors that have not adopted vitamin A cassava possess some knowledge of the crop. It is concluded that communication strategies/methods influence adoption process of actors in vitamin A biofortified cassava chain. It is recommended that AMREC use training and demonstration to promote vitamin A cassava while also advising and encouraging people to adopt and promote the variety. The frequency of use of these communication strategies/methods during awareness campaigns could be increased in order to raise the level of awareness of chain actors.
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Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Perception of smallholder farmers towards ICT use in agriculture: A case of Kuje Area Council, Abuja, Nigeria Name
: Linda Oyinyechi NJOKU
Specialization
: Rural Dev, Communication & Innovation
Email address
: linda.njoku@gmail.com
Country
: Nigeria
Abstract The study gained insights on the perception of smallholder farmers on ICT use in agriculture. Twenty smallholder farmers were purposively selected from Chibiri, Kiyi and Chukuku village in Kuje Area Council, Abuja. Data for the study were obtained with the aid of semi structured questionnaire administered to the smallholder farmers. Among the smallholder farmers were 13 males and 7 females. The smallholder farmers have mobile phone, radio and television but they are not aware of ICT use in agriculture. Also they do not use their ICTs in their agricultural activities. The result revealed a positive and a favourable perception of smallholder farmers on the benefits of ICT use in agriculture. The study identified that face to face communication is still the major means of passing agricultural information across to Kuje smallholder farmers. The study also identified the ICT needs of the smallholder farmers as enlightenment, trainings, and seminars among others on ICT use in agriculture. It was concluded that the smallholder farmer’s positive perception on ICT use in agriculture stems from the fact that they already have an ICT device (mobile phone) and through their mobile phones they can access so much information if they are given the right training and support by the government.
53
Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Digital Farmer Field School in Bhutan: Exploring alternative communication and extension option for dairy farmers of Bhutan Name
: Tashi DHENDUP
Specialization
: Rural Dev, Communication & Innovation
Email address : tashidup@hotmail.com Country
: Bhutan
Abstract Farming in Bhutan is traditionally subsistent in nature based on integration of crop and livestock but the majority of Bhutanese households rear cattle. Samtse Dzongkhag is situated in the Southern part of Bhutan and is a dairy potential area. Farmers form groups and cooperatives to produce milk and to derive the best benefits from the increasing market opportunities. But the delivery of efficient dairy extension service gets hampered due to its rough topographical terrain and the scattered nature of remote rural settlements. The objective of this study was to explore Digital Farmer Field School (DFFS) as an alternative innovative communication and extension option for dairy farming communities in Yoeseltse Geog under Samtse Dzongkhag, applying a perspective of responsible innovation to enhance the Department of Livestock’s extension policies and the extension strategy. A case study approach was adopted to gain in depth insight into how the three multi-level stakeholders conceive the present situation of dairy extension service, the dairy extension problems and constraints and what the farmers’ and the extension agents expect from the dairy extension. The case study was operationalised through (a) open prototype trial of DFFS in groups and individual prototype trial & discovery, (b) free discovery exercise and (c) semi-structured individual interview using topic lists as a guide. The findings showed that DFFS is feasible in Bhutan. The operational skills shown by the farmers in operating the prototype was commendable. Hardware wise, all the respondents owned mobile phones each, but the issue of access in terms of mobile and internet connectivity is still a concern. A broader policy support for ICT development in the country exists but policy focus for use of ICT in rural agriculture extension system is needed to give impetus to the conventional extension system. There is a need to update the ICT skills of the extension agents. In order for DFFS to take place, media design courses for the media designers is required as designing DFFS is media specific job and it requires developers, new competency film makers and designers.
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Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Reflexivity of small-scale rice farmers in Pati District, Indonesia Name
: Ratu Putri RAMANTI
Specialization
: Rural Dev, Communication & Innovation
Email address
: ratuputriramanti@gmail.com
Country
: Indonesia
Abstract The rice transplanter program is an innovation provided by the Ministry of Agriculture to farmers in order to overcome the shortage of planting labourers at the start of the season, so that, they can simultaneously engage in planting paddy at the same time. Reflexivity is one of the key dimensions of responsible innovation that could start to portray the farmers who use rice transplanter expressing their meaning and values of innovation in relate to their practices. Understanding the reflexivity among the farmers who use rice transplanter, will contribute to responsible innovation as a perspective on agricultural intervention by the Ministry of Agriculture in order to enhance the rice production as well as farmers’ livelihoods. This research explores the reflexivity of small-scale rice farmers who use rice transplanter to support a process of responsible innovation. Qualitative case study research strategy using in-depth interviews and observations with a topic list as guidance. Results small-scale rice farmers have high access to physical assets that are available in the village. Agricultural machineries are one of the physical assets that really support the farming practices of the small-scale rice farmers. Most of agricultural machineries that are available in the village come from the government provision and the services of machineries are managed by the group of farmer. To implement a responsible innovation approach among the small-scale rice farmers who use rice transplanter, the government should understand several considerations, that farmers face when they use rice transplanter in their field, such as i) Lack of knowledge about operating the machine and making certain seedlings that suitable for rice transplanter (ii) Certain seedlings and method used in rice transplanter (iii) Local soil condition and snails (iv) certain planting season, that only planting season 1 and 2 are suitable for rice transplanter (v) Ability of farmers to use certain arrangement to reduce risks and uncertainty, if they using rice transplanter (vi) Social dilemma facing farmers that relates to the planting labourers and farmer group, and (vii) Social relation of farmers with farmer group and extension workers.
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Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Assessment of the uptake of improved agricultural practices by smallholders through the Educational Huguka Radio programs in Ruhango District, Rwanda Name
: Leandrine Uyiringiye
Specialization
: Rural Dev, Communication & Innovation
Email address : leandrineuyiringiye@yahoo.fr Country
: Rwanda
Abstract Ruhango sector region faces insufficient extension workers. The government of Rwanda in 2012 through EDPRS II certified Huguka radio to connect extension workers, smallholder farmers and MINAGRI and link smallholder farmers to market. This research explores the extent of adoption of new agricultural practices dissiminated on Huguka Radio and the impact of this information on beans production and earnings. Also, perception of smallholder farmers on the content of those agricultural programs was assesed. Qualitative and quantitative approach of data collection were used. Forty smallholder farmers were surveyed and 7 key informants comprising of radio producers and broadcasters, Huguka radio staff and extension workers were interviewed. Audio quality, story structure, message clarity, engagement and learning outcome were used to analyse the effectiveness of the agriculture programmes. Results indicate most smallholder farmers access and follow programs on Huguka radio, learning new agricultural techniques but struggling to adopt them. Farmers were satisfied with the audio quality and some production techniques like vox pop and horizontal knowledge exchange but dissatisfied with irrelevant information that did not satisfy their needs. Farmers were less aware of the phone-in line and the feedback time was also limited. Urubuto ntera, weather forcast programme information was not trusted by the farmers. Majority of the farmers were unable to comprehend scientific language used in the programme. City market prices announced on Rwiyemezamirimo program were irrelevant to the farmer. Encouragement by community and family, mind-set, capital and alcohol addiction influences farmers’ adoption process. Yield expectation, improvement in harvest quality and income motivated them to listen to programmes. Female non cooperative members were motivated by household food security. Also, beans production and earnings were more successful for smallholder farmers who were members of cooperative. Farmers who passively follow and adopt the innovations had better knowledge and were willing to teach others. Recommendations include: Farmers should be involved in discussion topics selection.; feedback phone-in lines should be advertised; Clear and understandable content of agricultural programs is needed; Local product prices of local markets should be announced and weather forcasts announcements should be done according to farmers’ need.
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Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Functions of agricultural journalism in reference to agricultural innovation in Japan Name
: Mariko KIHIRA
Specialization
: Rural Dev, Communication & Innovation
Email address : kihimari4649@gmail.com Country
: Japan
Abstract Farmers who applied agricultural innovation were gradually increasing because of the agricultural policy reform implementation and learning from the Great East Earthquake in 2011. Some agricultural innovations implemented in Japanese farming situations failed as there was a lack of information about innovations applicable to their own situation. This research was conducted to explore a function of agricultural journalism in Japan in the terms of agricultural innovation applicable to Japanese farming situation. In order to find out the objective, gaps in understanding of agricultural innovation between farmers and agricultural journalists were investigated. The research was conducted in Tokyo, the capital city of Japan as about 80 percent of 3,700 publishing companies in Japan are located. Online survey was conducted from 17 farmers, and 1follow-up interview, and individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 4 journalists writing articles for agricultural magazines to explore the function of agricultural journalism in Japan in the terms of agricultural innovation applicable to Japanese farming situation. Considering the closed nature of Japanese respondents, nominication method was deployed during the semi-structured interview along with observations. The collected data was analysed in accordance with research questions that produced substantial findings relevant to the research objective. This research found that there were gaps in understanding of agriculture innovation between farmers and journalists. The definition of “innovation” was considered differences in social-technical dimensions. The term “innovation” is considered more radical than kaizen. There were also gaps in information needs. Farmer needed action oriented information that can be put into practice, while the journalists write articles to show the direction for the future. In addition, journalists think that it is important to wrote futuristic agricultural innovation toward not only farmers but also multi-readers. In the context of information access, most farmers used hybrid media. In the method of portraying, different journalists apply different ways of portraying agricultural innovation to cover in the magazine. Different methods and subjects can be covered on the agriculture innovation by the journalist to fill the gap of information needs of the farmers. Providing technical and practical information on agriculture innovations via online platform could suit the farmers’ information access besides publishing magazines written toward various stakeholders including the explanation about the term innovation.
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Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
More information More information on programmes and admittance procedure available at: http://www.vhluniversity.com/vhl-studies/master-/master-of-agricultural-production-chainmanagement.aspx http://www.vhluniversity.com/vhl-studies/master-/master-of-management-of-development-.aspx http://www.vhluniversity.com/vhl-studies/application/application-procedure/non-europeanstudents.aspx
Contact information for Master programme Agricultural Production Chain Management specializations: Livestock Chains Mr. Marco Verschuur marco.verschuur@hvhl.nl Horticulture Chains Ms. Albertien Kijne albertien.kijne@hvhl.nl
Contact information for Master programme Management of Development specializations: Rural Development, Social Inclusion, Gender and Youth Ms. Annemarie Westendorp annemarie.westendorp@hvhl.nl Rural Development, Communication and Innovation Ms. Loes Witteveen loes.witteveen@hvhl.nl Rural Development and Food Security Ms. Suzanne Nederlof suzanne.nederlof@hvhl.nl
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Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
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